476 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol. 4, No. 4, pp.

476~484, 2009

Application of Multi-step Undervoltage Load Shedding Schemes to the KEPCO System

Jeonghoon Shin, Suchul Nam*, Jaegul Lee*, Youngdo Choy*, Taekyun Kim* and Hwachang Song**
Abstract This paper deals with improvements to the special protection schemes (SPS) which have been applied to the low probability and high impact contingencies in the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) system since 2004. Among them, the SPS for voltage instability in the Seoul metropolitan area is considered in this paper, and is a form of event-based undervoltage load shedding with a single-step scheme. Simulation results based upon a recent event that occurred on 765kV lines show that the current setting values of the SPS have to be revised and enhanced. In addition, by applying response-based multi-step undervoltage load shedding (UVLS) schemes to severe contingencies in the system, more effective results than those of the existing single-step SPS can be obtained. Centralized and distributed UVLS schemes are considered in the simulation. ULTC-based load recovery models and over excitation limiters (OXL) for the KEPCO system are also included in the long-term voltage instability studies. Keywords: ULTC-based load model, Over eXcitation Limiter model, Special Protection Scheme, Under Voltage Load Shedding, Long-term voltage instability, Centralized and distributed UVLS

1. Introduction
As a last resort to avoid voltage collapse, undervoltage load shedding (UVLS) is one of the special protection schemes available. It should, therefore, be applied very carefully in situations where voltage collapse might occur in order to prevent a blackout. In the KEPCO system, the SPS has been applied to a set of interconnected transmission lines between Seoul metropolitan area and the non-metropolitan area since 2004. It was designed to ensure the secure operation of the power system in Korea and to increase interface flow limits. The KEPCO system is peculiar in that a large majority of the load is situated around the Seoul metropolitan area. Generators with relatively low generation costs are mostly located in the southern coastal part of Korea (about 80%), while loads are heavily concentrated in the Seoul metropolitan area (about 42%) located in the northern part of the country. It is for this reason that a large amount of active power flows originate in the south and flow northwards. For the purpose of transferring the power, two parallel 765kV transmission lines and four 345kv parallel lines are used as interface transmission lines (see Fig. 1). The SPS has been applied to increase the limit of the interface lines in case of outages in the 765kV lines. An outage of one of the two parallel 765kV transmission lines and a violation
Corresponding Author : Korea Electric Power Research Institute / Korea Electric Power Corporation, Korea ([email protected]). * Korea Electric Power Research Institute / Korea Electric Power Corporation, Korea ([email protected]). ** Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul Natl University of Technology, Korea ([email protected]). Received : July 27, 2009; Accepted : September 14, 2009

of the threshold voltage on a pilot bus with duration of 200 milliseconds triggers the SPS to shed approximately 1,000MW loads, designated in advance using steady-state analysis. However, an unexpected event in the 765kV transmission lines recently occurred, providing the impetus to improve the existing SPS as the setting value of the supervising voltage to be operated is relatively high and the delay time of the under voltage relay is too short. This paper shows the simulation results for this event and the necessity to improve the existing SPS in order to prevent the system from experiencing a rapid voltage collapse. In addition, by applying response-based multi-step UVLS schemes to the severe contingencies, it is shown that the shedding load amount can be significantly decreased over that of the current single-step SPS. The threshold voltages and shedding load amount in each step are simply used as the examples introduced in this paper [1]. In addition, a centralized and a distributed UVLS scheme are also considered in the simulation. ULTC based

Fig. 1. Special Protection Scheme in the KEPCO system

Jeonghoon Shin, Suchul Nam, Jaegul Lee, Youngdo Choy, Taekyun Kim and Hwachang Song

477

load recovery models and over excitation limiters (OXL) for the KEPCO system are included in the long-term voltage instability studies.

this time although not by critical faults (see Fig. 3).

