How To Grow Crops Without Endosulfan and Pesticides

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How to Grow Crops

without Endosulfan
Field Guide
to Non-chemical Pest Management in
banana, cabbage and other crucifers , cassava, citrus, coffee, corn,
cotton and other fiber crops, cowpea, eggplant, forage crops,
forest trees, garlic, lettuce, mango, mungbean, onion, ornamentals,
peanut, pepper, pigeon pea, oil crops, ornamentals, potato, rice,
sesame, sorghum, soybean, squash and other cucurbits, string bean,
sweet potato, tea, tomato, and wheat production
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Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany
How to Grow Crops
without Endosulfan
Field Guide
to Non-chemical Pest Management in
banana, cabbage and other crucifers , cassava, citrus, coffee, corn,
cotton and other fiber crops, cowpea, eggplant, forage crops,
forest trees, garlic, lettuce, mango, mungbean, onion, ornamentals,
peanut, pepper, pigeon pea, oil crops, ornamentals, potato, rice,
sesame, sorghum, soybean, squash and other cucurbits, string bean,
sweet potato, tea, tomato, and wheat production
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Hamburg, 2008
Pesticide Action Network (PAN).
Founded in 1982, the Pesticide Action Network is an
international coalition of over 600 citizens groups in more
than 60 countries, working to oppose the misuse of
pesticides and to promote sustainable agriculture and
ecologically sound pest management.
PAN Germany was established in 1984 as part of this
global network and has continually been involved in
initiatives to reduce the use of hazardous pesticides and to
promote sustainable pest management systems on national,
European and global levels.
Acknowledgements
First, we want to express our gratitude to the
universities and organizations that have given the
permission to use their photos for the OISAT project.
(For more details see p. 71)
We also wish to thank all the individuals, groups and
organizations that have prepared the bases of the most
control measures presented in this field guide, may it have
been by preserving traditional experience, on field trials, on
field research or in the lab.
© Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany

Nernstweg 32, 22765 Hamburg, Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 40 – 399 19 10-0
Fax: + 49 (0) 40 – 390 75 20
Email: [email protected]
Internet: www.pan-germany.org
www.oisat.org
Prepared by: Dr. Jewel K. Bissdorf

Editor: Carina Weber
Layout: Reginald Bruhn
Hamburg
January 2008
Apart from the photos, permission is granted to reproduce

any and all portions of this publication, provided the
publisher, title, author and editor are acknowledged.
Handbook: How to Live and Work Without Endosulfan
Table of contents
Prologue ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 9
II. General Pest Management Practices ...................................................................................................... 11
III. Pest Management Methods .................................................................................................................... 11
III. 1. Cultural and physical control methods................................................................................. 13

Bagging of fruits ............................................................................................................................... 13
Companion planting.......................................................................................................................... 13
Composting...................................................................................................................................... 14
Crop rotation .................................................................................................................................... 16
Fruit fly traps .................................................................................................................................... 17
Handpicking ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Light trap.......................................................................................................................................... 18
Mulching .......................................................................................................................................... 18
Pheromone traps.............................................................................................................................. 19
Pruning ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Soil baits .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Soil traps.......................................................................................................................................... 21
Sticky board trap............................................................................................................................... 21
Trap cropping ................................................................................................................................... 22
III. 2. Biological control.................................................................................................................. 24

III. 2. 1. Beneficial insects .............................................................................................................. 24
Braconid........................................................................................................................................... 24
Cotesia ............................................................................................................................................ 24
Damsel bug ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Damsel fly ........................................................................................................................................ 25
Diadegma......................................................................................................................................... 26
Encarsia........................................................................................................................................... 26
Ground beetle .................................................................................................................................. 27
Hoverfly ........................................................................................................................................... 27
Lacewing.......................................................................................................................................... 28
Ladybird beetles ............................................................................................................................... 28
Mealybug destroyer ......................................................................................................................... 29
Minute pirate bug.............................................................................................................................. 29
Praying mantis.................................................................................................................................. 30
Predatory mite.................................................................................................................................. 30
Rove beetles .................................................................................................................................... 31
Spider .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Tachinid fly....................................................................................................................................... 32
Tiphia wasp...................................................................................................................................... 33
Trichogramma .................................................................................................................................. 33
III. 2. 2. Homemade solutions ........................................................................................................ 34

III. 2. 2. 1. Plants used in Pest Control........................................................................................... 34
Aloe ................................................................................................................................................. 34
Andrographis.................................................................................................................................... 35
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Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany 5
Basil................................................................................................................................................. 35
Butterfly bush ................................................................................................................................... 36
Chili ................................................................................................................................................. 37
Coriander ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Custard apple................................................................................................................................... 39
Eupatorium....................................................................................................................................... 40
Garlic ............................................................................................................................................... 40
Ginger ............................................................................................................................................. 42
Gliricidia ........................................................................................................................................... 43
Guinea hen weed ............................................................................................................................. 44
Horsetail........................................................................................................................................... 44
Lansones ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Lemongrass ..................................................................................................................................... 45
Mammey .......................................................................................................................................... 46
Marigold ........................................................................................................................................... 47
Neem .............................................................................................................................................. 48
Onion ............................................................................................................................................... 51
Papaya ............................................................................................................................................ 52
Pepper tree ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Pyrethrum ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Quassia ........................................................................................................................................... 54
Red cedar ........................................................................................................................................ 54
Spanish needle................................................................................................................................. 55
Stemona .......................................................................................................................................... 55
Sweet flag ....................................................................................................................................... 56
Thundergod wine.............................................................................................................................. 57
Tinospora......................................................................................................................................... 57
Tomato............................................................................................................................................. 58
Turmeric........................................................................................................................................... 59
Vitex................................................................................................................................................. 60
Wormseed ....................................................................................................................................... 60
Wormwood ...................................................................................................................................... 61
Yam bean......................................................................................................................................... 61
III. 2. 2. 2. Other homemade solutions........................................................................................... 62

Alcohol............................................................................................................................................. 62
Ammonia spray ................................................................................................................................ 63
Floor spray ....................................................................................................................................... 63
Plant ash.......................................................................................................................................... 64
Soap spray....................................................................................................................................... 65
IV. References ............................................................................................................................................. 65
V. Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 69
List of crops, wherein Endosulfan ist mostly used .............................................................................. 69
List of pests, wherein Endosulfan is mostly applied ............................................................................ 69
List of pests corresponding the pages they are mentioned ............................................................ 70
List of photo credits........................................................................................................................... 71
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6 Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany
Prologue
Pesticides worth more than 30 billion US dollar are intentionally released into the global environ-
ment every year. Many of these are highly toxic and have immediate adverse effects on human
health, wildlife, local food sources such as cattle or fish, beneficial insects and biodiversity.
Several of them have chronic effects including cancers, reproductive problems, birth defects,
hormonal disruption and damage to the immune system. Impacts come from direct exposure in
use, spray drift, washing work clothes used while spraying, home pesticide storage, pesticide
dumps, and persistence in the environment. One of these highly problematic pesticides is
Endosulfan.
Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide. It is widely considered to be a persistent organic
pollutant (POP). It is volatile and has the potential for long-range atmospheric transport. It
therefore contaminates environments far from where it is used. And it is bioaccumulative. Resi-
dues of Endosulfan have been found in indoor air, rain, lakes, rivers, stream sediments,
groundwater, well water, spring water, municipal water supplies, marine water and sediment,
prawn ponds, lagoons, estuarine and river sediment, soil, tree bark, aquatic plants, fish,
crocodile eggs, and other biota. They have been found in many countries. Residues have also
been found in food around the world. They were found in dairy foods, meat, chicken, vegetable
oil, peanuts, seeds, fruit, honey, rice, and many different vegetables. In Europe Endosulfan has
been among those pesticides with the highest frequency of exceeding the maximum residue
level allowed by the European Commission. Endosulfan is a leading cause of poisonings from
pesticides. It has poisoned numerous people, livestock and wildlife. As an endocrine disruptor
Endosulfan is threatening the reproductive capacity of living beings and it is increasing the risk
of breast cancer. In some communities it has left a legacy of deformity and malfunction. Many
cases of poisoning, including fatalities, have been reported - in Benin, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Cuba, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Turkey, and USA. It is one of the main causative agents of acute poisoning in Central America,
in southern India and other areas.
Pesticide Action Network (PAN) is working towards reducing the overall use and risks of
pesticides as well as the dependence on pesticides and to increase support for community-
based control over a sustainably produced food supply. PAN is committed, in its projects,
strategies and campaigns to place pesticide concerns in the broad political and economic
context in ways that will advance the fight against rural poverty and enhance pro-poor
development and ethical trade. PAN aims to help local communities use the initiatives to benefit
their day-to-day lives. One of the various activities of PAN to detox plant protection and pest
management is to call for the global elimination of the use of Endosulfan and to provide
information on alternatives to the use of this toxic pesticide.
PAN Germany is part of the international Pesticide Action Network. Being part of this alliance
PAN Germany is working on the national, European and international level and is among others
supporting non-chemical pest management on tropical crops that are commonly grown by small
landholder farmers through the project Online Information Service for Non-chemical Pest
Management in the Tropics (OISAT).
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www.oisat.org is part of a web-based system to distribute information on non-chemical pest

management in the tropics and sub-tropics that is scientifically based and at the same time easy
to read. Information provided via www.oisat.org is relevant to small-scale farmers who intend to
produce crops using safer and more affordable non-chemical pest management practices. It
provides varied information on how to lower the costs of production based on recommended
insect/mites pests, disease, and weeds control methods.
The content of this publication is based on the information provided at www.oisat.org. It enables
to provide farmers with practical guides to avoid the use of Endosulfan. The recommended
practices are scientifically based. Most of the farm practices described in this publication, the
farmers can do by themselves. The materials needed can be found in the backyards of farmers
or in their kitchens or can be purchased in the local agricultural suppliers.
By this publication we want to contribute to efforts to avoid harm to men and environment
caused by the use of Endosulfan.
Carina Weber
(PAN Germany Program Director)
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I. Introduction
For centuries, subsistence farmers have grown traditional crops for their food and income.
They have used various methods to grow crops and to control the pests the natural way.
However, with the pressing demands for higher yields and income to support their increasing
family sizes and needs, farmers must look for options. Thus, the shift from the traditional
farming system to the use of commercial synthetic pesticide takes place with the following
reasons:
1. Farmers can not increase their cropping areas;
2. Potential food is lost because of the attack of insects and mites, diseases,
nematodes, and rodents;
3. Synthetic pesticide is one of the most commonly accepted methods in pests’ control
because of the misconception that it is a medicine that cures and kills pests the
fastest way;
4. Most of the governments’ agricultural programs for increased production support the
use of high yielding varieties and agrochemicals, like fertilizers and pesticides; and
5. There is a difficulty for extension services, GOs/NGOs, and farmers to get a
comprehensive overview on alternative control/management methods, especially in a
form, which can be integrated easily into extension training materials and applied by
farmers.
Every year, an estimated of one to five million cases of pesticide poisonings occur that
resulted in several thousand fatalities among agricultural workers. Most of these poisonings
happen in the developing countries where safe health standards are inadequate or not
implemented. Even though these countries use only approximately 25% of the global
pesticide production, they account for a staggering 99% of the related deaths.
The vast majority of these poisoning cases involve farmers and farm workers who have the
direct contact with these chemicals. Either farmers are directly applying pesticides on crops
or working in fields where pesticides are used. They may be lacking of the appropriate
clothing’s to prevent the intake of pesticides and they may not be practicing the necessary
precautionary measures while handling and preparing these solutions. In some instances,
they may be wearing contaminated clothing throughout the day and may be eating and
drinking contaminated food and water with their contaminated hands. Other family members,
particularly children and infants, are also extremely susceptible to pesticide residues when
the mothers bring their infants while doing weeding or harvesting and let the children help out
with other farm activities where pesticides are used.
Endolsulfan is one of these synthetic chemicals. Endolsulfan was first introduced in the
1950s, commercially sold in several trade names but Thiodan is popularly used. It is a
chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide of the cyclodiene subgroup which acts as a contact
poison in a wide variety if insects and mites (EXTOXNET, 1992). It is used to control aphids,
thrips, beetles, foliar feeding larvae, borers, cutworms, bollworms, bugs, whiteflies, leaf-
hoppers, termites, tsetse fly and non-insect pests like mites and slugs that are attacking on
citrus and other fruit trees, vegetables, forage crops, oil crops, fiber crops, grains, cotton,
tobacco, coffee, tea, forest trees, and ornamentals (Cornell University, 2004).
Endolsufan is a highly toxic substance (EXTOXNET, 1992) but is widely and indiscriminately
used by subsistence farmers. There are strong evidences regarding its detrimental effects on
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their health and the environment. It is an important cause of human, animal, and aquatic
resources poisoning in many poor countries.
In 1991, several countries started issuing regulatory status of Endolsufan use. It is banned in
Singapore, Cambodia, Belize, and is highly restricted in Southeast Asia, Korea, Russia,
Canada, Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Kuwait, and Netherlands (Macfarlane, 1999).
Nevertheless, despite of all the restrictions, reports showed that Endosulfan is still widely
used in the countries with the regulatory status (Weber, 1996).
With the increasing detrimental effects of synthetic chemical pesticides and the wide gap of
the needed information at the field levels on the alternatives measures, there is a need for a
mechanism that information on pest management practices will be in-placed and operational.
In January 2003, PAN Germany launched a project, ‘Online Information Service for Non-
chemical Pest Management in the Tropics’, OISAT, with the aim of limiting the use of and
dependence by the poor farmers on the hazardous pesticides, as well as the risk that may be
incurred; and of providing them with safer alternatives.
OISAT has two components: OISAT Info and OISAT PartnerNetwork.
OISAT Info is a web-based information tool offering trainers, extension workers, and farmers
a quick access to up-to-date information for their work and for organizing agricultural learning
processes in order to minimize pest damage in a safer, more effective, and ecologically
sound way. Its structure is based on the cropping season of the major crops, indicating key
pests for each growth stage and plant part. Furthermore, detailed information is presented on
preventive and curative pest management practices with the aim of providing basic and
practical information for a holistic approach in pest management, which is both flexible and
situation-specific. The descriptions contain illustrations, photographs, and clear advices,
together with a glossary of technical terms.
The existence of OISAT Info on the internet is not effective enough to reach the farmers
significantly. Therefore, PAN Germany is continuously seeking a partnership with carefully
identified training and extension providers to whom OISAT Info is a potentially appropriate
information tool. The resulting OISAT PartnerNetwork is a platform for information
dissemination, information validation, exchange and feedback to the OISAT database.
Through the integration of the online information into training and extension services, an
effective and efficient information flow “From Web to Field to Web”, will be ensured. The final
aim is to make OISAT accessible to smallholder farmers and to offer them reliable solutions
for their pest problems, which can be adopted by them. The feedback from the field will be
stimulated through the OISAT PartnerNetwork to further expand and adapt the content and
service of OISAT Info to the needs of its users in the field, leading to a significant adoption of
the information provided.
OISAT was launched online 1st of July 2004 with the web address: www.oisat.org and with
the E-mail address: [email protected]
The information of this handbook, “Pest Management Practices as Alternatives to Endosulfan
and other Synthetic Pesticides”, is mostly taken from OISAT Info.
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II. General Pest Management Practices

Pest management is preventing, suppressing, or eradicating unwanted organisms such as
insect pests, mites, snails and slugs, rodents, diseases, weeds, vertebrates, etc., that are
causing problems to agricultural crops. The general pest management practices are
classified according to the approaches or the methods used to deal a pest problem. The
approaches used can either be prevention, suppression, or eradication of the problem pests.
The methods can be chemical; cultural and physical; biological; and legal.
Since PAN Germany does not support the usage of synthetic chemical pesticides in pest
management practices, it promotes the integration of approaches and methods that takes
into consideration the environmental ecology and health and economic gains of the farmers.
The pest management methods - cultural and physical and biological (use of beneficial
insects and plant extracts and other homemade solutions) - that are promoted by PAN
Germany are well elaborated in each respective method.
III. Pest Management Methods

1. Cultural and physical methods
Cultural methods that aid in the prevention, Generally cultural practices contribute to the
suppression, or eradication of pests include; field "belowground biodiversity" with the help of healthy and
sanitation; proper seed and variety selection; proper biologically actives soils. They contribute to
seedbed preparation; planting date; row spacing; "aboveground biodiversity" by providing a habitat for
seeding rate; fertilization; water management; crop diverse natural enemies. Furthermore, cultural
rotation; planting of trap crops and hedge rows; practices contribute to prevent, suppress, or eradicate
companion planting; and intercropping, among others. pest build-up by disrupting the normal relationship
Physical or mechanical control includes proper land between the pest and the host plant and thus make
preparation; hoeing; weeding, bagging of fruits; baits the pest less likely to survive, grow, or reproduce.
and traps; row covers; mulching; handpicking; and
pruning, among others.
2. Biological control methods
2.1. Beneficial insects

The major categories of natural enemies are The presence of beneficial insects is stimulated by
predators, parasitoids, pathogens and some various intercropping schemes, the integration of
vertebrates such as birds, snakes, etc. This insectary plants, etc. By creating farming systems
publication focuses on the beneficial insects as part of which are high in biodiversity, the self-regulatory
the natural enemies in biological control. mechanisms are increased and the system tends to be
Beneficial insects are divided into two groups - more "dynamically stable". This means that the variety
predators and parasites, like other natural enemies. of organisms provide more checks and balances on
A predator is an organism that during its development each other, which helps prevent one species (i.e., pest
consumes several preys. A parasite is an organism species) from building up a population level that
that lives in or on the body of its host without killing causes economic damage.
the host but usually weakening the host to some To conserve the beneficial insect population is to plant
extent. A parasitoid (also a parasite) is an organism crops that are producing nectars either as main crop,
that during its development lives inside or on the body companion crops, intercrops, multiple crops, and along
of another host organism – and eventually killing its the hedges or along the farm peripheries. Modify the
host. cropping practices by practicing crop rotation. Practice
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Field Guide to Non-chemical Pest Management in Sesame Production
mulching and other form of ground covers in some It is important to be able to identify the beneficials to
sections of your field to provide a habitat for the those that are not. Weekly field monitoring or a visual
ground beetles and spiders. Provide permanent beds inspection of plants is important to notice the presence
and perennial plantings to protect beneficials’ of pests and beneficial insects in order to consider
population. when to make pest management decisions.
2.2. Plants used in pest control and other homemade solutions

