L1.

Q1 : Write the output of the following program

#include

#define ABC 20
#define XYZ 10
#define XXX ABC - XYZ

void main()
{
int a;

a = XXX * 10;

printf("%d\n", a);
}

Solution for L1.Q1

L1.Q2 : Write the output of this program

#include

#define calc(a, b) (a * b) / (a - b)

void main()
{
int a = 20, b = 10;

printf("%d\n", calc(a + 4, b -2));

}

Solution for L1.Q2

L1.Q3 : What will be output of the following program ?

#include

void main()
{
int cnt = 5, a;

do {
a /= cnt;
} while (cnt --);

printf ("%d\n", a);

}

Solution for L1.Q3

L1.Q4 : Print the output of this program

#include

void main()
{
int a, b, c, abc = 0;

a = b = c = 40;

if (c) {
int abc;

abc = a*b+c;
}

printf ("c = %d, abc = %d\n", c, abc);

}

Solution for L1.Q4

L1.Q5 : Print the output of this program

#include

main()
{
int k = 5;

if (++k < 5 && k++/5 || ++k <= 8);

printf("%d\n", k);
}

Solution for L1.Q5

L1.Q6 : What is the output of this program ?

#include

void fn(int, int);

main()
{
int a = 5;

printf("Main : %d %d\n", a++, ++a);

fn(a, a++);
}
void fn(int a, int b)
{
printf("Fn : a = %d \t b = %d\n", a, b);
}

Solution for L1.Q6

Answers
L1.A1
Solution for L1.Q1

a = xxx * 10
which is => a = ABC - XYZ * 10
=> a = 20 - 10 * 10
=> a = 20 - 100
=> a = -80

L1.A2
Solution for L1.Q2

Actual substitution is like this :

calc(20+4, 10 -2) is calculated as follows

(20+4 * 10-2) / (20+4 - 10-2)

(20+40-2) / 12
58 / 12 = 4.8
since it is printed in %d the ans is 4

L1.A3
Solution for L1.Q3

This problem will compile properly, but it will give run

time error. It will give divide-by-zero error. Look in to
the do loop portion

do { a /= cnt; } while (cnt --);

when the 'cnt' value is 1, it is decremented in 'while

( cnt --)' and on next reference of 'cnt' it becomes zero.

a /= cnt; /* ie. a /= 0 */
which leads to divide-by-zero error.

L1.A4
Solution for L1.Q4
the result will be c = 40 and abc = 0;
because the scope of the variable 'abc' inside if(c) {.. }
is not valid out side that if (.) { .. }.

L1.A5
Solution for L1.Q5

The answer is 7. The first condition ++k < 5 is checked and

it is false (Now k = 6). So, it checks the 3rd condition
(or condition ++k <= 8) and (now k = 7) it is true. At this
point k value is incremented by twice, hence the value of k
becomes 7.

L1.A6
Solution for L1.Q6

The solution depends on the implementation of stack.

(Depends on OS) In some machines the arguments are passed
from left to right to the stack. In this case the result
will be

Main : 5 7 Fn : 7 7

Other machines the arguments may be passed from right to

left to the stack. In that case the result will be

Main : 6 6
Fn : 8 7

L1.Q1 : Write the output of the following program

#include

#define ABC 20
#define XYZ 10
#define XXX ABC - XYZ

void main()
{
int a;

a = XXX * 10;

printf("%d\n", a);
}

Solution for L1.Q1

L1.Q2 : Write the output of this program

#include

#define calc(a, b) (a * b) / (a - b)

void main()
{
int a = 20, b = 10;

printf("%d\n", calc(a + 4, b -2));

}

Solution for L1.Q2

L1.Q3 : What will be output of the following program ?

#include

void main()
{
int cnt = 5, a;

do {
a /= cnt;
} while (cnt --);

printf ("%d\n", a);

}

Solution for L1.Q3

L1.Q4 : Print the output of this program

#include

void main()
{
int a, b, c, abc = 0;

a = b = c = 40;

if (c) {
int abc;

abc = a*b+c;
}

printf ("c = %d, abc = %d\n", c, abc);

}

Solution for L1.Q4

L1.Q5 : Print the output of this program

#include

main()
{
int k = 5;

if (++k < 5 && k++/5 || ++k <= 8);

printf("%d\n", k);
}

Solution for L1.Q5

L1.Q6 : What is the output of this program ?

#include

void fn(int, int);

main()
{
int a = 5;

printf("Main : %d %d\n", a++, ++a);

fn(a, a++);
}

void fn(int a, int b)

{
printf("Fn : a = %d \t b = %d\n", a, b);
}

Solution for L1.Q6

Answers
L1.A1
Solution for L1.Q1

a = xxx * 10
which is => a = ABC - XYZ * 10
=> a = 20 - 10 * 10
=> a = 20 - 100
=> a = -80
L1.A2
Solution for L1.Q2

Actual substitution is like this :

calc(20+4, 10 -2) is calculated as follows

(20+4 * 10-2) / (20+4 - 10-2)

(20+40-2) / 12
58 / 12 = 4.8
since it is printed in %d the ans is 4

L1.A3
Solution for L1.Q3

This problem will compile properly, but it will give run

time error. It will give divide-by-zero error. Look in to
the do loop portion

do { a /= cnt; } while (cnt --);

when the 'cnt' value is 1, it is decremented in 'while

( cnt --)' and on next reference of 'cnt' it becomes zero.

a /= cnt; /* ie. a /= 0 */
which leads to divide-by-zero error.