2. Review of current sps in the system

2.1 Current single-step SPS
The current SPS for voltage instability applied to the KEPCO system has been designed to operate during extreme contingencies including the loss of one of two 765kV double circuit lines in the load pocket area (Seoul). The operational steps for this SPS are demonstrated as shown below. If the loss of one of two 765kV lines occurrs, line trips are first detected by the operation of transmission line protective relays. This signal is then transmitted to the SCADA system in a regional control center of the KEPCO system. On the other hand, there are two 345kV pilot buses available for supervisory purposes. When one bus voltages is lower than 340kV (0.985p.u.) during a 200 millisecond period, the under voltage relay is operated to send the signal to the same SCADA system. If these two conditions are satisfied, the predefined loads, which are the same locations as those for UFLS (Under Frequency Load Shedding), are shed with a single-step to prevent voltage collapse of the system (see Fig. 1). The amount of the shedding load is about 900MW and 1,300MW respectively. Fig. 2 demonstrates the schematic diagram of the current SPS in the system. In this figure, blockings of the related generators are for maintaining the transient stability of the system.

Fig. 3. System diagram for 765kV/345kV substations At the time, fortunately, no predefined loads of 900MW were shed because the duration time below 340kV on the supervising pilot bus (East-Seoul) was not over 200 milliseconds. Fig. 4 shows the simulation result of voltage on the bus when the event occurred. Initially, the CBs at the STB bus were opened (step 1 in Fig. 3) and one nuclear generator was out (step 2) to maintain the transient stability of the system. After 900 milliseconds, the CBs for the shunt reactors on the 345kV bus (step 3) are opened. Because the voltage on the pilot bus at this point is 342kV, slightly over 340kV, the SPS cannot be operated. When the CB opened at the SGP bus (step 4 in Fig. 3), the voltage dropped to 336kV, which is below 340kV. But the duration time below 340kV was not more than 200 milliseconds, and load shedding does not occur in this case. However, if the system is heavily loaded (all six nuclear generators are in operation), the SPS can be operated to shed the predefined loads even though it is not the fault case (see Fig. 5). When line outages result from a fault occur and the CBs are opened at the same time, the voltage of the pilot bus goes down far below 340kV over the 750 millisecond period (see Fig. 6), and the SPS is expected to operate properly. Through the simulation results seen below, we can say that setting the values of the current SPS should be considered to change. The voltage magnitude on the pilot bus for reference, 340kV, is too high and the delay time of the under voltage relay, 200 milliseconds, is too short. The P-V curves we analyzed on the East-Seoul bus for several

370 365 360

Voltage (kV)

5 N/Ps in operation

355 350 345

CBs on SGP S/S 'off '

Fig. 2. Current SPS scheme (for STB-SGP outage) 2.2 Simulation results for the recent event Recently, an unexpected line tripping event occurred on the 765kV transmission lines due to unstable DC source voltage of the protective relays in the STB S/S. Four circuit breakers on both 765kV transmission lines were opened at

340
Sh.R on STB S/S 'off '

335 0 1 2 3

180 msec

5
Time (sec)

10

Fig. 4. Voltage of East-Seoul pilot bus for unexpected line trips (5 Nuclear Generators in operation)

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Application of Multi-step Undervoltage Load Shedding Schemes to the KEPCO System

system conditions (not shown in the paper) suggest that the collapse voltage to be evaluated is below 326 kV.
370 365 360 355 Voltage (kV) 350 345 340 335 330 325 0 1
600 msec 700 msec

generator tests in the field. Fig. 7 represents the ULTCbased load recovery model which is included in the simulations. The model and data used in the simulation are represented in Fig. 8.

6 N/Ps in operation

Fig. 7. ULTC-based load model recommended by IEEE [8]

4 5 Time (sec) 6 7 8 9 10

Fig. 5. Voltage of East-Seoul pilot bus for unexpected line trips (6 Nuclear Generators in operation)

380 360 340 320 300 Voltage (kV) 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (sec) 6 7 8 9 10
750 msec

Fig. 8. ULTC-based load model and data used in TSAT simulation The OXL is to protect the exciter in each generator. Exciters can normally raise exciter voltage up to the ceiling point, a value of about 200% of their current ratings, to maintain a constant terminal voltage for transient stability after the faults. However, since the current cannot be maintained continuously at this level, the OXL reduces the level to 120% of the nominal value within the designated time. If OXL models are not used in the simulation, all generators in the system can produce exciter currents up to the ceiling points. Then, the amount of reactive power generators can produce is higher than the real values. Therefore, the models should be considered to get the correct results in long-term simulations for voltage instability studies. In the OXL model given in Fig. 9, the most important parameter is the maximum value of the field current of the generator. Because it should be derived from field tests of the generator and excitation system, the approximate value calculated by the equation below (1), and represented in Fig. 10, is used in the simulation. Eq. 1 and Fig. 10 can be derived from EPRIs VSTAB report [9].