Curative pest management practices should be used o Be easy to grow and require little space and time
in an integrated manner and consider potential side for cultivation or procurement
effects on human health, the environment, the o Recover quickly after the material is harvested
sustainability of the agricultural system and the o Be perennial
economy. A number of natural products can be used
o Not become a weed or a host to plant pathogens
in curative pest management. Some general traits of
or insect pests
plants used in pest control and other natural products
include the following: o Possess complementary economic uses
a) Fast breakdown. Plant extracts used for pest o Pose no hazard to non-target organisms, wildlife,
control degrade rapidly in sunlight, air, and moisture, humans or the environment
and by detoxification enzymes. Rapid breakdown o Be easy to harvest; preparation should be simple,
means less persistence and reduced risks to non- not too time-consuming or require too high a
target organisms. However, precise timing and/or technical input
more frequent applications may be necessary. o Applications should not be phytotoxic or decrease
b) Toxicity. Some plants in pest control are also used the quality of a crop, e.g. taste or texture
as medicinal plants, others may have low to moderate
mammalian toxicity, and some are highly toxic (e.g., When preparing the plant extract formulations and
nicotine). They can express acute toxicity or cause other homemade solutions, the following
chronic to sub-chronic effects on human health. procedures MUST be observed:
Therefore, information on side effects and toxicity are o Select plants and/or plant parts that are pests-
important. During processing and application they free.
should be handled with the same caution as synthetic
o When storing the plants/plant parts for future
pesticides. Plants in pest control are most effective
usage, make sure that they are properly dried and
when used in an integrated pest management (IPM)
are stored in an airy container (never use plastic
program, which includes sanitation, cultural practices,
container), away from direct sunlight and
mechanical controls, use of resistant plant varieties,
moisture. Make sure that they are free from molds
and biological control among others.
before using them.
c) Selectivity. The rapid break down and fast action
o Do not use cooking and drinking utensils for the
make botanicals more selective to certain plant-
extract preparation. Clean properly all the utensils
feeding pests and less harmful to beneficial insects.
every time after using them.
d) Phytotoxicity. Most plants used in pest control are
o Do not have a direct contact with the crude extract
non-phytotoxic. However, insecticidal soaps, sulfur,
while in the process of the preparation and during
and nicotine sulfate may be toxic to some vegetables
the application.
or ornamentals.
o Make sure that you place the plant extract out of
e) Cost and Availability. Plants used in pest control
reach of children and house pets while leaving it
tend to be more expensive than synthetics, and some
overnight.
are not produced in a great supply or are no longer
commercially available (e.g., nicotine). The potency of o Always test the plant extract formulation on a few
some botanicals may vary from one source or batch to infested plants first before going into large scale
the next. spraying.
Plants used in pest control should ideally possess the o Wear protective clothing while applying the
following characteristics: extract.
o Be effective at a rate of max. 3-5% plant material o Wash your hands after handling the plant extract.
based on dry weight
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III. 1. Cultural and physical control methods
Bagging of fruits
Bagging prevents insect pests, especially fruit flies, from finding and damaging the fruits. The bag provides
physical protection from mechanical injuries (scars and scratches) and prevents female flies' laying activities,
latex burns, and fungal spots on the fruits. Although laborious, it is cheaper, safer, easier to do, and gives you a
more reliable estimate of your projected harvest.
How to make a bag? bigger and higher fruits trees, secure or tie the
1. Cut old newspapers measuring 15 x 22 cm or ladder firmly on big branches.
12.5 x 27.5 cm for mango and for fruits of similar Reminders
size.
o Bagging works well with melon, bitter gourd,
2. Double the layers, as single layer breaks apart mango, guava, star fruit, and banana.
easily.
o Start bagging the mango fruit 55-60 days from
3. Fold and sew or staple the sides and bottom of flower bloom or when the fruits are about the size
the sheets to make a rectangular bag. of a chicken egg.
How to bag a fruit? o When using plastic bags, open the bottom or cut a
1. Blow in the bag to inflate it. few small holes to allow moisture to dry up.
2. Remove some of the fruits, leaving 1 on each Moisture trapped in the plastic bags damage
cluster. and/or promotes fungal and bacterial growth that
caused diseased-fruits. Plastic also overheats the
3. Insert one fruit per bag then close the bag using
fruit.
coconut midrib or firmly tie top end of bag with
o Bags made of dried plant leaves are good
string or wire.
alternatives to plastic.
4. Push the bottom of the bag upwards to prevent
fruit from touching the bag. Remove the bags during harvest and disposed them
5. Use a ladder to reach as much fruits as possible. properly.
Secure the ladder firmly on the ground and for
Companion planting
Companion planting is the growing of diverse groups of crops.
Advantages
1. Giving off scent or chemicals that repels insects 6. Fixing nitrogen in the soil to reduce the need for
2. attracting beneficial insects that are predators to nitrogen fertiliser
harmful insects 7. Creating shade for lower-growing plants that do
3. Attracting insects that are pollinators for other not thrive in full sun
plants 8. Acting as a windbreak for more tender plants
4. Attracting harmful insects and therefore 9. Providing natural support for climbing plants
distracting them from the main prize crop 10. Acting as ground cover to prevent weeds
5. Absorbing minerals from the soil so they can be
ploughed back into the soil as fertiliser, for
example, green manures
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Table 1: An example list of companion crops

Vegetable
Companion crops
(main crop)
Cabbage Aromatic herbs, Celery, Onion
Cassava Cowpea, Canavalia, Crotalaria, Peanut,
Carrot Lettuce, Rosemary, Onion, Garlic, Sage, Tomato, Medic

Irish Potato, Beans, English Pea, Pumpkin, Cucumber, Squash, Canavalia,
Corn
Desmodium, Milinis grass
Eggplant Beans, Marigold
Garlic Basil, Beets, Cabbage, Carrots, Lettuce, Marigold
Pepper Beans, Carrot, Marigold, Marjoram, Onion, Tansy
Onion Basil, Beets, Cabbage, Carrots, Lettuce, Marigold
Potato Corn, Barley, Buckwheat, Lupine, Peas, Radish, Sunflower, Tansy
Squash Beans Corn
Tomato Onion, Nasturtium, Marigold, Asparagus, Carrot, Parsley, Cucumber
Composting
Composting is the biological decomposition (rotting and decaying) of plant residues, farm animal manures, and
kitchen scraps under controlled conditions. Once these materials are completely decayed, the end product is
called compost. Compost is a decayed organic matter that is earthy, dark, and crumbly.
Pile or Heap Composting
What to prepare 4. Sprinkle enough water to make the layers moist

1. A semi-shaded 3 ft x 3 ft area (90 cm x 90 cm) but not wet or soggy.
2. Composting materials 5. Repeat the steps 1 - 4, until your pile reaches the
a) Green materials that are rich in nitrogen height of 3 feet (90 cm).
(freshly cut grasses, twigs, branches and 6. Turn the pile after 2 weeks to heat it up. Use a
barks that are cut into small pieces, kitchen garden fork or shovel to turn the pile. To mix,
scraps, farm animal manures) move the decomposing materials at the middle
b) Brown materials that are rich in carbon (dried towards the outside and the outside materials
leaves, straws, cornstalks and other dried towards the center of the pile. Then you can mix it
plant residues, and cut old newspapers every 5-7 days, thereafter. If your compost has a
c) Garden soil strong odor, turn it more often as your is pile is
d) Water tightly packed and is poorly aerated.
3. Garden fork or shovel 7. Ensure that the pile is heating up. When you first
turned the pile, you may see steam rising from it.
Step by step procedure This signals decomposition. You can cover the
1. Spread a layer of several inches thick (about 6 pile to keep the heat in.
inches; 15 cm) of the brown materials on the 8. Add nothing to the pile once the composting
surface soil. This is the first layer. process has begun.
2. Add for the next layer, the green materials, about 9. The compost is finished when the pile is no longer
6 inches thick (15 cm). heating up and the original materials turn earthy
3. Top this with a thin layer of garden soil. and black.
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Pit Composting
What to prepare 7. Cover the pit with broad leaves plants like banana
1. Compost pit that is; 1-1.5 m length x 1-1.5 m leaves, taro leaves, etc.
width x 1 m deep 8. Turn the pile every two weeks. The compost is
2. Composting material ready after 3-4 months.
a) Green materials that are rich in nitrogen Tips for better composting
(freshly cut grasses, twigs, barks and branches
cut into small pieces, kitchen scraps, farm animal 1. Keep the pile moist.
manures) 2. Keep the pile well-aerated.
b) Brown materials that are rich in carbon (dried 3. Maintain a balance of the green and brown
leaves, straws, cornstalks and other dried plant materials. Too much of one slows down
residues, and cut old newspapers decomposition. The best ratio is 1 part green to 1
c) Garden soil part brown material. Shredding and chopping
d) Wood ash these materials into smaller pieces will help speed
e) Water the composting process and increase the pile's
surface area.
3. Long, sharp, pointed stick/s
4. Do not add diseased plants, human wastes, cats
4. Farm implements such as wheelbarrow, watering
and dogs feces as the harmful pathogens found in
can, hoe, machete/bolo
these waste products may not be killed in the
Step by step procedure process of decomposition.
5. Do not add matured weeds as their seeds may
1. Dig the compost pit in a semi-shaded and non-
not be killed in the process of decomposition and
water logged area.
may germinate once you use the compost in your
2. Place dry plant materials as the first layer. This
field.
should be about 20-25 cm thick. Sprinkle enough
water to make the composting materials moist but Uses of Compost
not wet.
3. The next layer will be composed of green 1. An excellent source of organic matter that has
materials, either fresh or wilted grasses or weeds. plenty of beneficial organisms.
Twigs and branches can also be added unless 2. Adds soil nutrients necessary for plant growth.
they are chopped into smaller pieces. This layer 3. Improves plant growth.
should also be 20-25 cm thick. 4. Controls plant disease pathogens.
4. Top this with a mixture of animal manure, soil, 5. Controls soil borne pathogens.
and ash. This layer should be 10-15 cm thick.
6. Improves the soil condition and texture. It breaks
5. Repeat the steps 1-3 until the pile reaches a up clay soil, helps sandy soil retains moisture, and
height of 1 m. You make the pile thicker in the relieves compaction.
middle (than the sides) to create a dome-shaped
7. Improves soil drainage.
pile. This makes turning the pile easier.
8. Reduces soil erosion.
6. Place the stick/s vertically into the pile to allow the
9. Helps rehabilitate infertile soils.
air to circulate into the various layers.
10. Makes the soil easy to cultivate.
Photo source:
Sustainable Agriculture
Extension Manual
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Crop rotation
Crop rotation is one of the oldest and most effective cultural control strategies. It means the planned order of
specific crops planted on the same field. It also means that the succeeding crop belongs to a different family than
the previous one. The planned rotation may vary from 2 or 3 year or longer period.
Some insect pests and disease-causing organisms are hosts’ specific. For example, rice stem borer feeds mostly
on rice. If you don’t rotate rice with other crops belonging to a different family, the problem continues as food is
always available to the pest. However, if you plant legume as the next crop, then corn, then beans, then bulbs,
the insect pest will likely die due to absence of food.
Advantages of crop rotation that belongs to a different family than the previous
one.
1. Prevents soil depletion
2. Make a list of the crops you want to grow by also
2. Maintains soil fertility
taken into consideration the market’s demand of
3. Reduces soil erosion your produce. For example, plant leafy vegetable
4. Controls insect/mite pests. on the first cropping season, next fruit vegetables,
5. Reduces reliance on synthetic chemicals then root crops, then legumes, then small grains
6. Reduces the pests’ build-up 3. Grow legumes before grains or cereals
7. Prevents diseases 4. Practice green manuring
8. Helps control weeds 5. Always keep farm records
Crop rotation as a means to control to insect pests is
Useful tips in planning crop most effective when the pests are present before the
rotation crop is planted have no wide range of host crops;
attack only annual/biennial crops; and do not have the
1. Know the family where your crops belong to make ability to fly from one field to another.
sure that you plant on the next cropping a crop
Table 2: An example list of crops that belong to the same family
Family Common names
Allium Chive, garlic, leek, onion, shallot

Bitter gourd, bottle gourd, chayote, cucumber, ivy gourd, luffa gourd, melons,
Cucurbit
pumpkins, snake gourd, squash, wax gourd,
Bok choy (petchay), broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage,
Crucifer
cauliflower, collard, kale, kohlrabi, mustard, radish, turnip, watercress
Common beans, black bean, broad bean (Fava), clover, cowpea, garbanzo,
Legume hyacinth bean, kidney bean, Lima bean, lintel, mungbean, peanut, pigeon pea,
pinto bean, runner bean, snap pea, snow pea, soybean, string bean, white bean
Aster Lettuce, artichoke
Solanaceous
Potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant
(Nightshade family)
Grains and cereals Corn, sorghum, rice, wheat, oat, barley, millet
Carrot family Carrot, celery, dill, parsnip, parsley
Root crops Cassava, sweet potato, taro, yam, water chestnut
Mallow family Cotton, okra
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Fruit fly traps

Jar trap 3. Make a hole on the lid, big enough for the string
or wire to pass through.
1. Make a paper funnel.
4. Insert a string or wire at the lid's hole.
2. Place the paper funnel into a jar containing few
amounts of fruit bait. 5. Place the bait inside the bottle.
3. Place the jar trap wherever fruit flies are seen. 6. Hung the trap in a shady part of the tree just
above the lower leaves.
Fruit fly plastic bottle trap 7. Replace the bait at least 2 times in a week. Fresh
Materials needed bait is often attractive to the flies.
o 1-liter plastic bottle Fruit fly baits

o 6 mm iron rod o Ripe banana peel cut into small pieces and mixed
o String with sugar, flour, and water
o Scissors o Mixture of 1 tsp vanilla essence, 2 tbsp ammonia,
o Bait ½ cup sugar, and 2 liters water
Procedure o Mixture of 1 cup vinegar, 2 cups water, and 1 tbsp
honey
1. Heat the iron rod.
o Mixture of sugar, soya sauce, and ammonia
2. Make holes on the neck using the heated iron rod.
Handpicking
Handpicking is an excellent method of controlling pests especially when only a few plants are infested. It is the
easiest and direct way to kill the visible and slowly moving pests. By handpicking the adults before they have the
chance to lay their eggs and by crashing the eggs before they hatch prevent the pests' build-up and the resulting
damage.
Methods drown them in soapy water. You can also crush

1. Use an old soft brush or a used soft cotton cloth them to die in the area where you fine them. For
wetted with alcohol to remove aphids, scales, and easy collection, place snail and slug baits.
mealybugs. 10. Handpick cutworm at night. Use a lamp or
2. Run the infested plant surfaces in between your flashlight to find them.
fingers to kill aphids. 11. Handpick, crush, and kill insect pests with your
3. Rub or scrape scales and mealybugs from plants. bare hands.
4. Use a pointed wooden/bamboo stick to pick
Reminders
caterpillars. You can also use improvised tongs,
pinchers, or tweezers. o Visit your plants daily or several times in a week
5. Remove the infested leaves tunneled by to monitor the presence of pests. Careful
leafminers. Early removal of the diseased leaves observation leads to successful handpicking of
is also helpful to prevent disease transmission to the pests. Look out for the pests that fly or crawl
the rests of the plants. into your garden and those that come out from the
6. Handpick beetles and caterpillars and drown them soil.
in soapy water. Japanese beetles play dead when o Most of the insect pests blend nicely with the
disturbed. Shake the plant onto an old newspaper leaves. Make a thorough inspection with very
for the easy collection. Chicken also feast on observant eyes.
them. o Look also for the pests' possible hiding places,
7. To collect vine borers, make a lengthwise slit like under the plant debris and on the soil.
along the vine and get the borers out. o Always inspect the underside of leaves. Remove
8. Attract rice bugs with baits, like crab or snail meat the eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults that you come
for easy collection. across.
9. To get snails and slugs, water the infested area in o Know the beneficial insects and be able to identify
the late afternoon to let them crawl out in the them so that you will not kill them by mistake.
evening. Use a lamp or flashlight to find them. o You cannot completely get rid of the plant pests
Handpick and put them in a sealed container to but you can reduce their population.
feed on your chicken the following morning or
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Light trap
Light trap is a device used at night in the field to collect moths and other flying insects such as:
1. Armyworm 5. Shallow basin with water or jute sack

2. Bugs b) Procedure
3. Cutworm 1. Install the light trap near or within the field where
4. Flies you want to trap the flying insects.
5. Gnats 2. Secure the poles firmly on the ground.
6. Heliotis/Helicoverpa 3. Mount the lamp or the bulb on the frame, five
7. Leafhoppers meters from the ground. When using electric bulb,
8. Planthoppers make sure that the bulb and wiring are not in
contact with water to avoid electrocution.
9. Stem borers
4. Place the shallow basin with soapy water or the
How to make a light trap? jute sack underneath the light.
a) Materials needed 5. Put the light trap from early evening until early
morning.
1. Bamboo or wooden poles
6. Collect the trapped insects daily and dispose
2. String or rope
them properly.
3. Nails
4. Oil/kerosene lamp or electric bulb
Mulching
Mulch is a protective layer of either organic or inorganic material that is spread on the topsoil to
o improve soil condition Amount to apply (thickness)

o act as barrier against pests o 2-3 inches for cut grasses
o prevent rainfall and irrigation water from splashing o 2-4 inches for bark mulch and wood chips
soil borne pathogens onto the plants that cause o 3-4 inches for compost and mold leaves
plant diseases
o ¼ inch for sheets of old newspapers for the
o prevent weed growth control of weeds and to prevent thrips from
o provide home for earthworms and natural reaching the soil to pupate. Cover lightly with
enemies found in the soil other mulch materials to prevent paper from
flying.
o retain soil moisture
2. Inorganic mulch
o reduce soil compaction from the impact of heavy
rains Inorganic mulch is made of colored aluminized plastic
and aluminum foil. The reflection from the sun
o maintain a more even soil temperature
confuses and repels the flying insects from coming
o prevent soil erosion onto the plants.
To make you own reflective mulch, place strips of
Types of mulch
aluminum foil on both sides on the sown seeds or
1. Organic mulch newly transplanted seedlings. Studies showed that red
Organic mulch helps improve the soil condition. It repels root maggots and other flies, orange on potato
provides organic matter which helps keep the soil whiteflies, and blue reflection confuses winged aphids
loose, as it slowly breaks down (decomposes). This and thrips. Black plastic mulch discourages sawbugs
improves the root growth, increases the infiltration of and other crawling pests that cannot withstand the
water, and also improves the soil water holding heat and keeps leafminers from emerging and
capacity. It is also a good source of plant nutrients and prevents their return to the soil to pupate. However,
provides a better place for earthworms and other you must do your own study as the pests from
natural enemies found in the soil. different regions react differently to various colors.
Organic mulch includes cut grasses, leaves, straws,