L1.A4
Solution for L1.Q4

the result will be c = 40 and abc = 0;

because the scope of the variable 'abc' inside if(c) {.. }
is not valid out side that if (.) { .. }.

L1.A5
Solution for L1.Q5

The answer is 7. The first condition ++k < 5 is checked and

it is false (Now k = 6). So, it checks the 3rd condition
(or condition ++k <= 8) and (now k = 7) it is true. At this
point k value is incremented by twice, hence the value of k
becomes 7.

L1.A6
Solution for L1.Q6

The solution depends on the implementation of stack.

(Depends on OS) In some machines the arguments are passed
from left to right to the stack. In this case the result
will be
 Main : 5 7 Fn : 7 7

Other machines the arguments may be passed from right to

left to the stack. In that case the result will be

Main : 6 6
Fn : 8 7

L3.Q1 :

Write a function revstr() - which reverses the given string

in the same string buffer using pointers. (ie) Should not
use extra buffers for copying the reverse string.

Solution for L3.Q1

L3.Q2 :

Write a program to print the series 2 power x, where x >= 0

( 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, .... ) without using C math library and
arithmatic operators ( ie. *, /, +, - and math.h are not
allowed)

Solution for L3.Q2

L3.Q3 :

Write a program to swap two integers without using 3rd

integer (ie. Without using any temporary variable)

Solution for L3.Q3

L3.Q4 :

Write a general swap macro in C :

- A macro which can swap any type of data (ie. int, char,
float, struct, etc..)

Solution for L3.Q4

L3.Q5 :
Write a program to delete the entry from the doubly linked
list without saving any of the entries of the list to the
temporary variable.

Solution for L3.Q5

L3.Q6 : What will be the output of this program ?

#include

main()
{
int *a, *savea, i;

savea = a = (int *) malloc(4 * sizeof(int));

for (i=0; i<4; i++) *a++ = 10 * i;

for (i=0; i<4; i++) {

printf("%d\n", *savea);
savea += sizeof(int);
}
}

Solution for L3.Q6

LX.Q7 : Trace the program and print the output

#include

typedef int abc(int a, char *b);

int func2(int a, char *b)

{
a *= 2;
strcat(b, "func2 ");
return a;
}

int func1(int a, char *b)

{
abc *fn = func2;

a *= a;
strcat(b, "func1 ");
return (fn(a, b));
}

main()
{
abc *f1, *f2;
int res;
static char str[50] = "hello! ";

f1 = func1;
res = f1(10, str);
f1 = func2;
res = f1(res, str);

printf("res : %d str : %s\n", res, str);

}

Solution for LX.Q7

LX.Q8 :

Write a program to reverse a Linked list within the same list

Solution for LX.Q8

LX.Q9 : What will be the output of this program

#include

main()
{
int a=3, b = 5;

printf(&a["Ya!Hello! how is this? %s\n"], &b["junk/super"]);

printf(&a["WHAT%c%c%c %c%c %c !\n"], 1["this"],
2["beauty"],0["tool"],0["is"],3["sensitive"],4["CCCCCC"]);
}

Solution for LX.Q9

LX.Q10 :

Solution for LX.Q10

Answers
L3.A1
Solution for L3.Q1
#include

char *rev_str(char *str)

{
char *s = str, *e = s + strlen(s) -1;
char *t = "junk"; /* to be safe - conforming with ANSI C std */

while (s < e) { *t = *e; *e-- = *s; *s++ = *t; }

return(str);
}

/* Another way of doing this */

char *str_rev(char *str)

{

int len = strlen(str),i=0,j=len/2;

len--;
while(i < j) {
*(str+i)^=*(str+len)^=*(str+i)^=*(str+len);
i++; len--;
}
return(str);
}

main (int argc, char **argv)

{
printf("1st method : %s\n", rev_str(argv[1]));
printf("2nd method : %s\n", str_rev(argv[1]));
}

L3.A2
Solution for L3.Q2

#include

void main()
{
int i;

for(i=0; i< 10; i++)

printf("%d\t", 2 << i);
}

L3.A3
Solution for L3.Q3

#include

main()
{
int a, b;

printf("Enter two numbers A, B : ");

 scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

a^=b^=a^=b; /* swap A and B */

printf("\nA = %d, B= %d\n", a, b);