Fig. 6. Voltage of East-Seoul pilot bus for line outages (5 Nuclear Generators in operation)

3. Applications of multi-step uvls schemes to current single-step sps

3.1 System models to be considered in the simulation
In order to apply the multi-step undervoltage load shedding scheme to the current SPS in the system, longterm voltage instability studies on the time domain are necessary. System models with long-term dynamics, such as the OXL (Over eXcitation Limiter) of generators, load recovery models, switched shunt compensation, etc., should be considered in detail for accurate simulation [2, 3]. In this paper, the basic OXL models proposed by Van Cutsem [4, 5] and ULTC-based load models recommended by IEEE [8] are simply used in the simulation because exact dynamic models can only be derived from extensive

Jeonghoon Shin, Suchul Nam, Jaegul Lee, Youngdo Choy, Taekyun Kim and Hwachang Song

479

#1

#2

I fd

+ +
I lim fd

x1

S1

x2

#3

S2

K1

1 s

K2

#4

xt

xt 0 xt < 0

#6 Kr

#5 K x3 K 4 i s K3

#7

-1

xo

validate the load recovery models used in the simulation after one of the 765kV double-circuit lines is out (SGPSTB in Fig. 3). After around 100 seconds, the system
1.10 1.08 1.06 1.04
V (p.u.) East-Seoul MG SSN SSH YJ West-Seoul YJB SBP

Fig. 9. Over eXcitation Limiter model (OXL) used in the simulation

1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0 25 50 75 100 125 Time (sec) 150 175 200 225 250
Recovery of Loads by ULTCs

Fig. 10. Determination of the approximate value of

I fd ,max

Fig. 11. Load recovery characteristic by ULTC-based models (345kv bus voltages)
1.06 Bus Voltage of East-Seoul S/S

I fd ,max =
Where,

Vt 2 Xs + Pmax + j Q max X Vt X ad s

(1)

1.04

1.02

X s = X q , X ad = X d X l
V (p.u.)

1.00

For the UVLS model, LVSHBL bus load shedding with a 3 step model in PSS/E, PTI was used in the simulation. All system data in the KEPCO system was changed to have a transformer with a ULTC between 154kV bus and a 22.9kV load. The OXL model was also considered as a user-defined model in TSAT (Transient Stability Assessment Tool, by PowerTech Inc., Canada), which is given below. In the user-defined model shown below, the numbers indicate the number of control blocks represented in Fig. 9.

0.98 Recovery of loads by ULTCs

0.96

0.94 0 25 50 75 100 125

Time (sec)

150

175

200

225

250

Fig. 12. Load recovery characteristic by ULTC-based models (Bus voltage of the pilot bus (East-Seoul))
99

Load(MW) - Nowon Bus

98 97 Electrical Power (MW) 96 95 94 93 92 91 90

3.2 Validation of the ULTC-based load model used in the simulation

Figs. 11, 12 and 13 represent the load recovery characteristics using the ULTC-based load model in the long-term simulation. No UVLS schemes are applied to

25

50

75

100

125 Time (sec)

150

175

200

225

250

Fig. 13. Load recovery characteristic by ULTC-based load models (The amount of MW load on the load bus (Nowon))

480

Application of Multi-step Undervoltage Load Shedding Schemes to the KEPCO System

voltages (including the East-Seoul bus) go down to a different operating condition with loads recovered (Figs. 11 and 12) by the ULTC operations. Fig. 13 indicates the amount of MW load recovered at the Nowon bus, on which the load recovery model is applied. As can be seen, the initial MW load of the Nowon bus is 97.2MW, the MW of the load is changed to approximately 95MW at 100 seconds, and is finally recovered to the initial amount of load, 97.2MW.