Pest controlled
hays, bark chips, animal manures, seaweeds,
corncobs, pieces of corn stalks, coffee berry pulps, 1. Aphids
saw dusts, old newspapers 2. Colorado potato beetle
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3. Leafminer Reminders
4. Potato tuber worm o When mulching trees and other perennials, place
5. Root maggots and other flies mulch 1-2 inches away from the trunks and or
6. Thrips main stems.
7. Whiteflies o Monitor plants regularly to know the presence of
8. Sawbugs and other crawling insects slugs, snails, and mice. Mulch attracts these
pests.
9. Soil borne pests that include insects/mites,
weeds, and diseases o When mulching to control weeds, apply mulch
immediately after soil cultivation/preparation to
prevent sunlight from reaching weed seeds and
the migrating seeds to settle in.
Pheromone traps
How to make?
1. Make 10 to 12 holes into an old 1 liter plastic
bottle or 3 holes on each side of 1 liter ice cream
container, to allow moths to enter.
2. Heat a small piece of metal to make the holes
easily.
3. Put a wire from the cover to suspend the bait.
4. Secure the pheromone dispenser align with the
entrance holes inside the trap.
5. Make a rectangular opening into the lower part of
the container for removing the moths caught.
How to use?
1. Half-fill the trap with soapy water.
2. Put bait in the pheromone dispenser or suspend
the pheromone capsule from the lid using string or
Reminders while using
wire.
pheromone traps
3. Close the container. 1. Buy the pheromone that lures the pest you want
4. Attach the trap to a bamboo or wooden stake or to control.
hang on branch of a tree. 2. Always label the trap. The name of the species
5. Place traps for different pests at least 3 meters you are trapping, the date the bait was placed,
apart. If traps are used for monitoring the pests, 2- and the name of the bait if you are using several.
3 traps are enough for 1 ha field. 3. Change bait according to manufacturer's
recommendation.
Pests controlled 4. Dispose properly the bait wrappers. The tiny
amount of pheromone left near the traps will
1. Cabbage looper compete with your bait.
2. Cotton bollworm 5. Wash your hands between handling baits. Minute
3. Cotton boll weevil traces of other chemicals can render the baits
4. Corn earworm completely ineffective.
5. Diamondback moth 6. Always remove all captured adults during each
6. Fruitfly visit. Discard them away from the field. Put live
ones into a bucket with soap solution to drown.
7. Hornworm
8. Leaffolders
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Pruning
Pruning is the selective removal of specific plant parts 3. Prune insect/mite pests' infested tender shoot tips
like shoots and branches but the roots, flower buds, or any other parts where they are found in great
fruits, and seed pods can also be pruned. Pruning numbers.
done in a regular basis as part of plant care achieves 4. Prune webbed leaves.
the following: 5. Prune mined foliage.
o makes the plant less dense 6. Prune the crossing branches and those that are
rubbing or interfering with each other.
o improves the air circulation and sunlight penetra-
tion that decrease the incidence of diseases and
the conditions that promote fungal growth Reminders
o improves the plant's appearance and health o Pruning is done best during dry weather as it
o gets rid of the pests infested parts minimizes the spread of the pathogens causing
o allow the natural enemies to find their preys easily diseases.
o controls the size of a plant o Always use sharp pruning tools to have clean and
o trains the young plants to become what you want smooth cuts angled to shed water and absorb
them to be sunlight.
o influences the plant's flowering and fruiting o Snap-off suckers with your hand while they are
(proper pruning of flower buds encourages early tender for least re-growth.
vegetative growth) o Dip your pruning tools into container with 10%
o repairs and renews the appearance of old plants bleach solution and wash your hands in between
pruning the diseased plants.
o allows a better access for pest control
o After pruning, disinfect your pruning tools, rinse
them with water, and oil all the metal parts to
Pruning for pest control
prevent from rusting.
1. Prune diseased, damaged, and/or dead plant o Ask for assistance from your local agriculturist for
parts. The prompt removal of these parts prevents the proper pruning techniques on fruit trees.
the spread of the disease and speeds the
formation of plant tissues that seal the wound.
2. Prune leaves with egg masses.
Soil baits
Corn/wheat seed mixture bait
1. Soak mixture in water for 24 hours to facilitate
germination.
2. Make a hole of 12 cm wide by 30 cm deep.
Source: Marlin Rice
3. Place 1/2 cup (of a 1:1 corn/wheat seed mixture)
in a hole. 2. Remove the potato 'eyes' to prevent from
growing.
4. Cover with soil.
3. Make the pieces big enough and put in sticks.
5. Cover the topsoil with plastic to warm the surface
and to speed-up germination. 4. Bury "staked potatoes/carrots" at a depth of 3-6
cm in the ground. The stick serves as the handle
6. Cover the edges with soil to prevent wind from
to easily pull the baits out.
blowing away the plastic.
5. Bury randomly in the field.
7. Remove the plastic, the soil cover, and the bait
after one week. 6. Leave baits in the soil for 2-3 days. Wireworm will
feed on the baits.
8. Destroy and kill the larvae trapped in the baits.
Feed larvae to chicken or put them in a pail of 7. Dispose properly the baits and the wireworm.
soapy water to drown.
Pests controlled
Potatoes/carrots soil bait
1. White grub
1. Cut potatoes or carrots into chunks. 2. Wireworm
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Soil traps
1. Deep ditch of plastic about 12 inches square, pulled together
Plow a deep ditch and keep it filled with water, if larvae around the plant from opposite sides and held down
are found to be moving towards your field crops from with soil.
adjacent fields. This will prevent larvae from 4. Protective collars
transferring. They will drown if they try. Another
Protective collars made of plastic or paper cup, plastic
method is to dig a deep ditch with vertical sides to trap
drink bottles with torn-out bottom, sturdy cardboard,
larvae and prevent them from crawling out. Holes with
and milk cartons. Place the collar around the young
a diameter of a fence post should be dug every 10
plant and push into the soil to prevent the cutworm
meters apart in the ditch. Larvae will congregate in the
from attacking the stem.
deeper holes where they maybe crushed (Scott,
2003). 5. Sticky substances
2. Pitfall traps Molasses, saw dusts, or crushed eggshells are place
around the base of each plant. When cutworm
Make pitfall traps. Pitfalls are the best means of
emerges to feed, it will come in contact with the trap,
collecting crawling insects.
get stuck, harden, and die.
3. Plastic
6. Tarpaper
A small piece of plastic, slit to the middle, wrapped
A square of tarpaper (or other heavy, flexible paper)
around the plant stem and overlapped, can be taped
measuring 9-12 cm wide placed at the base of each
or covered with soil. Another method uses 2 pieces
transplant will prevent adult flies to lay eggs near the
plant. Make a cut from the edge to the center making a
small hole (in the center). Make sure that the paper
will fit around the stem but will lie flat on the ground.
During transplanting, place the disc on the soil around
each plant so that the stem is in the middle of the disc.
7. Yellow pan traps

Fill half the yellow pan or basin with soapy water.
Place the pan close to the plant but expose enough
that moth can see it. Trapped moths sink and drown
because soap breaks the surface tension of the water.
Sticky board trap

Flying insects are attracted to bright yellow, blue, and 3. Paint boards with yellow or blue or white
white colors. Traps, consisting of square pieces of depending on the pests you want to monitor and
cardboard or hard plastic coated with sticky trap
substances placed throughout the growing area
among the plants, attract them. Strips of yellow or blue
sticky plastic can also be used around or inside the
growing ranges. The procedure on how to prepare a
sticky card is from eHow. (Source: eHow. How to
make your own yellow sticky traps. http://www.ehow.
com/how_9839_make-own-yellow.html)
How to make?
1. Cut plywood or sturdy cardboards, 3 inches wide
x 5-7 inches long.
2. Make experimentations on the sizes and forms of
your board traps.

How to use?
1. Fasten boards to stakes with nails or staples or 4. Hang and position the traps at 50-75 cm zone
papers clips or hang them from wire supports. above the plants.
5. As a general rule, place 1 to 2 sticky cards per
100 square meter growing area. Replace traps at
least once a week. It is difficult to determine the
population of newly trapped flies/moths on a
sticky card to those previously trapped ones.
Pests monitored and controlled
2. Spread used-motor oil, or plant resin, or mustard, Yellow sticky traps

or vegetable oil, or petroleum jelly directly on your Bright yellow sticky traps are used for
board. Leave a small space uncoated for easy monitoring/controlling of the following pests:
handling.
1. Aphids
2. Cabbage root maggot
3. Carrot rust fly
4. Cabbage white butterfly
5. Cucumber beetle
6. Fungus gnat
7. Onion fly
8. Thrips
3. Place traps near the plants, preferably 25 cm 9. Whiteflies
away from the plant to ensure that the leaves will
not stick to the board, but not facing direct Blue sticky traps
sunlight. Bright blue traps are for monitoring thrips.
White sticky traps
Bright white traps are for monitoring flea beetles and

tarnished plant bugs.
Trap cropping
Trap cropping is the planting of a trap crop to protect the main cash crop from a certain pest or several pests. The
trap crop can be from the same or different family group, than that of the main crop, as long as it is more attractive
to the pest. There are two types of planting the trap crops; perimeter trap cropping and row intercropping.
Perimeter trap cropping is the planting of trap crop completely surrounding the main cash crop. It prevents a pest
attack that comes from all sides of the field. It works best on pests that are found near the borderline of the farm.
Row intercropping is the planting of the trap crop in alternating rows within the main crop.
Advantages of trap
cropping
4. Improves the crop’s quality
1. Lessens the use of pesticide
5. Helps conserve the soil and the environment
2. Lowers the pesticide cost
3. Preserves the indigenous natural enemies

Table 3: Examples of trap cropping practices
Trap crop Main crop Method of planting Pest controlled
Alfalfa Cotton Strip intercrop Lygus bug
Basil and marigold Garlic Border crops Thrips
Castor plant Cotton Border crop Bollworm

Chinese cabbage, Planted in every 15 rows of Cabbage webworm, flea hopper, and
Cabbage
mustard, and radish cabbage mustard aphid
Beans and other Leafhopper, leaf beetles, stalk borer,
Corn Row intercrop
legumes and fall armyworm
Block trap crop at 20 plants/ sq
Chick pea Cotton Bollworm
m (Brown, 2002)
Collards Cabbage Border crop Diamondback moth
Row intercrop, planted in every
Corn Cotton 20 rows of cotton or every 10-15 Bollworm
m
Row intercrop in every 5 rows of
Cowpea Cotton Bollworm
cotton
Dill and lovage Tomato Row intercrop Tomato hornworm
Horse radish Potato Intercrop Colorado potato beetle
Hot cherry pepper Bell pepper Border crop Pepper maggot

Strip intercrop in between
Indian mustard Cabbage Cabbage head caterpillar
cabbage plots
Medic, Medicago Strip intercrop in between carrot
Carrot Carrot root fly
litoralis plots
Okra Cotton Border crop Flower cotton weevil
Border crops or barrier crops in
Onion and garlic Carrot Carrot root fly
between plots
Napier grass Corn Border crop Corn stem borer

Row intercrop at a distance of 15
Sesbania Soybean Stink bug
m apart
Row intercrop in every 5 rows of
Sunflower Cotton Bollworm
cotton
Sudan grass Corn Border crop Corn stem borer
Tansy Potato Intercrop Colorado potato beetle

Row intercrop, planted in every
Tobacco Cotton Bollworm
20 rows of cotton
Intercrop (Tomato is planted 2
Tomato Cabbage Diamondback moth
weeks ahead)
Soybean Corn Row intercrop Corn earworm
Velvet bean caterpillar, green stink
Sickle pod Soybean Strip intercrop
bug
Rye Soybean Row intercrop Corn seedling maggot
Green beans Soybean Row intercrop Mexican bean beetle

Tips for successful trap cropping

 Make a farm plan. This will guide you on  Immediately control the pests that are found
where the trap crops are to be sown or in the trap crop. Prune or remove the trap
planted. crops once the pest population is high,
otherwise they will serve as the breeding
 Learn to know and identify the pests.
ground and the pests will attack the rest of
 Select a trap crop that is more attractive to your farm.
the pest than the main crop.
 Be ready to sacrifice your trap crop as an
 Monitor your plants regularly. early crop and destroy them once pest
infestation is high.
 Always keep farm records.
III. 2. Biological control
III. 2. 1. Beneficial insects

Braconid
making aphids' shells black and mummified. About a
Common Name
Bracon week later, the adult Bracon wasps cut round holes in
the mummies and emerge. The empty mummies
Scientific name
remain on the leaf. The presence of mummies in a
Bracon spp.
colony of aphids is a sign that Bracons are present.
Type
Eggs, larvae, pup- Cotesia
ae, and adult para-
sitoid Common Name Cotesia wasp, Cotesia
Scientific name
Hosts Cotesia spp.
Ants, aphids, army-
Type
worms, beetle's
Larva
larvae, bollworms, parasitiods
cabbageworms, ca-
terpillars, codling Hosts
moths, corn borers, Armyworm, boll-
cutworms, imported tent caterpillars, leafhoppers, worm, cabbage
leafminers, maggots, midges, plant bugs, scales, looper, cab-
tomato hornworms, weevils bageworm, cele-
ry looper, corn
Description earworm, cut-
Eggs and larvae of Bracons are found inside the hosts' worm, diamondback moth, gypsy moth, hornworm,
bodies. stem borer, tobacco budworm, webworm
The larvae are tiny, cream-colored grubs that feed in
Description
or on other insects. Larvae molt five times and
undergo 5 instars. Eggs are ovate, clear, and shiny and increase in size
after they are laid. They hatch 2 days later.
Pupae of some species live and pupate within the
host until they mature; others pupate in silken cocoons The first instar parasitoid larvae begin feeding
on the outside of the body of the host, while others internally after 3-4 days. The immature parasitoids
spin silken cocoons away from the host. develop through three larval instars in the host body,
and then emerge from the host by chewing through
Adult wasps are tiny, about 2.5 mm in size, slender
the skin. After emergence from the host, the last instar
black or brown with threadlike waists. Female wasps
larvae immediately spin cocoons and pupate.
lay eggs into the eggs of hosts' pests but prefer
caterpillars' bodies. Pupae vary according to species; some are either in
an irregular mass of yellow silken cocoons attached to
In cases where aphids are the host pests, aphids are
the host larva or to plant leaves, and some in white
not killed instantly. Aphids continue to feed on plants
cocoon, about a size of rice grain. The cocoons are
tissues until the Braconid larvae inside their bodies
usually found inside host feeding tunnels in
completely consume them. The fully-grown Braconid
larvae cement the dead aphids to the leaf surface

leguminous plants. Pupation takes 4-6 days after crops, especially legumes, throughout the year. Adults
which adults emerge. begin laying eggs soon after emergence.
Adults are small wasps, about 3-7mm in length. They
are dark-colored and look like flying ants or tiny flies. Damsel fly
They have two pairs of wings and chewing-lapping
Common Name Bog dancer, Damselfly, Damsel,
mouthparts. They have curved antennae, the males
Narrow wing
having much shorter antennae than the females. A
female abdomen has a downward curve extension, Scientific name Agriocnemis femina femina, A.
called the ovipositor- with which she lays her eggs. pygmaea
The adult female looks for hosts in leaves and in Type Generalist predator
tunnels of crops. Some species lay about 15-65 eggs
Hosts
in the body cavity of the host while some lay a single
egg. A single wasp can parasitize 200-300 host Leafhoppers,
caterpillars during its 10 to 14-day life. The life cycle, moths and
from egg to adult, is approximately 15-30 days, butterflies, plant
depending on the species and the temperature. hoppers
(Shepard;
Barrion;
Damsel bug Litsinger, 1987:
Common Name Nabids p. 127)
Scientific name Nabis ferus, N. aternatus, N. Description
capsiformis
Eggs are laid in emerging plants, in floating vegeta-
tion, or directly in the water. The hatched eggs do not
go through the larval and pupal stages.
A naiad (nymph of damselfly) lives in water, has an
elongated body, long legs, and three leaf-like
appendages or gills on its tail. These appendages are
used for oxygen transport. A naiad molts several times
before emerging. At this stage, naiads are very good
predators. They prey aquatic insects and other
arthropods within their reach. They grab their prey with
their modified lower jaw. At the last stage, a naiad
swims out of the water and clings to a plant to dry its
Type skin. After a few minutes of drying in the sun, its outer
skin splits open at the head and the adult damselfly
Generalist predator strains to pull itself out of its old skin. The new legs
Hosts harden to hold onto the plant. Its wings slowly expand
and are pumped open by fluid from its abdomen.
Aphids, armyworms, asparagus beetle, Colorado
An adult damselfly has a long thin body which is
potato beetle eggs and nymphs, corn earworm, corn
green, blue, red, yellow, black, or brown and is often
borer, imported cabbageworm, leafhoppers, mites,
brightly colored. It has an oblong head with bulging
moth eggs, sawfly larvae, and tarnished plant bug
eyes and very short antennae. When resting, it holds
nymphs. Although they can survive for about two
its four large membranous wings of nearly equal size
weeks without food, they will eat each other if no other
vertically rather than horizontally. It is a delicate and
prey is available.
weak-flying insect. Its wings are usually clear except
Description for a spot at the end of the wing called a stigma. The
Eggs are deposited in soft plant tissues where they male sex organ is located at the front part of the
are so difficult to find. Nymphs resemble adults and abdomen. Damselflies commonly fly in pairs during
develop through 5 nymphal stages in about 50 days. mating. Damselfly adults use their hind legs, which are
covered with hairs to capture prey as they fly. They
Adults are tiny, about 2-4 mm long, with slender hold the prey in their legs and devour it by chewing.
bodies and are yellowish or gray or reddish-brown in Adults are usually found flying near plants, usually in
color. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts, a 4- irrigated rice fields during the daytime throughout the
segmented beak, elongated heads, and 4 long year.
segmented antennae. They are fast runners with long
The damselfly's mating pattern is unusual. The male
slender back legs and enlarged forelegs for grasping
deposits sperm by bending the abdomen forward and
prey. They are commonly found in most agricultural
then clasping the female behind the head with its

claspers on the tip of his abdomen. The female then 3. 300 per release is the recommended number to
loops her abdomen forward and picks up the sperm avoid an overcrowded population. The female has
from the male. The mating pairs are seen flying and the tendency to lay unfertilized eggs or more male
clinging in tandem. Most species have one generation offspring once there is an overpopulation.
per year depending on the species, although they 4. Releases should be done at weekly intervals for
complete their life cycle from 1-2 years. at least 5 times, good enough for the insects to
be well-established.
Diadegma 5. The temperature should be low enough; about
18-25 degrees C, and field location should be
Common Name Diadegma wasp, Diadegma
600 m or more above sea level, to allow them to
Scientific name Diadegma semiclausum, D.insulare, reproduce successfully.
D. mollipla, D. fenestral
6. Monitor insect parasitism regularly. Black
cocoons mean a parasitized DBM larva or Dia-
degma wasp is developing inside the cocoon
(Philippine German Plant Protection Project,
1996: pp. 1-17).
The introduction of Diadegma wasps into the field is to
reduce the DBM population to a level below the eco-
nomic threshold and to establish Diadegma as an
Type Larva
integral part of the local insect fauna. It takes about ½
parasitioids
- 1 year to build-up its population naturally in Brassica
Hosts fields (Fitton; Walker, 1992).
Cabbage diamondback moth, potato tuber moth,
cabbage webworm Encarsia
Description
Common Name Encarsia, Whitefly parasite
The egg is found inside the body of the host larva -
where the larva is then hatched. Scientific name Encarsia spp.
It eats the contents of the host larva. After the host
larva spins its cocoon, the Diadegma larva eventually
kills it and spins its own cocoon inside that of the host.
The Diadegma kills its host only at the stage when the
host larva stops feeding and starts to pupate.
The pupa is the black colored developing wasp which
can be seen inside the cocoon, in place of the light
colored diamondback moth pupa. Type Larva
The adult Diadegma wasps are very small about 6 mm parasitoids
to 1 cm long. They are found in cruciferous crops and
herbaceous plants. Their population is dependent on Hosts Various whitefly species
the population of their hosts. They are the most Description
important natural enemies of DBM and can parasitize Eggs are found inside the body of the host larva.
up to 90% of their larvae. They can parasitize both
The larvae develop within the whitefly larvae passing
exposed and hidden larvae as some species have
through four larval stages. The host pupa turns black
short ovipositors while others have long ones that can
when Encarsia pupates inside the whitefly. Adult
reach hidden larvae. The total development period
wasps emerge from the parasitized pupae by chewing
from egg to adult is about 2-3 weeks under temperate
a hole in the top of the scale.
conditions (Philippine German Plant Protection Pro-
ject, 1996: pp. 1-17). Adults are very tiny wasps, about 1 mm in size. These
parasitic wasps can look actively and effectively for
The following practices are suggested when introdu-
whiteflies. They can cover distances of 10-30 m
cing Diadegma in the field:
looking for hosts. Adult females attack young whitefly
1. Make sure that the field environment is pesticide- larvae by stinging and laying eggs inside them.
free. An adult female wasp can lay 60-100 eggs. The life
2. Release Diadegma wasps at their adult stage at a cycle is completed within 2-4 weeks depending on the
ratio of 200 females to 100 males or an optimal climatic conditions. Adults can live for 30 days but are
sex ratio of 2 females to 1 male. The presence of active for about 10 days.
too many males disturbs the females, which in Adult wasps feed on honeydew and the body fluids of
turn affects their reproductive behavior. whitefly larvae. They also feed directly on the scales.

