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    DNL Africa

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    Guillaume Diop
    Africa is facing important changes as it develops and globalizes. While there are still many challenges, some countries have seen significant economic growth in recent decades. South Africa in particular has emerged as the dominant power in southern Africa, with the largest economy on the continent. However, South Africa also still struggles with issues like inequality and dependence on raw material exports. Overall, Africa remains a diverse continent with uneven development and many countries still facing political instability and other difficulties as they work to improve living conditions.

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    DNL Africa

    Uploaded by

    Guillaume Diop
    427 views6 pages
    Africa is facing important changes as it develops and globalizes. While there are still many challenges, some countries have seen significant economic growth in recent decades. South Africa in particular has emerged as the dominant power in southern Africa, with the largest economy on the continent. However, South Africa also still struggles with issues like inequality and dependence on raw material exports. Overall, Africa remains a diverse continent with uneven development and many countries still facing political instability and other difficulties as they work to improve living conditions.

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    Africa is facing important changes as it develops and globalizes. While there are still many challenges, some countries have seen significant economic growth in recent decades. South Africa in particular has emerged as the dominant power in southern Africa, with the largest economy on the continent. However, South Africa also still struggles with issues like inequality and dependence on raw material exports. Overall, Africa remains a diverse continent with uneven development and many countries still facing political instability and other difficulties as they work to improve living conditions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    427 views6 pages

    DNL Africa

    Uploaded by

    Guillaume Diop
    Africa is facing important changes as it develops and globalizes. While there are still many challenges, some countries have seen significant economic growth in recent decades. South Africa in particular has emerged as the dominant power in southern Africa, with the largest economy on the continent. However, South Africa also still struggles with issues like inequality and dependence on raw material exports. Overall, Africa remains a diverse continent with uneven development and many countries still facing political instability and other difficulties as they work to improve living conditions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 6

    Africa facing development and globalisation

    Introduction:
    There are 54 states and more than 1 billion people in Africa . Usually , this continent has a bad reputation , he is nicknamed the under-developped continent . But there is an important change since 10 years
    Development is the process by which the living conditions of the population are improving . There are three pilars , and many indicators to measure it : Economic development (ex: GDP) , social developmnt (ex: HDI) and environmental development (ex: Ecological footprint)

    Demographicly , there is an important growth but all the countries are in the demographic transition . Here too , southern and northern countries are more advanced . Per exemple, in Algeria , the number of birth per woman is about 2 . Morever , there is a decline of conicts and political instability . New regional organisations have been created in the 90s as the South-African Development Community in 1994 . A wave of democratisation followed this (Tunisia and Egypt in 2011) but an important diversity in African policy in each country. The urban developpement is strong too . The urban population will overpass the rural one in 2025 . The coastal cities have a port which is implied in the globalisation so they take advantage of the middle of the country .

    How is Africa facing development ?

    b- Globalisation in Africa: Old and new trades


    Africa has participated to the globalisation since a long time . Indeed , it was conected to the rest of the world since ages with gold , wood and slave market . From the 19th centry (colonisation) , Africa became more important because european empires were mining ressoursses and operating in tropical agricultural productions (Coffee , Cocoa , cotton , tobacco , banana ...) .

    I- New hopes and challenge for Africa


    a- A new developpement
    There is a big economic growth in Africa . Indeed , it is between 2 and 6% per year since 2000 but 4 countries from northern and southern Africa gather 50% of the African GDP : South Africa (24%) , Nigeria , Algeria and Egypt (10% each) .

    After decolonisation , Africa declined in the international trade . Why ? Because of the competiton with other regions as South American and Asia . Today , Africa represents only 4% of the global trade and most of this exportations are raw materials with a low added value ( faible valeur ajoute) as oil or wood. But there are new trends... Emerging coutries are investing in Africa in exchange for exloitation of mining ressources . China per exemple builds infrastructurs in Africa (Chinafrica) . Brasil and India do that too . Land grabbing is a new trade . 60% of free arable lands in the world are located in Africa . Many countries buy this land to produce for their own needs as South-Korea in Madagascar , United Arabian Emirates in Sudan or simply China and Saudi Arabia . European countries are also buying lands for biofuel production. Information technologies are increasing really quickly especialy mobile phones and the internet which helps for a better insertion in a globalized world . The rise of the price of raw materials since 2000 is a chance for african countries . The weight of the debt (poids de la dette) decreased thanks to this improvement .