}

L3.A4
Solution for L3.Q4

#include

/* Generic Swap macro*/

#define swap(a, b, type) { type t = a; a = b; b = t; }

/* Verification routines */
main()
{
int a=10, b =20;
float e=10.0, f = 20.0;
char *x = "string1", *y = "string2";
typedef struct { int a; char s[20]; } st;
st s1 = {50, "struct1"}, s2 = {100, "struct2"};

swap(a, b, int);
printf("%d %d\n", a, b);

swap(e, f, float );
printf("%f %f\n", e, f);

swap(x, y, char *);

printf("%s %s\n", x, y);

swap(s1, s2, st);

printf("S1: %d %s \tS2: %d %s\n", s1.a, s1.s, s2.a, s2.s);

ptr_swap();
}

ptr_swap()
{
int *a, *b;
float *c, *d;

a = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int));
b = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int));
*a = 10; *b = 20;

swap(a, b, int *);

printf("%d %d\n", *a, *b);

c = (float *) malloc(sizeof(float));
d = (float *) malloc(sizeof(float));
*c = 10.01; *d = 20.02;

swap(c, d, float *);

 printf("%f %f\n", *c, *d);
}

L3.A5
Solution for L3.Q5

#include

/* Solution */

typedef struct Link{

int val;
struct Link *next;
struct Link *prev;
} Link;

void DL_delete(Link **, int);

void DL_delete(Link **head, int val)

{
Link **tail;

while ((*head)) {
if ((*head)->next == NULL) tail = head;
if ((*head)->val == val) {
*head = (*head)->next;
}
else head = &(*head)->next;
}
while((*tail)) {
if ((*tail)->val == val) {
*tail = (*tail)->prev;
}
else tail= &(*tail)->prev;
}
}

/* Supporting (Verification) routine */

Link *DL_build();
void DL_print(Link *);

main()
{
int val;
Link *head;

head = DL_build();
DL_print(head);

printf("Enter the value to be deleted from the list : ");

scanf("%d", &val);

DL_delete(&head, val);
DL_print(head);
}
Link *DL_build()
{
int val;
Link *head, *prev, *next;

head = prev = next = NULL;

while(1) {
Link *new;

printf("Enter the value for the list element (0 for end)

: ");
scanf("%d", &val);

if (val == 0) break;

new = (Link *) malloc(sizeof(Link));

new->val = val;
new->prev = prev;
new->next = next;

if (prev) prev->next = new;

else head = new;

prev = new;
}

return (head);
}

void DL_print(Link *head)

{
Link *shead = head, *rhead;
printf("\n****** Link List values ********\n\n");
while(head) {
printf("%d\t", head->val);
if (head->next == NULL) rhead = head;
head = head->next;
}

printf("\n Reverse list \n");

while(rhead)
{
printf("%d\t", rhead->val);
rhead = rhead->prev;
}
printf("\n\n");
}

L3.A6
Solution for L3.Q6

The first value will be 0, the rest of the three values will
not be predictable. Actually it prints the values of the
following location in each step
 * savea
* (savea + sizeof(int) * sizeof(int))
etc...

ie. savea += sizeof(int) => savea = savea +

sizeof(savea_type) * sizeof(int)
( by pointer arithmatic)
=> save = savea + sizeof(int) * sizeof(int)

Note: You can verify the above by varing the type of 'savea'
variable to char, double, struct, etc.

Instead of statement 'savea += sizeof(int)' use savea++ then

the values 0, 10, 20 and 30 will be printed. This behaviour
is because of pointer arithmatic.

LX.A7
Solution for LX.Q7

Two function pointers f1 and f2 are declared of the type

abc. whereas abc is a pointer to a function returns int.

func1() which is assigned to f1 is called first. It

modifies the values of the parameter 'a' and 'b' to 100,
"hello! func1 ". In func1(), func2() is called which
further modifies the value of 'a' and 'b' to 200, "hello!
func1 func2 " and returns the value of 'a' which is 200 to
the main. Main calls f1() again after assigning func2() to
f1. So, func2() is called and it returns the following
value which will be the output of this program.

res : 400 str : hello! func1 func2 func2

The output string shows the trace of the functions called :

func1() and func2() then again func2().

LX.A8
Solution for LX.Q8

#include

typedef struct Link {

int val;
struct Link *next;
} Link;

/* Reverse List function */

Link *SL_reverse(Link *head)
{
Link *revlist = (Link *)0;

while(head) {
 Link *tmp;

tmp = head;
head = head->next;
tmp->next = revlist;
revlist = tmp;
}

return revlist;
}

/* Supporting (Verification) routines */

Link *SL_build();

main()
{
Link *head;

head = SL_build();
head = SL_reverse(head);

printf("\nReversed List\n\n");
while(head) {
printf("%d\t", head->val);
head = head->next;
}
}

Link *SL_build()
{
Link *head, *prev;

head = prev = (Link *)0;

while(1) {
Link *new;
int val;

printf("Enter List element [ 0 for end ] : ");

scanf("%d", &val);
if (val == 0) break;

new = (Link *) malloc(sizeof(Link));

new->val = val;
if (prev) prev->next = new;
else head = new;
prev = new;
}

prev->next = (Link *)0;

return head;
}
LX.A9
Solution for LX.Q9

In C we can index an array in two ways.

For example look in to the following lines
int a[3] = {10, 20, 30, 40};
In this example index=3 of array 'a' can be represented
in 2 ways.
1) a[3] and
2) 3[a]
i.e) a[3] = 3[a] = 40

Extend the same logic to this problem. You will get the
output as follows

Hello! how is this? super

That is C