However, honeydew restricts their movements so that Hoverfly

it is difficult for them to have a wider feeding coverage. Common name Flower fly, Syrphid fly, Syrphidae
With the exception of the adult, all stages of Encarsia Scientific name Eristalis spp., Volucella spp.
occur inside the whitefly host.
Ground beetle
Common name Carabid

Scientific name Calosoma spp., Cicindela spp.,
Megacephala spp. Hoverfly
Type larvae eating
aphids
Generalist predator
Type
Hosts
Generalist predator
Cabbage root maggots,
Hosts
cutworms, snails, slugs,
leaffolder and Aphids, thrips, psyllids, scale insects, small caterpil-
planthoppers larvae lars, and larvae of Heliotes
Description
Description Eggs are tiny, about 1mm in size, ovate-shaped, and
Eggs are normally laid glistening-white. These are found laid singly and close
singly in the soil. to the developing aphid colony in the leaves, shoots,
or stems of the plants. They hatch within 2-3 days.
The larvae, known as Syrphids, are legless slug like
Larva is elongated and tapered toward the end, worm-
maggots, about 1-13 mm in length depending on their
like in appearance and have a large head directed
larval stages. They usually have a mottled-gray, beige,
forward.
or light-green color. They lift their pointed heads to
Pupa is brownish black, small and found in the soil. look for preys. Once preys are located, their mouth-
Adult ground beetles or Carabids are about 2-6 cm parts suck out the contents of the preys. Larvae are
long, dark shiny brown to metallic black, blue, green, frequently found feeding on aphids in the sheltered
purple, or multi-colored. They vary in shapes,- from and curled portion of leaves. They blend well with their
elongated to heavy-bodied, - tapered head end with habitat and therefore they must be looked for closely
threadlike antennae, and have a ringed wing cover. to locate them.
Some species do not use their wings however, like Pupae are teardrops shaped and are found in the soil
many other insects they are also attracted to light. surface or in the plant's foliage.
They use their wings to fly at night to be near to the Adult hoverflies are true flies with only two wings
source of light. Their heads are usually smaller than instead of four which most insects have. Adults are
their thorax. Both adults and larvae have strong pin- large and beautiful insects about 13 mm long. They
cher-like mandibles. They have prominent long legs, have a dark head, a dark thorax, and a banded yellow
which make them fast moving insects. and black abdomen. They closely resemble bees or
wasps rather than flies. Their habit of hovering like
Most species are nocturnal and they hide during the
humming birds gave them the names hoverflies or
day in soil crevices, under rocks and stones, decaying
flower flies. They are expert hoverers, able to remain
logs, leaf litter, or composting materials. When
absolutely stationary in midair. In some species, males
disturbed or when other vertebrates prey upon them,
will hover in certain spots to attract the attention of
they emit an odor or gas, as a type of defense
females while other species patrol a wider area of up
mechanism, preventing them from being eaten by
to 100 yards to feed and mate. They dart from flower
other predators. Ground beetles live on or below the
to flower making them easy to distinguish from the
ground, hence the name. Development from the egg
bees and wasps. They feed on pollen, nectar, and
to the adult stage takes about a year, although adults
honeydew. They are good pollinators.
may live 2 to 3 years or longer.

Lacewing Ladybird beetles
Common name Brown lacewing, Green lacewing, Common name Ladybird beetles, Ladybugs, Lady
Aphid lion beetles, Coccinellid, Coccinellid beetles
Scientific name Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopa Scientific name Harmonia conformis, H. axyridis,
rufilabris Hippodamia convegens
Type Type
Generalist predator Generalist predators ´
Hosts Hosts
Aphids, leafminer, mealybugs, thrips, whitefly (Ellis; Aphids, leaffolders, leafhoppers, mealybugs, plant-
Bradley, 1996: p. 449), armyworms, bollworms, cab- hoppers, scales, spider mites, whiteflies, and other
bage worm, codling moths, corn borer, cutworm, DBM, leaf feeding insects.
fruitworm, leafhopper nymphs and eggs, potato beetle,
scale insects, spider mites, and caterpillars of most Description
pest moths. If given the chance, they can also prey on Eggs are yellow to orange in color, football-shaped,
adult pests. and are laid in circular clusters of 10 -50 eggs on the
underside of leaves or near the aphid colony.
Description Newly hatched larvae are gray or black and less than
Eggs are found on slender stalks or on the underside 4 mm long. They emerge as dark alligator-like
of leaves. Each egg is attached to the top of a hair-like flightless creatures with orange spots. Adult larvae can
filament. Eggs are pale green in color. be gray, black, or blue with bright yellow or orange
Larvae are known as aphid lions. Newly hatched, they markings on the body. They are usually patterned with
are grayish-brown in color. Upon emerging, larvae colors similar to their parents, and many are adorned
immediately look for food. They grow to about 1 cm in with spines. They have long sharp mandibles and feed
length. They attack their prey by taking them with their on small insects like their adults. The larvae are
large sucking jaws and injecting paralyzing poison, elongate and slightly oblong in shape. They undergo
and then sucking out the body fluids of the pest. A four instars before pupating.
larva can eat 200 or more pests or pest eggs a week. The pupae are usually brightly patterned and can be
An older larva can consume 30-50 aphids per day. It found attached to the leaves and stems of plants
can consume more than 400 aphids during its where larvae have fed and developed.
development. The larvae resemble alligators with pinc- Adults are oval to hemispherical and strongly convex
ers like jaw. However, they become cannibalistic if no with short legs and antennae. Most species are bright-
other prey is available. They feed for 3 to 4 weeks and ly colored. Body length ranges from 0.8-16 mm. Their
molt three times before pupation. They cover their colors tell other predators that they are tasteless and
bodies with prey debris. toxic. When disturbed, some of them emit a strong
Pupae are cocoons with silken threads. These are smelling yellow liquid as a protection against other
found in cracks and crevices. The pupal stage lasts for predators. Their colors vary from red, orange, steel
approximately 5 days. blue, yellow brown, or yellow elytra, frequently spotted
Adults are green to yellowish-green with four, delicate or striped with black. They feed on pollen, nectar, wa-
transparent wings that have many veins and cross ter, and honeydew but aphids or other prey are
veins. Adults are about 18 mm long, with long hair-like necessary for egg production. They are the best-
antennae and red-gold eyes. Each adult female may known predators of aphids and are capable of eating
deposit more than 100 eggs. Many species of adult up to 50-60 per day and about 5000 aphids in their
lacewings do not prey on pests. They feed on nectar, lifetime.
pollen, and honeydew. An adult will live for about four Many species are well-known for their use in biological
to six weeks depending on the climatic conditions. control, and have been distributed to various parts of

the world to combat insect pests of agricultural crops. Minute pirate bug
However, members of the subfamily Epilachninae are
Common Name Minute pirate bugs, Insidious flower
foliage feeders and are sometimes pests of several bugs
crops.
Scientific name Orius tristicolor, O. insidiosus
Mealybug destroyer
Scientific name Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

Coleoptera:Coccinellidae
Type
Generalist predator
Hosts
Aphids, bollworm, potato leafhopper nymphs, spider
Type
mites, scale insects, insect eggs, small corn borers'
Mealybug predator larvae, thrips, other small caterpillars, whiteflies
Hosts Description
Mealybugs but feed on scales and aphids in the ab- Eggs are elongated, very small, about 0.25 mm, and
sence of mealybugs. are clear or milky white in color. The red eyes of the
embryo are seen through the shell before hatching.
Description
Eggs are laid inside the plant tissues. Incubation takes
Eggs are yellow and are laid among the cottony egg about 4-7 days.
sack produced by the mother mealybugs. The eggs
Nymphs are small, wingless, teardrop-shaped and
develop into larvae in about 5 days.
yellow-orange to brown in color. Nymphs pass through
The larva looks like mealybug. It has woolly appen- five instars before becoming adult. With each molt, the
dages of wax but is twice as big as the adult young closely resemble the adults they will eventually
mealybug. It grows up to 1.3 cm in length. It under- become. The nymphal stage takes about 2 weeks.
goes three larval stages, which lasted for about 12-17 Adults are also very tiny, about 2 mm long, ovate, and
days. The larva feeds on mealybug eggs, young black with white wing patches. Their head and thorax
crawlers, and the honeydew produced by mealybugs. are shiny and black, and their beak extends to
It can consume up to 250 mealybugs. between the bases of the first pair of legs. They have
The pupa is found in sheltered stems. The pupal stage flattened bodies that are colored black or brown with
lasts for about 7-10 days. lighter markings like pirate flags, hence the name.
Adult mealybug destroyer is dark brown or blackish They possess efficient searching behavior and are
beetle. It has orangish head with reddish abdomen. It voracious general feeders. They are able to aggregate
is small, about 3-4 mm long. A female can lay up to 10 in areas of high prey density and increase their
eggs a day in a mealybug colony or in a group of numbers rapidly where food is abundant. They can
mealybug eggs. It may live up to 2 months. consume 30 or more spider mites per day. Both
nymphs and adults feed on a variety of pests as their
Conservation primary source of food. Their lifecycle takes about 20
Mealybug destroyers only thrive when there are days under optimum conditions to complete. Adults
mealybugs. They feed on mealybugs, which are live for about 3 - 4 weeks.
necessary for their reproduction. Members of carrot
(fennel, dill, angelica, tansy) and sunflower families
(goldenrod, coreopsis, sunflower, and yarrow) are
good habitats for adult mealybug destroyers.

Praying mantis like grubs to the surface of the ootheca. In some

species, there is a single exit hole at the bottom of the
Common Name Praying mantids (plural) ootheca, where the young emerge individually. In
others, the young emerge through the oothecal wall
nearest the egg cell and will hang on silken cord from
the ootheca until the skin hardens.
The adult praying mantis varies in color depending on
the habitat it is living in. It camouflages the leaves,
flowers, twigs, barks, trees where it is found. Its size
varies depending on the species, from about 3 cm-
18cm. It has strong spine-forelegs and usually sits and
waits motionless among vegetation for prey, with its
forelegs held together in a prayerful manner, hence
the name 'Praying mantis'. It has strong mouthparts for
chewing, large eyes, well-set on its mobile triangular
head, with antennae that are slender and segmented.
Some important mantids species
It has a neck that can rotate its head while waiting for
prey.
1. African mantis (Sphodromantis spp.) found in
Africa Some species have powerful forewings for protection
and flying. While flying, it can be mistaken as for a
2. Chinese mantis (Tenodera aridifolia sinensis)
small bird. Other species are wingless, odd-looking,
found in China
flower/leaf-shaped, and others are so thin to be
3. Devils flower mantis (Blepharoppsis mendica) recognizedthat they are hardly recognizable. They will
found in Asia rise up in a threatening manners ready to attack, when
4. Giant Malaysian shield mantis (Rhombodera disturbed.
basalis) found in Malaysia A female adult should be well fed prior to mating or
5. Giant mantis (Hierodula spp.) found in Asia else she will kill the male once she is hungry after
6. Ghost mantis (Phyllocrania Paradoxa) found in mating. A female mantis lays up to a few hundred
Africa and Madagascar frothy liquid eggs in habitats where mantids live.
7. Indian flower mantis (Creoboter meleagris) found
in India Predatory mite
8. Leaf mantis (Deroplatys spp.) found in Asia
9. Madagascan marbled mantis (Polyspillota aeru- Scientific name Phytoseiulus spp, Metaseiulus
ginosa) found in West Africa and Madagascar, occidentalis, Typhlodromalus aripo. Acari:Phytoseidae
Nigeria and Kenya
10. Malaysian orchid mantis (Hymenopus coronatus) Type Mite predator
found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Sumatra Hosts
11. Spiny flower mantis (Pseudocreobotra spp.) found Adults, nymphs, larvae, and eggs of spider mites,
in Africa nymphs of thrips, eggs and nymphs of fungus gnats,
12. Twig mantis (Popa spurce) found in Africa small insects and their eggs
13. Wondering violin mantis (Gongylus gongylodes)
found in India and Sri Lanka Description
Eggs are oblong and slightly larger than the spherical
Type Predator eggs of spider mites.
Nymphs are smaller and lighter in color but look like
Hosts
small adults.
Aphids, fruit flies, grasshoppers, caterpillars, and they
eat each other when no food is available. Predatory mites are red, orange, tan, or brown in
color, pear-shaped, long-legged, and are approximate-
Description ly 0.5 mm long. They can move around quickly on
The eggs are laid in groups. Each group of eggs is spider mites colonies (unlike the spider mites that are
encased in a foamy substance that hardens into a almost stationary). They can consume about 30 eggs
tough protective casing called ootheca. Eggs hatch or 20 nymphs a day.
after 3 - 8 weeks, although not all eggs will hatch as
young mantids.
The young mantids are hatched as pro-nymphs. They
are surrounded by a protective membrane and move
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Conservation in the soil among the roots of the root-maggot infested

Predatory mites feed voraciously on spider mites. plants. The eggs hatch 5-10 days later.
They must have spider mites to survive and to The first instar larvae are pale brown, about 1.5 mm
reproduce. They do not feed on pollen or plant sap. long, slender, segmented, and tapered toward the
They are very effective in proper crop and environ- anterior. They have large heads. The parasitic second
mental conditions with temperatures ranging from 27- and third instar larvae are white, have rudimentary
32 degrees centigrade. legs, and are found within the host puparium.
Predatory mite (Typhlodromalus aripo) controls cassa- Before pupating, a larva will actively search for a host
va green mite (Monoychellus tanajoa). It can reduce (pupa of maggot) in the surrounding soil. It will pupate
the green mite population by ½ and can increase in the pupa of the maggot by entering into its cocoon
cassava yield by 1/3. This predatory mite species does and feeding its contents, and then pupate itself inside
not require mass breeding in rearing station. It can be for about 3-4 weeks before emerging as an adult. It is
transferred to new locations on cassava shoot tips possible that two or more larvae enter into one maggot
where mites are present. It can spread easily when pupa but only one will survive and mature.
introduced into cassava fields because of the many Adult rove beetles are brown, reddish-brown, or black
food sources such as mites, white flies, corn pollens, or have gray markings on the wings and abdomen,
and honey dews. But in order to reproduce, it requires with slender elongate bodies. Their wing covers are
mite prey. shorter than the abdomen where most part of the
In the absence of mites, predatory mite disperses or abdomen is exposed. Both adults and larvae have
dies so that it causes no harm to the environment. well-developed 'jaws' cross in front of the head. They
There are several species of predatory mites which live mostly in decaying organic matter but are also
are mass-reared commercially for the management of found in moist agricultural soils or in habitats where
mites and thrips in greenhouses and field grown crops. large numbers of fly larvae live. When disturbed, they
run very fast, with their abdomen lifted upward, like
that of scorpions. Adults are good fliers as well.
Rove beetles
Common Name Staphylinid Spider

Scientific name Aleochara bilineata
Spid
er
Type
Generalist predator
Type
Hosts
Rove beetle larvae are maggots and pupae parasites
when they are about to pupate, but both adult and Brown planthoppers, stem borers, leafhoppers, moths,
larva are generalist predators flies, and other agricultural pests they can catch.
Hosts Description
Both adults and larvae are predators of root maggots' 1. Crab Spiders (Thomisidae) are colorful crab-like
eggs and larvae, mites, worms, nematodes, and other spiders generally found on the blossoms of plants.
small insects. Adults tend to be cannibalistic, eating They have the tendency to camouflage in their
their own eggs and attacking other adults when food habitat so as to catch prey, unaware as they pass
supply is low. by. They are called crab spiders because their
first four legs are larger than their hind legs and
Description because of their capability to walk forward,
Eggs are tiny, about 0.5 mm long and 0.4 mm wide, backward, or sideways like a crab (CABI, 2000).
pear-shaped, pale green in color, and are covered with 2. Dwarf spiders (Atypena formosana) are very small
a gelatin-like material. These are laid by female adults and are always mistaken for spiderlings (newly

hatched spiders) of other spider species. They A female can produce 200-400 eggs but only 60-80
measure about 1 to 5 mm in length. Adults have spiderlings can hatch from these. Females can survive
three pairs of spots or gray markings on the 2-3 months. In some species, females die after laying
dorsal part of their spherical abdomen. They are eggs.
normally found in groups at the base of a plant. All spiders are poisonous to insects but only a few
They build webs and catch their prey by trapping species are poisonous to humans, the Black widow
them in their webs. However, they can hunt and the Brown recluse (CABI, 2000; IRRI, 2001).
directly and feed on 4-5 leafhopper/planthopper
nymphs a day, and also other small insects (IRRI, Tachinid fly
2001).
3. Grass spiders are moderately sized, brownish- Common Name Diptera
gray weavers of funnel-shaped webs. Their webs
Scientific nameBombyliopsis abrupta, Lixophaga sp.
are not sticky and can often be found on low-
growing shrubs (CABI, 2000).
4. Jumping spiders (Phidippus sp. ) are brown
jumping spiders with brown hairs covering their
body. They have two bulging eyes and these are
arranged in three distinct rows. They have broadly
or partly ovoid abdomens with light transverse
basal bands. They feed on leafhoppers and other
small insects (IRRI, 2001).
5. Long-jawed spiders (Tetragnatha maxillosa) have
long legs and bodies, measuring 6 to 10 mm in
length. Their eyes are arranged in two distinct
rows. Their abdomens are brownish-yellow, with Type
or without markings and are usually four or more
Larvae and adult parasitoid
times longer than their width. They prey on moths
and flies and can consume 2 to 3 preys a day. Hosts
Once their prey are caught, these are wrapped
Aphids, armyworm, beetles, bollworm, bugs, cabbage
with silk in their webs (IRRI, 2001).
looper, cotton stainer, cutworm, grasshoppers, horn-
6. Orb weavers, Argiope spiders (Aranaeus spp.) worm, leafhoppers, mole crickets, moths, sawflies,
are large yellow-black garden spiders which scale insects, stem borers, stick insects (CABI, 2000).
produce zigzag stitches in the bottom center of
large webs hanging between stems of plants. Description
They have poor vision and can locate their preys Eggs are ovate-shaped and white in color. They are
by the vibrations and tension on their web threads found in the skin of the host insect or in leaves near
(IRRI, 2001). the host and are hatched when the host ingests them.
7. Wolf spiders (Lycosa pseudoannulata) have The larvae or maggots are worm-like and lack appen-
forked or Y-shaped median light bands on their dages like all other fly larvae. They are greenish-white
outer coverings. Wolf spiders prey on moths and in color. They have three larval instars and then leave
butterflies. They feed on 5 to 15 preys daily and the hosts to pupate in the soil. Before pupation, some
they eat each other when their population is high mature maggots produce hard cocoons. The larval
(IRRI, 2001). stage takes about 4 days to 2 weeks depending on the
climatic conditions. The newly hatched larvae enter
Some spiders' eggs are laid in a cluster in silken sacs, into its host and feed on the content before pupating
while some species lay their egg masses covered with into the soil. Some tachinid species are hosts' specific,
silks within folded leaves. Some of these sacs are for example for a certain species; it is parasitic only on
attached to the mother spiders or mothers stay nearby leaf rolling caterpillars, or only on sugarcane stem
to guard their egg sacs. Eggs usually hatch into borer.
spiderlings within three weeks. The spiderlings may
Pupae are oblong, yellowish and turn dark-reddish as
remain attached to the mother for several days on
they mature.
some species, but for some species they are left on
their own. Adults measure between 3 and 10 mm and have very
stout bristles at the tips of their abdomens. They look
Spiders are not insects. They have 8 legs while
very similar to the common housefly but are larger with
insects have 6. They do not have wings whereas
stocky and soft bodies. They vary in appearance from
insects do. They have two body sections; a united
gray black to brightly colored, or sometimes looking
head and thorax and abdomen, while insects have
like bees. Adult Tachinid flies have only 1 pair of
three; head, thorax, and abdomen.

