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Asymptote Horizontal Asymptote: Horizontal Asymptotes Are Horizontal Lines To Which The Function Is

This document discusses different types of asymptotes that can exist for functions, including horizontal, oblique, and vertical asymptotes. It also discusses concepts like limits, rates of change, and volumes of solids generated by rotating functions. Horizontal asymptotes are horizontal lines where the function value approaches indefinitely, with an equation of y=k. Vertical asymptotes are vertical lines approached indefinitely, with an equation of x=k. Oblique asymptotes are lines of the form y=mx+b that functions approach. Limits describe the value a function approaches at a point, even if it is not defined there. The average rate of change is the slope of the secant line between two points on a function graph. Volume is calculated

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Mohd Hazwan Zulkifli
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141 views19 pages

Asymptote Horizontal Asymptote: Horizontal Asymptotes Are Horizontal Lines To Which The Function Is

This document discusses different types of asymptotes that can exist for functions, including horizontal, oblique, and vertical asymptotes. It also discusses concepts like limits, rates of change, and volumes of solids generated by rotating functions. Horizontal asymptotes are horizontal lines where the function value approaches indefinitely, with an equation of y=k. Vertical asymptotes are vertical lines approached indefinitely, with an equation of x=k. Oblique asymptotes are lines of the form y=mx+b that functions approach. Limits describe the value a function approaches at a point, even if it is not defined there. The average rate of change is the slope of the secant line between two points on a function graph. Volume is calculated

Uploaded by

Mohd Hazwan Zulkifli
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Asymptote Horizontal Asymptote

Horizontal asymptotes are horizontal lines to which the function is

approaching indefinitely.

The horizontal asymptotes are straight lines of the equation: y = k .

Example

Oblique Asymptote
The oblique asymptotes are lines of the equation:

The oblique asymptotes will only be found when there are not horizontal asymptotes.

Example

Calculate the asympto tes of the function:

Horizontal Asymptotes

Vertic al Asymptotes

Oblique Asymptotes

Vertical Asymptote
Vertical asymptotes a re vertical lines which the function is approaching indefinitely without ever cutting.

The equations of vertic al asympto tes a re: x = k .

k are functions).

the

points

outside

the

doma in

of

the

function

(in

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ra tiona l

Example

Calculate the horizontal and vertic al asymp to tes of the function:

Constant Function
The equation of a constant function is:

y = b

The value of a constant function is a fixed real number.

The slope of a constant function is 0.

The gra ph is a horizonta l line pa rallel to the x -a xis.

Vertical Lines
Vertical lines a re para llel to the y -axis.

Vertical lines a re not fu nctions . The equation of a vertica l line is:

x = a

Identity Function
The function identity is of the type:

f(x) = x

Its graph is the bisector of the first and third quadrant.

Thus, the line forms an angle of 45 with the positive x -axis and has a slope: m = 1.

Limits
The limit of the function, f(x), at po int, x 0, is the value of the

function, f(x), when x a pproaches x 0 .

For example, the limit of the function f(x) = x 2 at the point x 0 = 2.

x 1,9 1,99

f(x) 3,61 3,9601

1,999 3,996001 ... 2 ... 4 x 2,1 2,01 f(x) 4.41 4,0401

2,001 4,004001 ... 2 ... 4

When x becomes closer to 2 from the left and right side, the va lue of the function will approach 4.

It is said that the limit of the function, f( x), as x tends to x 0 , is L. If a real positive number is set, , greater th an zero, there w ill be a positive number, , depending on , for all the values of x th at differ from x 0 th at fulfill the condition | x - x 0 | < , and holds that |f( x) - L| < .

Left Side Limit or Left Hand Limit

Right Side Limit or Right Hand Limit

The limit of a function a t a point if it exists, is unique.

In this case, it can be seen that the limit from both the left and right side as x tends to 2 is 4.

The limit of the function is 4 as x tends to 2 even though the function has no value at x = 2.

To calculate the limit of a function at a point, it is not of importance what happens at that particular po int, but what happens around it.

Example

Given the function:

Calculate

The function has no limit at x = 0.

Infinite Limit
A function f( x) has th e limit + when x a if there is a positive real

number, K > 0, th at verifies th at f(x) > k for all values close to a.

Minus Infinite Limit


A function f(x) has the limit - when x a if there is a positive real

number K < 0 and this verifies that f(x) < k for all values clo se to a.

Limits at Infinity

Limit Rules Limit of a Constant

Limit of a Sum

Limit of a Multiplication

Limit of a Division

Limit of a Power

Limit of a Function

g can be a root, a log, sin, cos, tan, etc.

Limit of a Root

Limit of a Logarithm

Rate of Change
Given the function y = f(x) and two points on the x -axis " a " and " a + h ", where " h " is a real number that corresponds to the increase of x ( x ), the rate of change of a function on the interval [ a, a + h] , denoted by y is the difference between the ord inates corresponding to the points on the x -axis, a a nd a + h .

y = [f( a+h) f(a)]

Average Rate of Change


The average rate of change in the interval [a, a + h] is represented

by

or

, and is the quotient between rate of change and the amplitude of

the interval considered on the horizontal axis, h or x.

Geometric Interpretation
The avera ge rate of change coincides with the slope of the secan t line to the function f(x) , that passes through the points P and Q (see graph above) which are represented on the x -axis as a and a + h .

In the triangle PQR , we can see that:

Examples

Calculate the average rate of change of the function f(x) = x 2 x in th e interva l [1, 4].

A stock market index increased from 1,350 to 1,510 points in one yea r. Find the average monthly rate of change.

Volume of a Function
The volume of the solid revolution generated by rotating the curve f(x) around the x -axis and bounded by x = a and x = b, is given by:

Examples

1. Find the volume of a truncated cone that is generated by the rotation


around the line y = 6 x and bounded by the lines y = 0, x = 0, x = 4.

2. Calculate the volume generated by y = sin x when rotated about the x axis.

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