3.3 Comparison of simulation results between current SPS and multi-step UVLS schemes
a. Current single-step SPS For the purposes of comparison, a single-step SPS is first simulated in this section. The models introduced in the previous section were needed for long-term voltage instability studies, and are used in the simulation. A severe contingency of SGP-STB 765kV lines (see Fig. 3) is applied. Then, reactors on each bus and the generators are disconnected from the system after half a cycle. Predefined load amounts at designated locations are simply shed when two conditions are met (represented in Fig. 2). After applying the contingency, the voltage of the supervising bus is dropped below 340kV (0.985p.u.) during a 700msec. period as can be seen in Fig. 14. The current single-step SPS will be properly operated to shed approximately 900MW. Table 1 shows the locations and the amount of loads to be shed.
1.08 Bus Voltage of East-Seoul S/S 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94
700 msec

buses to shed loads are monitored for operation of the UVLS. After a 765kV double line contingency has occurred, if the voltages of the buses are lower than 4% below the lowest normal voltage with a delay of over 3.5 seconds, then 20% loads are shed at each load bus, which are selected in advance (the same locations used in the current SPS). The lowest normal voltages of the load buses over several years and the reference voltages of those buses for triggering the distributed UVLS scheme are represented in Table 2. The delay times for the UVLS are the same as in paper [1].

Table 1. The locations and amount of shedding load for the current single-step SPS.
Bus No. 1525 1775 1565 1745 1520 1530 1545 1580 1590 1595 1630 1635 1655 1680 1695 1765 1770 1785 1790 1845 Pload(MW) 97.2 71.9 96.7 142.5 148.6 152.7 66.8 58.5 114.9 94.8 87.4 87.8 121.2 132.0 106.0 94 90.2 129.6 139.2 69 102.6 2202.8 Pshed(MW) 88.6 27.3 34.7 27.1 30.8 30.5 22.8 20.3 76.2 32.7 35.8 60.5 27.1 24.7 18.5 30.7 55.9 60.2 55.6 17 31.8 808.8

V (p.u.)

0.92 0.90 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 Time (sec)

1670 Total

Fig. 14. Bus voltage of East-Seoul S/S for SGP-STB line contingency. y b. Multi-step UVLS schemes A distributed UVLS scheme For the same critical contingency as is used in the current SPS in the system, a form of distributed UVLS with multi-step schemes is applied in the simulation (see Fig. 15). Compared to the current SPS, there are no supervising pilot buses in the system. The individual voltages of the y y

20% of area load shed at voltage 4% below the lowest normal voltage with a 3.5 second time delay 20% of area load shed at voltage 4% below the lowest normal voltage with a 5 second time delay 20% of area load shed at voltage 4% below the lowest normal voltage with an 8 second time delay

Jeonghoon Shin, Suchul Nam, Jaegul Lee, Youngdo Choy, Taekyun Kim and Hwachang Song

481

Table 2. The lowest normal voltages of load buses and the reference voltages for triggering the distributed UVLS scheme
Bus No. 1525 1775 1565 1745 1520 1530 1545 1580 1590 1595 1630 1635 1655 1680 1695 1765 1770 1785 1790 1845 1670 The lowest normal voltages of buses (p.u.) 1.01716 1.02448 1.01369 1.02547 1.01871 1.01795 1.02041 1.02656 1.01603 1.01336 1.01659 1.02532 1.02650 1.02579 1.02541 1.02427 1.02095 1.02613 1.02077 1.03288 1.02666 4% below the lowest normal voltages of buses (p.u.) = reference voltages 0.976474 0.983501 0.973142 0.984451 0.977962 0.977232 0.979594 0.985498 0.975389 0.972826 0.975926 0.984307 0.985440 0.984758 0.984394 0.983299 0.980112 0.985085 0.979939 0.991565 0.985594
Voltage (p.u.)

1.08
1st step load shedding

1.06 Load Recovery by ULTCs 1.04 1.02 Voltage (p.u.) 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Time (sec)
2nd step load shedding

Fig. 16. Voltages of load shedding buses

1.020 1.015 1.010 1.005 1.000 0.995 0.990 0.985 0.980 0.975 0.970 0.965 0.960 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 Time (sec)
3.5 sec 5.0 sec. 1st step load shedding 2nd step load shedding Load Recovery by ULTCs