wings. They feed on honeydews and flower pollen. Tiphia wasps feed primarily on the honeydew emitted
Different species have varied modified sucking type by aphids, scale insects, and leafhoppers but they also
mouthparts: the cutting sponging, the piercing-sucking, feed on the nectar of blossoms.
and lapping-sponging. Adult flies are found in almost Tiphia wasps are native to Japan, Korea, and North
all crop habitats, either resting on foliage or feeding on China. They are now found in cooler climates where
nectars and pollen. Additionally for females, they they have been introduced to control Japanese
search for hosts to lay their eggs. The female adult beetles and other scarab beetles (CABI, 2000).
lays her eggs near or into the larvae, or on another
insect. She can lay as many as 1000-2000 eggs in her
Trichogramma
lifetime. Adults can live from 3 days to 2 months
depending on the species (IRRI, 2001).
However, the Uzi fly (Exorista sorbillans or E.
bombycis) is an important pest of the mulberry
silkworm and other silkworm species in Asia (CABI,
2000).
Tiphia wasp
Scientific name Tiphia vernalis, T. koreana, Common name

T. popilliavora, T. pygidialis Trichogramma,
Tricon
Scientific name
Trichogramma spp.
Type
Egg parasites
Hosts
Trichogramma species parasitize eggs of over 200
species of moth and caterpillars. Among these are; the
rice and corn stem borer, cabbageworm, tomato
hornworm, Heliotis and Helicoverpa species, codling
Type
moth, cutworm, armyworm, webworm, cabbage loo-
Grub parasite per, fruit worms, and sugarcane borer.
Hosts Description
Larvae of Japanese beetles and scarab beetles (IRRI, Trichogramma adults are extremely small. The female
2001) adult lays her eggs on other moths' eggs. First, she
examines the eggs by antennal drumming, then drills
Description
into the eggs with her ovipositor, and lays one or more
The female wasp burrows into the ground in search of eggs inside the moth's eggs. She usually stays on or
a grub. She lays her eggs on a white grub. She stings near the host eggs until all or most of them are para-
the grub to temporarily paralyze it and lays a single sitized. When the parasitized moth's eggs turn black,
egg on a specific location (depending on her species). the larvae parasites develop within the host eggs. The
The paralyzed grub recovers from the sting to be the larva eats the contents of the moth's eggs. Adults
source of food when the egg hatches. The tiny wasp's emerge about 5-10 days later depending on the
larva starts to feed by biting the grub's skin. It feeds temperature. Adults can live up to 14 days after
slowly on the body fluids of the grub. emergence. Female adults can lay up to 300 eggs.
The larva molts 5 times taking about 2-3 weeks to Trichogramma species differ in their searching
complete. Before pupating, the larva eats the remain- behavior, host preferences, response to environmental
der of its host and then spins a small, fuzzy, brown conditions, and suitability in biological control uses.
ovate-shaped cocoon. The timing of Trichogramma releases in the field is
Adult Tiphia wasps are shiny dark-colored and about important. Non-parasitism could be due to the use of
1cm-2cm long wasps. They are similar to winged black less suitable Trichogramma strains to the host pests,
ants. The female wasps' bodies are heavily set built environmental conditions, and untimely release of
for digging soil in search of beetle grubs. The male parasitoids. It is best to release of parasitoids at the
wasps are slender and smaller, have tiny hooks at the beginning of a pest infestation (when moths are first
end of their abdomens which are used for mating. seen in the field), followed by regular releases until a

natural breeding population of Trichogramma is on the presence of the pest or alternative hosts and
established. food for adults. It is important to regulary monitor pest
An example of this approach is the corn borer control. population, egg parasitism (parasitized eggs are black
The first release should be during the first appearance in color), and the larval infestation. Trichogramma are
of moths and corn borers' eggs in the cornfields. released as pupae in parasitized host eggs. The
Weekly releases thereafter are to ensure the pupae can be pasted on cards or put in various
Trichogramma population build-up and parasitism containers. To be successful in the field, food, host
occurrence. The build-up of the parasitoids depends eggs and shelter must be available.
III. 2. 2. Homemade solutions
III. 2. 2. 1. Plants used in Pest Control
Aloe
Scientific name Aloe barbadensis
Family Aloeaceae
Plant parts used Leaves, rhizomes

Mode of action Larvaticidal
Formulations look table 4 below
Table 4: Formulations for the Use of Aloe
Materials Methods of preparation How to use Target pests
Aloe, vitex extract
5 kg of vitex leaves Soak vitex leaves in 10 liters

Armyworm
2 kg of aloe leaves water. Dilute 50-60 liters of water to
Hairy caterpillar
50-60 ml of soap Then bring to boil for 30 the extract.
Rice leaf folder
60-70 liters of water minutes. Add soap.
Rice stem borer
Cooking pot Cool and then strain. Stir well.
Semi-looper
Pail Remove the outer part of the Spray on infested plants
caterpillar
aloe leaves and grind in thoroughly. Spray early in
This formulation is good water to get the extract. the morning or late in the
Bacterial and fungal
enough to spray 0.4 ha Strain. afternoon.
diseases
area. Mix the 2 extracts.
Aloe moth attractant
½ liter of aloe extract

1 kg of castor cake Put mixture in wide-opened
Wide-opened containers Mix aloe and castor cake. containers.
Plant latex or resin Add the latex as adhesive Place containers in Moths
material. strategic locations of the
6 traps are good enough field.
for ½ ha.
Effect on humans Effect on non-target organisms

Aloe is a popular house plant due to its reputation None
as a healing plant for burns, cuts, and other skin
problems, contact dermatitis can occur on sensitive
individuals.

Andrographis
Common Name King of bitters

Scientific name Andrographis paniculata
Plant parts used Whole plant

Mode of action Repellent
Formulation look table 5 below
Table 5: Formulation for the Use of Andrographis
Plant extract
Grind plants in 250 ml of

2 kg of fresh plant
water.
10 grams of well-crushed
Add cow’s urine and chili. Spray on infested plants Aphids
dried chili pods
Dilute filtrate with 10 liters of thoroughly. Spray early in Melon worms
1 liter of cow’s urine the morning or late in the
water. Thrips
Water afternoon.
Allow this solution to stand Whiteflies
Grinder
for sometime.
Pail
Strain.

None Non
Basil
Common names
Basil, Black basil, Holy basil, Sweet basil, Tulasi
Scientific name Ocinum spp.
Plant parts used Leaves, stems, whole plant

Mode of action Repellent, insecticidal, oviposition inhibiting
Formulation look table 6 next page

Table 6: Formulation for the Use of Basil
Basil leaf extract
Caterpillars
Fruit flies
50 grams of basil leaves Grind leaves.
Red spider mites
2-3 liters of water Soak overnight in water.
Spray early in the morning Red scales
8-12 ml of soap Strain. on infested plant parts. Spotted leaf
Grinder Add soap.
beetles
Pail Stir well.
Fungal diseases
Nematodes

None None
Butterfly bush
Scientific name Buddleia lindleyana
Plant parts used Leaves

Mode of action Insecticidal
Formulation look table 7
Table 7: Formulation for the Use of Butterfly bush
Leaf extract
Dilute 1 liter of filtrate with

5 kg of Butterfly bush 10-15 liters of water.
Black bean aphids
leaves Pound leaves. Add soap.
Caterpillars in
¼ liter of water Add water. Stir well. cabbage
10-15 ml soap Squeeze out the sap. Spray on infested plants Plant hoppers
Mortar and pestle Strain. thoroughly. Spray early in
Pail the morning or late in the
afternoon.

None None

Chili
Common Names Chili, Red peppers
Scientific name Buddleia lindleyana
Plant parts used Fruit, seeds

Mode of action Insecticidal, repellent
Formulations look table 8
Table 8: Formulation for the Use of Chili
Materials Method of preparation How to use Target pests
All purpose insect pest spray
1 tsp powdered red hot Chop onion and garlic.

pepper Add powdered red
Fill-in the sprayer.
1 garlic bulb pepper.
Spray through plants.
1 small onion Mix the above ingredients
If no sprayer is available, make
1 liter of water into the water. Leaf eating pests
soft straw brush and wet plants
1 tbsp of soap Soak for 1 hour.
with the extract.
Knife Strain.
Repeat spraying when necessary.
Strainer Add soap.
Basin/pail Stir well.
Chili spray
In a pot, boil ripe pods or Ants

4 cups of ripe hot chili seeds in water for
peppers or 5 cups chili 15-20 minutes. Aphids
seeds Take the pot from the fire Caterpillars
Spray on infested plants.
30 grams of soap and add 3 liters of water. Flies
Cooking pot Cool and strain.
Strainer Add soap. Mealy bugs
Stir well.
Chili and neem leaves extract
10-20 pieces of hot

pepper Pound hot pepper and Add 20 liters of water and the
2-2.5 kg fresh neem neem leaves. powdered soap to the filtrate.
leaves Add to 1 liter of water. Stir well. Armyworm
21 liters of water Soak the mixture Fill-in the sprayer. Whitefly
2 tbsp of powdered overnight. Spray on infested plants. Mosaic virus
soap Strain. Spray early in the morning or late
Mortar and pestle in the afternoon.
Basin/pail
Chili and neem seeds extract
12 pieces chopped hot

Grind the neem seeds. Aphids
chili
Soak the grounded neem Diamondback
200 grams fully dried Fill-in the sprayer
seeds in water overnight. moth
and shelled neem Spray on the infested plants
Add the chopped hot
seeds thoroughly. Sucking and
chili.
4 liters of water chewing insects
Strain.
Basin/pail Whitefly
Grinder and knife

Chili, custard apple, neem extract
Grind dried chilies and

25 grams of dried chili
soak overnight in 100 ml
pods
of water. Add 5-6 liters of water to the
100 grams of custard
Soak crushed neem fruits filtrate. Aphids
apple leaves
overnight in 200 ml of Add soap. Leafrollers
50 grams of crushed
water. The next day filter Stir well.
neem fruits Red scales
both extracts. Spray on infested plant parts,
20 ml of soap Spotted beetles
Grind the custard leaves. preferably early in the morning or
Grinder
Add 500 ml of water. late afternoon.
Wide-mouth bottles
Strain.
Pail
Mix all 3 filtrates.

Chili irritates nose, eyes, and skin. Extra care None; however, when the pepper extract concentra-
should be taken when handling the extracts. tion is so strong, it can burn the leaves and eventually
kill the plants. It is important to do some tests first on
small portion of the plant before going into large scale
spraying.
Coriander
Scientific name Coriandrum sativum
Plant parts used Leaves, seeds

Formulation Look table 9
Table 9: Formulation for the Use of Coriander
Coriander spray
200 grams of seeds

Crush seeds. Dilute extract with 2 liters of
1 liter of water
Boil in water for 10 minutes. water.
Cooking pot Spider mites
Cool. Spray early in the morning on
Mortar and pestle
Strain. infested plant parts.
Pail

None. None.

Custard Apple
Common Names Custard apple, Soursop, Sweetsop
Scientific name Annona spp.
Plant parts used Root, leaf, fruit, seeds

Mode of action Insecticidal, antifeedant, repellent
Formulations Look table 10
Table 10: Formulations für the Use of Custard Apple
Custard apple leaf extract
Aphids
Brown plant hopper
500 grams of fresh
Coffee green scale
Custard apple leaves Dilute filtrate with 10-15 liters of
Boil leaves in 2 liters of Cotton stainer
12-17 liters of water water.
water until the remaining Diamondback moth
Pail Fill the sprayer.
liquid is about ½ liter.
Bolo/knife Spray on infested plants Grasshopper
Strain.
Cooking pot thoroughly. Green bugs
Strainer
Green leaf hopper
House fly
Custard apple seed extract
500 grams of finely Add powdered seeds in

ground Custard apple water. Spray on infested plants
seeds Let the extract stand for 1- thoroughly. Ants
20 liters of water 2 days. Aphids
Pail/basin Strain the extract.
Strainer
Custard apple seed oil extract
Dilute 1 part of oil in 20 parts of

water.
Seeds from unripe fruit
Spray on the infested plants Diamondback moth
Grinder
Grind seeds to extract oil. thoroughly. pupae
Water
Powdered seeds (from dried
Pail
mature seeds) can be dusted
directly to the infested plants.

The hard seeds are toxic, but can be swallowed whole None
with no ill effects (Morton, 1987: pp. 80-83). Powdered
seeds cause painful irritation when in contact with the
eyes. Take extra precaution while handling the extract.

Eupatorium
Common Names Christmas bush, Siam weed

Scientific name Eupatorium odoratum

Mode of action Insecticidal and repellent
Table 11: Formulations for the Use of Eupatorium
Leaf extract
400 g of dried leaves

Boil leaves in water for 10 Aphids
10 liters of water Spray on infested plants
minutes. Diamondback moth
10-15 ml soap thoroughly. Spray early in the
Cool. Snails
Cooking pot morning or late in the afternoon.
Strain. Sweet potato weevil
Pail

None. Plant is poisonous to fish.
Leaf meal is used as chicken feed.
Garlic
Scientific name Allium sativum
Plant parts used Whole plant, bulbs, leaves, flower

Mode of action Repellent, insecticidal, nematicidal, fungicidal,
antibiotic
Formulations look table 12, next page

Table 12: Formulations for the Use of Garlic
Garlic bulb extract
American bollworm
Armyworm
Cotton stainer
85 grams of chopped Dilute 1 part of the emulsion with Onion thrips
garlic Add garlic to kerosene. 19 parts of water (for example, Potato tuber moth
50 ml of mineral oil Allow this mixture to stand 50 ml of emulsion to 950 ml of Root knot nematode
(kerosene) for 24 hours. water).
Sugarcane shoot
10 ml of soap Add water and stir-in the Shake well before spraying.
borer
450 ml of water soap. Spray thoroughly on the infested
Strainer Store in bottle container. plant, preferably early in the
Bottle container morning. Bacterial diseases
Antrachnose
Downy mildew
Rice blast
Garlic oil spray
Chop garlic finely.

Dilute the filtrate with 10 liters of
Soak garlic in mineral oil Imported cabbage
100 grams of garlic water.
for a day. worm
2 tbsp of mineral oil Fill the sprayer. Shake sprayer
Add ½ liter water and Leafhoppers
10.5 liters of water from time to time to avoid oil from
soap.
10 ml of soap floating. Squash bugs
Blend well by stirring
Covered container Spray on the infested plant Whitefly
thoroughly.
thoroughly.
Strain.
Garlic oil emulsion
To avoid oil from floating, American bollworm

Add soap to oil.
immediately spray extract on Potato tuber moth
50 ml of garlic oil Blend well by stirring
infested plants and shake
950 ml of water thoroughly.
sprayer from time to time.
1 ml of soap Add water. Rice brown leaf spot
Spray early in the morning or late
Stir. Root knot nematode
afternoon.

None. Garlic oil spray has broad-spectrum effect. It is non-
selective so it can kill beneficial insects as well. This is
not recommended for aphid control since it kills the
natural enemies of aphids. It should be limited to home
and garden applications where natural controls are
rarely.

Ginger
Scientific name Zingiber officinali
Plant parts used Rhizome

Mode of action Repellent, insecticidal,
Table 13: Formulations for the Use of Ginger
Ginger rhizome extract
Aphids
50 grams of ginger Plant hoppers
12 ml of soap
3 liters of water Grind ginger and make Spray on infested plants Thrips
Grinder into paste. thoroughly. If there is no sprayer,
Strainer Mix with water. make soft brushes out of plant Nematodes
Pail Add soap. straw or twigs and wet infested Brown leaf spot on
Stir and strain. plant. rice
4 kg of ginger are Mango anthracnose
needed to spray 0.4 ha
Yellow vein disease
Ginger, garlic, and chili extract
25 grams of ginger Soak garlic in kerosene Spray on infested plants Aphids

50 grams of garlic overnight. Grind and make thoroughly. Armyworm
25 grams of green chili into a paste. Bollworm
10 ml of kerosene Add 50 ml water to chili,
12 ml of soap grind, made into a paste. Caterpillars
3 liters of water Grind ginger and make Fruit borer
Grinder into a paste as well. Leaf miner
Pail Mix all ingredients into the Shoot borer
water and add soap. Thrips
1 kg garlic, ½ kg Filter the extract.
Whiteflies
ginger, and ½ chili are Stir well before spraying.
needed for 0.4 ha
Ginger powder extract
20 g of ginger powder Add powder to water Spray on infested plants Powdery mildew
1 liter of water Stir well Root rot
Fungal leaf blight

Ginger has no side effects on human beings; None.
however, chili is irritating to the skin and causes
pain when it is in contact with the eyes.

