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    Logarithm Lecture

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    nichas
    Series of lectures for JEE preparation.

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    Logarithm Lecture

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    nichas
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    Series of lectures for JEE preparation.

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    Series of lectures for JEE preparation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    360 views3 pages

    Logarithm Lecture

    Uploaded by

    nichas
    Series of lectures for JEE preparation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    of 3

    Logarithm

    June 18, 2009

    Denition. Exponential and Logarithm are dened to be inverse of each


    other. Hence we have y = loga x ⇔ x = ay
    Note here : Exponential is dened for a huge number of values of x for
    which log is not dened. Try to understand what I mean by this statement.

    Denition. y = loga x is dened if x > 0, a > 0, & a 6= 1 From the exponential form,
    a > 0 & a 6= 1 else the ex-
    ponential function becomes
    We can validate the denition conditions if we see the inverse of log a many to one function &
    function that is Exponential function. hence log wont exist
    x > 0 since ay is always pos-
    Example 1. Solve logx x = 1 itive
    Solution
    logx x = 1 ⇒ x1 = x
    At rst instance we will feel that x = x is true for all real values of x
    hence solutions set is set of real numbers R.
    But there is catch here. See the original problem. There x > 0 and x 6= 1
    Hence solution set is x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

    Example 2. Solve (x − 1) logx (2 − x) = 0


    Solution

    (x − 1) logx (2 − x) = 0
    ⇒ x − 1 = 0 or logx (2 − x) = 0
    x = 1 or 2 − x = x0 = 1
    x = 1 or x = 1

    This example says that x = 1 seems like the solution. But check if log
    exist in the question for x = 1. It doesn't! Since by denition base 6= 1.
    Hence the problem has no solution.

    1
    2

    Now we come to the important properties of Logarithm function which


    makes them very useful for calculations.

    0.1 Properties:
    1. (Multiplication Rule) loga (mn) = loga m + loga n
    Note here log or product becomes sum of the logs. Moreover you can
    go from RHS to LHS only if the added logs have the same base.

    2. (Power rule) loga mr = rloga m


    Here the power over the number gets multiplied by the power. Power
    rule can be produced from Multiplication rule Think!

    3. (Division rule) loga ( m


    n ) = loga m − loga n
    This rule can be produced from the above two rules.

    1
    4. (Power over base rule) logap m = loga m
    p

    r
    5. Combining both 2 & 4 we get, logap mr = loga m
    p

    √ √ √ √
    Example 3. Prove log10 ( 3 − 2) = − log10 ( 3 + 2)
    Solution √ √ √ √ √ √
    1 = 3 − 2 = ( 3)2 − ( 2)2 = ( 3 − 2)( 3 + 2)
    Now applying log
    √
    on √
    both sides we
    √
    get, √
    log10 1 = log10 ( 3 − 2) + log10 ( 3 + 2)
    √ √ √ √
    0 = log10 ( 3 − 2) + log10 ( 3 + 2)
    √ √ √ √
    log10 ( 3 − 2) = − log10 ( 3 + 2)
    Another method of solving this problem is
    √ √ 1 √ √ √
    LHS = log10 ( 3− 2) = log10 √ √ = log10 ( 3+ 2)−1 = − log10 ( 3+
    √ 3+ 2
    2) = RHS

    Example 4. Is the following statement true always 2 log x = log x2 here


    base can be any valid base.
    Solution
    If you see the RHS, for all real values of x except 0 its is well dened.
    But the LHS is dened only for x > 0. Hence the above statement is
    true only where both LHS and RHS are welldened, though they are part of
    an idendity. So the statement is true for x > 0 only.
    0.2 Fundamental Identity 3

    0.2 Fundamental Identity


    N loga b = bloga N

    0.2.1 Special Case


    N logN b = b

    Example 5. Find value of


    25log125 23
    Solution: 2
    2 2
    25log125 23 = 52 log53 23 = 5 3 log5 23 = 5log5 23 3 = 23 3

    0.3 Base Changing formula in dierent forms


    1. Multiplication form : loga b · logb c = loga c

    (a) Special case : loga b · logb a = 1


    1
    (b) Can also be seen as : loga b =
    logb a

    loga b
    2. Division form : = logc b
    loga c

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