Voltage of Jongam load bus

Fig. 17. Voltage of Jongam load bus (1765) to be monitored for shedding loads (zoomed in) Table 3. The amount of shedding load and number of steps applied for the distributed UVLS scheme
Bus No. 1595 1565 1590 1545 1630 1765 1525 1530 1520 1580 1770 1845 1790 1670 1785 1635 1695 1680 1655 1745 1775 Total Pload (MW) 94.8 96.7 114.9 66.8 87.4 94 97.2 152.7 148.6 58.5 90.2 69 139.2 102.6 129.6 87.8 106.0 132.0 121.2 142.5 71.9 2202.8 steps applied 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 Pshed(MW) 0 0 0 0 0 33.7 0 0 0 0 37.9 0 22.3 18.5 41.5 40.4 20.1 27.7 24.2 17.1 0 283.4

Fig. 15. Concept of the distributed UVLS scheme applied in the simulation Fig. 16. shows the voltages of the load shedding buses during the SGP-STB line outage. The magnitudes of voltages are comparatively lower than those of the current

482

Application of Multi-step Undervoltage Load Shedding Schemes to the KEPCO System

Voltage (p.u.)

SPS. The first or second step is applied to shed the loads for recovering the voltages of each bus. The voltage of one of the load buses, 1765, is shown in Fig. 17. The second shedding step is applied on this bus. Not all load buses are operated to shed the loads because the voltages of the buses are raised by the load shedding on the nearest bus (see Table 3). c. Multi-step UVLS schemes A centralized UVLS scheme In this paragraph, centralized UVLS means the information needed to operate the UVLS gathered into the one central unit and then sends the signal to shed the predefined loads. A very similar approach for shedding loads for the current SPS in the KEPCO system is taken, other than for the multi-step shedding scheme. Fig. 18 represents the centralized UVLS scheme applied in the simulation.

1.06 Voltage on the pilot bus (East-Seoul) 1.04

Load Recovery by ULTCs

1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96

STB-SGP lines are aout at 1.0 sec

340kV

1st Step Load Shedding

0.94 0.92 0 20 40 60 80 100

3.5 sec.

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

Time (sec)

Fig. 19. Voltage of the pilot bus (East-Seoul) to be monitored for shedding loads
1.08 1.06
Load Recovery by ULTCs

1.04 1.02 Voltage (p.u.) 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Time (sec)
340 kV

1st Step Load Shedding

Fig. 20. Voltages of the load buses after shedding loads

Fig. 18. Concept of the centralized UVLS scheme applied in the

simulation. The scheme applied for the simulation is as follow: y 1st step of the UFLS loads shed at below 340kV (0.985p.u.) on the pilot buses with a 3.5 second time delay y 2nd step of the UFLS loads shed at below 340kV on the pilot buses with a 5 second time delay y 3rd step of the UFLS loads shed at below 340kV on the pilot buses with an 8 second time delay Figs. 19 and 20 show the bus voltages of the pilot bus (East-Seoul) and the load buses with the loss of the SGPSTB lines, respectively. If the voltage is lower than 0.985p.u. with a time delay over 3.5 seconds after the 765kV line trips, then the 1st step of UFLS (Under Frequency Load Shedding) loads are shed. No further load shedding after the 1st step occurs in this case because the pilot bus voltage is raised to over 0.985p.u. Table 4 summarizes the amount of shedding loads and the steps on each load bus.

Table 4. The amount of shedding load and number of steps applied for the centralized UVLS scheme
Bus No. 1595 1565 1590 1545 1630 1765 1525 1530 1520 1580 1770 1845 1790 1670 1785 1635 1695 1680 1655 1745 1775 Total Pload(MW) 94.8 96.7 114.9 66.8 87.4 94 97.2 152.7 148.6 58.5 90.2 69 139.2 102.6 129.6 87.8 106.0 132.0 121.2 142.5 71.9 2202.8 steps applied 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pshed(MW) 6.7 17.4 26.3 9.4 10.5 16.9 28.2 7.7 7.4 10.5 19.8 9 22.4 9.2 20.7 20 10.6 14.4 12.1 8.5 6.6 294.3

Jeonghoon Shin, Suchul Nam, Jaegul Lee, Youngdo Choy, Taekyun Kim and Hwachang Song