Gliricidia
Common names Kakawate, Madriado, Madre de cacao

Scientific name Gliricidia sepium
Plant parts used Leaves and bark

Mode of action Insecticidal, repellent, and rodenticidal
Table 14: Formulations for the Use of Gliricidia
Madre de cacao leaf extract
½ kg leaves Armyworm
Add 20 liters of water to the Cabbage looper
Grinder or mortar and Grind or pound leaves.
filtrate. Caseworm
pestle Soak overnight in water.
Spray on infested plant
Pail or basin Strain. Tobacco budworm
thoroughly.
Strainer Whorl maggots
Madre de cacao & neem
1 kg of Madre de Aphids
cacao leaves Blister beetles
Shred the leaves. Add water to make up 20 liters of
1 kg of neem leaves Fall armyworm
Soak leaves in 5 liters of filtrate.
Knife
water for 3 days. Spray on infested plants. Termites
Pail
Strain. Spraying interval is 4-5 days. Whitefly
Strainer
Water White grubs
Madre de cacao & chili
2 kg of Madre de
cacao leaves Grind Madre de cacao Bean pod weevil
Add water to make up 20 liters of
12 pieces of chili leaves and chilies.
filtrate. Various insect pests
Grinder Soak in water overnight.
Spray on infested plants. in tomato seedlings
Pail Strain
Strainer
Madre de cacao, chili

& onion
½ kg of Madre de Grind all the ingredients. Add water to make up 20 liters of Caterpillars in
cacao Soak overnight in water. filtrate. tomatoes and
7 pieces chili Strain. Spray on infested plants. pepper
3 onion bulbs
Grinder
Pail
Strainer

None. None; foliage is used as feeds for livestock and as
fertilizer.

Guinea hen weed
Common names Anamu Mode of action

Antifeedant (Prakash; Rao, 1997: p. 237)
Scientific name Petivaria alliacea
Plant parts used Roots Formulation look table 14
Table 14: Formulation for the Use of Guinea hen weed
Root extract
10 kg of roots
Mix 1 liter of the filtrate with 20
3 cowpats Grind roots.
liters of water. Fall armyworm
3 dessertspoonfuls of Add cowpat and salt.
salt Soak in 30 gallons of Leaf-cutting ants
Spray on infested plants
Grinder water for 8 days. Whiteflies
thoroughly. Spray early in the
Pail Strain.
morning or late in the afternoon.
Strainer

None, however pure root extract is abortive and toxic None.
once taken internally in high doses.
Horsetail
Scientific name Equisetum arvense

Table 15: Formulation for the Use of Horsetail
Horsetail spray
Put ingredients in cooking

½ cup finely crushed
vessel.
dried horsetail leaves. Spray on infested plants
Boil in water for 30 Wide-range of plant
4 gallons of rain water thoroughly. Spray early in the
minutes. pests and diseases
cooking vessel morning or late in the afternoon.
Cool.
Strainer
Strain.

None. Plant is poisonous to horses.

Lansones
Other name Longkat
Scientific name Lansium domesticum
Plant parts used Seeds

Table 16: Formulation for the Use of Lansones
Lansones seed extract
500 grams of seeds

Finely pound seeds. Armyworm and
20 liters of water Spray early in the morning on
Soak in water for 1 day. other leaf eating
Mortar and pestle infested plants.
Strain. caterpillars
Pail

None. None.
Lemongrass
Common names Citronella, Lemongrass

Scientific name Cymbopogon marginatus, C. nardus, C. citratus
Plant parts used Leaves, roots

Table 17: Formulations for the Use of Lemongrass
Lemongrass leaf extract
50 g of grounded
Soak lemongrass with Spray unto tomatoes, lettuce and
lemongrass Bacterial leaf blight
water. carrots
2 liters of water

Lemongrass, chili, bitterwood extract
Whole plant of
lemongrass Pound each plant (of
Dilute the mixture of plant juices
Chili pods desired amount) to get the
with 4 liters of water.
Bitterwood leaves plant juice. 5-7 tbsp of
Spray on infested plants Rice pests
4 ml of soap plant juices are needed
thoroughly preferably early in the
Mortar and pestle from each plant.
Strainer Mix the all the plant juices.
Basin
Citronella grass. Madre de cacao, chili, tobacco and Tinospora extract
25 kg of citronella
grass
25 kg of fresh Madre
Dilute 1 liter of stock solution with
de cacao leaves Chop these plant
10-12 liters of water.
1 kg of chilies materials.
Add soap. Most agricultural
10 kg of tobacco Put in a drum full of water.
Stir well. pests
leaves Set aside for 1 month to
Spray on infested plants
5 kg of Tinospora allow fermentation.
thoroughly.
Drum
Soap
Bolo or knife

None; however extracts are possible irritants to None.
sensitive skins or when used in strong dilution. Do not
use on damaged skin.
Be careful, leaves have sharp edges and can inflict
razor cuts in the skin.
Mammey
Common names Mammey apple

Scientific name Mammea americana
Plant parts used Root, bark, branch, leaves, and fruits
Table 18: Formulations for the Use of Mammey
Mammey spray
1kg of mammey seeds

100 liters of water Pound ripe mammey seeds. Spray on infested plants Diamondback moth
100 ml of soap Add powder into soapy water. thoroughly including the Larvae of cabbage
Mortar and pestle Stir well. undersides of the leaves. worm
Pail

Mammey seed powder dust
Mammey seeds Dust into cabbage plants Aphids

Grinder or mortar and early in the morning when Armyworm
pestle Grind or pound seeds. the dews are on the plants
Cabbage worm
Mix with sawdust or ground for the powder to stick
Sawdust or ground Bean beetle
dried leaves. well. Approximately 8-9
dried leaves Diamondback moth
grams are needed for
Basin or pail each plant. Melon worm
Effect on humans
None; however proper handling of the extracts is Effect on non-target organisms
advised as they may irritate skin and eyes. None.
Marigold
Scientific name Tagetes spp.
Plant parts used Flowers, leaves, and roots
Mode of action Insecticidal, repellent, fungicidal, nematocidal
Photo source: CIRAD.
Table 19: Formulations for the Use of Marigold
Marigold water extract
Mexican marigold
Pound the leaves.
leaves
Soak the pounded leaves Dilute the filtate with water at a Ant
Soap
in hot water. ratio of 1:2 Aphid
Hot water
Leave to stand for 24 Add 1 tsp soap in every liter of
Mortar and pestle Grasshopper
hours. the extract
Strainer
Strain.
Pail
Fermented marigold extract (Stoll: p. 132)
Fill-in drum with 1/2-3/4

Whole flowering plant full Coffee berry disease
Dilute the filtate with water Rice blast
Soap of flowering plants.
at a ratio of 1:2 Tomato blight
Water Leave to stand for 5-10
Add 1 tsp soap in every
Strainer days. Root knot
liter of the extract
Drum Stir occasionally. nematodes
Strain before use.
Marigold and tomato extract
1 kg of marigold leaves Add 20 liters of water to the

1 kg of tomato leaves filtrate. Aphid
Grind the leaves.
20 liters of water Add 1 tsp soap in every liter of Bean pod borer
Add enough water.
Grinder the extract.
Strain. Leaf beetle
Soap Spray on the target pests.
Strainer

Marigold and chili extract
500 g of whole plant

10 hot chili pods Finely chop the plant and
Dilute the filtate with water at a
15 liters of water the chilies. Most agricultural
ratio of 1:2
Knife Soak them in water
Add 1 tsp soap in every liter of pests
Soap overnight.
the extract
Strainer Strain.
Pail
Marigold, chili, garlic, and onion spray
2 handfuls of marigold Chop 2 handfuls of

leaves marigold leaves, 2 pieces
2 pieces chili chili, 3 gloves garlic, and 2 Add four times amount of water
3 garlic cloves large onions. to the extract. Against most insect
2 large onions Place in a pan of water Spray or sprinkle on affected pests
Cooking pan and bring to boil. plant parts.
Pail Let it cool.
Strainer Strain.
Effect on humans
Pyrthrins have a quick knockdown effect on insects
None; however plant extract can cause irritation to
and can be applied a day before harvest because
sensitive skin.
these are quickly destroyed by sunlight (Cremlyn,
Effect on non-target organisms 1978: pp. 39-49). Marigold is most effective when mix
None; however, the aroma attracts bees so be careful with other pesticidal plants because of lack of
that you do not have the smell of marigold when persistence to sunlight.
dealing with bees.
Neem
Common name Margosa tree
Scientific name Azadirachta indica
Plant parts used Leaves and seeds
Mode of action Repellent, insecticidal, antibacterial, anti-fungal,
antifeedant, oviposition and growth inhibiting, and crop and grain
protectant (Prakash; Rao, 1997: pp. 35-103)
Table 20: Formulations for the Use of Neem
Neem leaf extract
Aphids
1-2 kg of neem leaves Beetles
Mortar and pestle Pound neem leaves Grasshoppers
Used cotton cloth gently. Grubs
Pot Place in a pot. Dilute 1 liter of neem leaf extract Leafhoppers
Soap Add 2-4 liters of water. with 9 liters of water. Locusts
Strainer Cover the mouth of the Add 100 ml of soap.
String Planthoppers
pot securely with the cloth Stir well.
and leave it as such for 3 Spray on the infested plants. Scales
10-12 kg of neem days. Snails
leaves are needed for Strain to get clear extract. Thrips
0.4 ha Weevils
Whiteflies

Water seed powder extract
Remove shells and pulps

from seeds of desired Cotton bollworm
amount. Then pound Aphids
Refer to Table 21on the next Cotton leaf roller
Matured, dried neem seeds gently in such a
page for the neem powder and Cutworm
seeds way that no oil comes out.
water ratio for the control of
Mortar and pestle Once done, take the Diamondback moth
specific pest.
Basin, pail desired amount of powder Fall armyworm
Muslin pouch in a pail of water. Grasshopper
Spray on the infested plants
Strainer Stir well for about 10 Leaf miner
thoroughly.
Soap (5 ml/10 l of minutes and steep for at
water) least 6 hours but not more Leaf hopper
Spray early in the morning or late Locust
Water than 16 hrs. Stir it again
afternoon.
for another 10 minutes. Mexican bean beetle
Strain. Whiteflies
Add soap. Stir well.
Neem seed oil suspension in water
Refer to Table 22 on the next

Put the finely ground Aphids
page for the oil and water
seeds into a basin. Brown planthopper
ratio.
Add hot water little by little
Flea beetle
5 kg of finely ground until it is possible to knead
Take desired amount of neem oil Leafhopper
neem seeds the mixture.
and mix with soap before adding Potato tuber moth
½ liter of hot water Knead and press the
water. Stir thoroughly to prevent
Soap mixture to get the oil. Psyllid
oil separation.
Basin Scale insects
Approximately 650-750 ml Whitefly
Fill-in the knapsack sprayer.
oil is extracted from this
Spray thoroughly on infested Whorl maggot
mixture.
plants.
Effect on humans species of earthworms. Various neem products

None; the proper use of neem has never been were incorporated in the upper 10cm soil layer of
associated with any side effects. tomato plots. None of the materials had negative
side effects on earthworms. Positive effects on
Effect on non-target organisms weight and survival were found in soil treated with
Azadirachtin is relatively harmless to butterflies, ground neem leaves and ground seed kernels under
bees, ladybugs, and wasps since these beneficials greenhouse conditions. Reproduction was slightly
feed on nectar and pollen. Azadirachtin must be favored over a period of 13 weeks in a neem-
ingested to be effective so that pests that feed on enriched substrate in rearing cages (Rossner;
plants are affected by its content. However, Zebitz, 1986: pp. 627-632).
constant spraying of highly concentrated neem Azadirachtin has no side effects on birds and other
products to flowering plants affect bees since they animals (Martineau, 1994). There is no toxic residue
carried contaminated pollen and nectar to the hives left to contaminate the environment and insects do
(National Research Council, 1992). not develop resistance to neem (Prakash; Rao,
A study was conducted on neem products and their 1997: pp. 35-103).
effects on mortality, growth, and reproduction on 7
Notes:
1. Neem seed extract should be milky white in colour and not brownish. If pounded with the seed coat on, 1 ½
times the amount of seeds are required. The seeds should be 3 -8 months old to be effective pest control
materials.
2. It is very important to add the soap with the oil before adding water. It should be used immediately otherwise
oil droplets will start floating. A knapsack sprayer is better for neem oil spraying because it has the tendency
to mix the extract while in the process of spraying.

Table 21: Recommended powdered kernels and water ratio for various pests
(Singh; Singh, 2000: pp. 5-7)
Powdered kernels
Powdered kernels
Pests in kilograms per 600 liters of water
in grams per liter of water
per hectare (ha)
Desert locust 5 3
Hairy caterpillar
Giant looper
10 6
Gypsy moth
Migratory locust
Leaf miners 15 9
Cabbage aphid
Japanese beetle 20 12
Tobacco caterpillar
Chafer beetle
Colorado potato beetle 30 18
Flea beetle
Corn earworm 40 24
American bollworm
Aphids
Cotton leaf roller Diamondback
moth
Grasshopper
Leaf hopper 50 30
Leaf miner
Red locust
Mexican bean beetle
Mustard aphid
Whiteflies
Fall armyworm 60 36
Pod fly 80 48
Citrus leafminer 100 60
Table 22: Recommended neem oil in water suspension for various pests
(Singh; Singh, 2000: pp. 5-7)
Neem oil in liter
Neem oil in milliliter per liter
Pests per 600 liters of water
water
per hectare
Potato tuber moth
Red and yellow scales 10 6
Tortoise beetle
Psyllid
15 9
Whitefly
Midge
20 12
Whorl maggot
Cotton aphids
Flea beetle
30 18
Gall midge
Leafhopper
Brown planthopper 100 60

Onion
Common name Onion, Shallot

Scientific name Allium sepa
Plant parts used Bulbs
Mode of action Insecticidal and repellent
Table 23: Formulations for the Use of Onion
Onion bulb extract #1
85 grams of chopped Dilute 1 part of the emulsion with

Add chopped onion to
onion 19 parts of water (for example,
kerosene.
50 ml of mineral oil 50 ml of emulsion to 950 ml of
Allow this mixture to stand
(kerosene) water). Whiteflies
for 24 hours.
10 ml of soap Shake well before spraying.
Add water and stir-in the
450 ml of water Spray thoroughly on the infested
soap.
Strainer plant, preferably early in the
Store in bottle container.
Bottle container morning.
In a pot, bring 1 liter of

water to boil.
1 kg of bulb onions Dilute the 1 liter extract with 10 Ants
Chop the onions, then
1 liter of water liters of water. Scales
place in a covered
Cooking pot Spray thoroughly on the infested
container. Spider mites
Pail plant, preferably early in the
Pour the boiling water into Thrips
Strainer morning or late afternoon.
the container.
Let it stand for 24 hours.
Alternaria
50 g of bulb onions Anthracnose
Finely chop onion and add
1 liter of distilled water Spray on infested plants
water. Fusarium wilt
Pail
Fungal leaf blight

None. None.

Papaya
Scientific name Carica papaya

Plant parts used Leaves, seeds, unripe fruit
Mode of action Repellent, insecticidal, rodenticidal,
fungicidal
Table 24: Formulations for the Use of Papaya
Papaya leaf extract
50 grams of finely
Soak shredded leaves in Dilute the extract with 2-3 liters of
shredded papaya
100 ml of water. water.
leaves
Stir vigorously. Add soap. Leafy caterpillars
8-12 ml of soap
Let it stand overnight. Stir well.
Muslin cloth
Squeeze the extract using Spray thoroughly on infested
Pail
the muslin cloth. plant parts.
Water

None. None.
Pepper tree
Common name Brazilian pepper tree, Christmas berry tree

Scientific name Schinus molle, S. terebinthifolius
Plant parts used Leaves, fruits
Mode of action Repellent,
Table 25: Formulations for the Use of Pepper tree
Leaf extract
3 kg of leaves Soak leaves in water for 3 Spray on infested plants Aphids
15 ml of soap days. thoroughly. Spray early in
15 liters of water Strain. the morning or late in the
Pail Add soap. afternoon.
Stir well.

None. None.

Pyrethrum
Common name Chrysanthemum

Scientific name Chrysanthemum spp.
Plant parts used Flowers, leaves, and roots
Mode of action Insecticidal, repellent, fungicidal, nematocidal
Table 26: Formulations for the Use of Pyrethrum
Pyrethrum extract
1 cup of fresh Aphids
pyrethrum Cabbage loopers
daisy flower heads Codling moths
30 ml of rubbing Soak flowers in alcohol Add 3 liters of water Mexican bean
alcohol overnight. to the filtrate. beetles
(70% isoprophyl Strain through a Stir well.
Stink bugs
alcohol) cheesecloth. Spray on infested plants
Thrips
Pail
Strainer Tomato pinworms
Whiteflies
Pyrethrum water extract
Aphid
Bean fly
Cabbage white
butterfly
Finely shred dried Coffee bugs
pyrethrum. Colorado beetle
1-1.5 kg of dried
Add into the drum with Diamondback moth
pyrethrum
water. Spray on the target pests preferably
3 kg of liquid soap Eggplant fruit and
Stir vigorously. in the evening.
100 liters of water shoot borer
Strain.
Drum Flea beetle
Add soap.
Mix well. Gall midge
Grasshopper
Green leafhopper
Locust
Thrips
Pyrethrum powder extract

3 g of pyrethrum
powder Add the pyrethrum powder
Immediately apply on infested plants Flea beetles
1 liter of water and soap to water.
preferably in the evening.
1 tsp of soap Stir well.
Pail

None, however plant extract can cause irritation to None; however, recent studies show that phyrethrin-
sensitive skin. based chemical products are harmful to natural
enemies, fishes and crustaceans, and pose
environmental risks.

Quassia
Scientific name Quassia amara

Family Simarubaceae
Plant parts used Wood and bark
Table 27: Formulations for the Use of Quassia
Pyrethrum extract
Grind the bark chips. Aphids
Add powder to 2 liters of
4 tbsp of bark chips boiling water. Caterpillars
Water Cool. Colorado potato
Grinder Strain. Spray on pests infected plants. beetles larvae
Pail Sawflies
Strainer Soak overnight bark chips Several species of
in 1-2 liters of cold water.
flies
Strain.
None; in fact, Quassia is used as hops substitute for None; it goes easy with bees and ladybugs.
making beer and has been long used as medicinal
herb.
Red cedar
Scientific name Toona ciliata

Table 28: Formulations for the Use of Red cedar
Leaf extract for seed treatment

Pod borer of
Pound leaves.
1 kg of leaves groundnuts
Soak overnight in equal 100 ml of filtrate is good enough to
Water Termites
amount of water.in 1-2 treat a kilo of seeds.
Mortar and pestle
liters of cold water. Plant seeds immediately. Wireworms
Basin
Strain. White grubs
None. None.

Spanish needle
Common name Farmer’s friend

Scientific name Bidens pilosa
Plant parts use: Seeds, whole plant
Table 29: Formulations for the Use of Spanish needle
Seed extract
1 teacup of mature
seeds
Pour seeds in a cooking Dilute filtrate with 1 liter of water. Aphids
Water
pot with water. Add a small piece of soap. Stir well. Cutworm
Soap
Bring to boil for 5 minutes. Spray on infested plants.
Cooking pot Termites
Strain. Pour on termite infested soil.
Pail
Strainer
Plant extract
Pound plant.
Soak in water overnight.
1 whole plant Squeeze out the plant Aphids
Spray on infested plants.
2 liters of water sap. Cutworm
Pour on termite infested soil.
Soap Strain. Termites
Add a small piece of soap.
Stir well.