    But for all these new trands , there are many differences and contrasts which means that Africa is a continent of diversity .

    c- Many challenges for the future


    1) Demography is still an important challenge . More than 40% of the population is under 15 years old . This is a challenge for education in these poor countries . Morever , HIV (aids) is still important . 70% of people infected live in Africa . HIV is strong in southern africa (more than 20%) and northern africa (less than 2%) so there are big contrarsts . But there are some improvement : The pandemic is slowing down in Africa since few years . 2) Another challenge is to feed the growing population . There is a development of an efcient agriculture but land grabbing is a problem because African states cant use those lands to feed their own population . 3) Managing the growing urban population is a difcult and fast challenge with a little money to build infrastructures in the cities . It is an important challenge for the future . 4) Africa is still a dependent continent . Even with new partners as China or India, Africa is still dependent from other regions. Per example, The prices of raw material are xed in London .
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    These new partners are not really better than former european colonies . 5) There is an important political instability in Africa . Many states or regions are in trouble as the Horn of Africa (Corne de lAfrique) with the Somalian crisis , Mali and Niger with the Touareg rebellion and terrorism . Starvation and refugee camps are still numerous in Africa . Morever , political corruption leads to a difcult development of a proper state without efcient policies .

    -The Gauteng (ther region of Johannesburg and Pretoria) has 10 million inhabitants . - Durban is also a very populated city with 3.5 million inhabitants. Its region , the Kwazulu Natal has 10 million inhabitants, Durban included. - Cape Town and its 3.7 million inhabitants is a huge city too . Its region , the Western Cape gathers 5.8 million people . Those three areas gather randomly 1/3 of the South African population and 70% of its GDP

    II- South Africa , an emerging country


    a- The rst african economy
    An emerging country is a developing country with some caracteristics of developed countries as a high economic growth , an integration in the globalisation and a strong political inuence at a regional level . Some of them are gathered in a group called the BRICS (Brasil , Russia , India , China , South-Africa (since 2011)

    There is an important south-african growth . Indeed , there is an average 5% growth since 1998 . Its GDP represents 25% of the whole African GDP . This growth is based on mining ressources as diamonds , gold , coal , iron... and on industry as car manufacturing , agribuisness... But with developpement and globalisation , the services are more and more important in the south-african economy . Nowadays , 2/3 of the GDP is created by services companies which are developping as Eskom (electric public utility , rst in Africa
    4

    South-Africa is between North and South . It has a 1.2 million square kilometer area and 50 million inhabitants . But the south african territory is devided between east and west .

    and fourth in the world) , MTN (telecomunication group) and Shop Rite And Score (an important retail company) .

    The SADC is a group of 15 states which have 277 million inhabitants together . South-Africa dominates this organisation . Indded , the south-african GDP represents 70 of the global GDP of the SADC . South-Africa is applying for a permanent seat on the UN security council . It is a member of the G20 and the BRICS . The South african diplomacy is more and more involved in Africa (per exemple : South African troops in Central Republic of Africa) and outside as in Afganistan . The organisation of the world Cup 2010 strengthened the fame of the country . Tourisme is developing fast (6 million international tourists)

    b- A regional power
    Since the end of the Apartheid in 1991 , South Africa became a regional power in southern Africa and for all the continent (in competition with Nigeria) There is a good economic attractivity in the coutry . South African TNCs (Trans National Companies) are all over the world . It is the rs destination for FDI (Foreign Direct Investments) in Africa . Between 3 and 4 million illegal immigrants from neighbouring states are attracted by the South-African dynamism . Its currency (the Rand) is the ofcial currency of Namibia , Lesotho and Swaziland . South Africa is more and more involved in globalisation . Relationships between Brazil , India and China are inportants and South african TNCs are in these countries but Europe is still the rst economical partner .

    c- The weaknesses of the Rainbow Nation


    Since the end of the Apartheid in 1991 , South-Africa is a democracy but it is still a developping country . 1 South Africa still depends on European countries and on raw materials exportations . They represent 40% of the SouthAfrican exports. It is typical of the developping countries . 2 Ofcial racial inequalities disapeared but in facts they remain very important . The Gini index measures the inequalities
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    between the richest and the poorest people in a country . A 0 means theat there is a perfect equality but a 1 means that there is a perfect inequality . The South-African Gini index was 0,63 in 2009 . It is one of the highest in the world .

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