483

4. Conclusion
This study has shown that the current single-step SPS operated in the KEPCO system to prevent voltage instability should be revised and improved. By analyzing unexpected events such as has recently occurred in the KEPCO transmission system, it has been revealed that the setting values of the current SPS, the reference voltage of the pilot bus and the delay-time of the UVR (Under Voltage Relay) should be changed to below 326kV and over a second, respectively (for the delay-time of the UVR, it has recently changed to 500msec instead of 200msec). In addition, as alternatives to the current single-step SPS, multi-step UVLS schemes, one distributed and one centralized, were applied to the KEPCO system followed by the introduction of system models needed for long-term voltage instability studies. As can be seen in this paper, the application of multistep UVLS schemes, both distributed and centralized, can significantly reduce the amount of shedding load compared to that for the current single-step SPS. The amount of shedding load for the current single-step SPS is approximately 900MW. However, those for multistep UVLS schemes were 283MW and 293MW, respectively. Only 30% of the amount of shedding loads for the current single-step SPS can make the system stable against a critical contingency in the system. However, more extensive and rigorous case studies under various system conditions are needed to determine the setting values of the UVLS, such as the amount of shedding load and the delay-times per step, etc. [9] [10]

[11] [12] [13]

power flow and dynamic performance simulation, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, August 1995. [Online report] www.epri.com/portfolio/product. spxid=1384&area= 35&type=10 US-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations, April 2004. CIGRE Task Force 38-01-03, Planning against voltage collapse, Electra, vol. 111, pp. 55-75, 1987. CIGRE Task Force 38-02-12, Criteria and countermeasure for voltage collapse, CIGR Brochure no. 101, October 1995. C. Moors, D. Lefebvre, and T. Van Cutsem, Design of load shedding schemes against voltage instability, Proc. of IEEE PES Winter Meeting, 2002.

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] C. W. Taylor, Concepts of undervoltage load shedding for voltage stability, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 480-488, April 1992. D. J. Hill, Nonlinear dynamic load model with recovery for voltage stability studies, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 8, no. 1, February 1993. W. Xu, and Y. Mansour, Voltage stability analysis using generic dynamic load models, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 9, no. 1, February 1994. T. Van Cutsem, Y. Jacquemart, J. N. Marquet, and P. Pruvot, A comprehensive analysis of mid-term voltage stability, IEEE Trans. Power System, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1173-1182, May 1995. T. Van Cutsem, and C. Vournas, Voltage stability of electric power systems, Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. C. W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability, McGraw-Hill, 1994. P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill, 1994. IEEE Task Force on Load Representation for Dynamic Performance, Standard load models for

Jeonghoon Shin received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from KyungPook National University, Korea, in 1993, 1995 and 2006, respectively. He is a senior research engineer in KEPRI, the research center of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), Korea. His research interests include real-time digital simulation, transient and dynamic stability, power system planning and operation.

[5] [6] [7] [8]

Suchul Nam received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Korea University, Korea, in 2001 and 2006, respectively. Mr. Nam joined KEPRIs Power System Lab. as a research engineer in Feb 2006 where he is now developing an integrated optimization scheme for a reactive power management system for KEPCO, and is also participating in several transmission power system studies.

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Application of Multi-step Undervoltage Load Shedding Schemes to the KEPCO System

Jaegul Lee received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Inchon University in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Upon graduation from Inchon University, Mr. Lee joined the Korea Electric Power Research Institute in 2004. In KEPRI, he was involved in several project areas including real-time simulation of transient phenomena, model development, and studies involving power electronics.

Taekyun Kim received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Hanyang University, Korea, in 1986, 1989 and 1993, respectively. He is a principal research engineer in KEPRI, Korea. He has been a project leader in several simulator studies related to the development of various models and software for the KEPS. His research interests include real-time digital simulation, transient and dynamic stability, as well as power system planning and operation.

Youngdo Choy received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Myungji University, Korea, in 2000 and 2002 respectively. He joined KEPRI, a research center of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), Korea, as a research engineer in 2005. His research interests include power electronics, renewable energy in electric power systems, and power system operation.

Hwachang Song received hid B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Korea University in 1997, 1999 and 2003, respectively. He was a Post-doctoral Visiting Scholar at Iowa State University from 2003 to 2004, and a Post-doctor at Korea University from Sept. 2004 to March 2005. He was working as an Assistant Professor in the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Kunsan National University, from 2005 to 2008. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Seoul National University of Technology.