None. None.
Stemona
Scientific name Stemona tuberosa

Plant parts used Tubers
Formulation Look table 30 on the next page

Table 30: Formulation for the Use of Stemona
Tuber extract
200 grams of dried Caterpillars
roots
Pound roots. Crickets
1 liter of tap water or Spray on infested plants thoroughly.
Soak pounded roots Flies
coconut water Spray early in the morning or late in
overnight in water.
Mortar and pestle the afternoon. Screw worm
Strain.
Pail Weevils
Strainer

None.; however take extra precautions while hand- None.
ling the extract.
Sweet flag
Scientific name Acorus calamus

Mode of action Insecticidal, oviposition inhibiting
Table 31: Formulations for the Use of Sweet flag
Rhizome extract
Sweet flag rhizome,
dried Pound rhizome.
2 liters of water Take 20 grams of rhizome
8 ml of soap powder and add to water. The following early morning, spray Aphids
Mortar and pestle Let it stand for 1 day. on infested plant parts. Leafy caterpillars
Pail Strain.
½ kg of powder is Stir-in soap.
needed for 0.4 ha.
Rhizome powder and cow’s urine for seed treatment
50 grams of powdered
rhizome
2.5 liters of water In a pot, bring water to
1 liter of cow’s urine boil. Cool. Add seeds to this solution.
Mix the cow’s urine with Discard seeds that float. Pests on seeds and
Cooking pot
Basin water. Let it stand for 15 minutes. seed pathogens
Add the rhizome powder. Seeds are ready for sowing.
This amount is good Stir well.
for treating 1 kg of
seeds.
Effect on humans Effect on no-target organisms

None. None.

Thundergod wine
.
Scientific name Tripterygium wilfordii
Plant parts used Roots

Table 32: Formulations for the Use of Thundergod wine
Root extract
Dissolve powdered roots Spray on infested plants thoroughly.

1 kg powdered roots European corn
in water. Spray early in the morning or late in
200 liters of water borer
Strain. the afternoon.

None; however the leaves and flowers are highly None.
toxic when eaten. The roots have been used
medicinally in China for over 400 years. A root
extract of this plant was shown to safely and
effectively reduce pain and inflammation in a small
group of people with treatment-resistant rheumatoid
arthritis.
Tinospora
Common names Makabuhay, Boraphet

Scientific name Tinospora rumphii
Plant parts used Roots and stem

Formulation Look table 33 on next page

Table 33: Formulations for the Use of Tinospora
Tinospora water extract

200 grams of mature
vines
1 liter of water
Mortar and pestle Chop vines into small Diamondback moth
Knife pieces. Soak rice seedlings into the water Rice blackbug
Pail Pound thoroughly. extract overnight before
Rice green
Tap water Add 1 liter of water. transplanting or
Stir with bamboo or spray seedlings before transplanting. leafhopper
10-15 kg chopped wooden stick. Rice stemborer
vines are sufficient to
treat rice seedlings
needed to plant 1 ha.
Tinospora, Madre de cacao, hot red pepper extract
1 kg of Makabuhay
vines
5 kg of Kakawate
Pound the first 3
2 cups of hot red For every liter of the extract, add
ingredients.
pepper enough water to fill-up a 20 liters
Add 4 liters of water.
Soap calibrated sprayer. Rice pests
Soak and strain.
1 tbsp alcohol Spray on rice plants at weekly
Add the alcohol, coconut
3 glasses of coconut interval. Spray early in the morning
milk, and soap as sticker.
milk or late in the afternoon.
Stir thoroughly
Knife
Pail
Strainer

None. None.
Tomato
Scientific name Lycopersicon esculentum

Plant parts used Leaves, branches, stems
Formulations Look table 34 on next page

Table 34: Formulations for the Use of Tomato
Tomato leaf spray #1
1-2 cups of tomato

Finely chop tomato
leaves
leaves.
2 cups water Aphids
Soak overnight in 2 cups Spray to cover infested plant parts
Basin or pail
of water. thoroughly. Corn earworm
Knife
Strain and add 2 more
Strainer
cups of water.
Tomato leaf spray #2
1kg of tomato leaves

17 liters of water Pound leaves, mix with
17 ml of soap water, and allowed to
Mortar and pestle stand for some time. Start application when larvae start to
Pail Diamondback moth
Filter. infest plants.
Strainer Stir-in soap.
This quantity is good
for 1000 plants.

None; however, avoid contact with your eyes. None. Avoid using spray to other nightshade crops
(tobacco, pepper, eggplant, potato) because of the
risk of spreading mosaic virus.
Turmeric
Common name Indian saffron, Yellow Ginger

Scientific name Curcuma domestica
Mode of action Repellent, insecticidal, antifungal
Table 35: Formulation for the Use of Turmeric
Turmeric rhizome extract

20 gram of shredded Dilute mixture with 2-3 liter of water.
Aphids
rhizome Add soap.
Soak shredded rhizome in Caterpillars
200 ml cow’s urine Stir well.
cow’s urine.
2-3 liters of water Spray on infested plant parts Red spider mites
Strain.
8-12 ml of soap thoroughly, either early in the Powdery mildew
Pail morning or late in the afternoon.

None. None.

Vitex
Common name Chaste tree, Indian privet tree,

Lagundi
Scientific name Vitex negundo
Family Verbenaceae
Mode of action Antifeedant, , repellent
Table 36: Formulation for the Use of Vitex
Vitex leaf extract
Armyworm
2 kg of vitex leaves
Soak leaves overnight in 5 Add 10 liters of water, then the Diamondback moth
15 liters of water
liters of water. soap to the filtrate. Hairy caterpillar
10 ml of soap
The next day, boil the Stir well.
Cooking pot Rice leaf folder
mixture for 30 minutes. Spray thoroughly on infested
Strainer Rice stem borer
Cool then strain. plants.
Pail
Semi-looper

None. None.
Wormseed
Common names Epazote, Mexican tea, Skunkweed

Scientific name Chenopodium ambrosioides
Formulation Look table 37 next page
Table 37: Formulation for the Use of Wormseed
Leaf extract
Dilute filtrate with 20 liters of
1-6 kg of leaves Grind leaves.
water.
Water Soak in sufficient amount
Spray on infested plants General pesticide
Grinder of water for 24 hours.
thoroughly. Spray early in the
Pail Strain.
None. None.

Wormwood
Common names Artemisia

Scientific name Artemisia absinthium
Table 38: Formulations for the Use of Wormwood
Warmwood extract # 1
1 kg of dried plant Boil wormwood in water
10 liters of water for 20 minutes. Aphids
10 ml of soap Set aside for 1 day. Spray early in the morning on Bugs
Cooking pot Strain. infested plant parts. Slugs
Mortar and pestle Add soap. Worms
Pail Stir well.
150 grams of fresh Soak wormwood in water Aphids

plant for a day. Caterpillars
Spray early in the morning on
1 liter of water Filter.
infested plant parts. Spider mites
1 ml of soap Add soap.
Pail Stir well. Weevils
1 kg of fresh leaves
Chop leaves.
10 liters of water Spray early in the morning on Turnip aphids
Soak in water for 1 day.
Knife infested plant parts.
Filter.
Pail

None. None.
Yam bean
Common names Jicama, Mexican Potato,

Singkamas
Scientific name Pachyrrhizus erosus
Plant parts used Seeds
Mode of action Insecticidal, antifeedant
Formulations Look table 39 on next page

Table 39: Formulation for the Use of Yam bean
Seed extract
Aphids
500 grams of seeds Grind seeds. Flea beetles
20 liters of water Soak in water for 1-2 Spray early in the morning on
Grinder days. infested plant parts. Stink bugs
Pail Strain. Leaf eating
caterpillars

None. None.
III. 2. 2. Homemade solutions
III. 2. 2. 2 Other homemade solutions
Alcohol
Rubbing alcohol that contains 75% isopropyl can rubbing alcohol to wipe-off and kill the pests.
control several plant pests that are having waxy Alcohol dissolves the wax that is covering the
covering. insect's body and its egg masses. Regularly monitor
the plants to control the newly hatched nymphs and
To control mealybugs and scales on a few infested adults that you initially failed to control.
plants, soak a cotton ball or dip a cotton swab in
Table 40: Formulations for the Use of Aloe
Method of preparation How to use Pest controlled
Rubbing alcohol spray
Aphids
Make a test on a few infested plants first. Wait for 3 days
for damage symptoms to appear, such as burnt leaves. Flea beetles
Dilute 1 cup of rubbing Mealybugs
Make adjustment and do some experimentations on the
alcohol with 4 cups of
alcohol and water ratio. Scale insects
water.
When all goes well, proceed with the spot application- only Thrips
treat the infested plant parts.
Whiteflies

Ammonia Spray
Table 41: Formulation for the Use of Ammonia
Ammonia spray
Aphids
Mix 1 part ammonia Make a Spray on few infested plants first. Some plants Flea beetles
with 7 parts water. have leaves that are sensitive to ammonia solution. Mealybugs
Do not apply on hot weather. Scale insects
Do not apply on drought-stressed plants. Thrips
Whiteflies
Flour spray
Flour, like soap, has been used as an old remedy for adheres to the leaf surface and traps the pests until
pest control. It has a sticky substance called 'dextrin', they die. It is important not to apply the filtrate during
which is a sugar extracted from the plant starch by a cloudy day and/or when rain is expected.
the action of heat. When applied as spray, dextrin
Ru
Table 42: Formulations for the Use of Flour spray
Methods of preparation How to use Pest controlled
Flour spray #1
Add 2 cups of fine white

flour into 5 -10 liters of Apply on the infested plants early in the morning, during Aphids
water. sunny weather. Spider mite
Stir well.
Flour spray #2
Add 2 - 4 tbsp of wheat Aphid

or potato or any baking
Add 1 tsp of soap as sticker. Spider mite
flour into 4 cups of
warm water. Stir the filtrate again prior to application. Thrips
Stir well. Whitefly
Flour spray #3
Add 4 cups of white

flour and 1/2 cup of
buttermilk into 25 liters Apply immediately on the infested plants, preferably in the
Spider mite
of water. morning.
Stir vigorously to mix
the filtrate.

Plant ash
Ash is the residue of burned plant parts like; bark, used for soil liming and for traditional pest control to
wood, sawdust, leaves, woody debris, pulp, husk, some crawling pests.
hulls, fronds, and other plant debris. Ash has been
Table 43: Formulations for the Use of Plant ash
Ash-chili powder
Sieve ash to remove the

big particles. Grind
Apply a pinch of pepper powder and ash mixture to the
finely dried pepper
funnel of the plant when pinholes on the corn leaves are Corn stalk borer
fruits. Mix 2 kg of ash
found. This formulation is good enough for a 0.4 ha area.
with 50 g of powdered
pepper.
Method of preparation / How to use Pest controlled
Corn cob ash
Place ash around the base of a young bean plant.

Ants
A teacup full of ash is good enough for 5 plants.
Rice hull ash - or - Eucalyptus/cypress wood ash
Cutworm
Sprinkle ash around the young plants or surround the whole plot with a shallow trench Snail
(8-10 cm wide) and fill it up with ash. Slug
Turnip moth
Plant ash
Lay a thick layer of ash around the plants. Cutworm

This will prevent flies and moths laying their eggs near the stems. Fly maggot
Wood ash - lime
Add ½ cup of wood ash and ½ cup of lime into 4 liters of water. Leave to stand for Cucumber beetle
some hours. Strain to have a clear filtrate. Make a test on few infested plants first to and maggots on
make adjustment of the strength before going into large scale spraying. cucurbits

Soap spray
Soap has been used as an old remedy to control pests. Salts and fatty acids are found in many soaps
which act as selective pesticides.
Table 44: Formulations for Soap spray
Method of preparation How to use Pests controlled
Method #1: Mix 2 teaspoons mild Ants

detergent with 4 liters of water. 1. Add soap to water. Use mild soap or
Aphid
potash-based soap.
2. Start with a lower concentration and Fruit fly
Method #2: Mix 2 teaspoons mild
detergent with 4 liters of water. make adjustments of the strength after Leafhoppers
testing on few infested plants. Mealybug
Method #3: Mix 3 tablespoons of soap 3. Always try on few infested plants Psyllids
flakes (not detergent) with 4 liters of water. before going into full scale spraying.
Scales
Soaps can cause burnt leaves on
sensitive plants, like cole crops and Spider mite
Method #4: Mix 1 tablespoon of
certain ornamentals. Several Thrips
dishwashing detergent with 1 cup of
applications in short periods can Whitefly
cooking oil, to make a stock solution. For a
aggravate drying of leaves.
gallon of spray, add 5 to 8 tablespoons of Black spot
stock solution to a gallon of water. 4. Apply on the infested plants
thoroughly, including the undersides of Canker
the leaves. Spray early in the morning Leaf spot
Method #5: Mix 2 1/2 tablespoons of liquid or late afternoon. Powdery mildew
soap to a gallon of water. Stir well
Rust
IV. References
Introduction
AVRDC. (2003): Effects of natural and synthetic Macfarlane, R. (1999): Endosulfan. Pesticide Action
pesticides in controlling diamondback moth in cabbage. Network – Asia and the Pacific. PAN AP, Penang,
AVRDC Progress Report 2002. Shahua, Taiwan. Pp. Malaysia. pp. 1-8
157-158 Parliament of Davenport. (2000): Pesticides: Making
Oregon State University (2000): A history of pesticide the right choice. Report of the Standing Committee on
use. Oregon State University. Environment and Sustainable Development. Parliament
http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bi301/pesthist.htm of Davenport, Ottawa, Canada.
Cornell University. (2001): Endosulfan (Thiodan). http://www.parl.gc.ca/InfoComDoc/36/2/ENVI/Studies/R
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. eports/envi01/10-ch3-e.html
http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/insect-mite/ddt- UCSD. (2002): Synthetic pesticides. University of
famphur/endosulfan/insect-prof-endosulfan.html California San Diego.
EXTOXNET. (1993): Endosulfan. Extension Toxicology http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/synthetic_pesticide.html
network, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Pp. 1-5. WTO. (Undated): W ho are the developing countries in
FAO. (2004): Farm workers need to be better protected the W TO? W orld Trade Organization, rue de Lausanne
against pesticides. Pesticide Management Unit. FAO. 154, CH -1211 Geneva 21, Switzerland. http://www.wto.
org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/d1who_e.htm
Cultural and Physical Methods
Brooklyn Botanic Garden. (1999): Natural insect DANIDA. Traps.

control: The ecological gardener's guide to foiling http://www.ipmthailand.org/en/Components/traps.htm
pests. Handbook # 139. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. DOST. (2003): Mango production. Department of Science
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Edwards, S. (2003): Natural fertilizer. based on the Olkowski, W .; Daar, S.; Olkowski, H. (1995): The garde-
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yellow.html integrated pest management in rice in tropical Asia. IRRI.
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Gilberg, L. editor. (1993): Garden pests and diseases. sity. http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/1999/4-12-1999/
Sunset books. Sunset Publishing Corporation, wirewormbait.html
California. W agner, Georg. (2004): Vegetables' pests. Personal
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Beneficial insects
Bureau of Plant Industry. (1994): Trichogramma. Manual Kfir, R. (1997): Parasitoids of Plutella xylostella (L.)
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module, 2nd edition. CABI Publishing, W allingford, UK. CAB International, W allingford, UK.
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Fitton, M.; W alker, A. (1992): Hymenopterous parasitoids Pennington, M. (1999): Dipterists Digest. Vol. 6.
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dilemma. In: Diamondback Moth and other Crucifer Pests. control against diamondback moth. BPI, Department of
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Tainan, Taiwan, 10-14 December 1990. E.; Litsinger, J.; Moody, K.; Fiedler, L.; Mew, T.; Barrion,
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management of Helicoverpa armigera in eastern and management in rice in tropical Asia. IRRI. Los Banos,
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Entomology, Nairobi, Kenya. hortalizas. GTZ Eschborn.
IRRI & Queensland University. (2001): Rice IPM. An Teetes, G.; Pendleton, B. (1999): Insect pests of
interactive information and identification system for sorghum. Department of Entomology. Texas A&M
integrated pest management in rice. University of University.
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Tran, L.; Hassan, SA. (1986): Preliminary results on the
Johanowicz, L.; Mitchell, E. (2000): Effects of sweet utilization of Trichogramma evanescens to control the
alyssum flowers on the longevity of the parasitoid wasps Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis in the Philippines. J.
Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera Braconidae) and Appl. Ent.
Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae).
Van Mele, P.; Cuc, NTT. (2003): Ants as friends:
Florida Entomologist 83(1):41-47
Improving your tree crops with weaver ants. CABI
Kfir, R. (1992): Parasitoids of the African stem borer, Commodities and Cenicafé.
Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in South Africa. Yepsen, R. Editor. (1984): The encyclopedia of natural
Bull. Entomol. Res. Vol. 85. pp. 369-377 insect and disease control. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA.
Homemade solutions
Aloe

1. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in 1. Ellis, B.; Bradley, F. (1996): The organic gardener’s
agriculture. CRC Press. USA. p.17 handbook of natural insect and disease control.
2. Vijayalakshmi, K.; Subhashini, B.; Koul, S. (1999): Rodale Press. Emmaus, Pennsylvania. p. 473
Plants in Pest Control: Pongam, tulasi and aloe. 2. Olkowski, W .; Daar, S.; Olkowski, H. (1995): The
Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems, Chennai, gardeners guide to common sense pest control.
India. pp. 23-26 The Taunton Press. USA. pp. 92-94
Andrographis 3. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in
agriculture. CRC Press. USA. pp. 15-16
1. CABI. (2000): Crop protection compendium CD, 2nd
edition. CABI Publishing. W allingford, UK. 4. Vijayalakshmi, K.; Subhashini, B.; Koul, S. (1999):
Plants in Pest Control: Garlic and onion. Centre for
2. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in
Indian Knowledge Systems, Chennai, India. pp. 1-23
agriculture. CRC Press. USA. p. 21
3. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics. Ginger
Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 166 1. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in
Basil
2. Sridhar, S.; Arumugasamy, S.; Saraswathy, H.;
1. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in Vijayalakshmi, K. (2002): Organic vegetable
agriculture. CRC Press. USA. pp. 228-230 gardening. Center for Indian Knowledge Systems.
2. Sridhar, S.; Arumugasamy, S.; Saraswathy, H.; Chennai. p. 33
Vijayalakshmi, K. (2002): Organic vegetable
Gliricidia
gardening. Center for Indian Knowledge Systems.
Chennai. p.33 1. DOST. (1998): Madre de cacao. Department of
Science and Trade. Manila, Philippines.
Butterfly bush
2. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural crop protection in the
1. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in tropics. Margraf Verlag, W eikersheim. pp. 124-125
2. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics.
Guinea hen weed
Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 168 1. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in
agriculture. CRC Press. USA. p 237
Chili
1. Organic Gardening. (1996): Rodale Press, Inc., 3 E. Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 166
Minor St., Emmaus, PA
2. HDRA. (2000): Chilipepper, Capsicum frutescens.
Horsetail
Natural Pesticides No. TNP1. HDRA, UK. 1. Ellis, B.; Bradley, F. (1996): The organic gardener’s
handbook of natural insect and disease control.
Rodale Press. Emmaus, Pennsylvania. pp. 475-476
Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 109
2. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in
Vijayalakshmi, K. (2002): Organic vegetable agriculture. CRC Press, USA. pp. 172-172
gardening. Center for Indian Knowledge Systems. Lansones
Chennai. pp. 33-34 1. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics.
Coriander Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 171
1. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics. Lemongrass
Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 169 1. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics.
Custard apple Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 434
1. HDRA. (June 2000): Diamondback moth, Plutella Mammey
xylostela. Pest Control No. TPC3. Tropical Advisory 1. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural crop protection in the
Service. HDRA, UK. tropics. Margraf Verlag, W eikersheim. p. 130
2. Morton, J. (1987): Custard Apple. In: Fruits of warm 2. HDRA. (June 2000): Diamondback moth, Plutella
climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. p. 80–83. xylostela. Pest Control No. TPC3, Tropical Advisory
3. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in Service, HDRA. UK.
agriculture. CRC Press. USA. Pp. 22-26
Marigold
1. Cremlyn, R. (1978): Botanical insecticides in
Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p 103
pesticides preparation and mode of action. John
5. Vijayalakshmi, K.; Subhashini, B.; Koul, S. (1998): Wiley and Sons, NY. pp. 39-49
Plants in pest control: Custard apple, vitex, sweet
2. HDRA. (June 2000): Mexican marigold, Tagetes
flag, and poison nut. CIKS. Chennai, India. pp. 1-12
minuta. Natural Pesticides No. TNP 2. Henry
Eupatorium Doubleday Research Association, UK.
1. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics. 3. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics.
Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 168 Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 132
2. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in Neem
agriculture. CRC Press. USA. p. 178 1. Martineau, J. (1994): MSDS for Azatin-EC biological
insecticide. AgriDyne Technologies, Inc.
2. National Research Council. (1992): Neem: A tree for
solving global problems. National Academy Press.
Garlic
W ashington, DC.

3. Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in 1. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics.
agriculture. CRC Press USA. pp. 35-103 Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 224
4. Rossner, J.; Zebitz, C. (1986): Effect of soil treatment
Sweet flag
with neem products on earthworms (Lumbricidae). A
paper presented at the Proceedings of the 3rd 1. Sridhar, S.; Arumugasamy, S.; Saraswathy, H.;
International Neem Conference, Nairobi, 1986. pp. Vijayalakshmi, K. (2002): Organic vegetable
627-632 gardening. Center for Indian Knowledge Systems.
Chennai, India. p.35
5. Singh, R.; Singh, S. (2000): Neem for pest
management: How to grow and use. Division of 2. Vijayalakshmi, K.; Subhashini, B.; Koul, S. (1998):
Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute. Plants in pest control: Custard apple, vitex, sweet
New Delhi, India. flag, and poison nut. Centre for Indian Knowledge
Systems. Chennai, India. p. 23
6. Sridhar, S.; Vijayalakshmi, K. (2002): Neem: A user’s
manual. CIKS, Chennai. pp. 24-25; 31-36 Thundergod wine
Onion 1. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics.
1. Vijayalakshmi, K.; Subhashini, B.; Koul, S. (1999): Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim.
Plants in Pest Control: Garlic and onion. Centre for Tinospora
Indian Knowledge Systems, Chennai, India. pp. 30- 1. PCARRD. (2000): The State of the Art Vegetables.
32 Philippines control Arthropod pests of your
2. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics. Anthuriums the environment-friendly way. PCARRD
Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim p. 172 and Department of Science and Technology. Press
Release No. 70 July 18, Series of 2002.
Papaya
2. Stoer, P. (1997): Biological pesticide on rice. Low-
external Input Rice Production Technology
Vijayalakshmi, K. (2002): Organic vegetable gar-
Information Kit. IIRR. Cavite, Philippines.
dening. Center for Indian Knowledge Systems.
Chennai. p. 34 Tomato
Pepper tree 1. Ellis, B.; Bradley, F. (1996): The organic gardener’s
Rodale Press. Emmaus, Pennsylvania. p. 485
2. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural crop protection in the
Pyrethrum tropics. Margraf Verlag, W eikersheim. p. 584
1. Ellis, B.; Bradley, F. (1996): The organic gardener’s
Turmeric
Rodale Press. Emmaus, Pennsylvania. pp. 480-481 1. Sridhar, S.; Arumugasamy, S.; Saraswathy, H.;
Vijayalakshmi, K. (2002): Organic vegetable
gardening. Center for Indian Knowledge Systems.
Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. pp. 150-152
Chennai. p. 32
Quassia
Vitex
1. Ellis, B.; Bradley, F. (1996): The organic gardener’s
1. Vijayalakshmi, K.; Subshashini, B.; Koul, S. (1998):
Plants in pest control: Custard apple, vitex, sweet
Rodale Press. Emmaus, Pennsylvania. p. 481
flag, and poison nut. CIKS. Chennai, India. p. 15
Red cedar
Wormseed
Spanish needle
Wormwood
1. CABI. (2000): Crop protection compendium 2nd
edition. CABI Publishing. W allingford, UK.
Margraf Verlag. W eikersheim. p. 327 Yam bean
Stemona 1. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics.
Other homemoade solutions

Brooklyn Botanic Garden. (2000): Natural disease control: Olkowski, W.; Daar, S.; Olkowski, H. (1995): The
A common-sense approach to plant first aid. Handbook # gardener’s guide to common-sense pest control. The
164. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. 1000 W ashington Taunton Press. USA.
Avenue, Brooklyn, NY. Sridhar, S.; Arumugasamy, S.; Saraswathy, H.;
Ellis, B.; Bradley, F. (2000): The organic gardener's Vijayalakshmi, K. (2002): Organic vegetable gardening.
handbook of natural insect and disease control. Rodale Center for Indian Knowledge Systems. Chennai.
Press. Emmaus, Pennsylvania. Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics. Margraf
Gilberg, L. editor. (1993): Garden pests and diseases. Verlag. W eikersheim.
Sunset books. Sunset Publishing Corporation, California. Vijayalakshmi, K.; Sridhar, S.; Damodharan, E. (1998):
Olkowski, W .; Daar, S.; Olkowski, H. (1991): Common Rice: Non-chemical pest control. CIKS.
sense - pest control. The Taunton Press. USA.

V. Appendix
V. 1 List of crops wherein Endosulfan is mostly used
Vegetable Root crops Economic crops

o Cabbage and other o Cassava o Coffee
crucifers o Sweet potato o Cotton and other fiber
o Carrot o Potato, etc. crops
o Eggplant o Tea, etc
Pulses
o Garlic
o Cowpea Forest trees
o Lettuce
o Mungbean Forage crops
o Onion
o Peanut
o Pepper Oil crops
o Pigeon pea
o Squash and other
cucurbits o Soybean Ornamentals
o Tomato, etc o String bean, etc
Grains/cereals Fruits
o Corn o Banana
o Rice o Citrus
o Sorghum o Mango, etc.
o Sesame
o Wheat, etc
IV. 2 List of pests wherein Endosilfan is mostly applied
Endosulfan is mostly applied to kill boring, chewing, and sucking insect pests, mites, and slugs and snails.
Insect pests o Flea beetles o Rice gall midge

o Fruit fly o Rice leaffolder
o Ants
o o Rice stem borer
o Aphids Green leafhopper
o o Rice seedling maggot
o Armyworm Grasshopper
o Rice whorl maggot
o o Hornworm
Bean fly o Scales
o Bean pod borer o Japanese beetle o Seedcorn maggot
o Brown plant hopper o Leafminer o Sorghum midge
o Cabbagehead caterpillar o Leafhoppers o Squash bug
o Cabbage looper o Locusts o Squash vine borer
o Cabbage root maggot o Lygus bug o Stink bug
o Cabbage webworm o Sweet potato vine borer
o Mango shoot caterpillar
o Cabbage white butterfly o Sweet potato weevil
o Mango tip borer
o Carrot root fly o
o Mealybugs Tea mosquito bug
o Coffee berry borer
o o Termites
o Colorado beetle Onion fly
o Tea tortrix
o Corn borer o Potato tuber moth o Thrips
o Corn earworm o Psyllids o Tomato fruitworm
o Corn stalk borer o Rice black bug o
o Cotton bollworm Whitefly
o Rice bug
o Cotton boll weevil Mites
o Rice caseworm
o Cotton stainers
Snails and slugs
o Cutworm
o Diamondback moth
o Eggplant fruit and shoot
borer

V. 3 Index of pests corresponding the pages they are mentioned
Ants (p. 24, 37, 39, 47, 51, 55, Diamondback moth (p. 19, 23, Rice bug (p. 17)
64, 65) 24, 26, 37, 39, 40, 46, 47, 49, 50, Rice stem borer (p. 16,34,60)
Aphids (p. 17, 18, 22, 24,25, 27- 53, 58-60, 65) Scales (p. 17, 24, 26-29, 32, 34,
30,32, 33, 35-43, 47-50, 52-56, Eggplant fruit and shoot borer 36, 38, 39, 48-51, 62-65)
59, 61-63) (p. 53) Squash bug (p. 41)
Armyworm (p. 18, 23-25, 28, 32- Flea beetles (p. 22, 53, 62, 63) Stink bug (p. 23, 53, 62)
34, 37, 41-45, 47, 49, 50, 60) Fruit fly (p. 13, 17, 30, 36) Termites (p. 43, 54, 55)
Bean fly (p. 53) Grasshopper (p. 30, 32, 39, 47- Thrips (p. 18, 19, 22, 23, 27-31,
Bean pod borer (p. 47) 40, 53) 35, 41, 42, 48, 51, 53, 62, 63, 65)
Brown plant hopper (p. 39) Green leaf hopper (p. 39) White grub (p. 20, 23, 43. 54)
Cabbage looper (p. 19, 24, 32, Hornworm (p. 19, 23, 24, 32, 33) Whitefly (p. 16, 19, 22, 26-29,
33, 43, 53) Japanese beetle (p. 17, 33,50) 35, 37, 41-44, 48, 49-51, 53, 62,
Cabbage root maggot (p. 22, Leafhoppers (p. 18, 24, 25, 28, 63, 65)
27) 31-33, 41, 48, 65) Wireworm (p. 20, 54 )
Cabbage white butterfly (p. 22, Leafminer (p. 17-19, 24, 28, 50)
53) Mites
Locusts (p. 48-50, 53)
Carrot root fly (p. 23) Spider mites (p. 28-31, 36, 38,
Lygus bug (p. 23)
51, 59, 61)
Corn earworm (p. 19, 23-25, 50, Mealybugs (p. 17, 28, 29, 62, 63,
59) 65) Snails and slugs
Corn stalk borer (p. 64) Onion fly (p. 22)
Slugs (p. 17, 19, 27, 61)
Cotton boll weevil (p. 19) Potato tuber moth (p. 26, 41, Snails (p. 17, 19, 27, 40, 48, 61,
Cotton bollworm (p. 19, 49) 49, 50) 64)
Cutworm (p. 17, 18, 21, 24, 27, Psyllids (p. 27, 65)
28, 32, 33, 49, 55, 64)

V. 4 List of photo credits
01 Titelbild S. Böthling, Montage: Reginald Bruhn 40 Garlic Jewel Bissdorf

19 Pheromone trap Jewel Bissdorf 42 Ginger W ikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger
21 Pitfall trap (graphic) University of W isconsin. 43 Gliricidia HEAR. http://www.hear.org/starr/
Source: How to make a pitfall trap? hiplants/images/600max/html/starr_070111_3221_gli
http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/mbcn/pitfall.jpg ricidia_sepium.htm
22 Sticky board trap in the field DANIDA. 44 Horsetail W ikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.ipmthailand.org/en/Components/traps.ht /wiki/Equisetum_arvense
m (This site is no longer available.) 45 Lansones Jewel Bissdorf
22 Blue Sticky board trap Ontario, Ministry of Agricul- 45 Lemongrass Les Bohm
ture and Rural Affairs http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/ 46 Mammey CIRAD.
english/crops/facts/03-075.htm
http://ecofog.cirad.fr/FLG/Plante.aspx?id=1
47 Marigold Jewel Bissdorf
Beneficial insects
48 Neem Manuel Parami
24 Braconid: IRRI & University of Queensland
51 Onion Jewel Bissdorf
24 Cotesia: Cornell University
52 Papaya Jewel Bissdorf
25 Damsel bug: University of Georgia. http://
52 Pepper tree HEAR. http://www.hear.org/
www.cpes.peachnet.edu/lewis/1nabid.jpg
starr/hiplants/images/600max/html/starr_070313_56
25 Damsel fly: IRRI and University of 08_schinus_molle.htm
Queensland
53 Pyrethrum W ikipedia.
26 Diadegma: Cornell University http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum
26 Encarsia: Mark Hoddle, University of California 54 Quassia W ilkipedia.
27 Ground beetle: IRRI and University of Queensland http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quassia
27 Hoverfly: Photo source: Texas A&M University 54 Red cedar JB Friday, College of Tropical Agriculture
http://insects.tamu.edu/images/ and Human Resources. http://www.ctahr.hawaii.
insects/color/sorghum/sor067.jpg edu/forestry/Data/Species_Pages/Page_T.html
28 Lacewing: Clemson University 55 Spanish needleMichael Hassler, Karlsruhe
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets University. http://www.rz.uni-
/benefici/ce171.htm karlsruhe.de/~db50/FOTO_-_Archiv/
28 Ladybird beetles: L. T. Kok Bidens%20pilosa%20BotKA%20S1.jpg
29 Mealybug destroyer: Photo source: Cornell 55 Stemona Harald Greger, http://www.phytochemie.
Universityhttp://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontr botanik.univie.ac.at/herbarium/living%20plants/stemo
ol/ predators/cryptolaemus_m.html na/tuberosa/pages/stemtub.htm
29 Minute pirate bug: Texas A&M University 56 Sweet flag W ikipedia,
30 Praying mantis: R. Bessin, Univerity of Kentucky http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_flag
31 Rove beetles: Jim Kalisch & Barry Pawson, UNL 57 Thundergod wine Tournay. http://www.biologie.uni-
Entomology ulm.de/systax/ dendrologie/Triptwilflv.htm
31 Spider: IRRI and University of Queensland 57 Tinospora Filipino Herbs Healing W onders.
32 Tachinid fly: IRRI and University of Queensland http://www.filipinoherbshealingwonders.filipinovegeta

rianrecipe.com/
33 Tiphia wasp: The Ohio State University
58 Tomato Jewel Bissdorf
33 Trichogramma: Sylvie Chenus
59 Turmeric Kazou Yamasaki.
Homemade solutions http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/shoyaku/photo/
Thai/021207Curcuma.jpg
34 Aloe: HEAR. http://www.hear.org
60 Vitex Kazou Yamasaki.
35 Andrographis: K. Vasisht, http:www.ics.trieste
.it/MedicinalPlant/MedicinalPlant.aspx?id=6 http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/shoyaku/
photo/Phil/Vitex.jpg
35 Basil Jewel Bissdorf
60 Wormseed Forest and Kim Starr
36 Butterfly bush Sarasota Extension
http://sarasota.extension.ufl.edu/FHLC/Inv/images/B http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/hires/html/s
utterfly_Bush.JPG tarr_030628_0154_chenopodium_ambrosioides.htm
61 Wormwood Botanischer Garten Ruhr-Universität
37 Chili Jewel Bissdorf
Bochum http://www.boga.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/
38 Coriander W ikipedia.
html/Artemisia_absinthium_Foto.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander
61 Yam bean Philippine Medicinal Plants,
39 Custard apple Jewel Bissdorf
http://www.stuartxchange.org/Sinkamas.htm
40 Eupatorium Albert Perdeck. http://www.csdl.
tamu.edu/FLORA/imaxxast.htm
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For more information on

non-chemical pest management see:
www.oisat.org
Nernstweg 32 • 22765 Hamburg • Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 40 - 399 19 10 - 0 • Email: [email protected]
Internet: www.pan-germany.org • www.oisat.org
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How To Grow Crops Without Endosulfan and Pesticides

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How To Grow Crops Without Endosulfan and Pesticides

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How to Grow Crops

© Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany

Prepared by: Dr. Jewel K. Bissdorf

Apart from the photos, permission is granted to reproduce

II. General Pest Management Practices ...................................................................................................... 11

III. Pest Management Methods .................................................................................................................... 11

III. 1. Cultural and physical control methods................................................................................. 13

III. 2. Biological control.................................................................................................................. 24

III. 2. 2. Homemade solutions ........................................................................................................ 34

III. 2. 2. 2. Other homemade solutions........................................................................................... 62

IV. References ............................................................................................................................................. 65

www.oisat.org is part of a web-based system to distribute information on non-chemical pest

II. General Pest Management Practices

III. Pest Management Methods

2. Biological control methods

2.1. Beneficial insects

2.2. Plants used in pest control and other homemade solutions

III. 1. Cultural and physical control methods

Table 1: An example list of companion crops

Cabbage Aromatic herbs, Celery, Onion

Cassava Cowpea, Canavalia, Crotalaria, Peanut,

Carrot Lettuce, Rosemary, Onion, Garlic, Sage, Tomato, Medic

Garlic Basil, Beets, Cabbage, Carrots, Lettuce, Marigold

Pepper Beans, Carrot, Marigold, Marjoram, Onion, Tansy

Onion Basil, Beets, Cabbage, Carrots, Lettuce, Marigold

Potato Corn, Barley, Buckwheat, Lupine, Peas, Radish, Sunflower, Tansy

Squash Beans Corn

Tomato Onion, Nasturtium, Marigold, Asparagus, Carrot, Parsley, Cucumber

Pile or Heap Composting

What to prepare 4. Sprinkle enough water to make the layers moist

Table 2: An example list of crops that belong to the same family

Family Common names

Allium Chive, garlic, leek, onion, shallot

Carrot family Carrot, celery, dill, parsnip, parsley

Root crops Cassava, sweet potato, taro, yam, water chestnut

Mallow family Cotton, okra

Fruit fly traps

o 1-liter plastic bottle Fruit fly baits

Methods drown them in soapy water. You can also crush

1. Armyworm 5. Shallow basin with water or jute sack

o improve soil condition Amount to apply (thickness)

Organic mulch includes cut grasses, leaves, straws,

7. Yellow pan traps

Sticky board trap

Pests monitored and controlled

2. Spread used-motor oil, or plant resin, or mustard, Yellow sticky traps

White sticky traps

Bright white traps are for monitoring flea beetles and

Table 3: Examples of trap cropping practices

Trap crop Main crop Method of planting Pest controlled

Alfalfa Cotton Strip intercrop Lygus bug

Basil and marigold Garlic Border crops Thrips

Castor plant Cotton Border crop Bollworm

Dill and lovage Tomato Row intercrop Tomato hornworm

Horse radish Potato Intercrop Colorado potato beetle

Hot cherry pepper Bell pepper Border crop Pepper maggot

Napier grass Corn Border crop Corn stem borer

Sudan grass Corn Border crop Corn stem borer