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Shifts

The document discusses various graph transformations including vertical and horizontal shifts, stretches and compressions, and reflections. It explains that vertical shifts move the graph up or down, horizontal shifts move the graph left or right, stretches expand or compress the graph vertically or horizontally, and reflections flip the graph upside-down or left-to-right. It also discusses composing multiple transformations and provides examples of applying sequences of transformations.

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141 views2 pages

Shifts

The document discusses various graph transformations including vertical and horizontal shifts, stretches and compressions, and reflections. It explains that vertical shifts move the graph up or down, horizontal shifts move the graph left or right, stretches expand or compress the graph vertically or horizontally, and reflections flip the graph upside-down or left-to-right. It also discusses composing multiple transformations and provides examples of applying sequences of transformations.

Uploaded by

divakar.rs
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Graph Transformations

This is a list of the standard shifting and stretching operations. The point is to allow us to understand a variety of functions and their graphs in terms of a small number of standard ones. Throughout the list, we will assume c is a positive real number and d > 1. If we know the graph of f (x), we would like to know how to change it to get the graph of other functions closely related to f (x). If you ever forget which operation to perform, try to use x-intercepts or y intercepts to gure out how the graph is transformed. In practice, this means setting some portion of the new formula equal to zero. Vertical Shifts The graph of f (x) + c is simply the graph of f (x) shifted up by c, while the graph of f (x) c is simply the graph of f (x) shifted down by c. Horizontal Shifts The graph of f (x c) is simply the graph of f (x) shifted to the right by c, while the graph of f (x + c) is simply the graph of f (x) shifted to the left by c. Be careful that the horizontal operations feel backwards to most people. Vertical Stretches The graph of df (x) is simply the graph of f (x) stretched 1 f (x) is simply the graph of verically by a factor of d, while the graph of d f (x) compressed vertically by a factor of d. Horizontal Stretches The graph of f ( x d ) is simply the graph of f (x) stretched horizontally by a factor of d, while the graph of f (dx) is simply the graph of f (x) compressed horizontally by a factor of d. As with shifts, the horizontal operations feel backwards to most people, so be careful which way you shift. Reections The graph of f (x) is simply the graph of f (x) ipped vertically (upside-down), while the graph of f (x) is simply the graph of f (x) ipped horizontally (right swaps with left). Composing Transformations Be careful to keep track of the order of operations when you have more than one transformation involved in a single problem. The main idea is to factor the expression being entered into f before trying to perform the horizontal transformations and to multiply through anything outside f before performing the vertical transformations. Then stretches and compressions (as well as inversions) should be preformed before shifts. See pages 39 and 40 of your textbook for some sketches. Examples: 1. We know f (2x 6) = f (2(x 3)) so its graph is the graph of f (x) compressed horizontally by a factor of 2 and then shifted to the right by 3. 1

2. The graph of f (5 x) = f ((x 5)) is the graph of f (x) ipped left to right rst and then shifted 5 to the right. 3. The graph of 2f (x) 4 is the graph of f (x) stretched vertically by a factor of 2 rst and then shifted down by 4. 4. The graph of 3(2 + f (x)) = 6 + 3f (x) so its graph is the graph of f (x) stretched vertically by a factor of 3 and then shifted up by 6.
1 x+3 5. The graph of 7 f ( 2 ) 8 is a bit more complicated. First, ip the graph of f (x) left to right and stretch it horizontally by a factor of 2. Now, shift the result 3 to the left. Next, compress the last graph vertically by a factor of 7 and ip it upside-down. Finally, shift the result down by 8 units. If that made sense, then you should be able to handle any combination of these transformations.

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