Scribd
Upload
724 views8 pages

Lecture Compounding in Impulse Turbine

1) Compounding involves using multiple sets of nozzles and rotors in a steam turbine to reduce the high rotational speed of a single-stage turbine. This is done by either velocity compounding, where kinetic energy is absorbed in stages, or pressure compounding, where pressure drop occurs over multiple nozzle stages. 2) A Curtis stage turbine uses velocity compounding by adding a row of fixed blades between two rows of moving blades, absorbing velocity in two stages to reduce the speed of the rotor. 3) A Rateau turbine uses pressure compounding by dividing the total enthalpy drop among multiple single-stage turbines in series, reducing the inlet steam velocity and pressure drop in each stage.

Uploaded by

Abdul Sami Abdul Latif
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
724 views8 pages

Lecture Compounding in Impulse Turbine

1) Compounding involves using multiple sets of nozzles and rotors in a steam turbine to reduce the high rotational speed of a single-stage turbine. This is done by either velocity compounding, where kinetic energy is absorbed in stages, or pressure compounding, where pressure drop occurs over multiple nozzle stages. 2) A Curtis stage turbine uses velocity compounding by adding a row of fixed blades between two rows of moving blades, absorbing velocity in two stages to reduce the speed of the rotor. 3) A Rateau turbine uses pressure compounding by dividing the total enthalpy drop among multiple single-stage turbines in series, reducing the inlet steam velocity and pressure drop in each stage.

Uploaded by

Abdul Sami Abdul Latif
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Compounding in Impulse Turbine

If high velocity of steam is allowed to flow through one row of moving blades, it produces a rotor speed of about 30000 rpm which is too high for practical use. It is therefore essential to incorporate some improvements for practical use and also to achieve high performance. This is possible by making use of more than one set of nozzles, and rotors, in a series, keyed to the shaft so that either the steam pressure or the jet velocity is absorbed by the turbine in stages. This is called compounding. Two types of compounding can be accomplished: (a) velocity compounding and (b) pressure compounding Either of the above methods or both in combination are used to reduce the high rotational speed of the single stage turbine.

The Velocity - Compounding of the Impulse Turbine


The velocity-compounded impulse turbine was first proposed by C.G. Curtis to solve the problems of a single-stage impulse turbine for use with high pressure and temperature steam. The Curtis stage turbine, as it came to be called, is composed of one stage of nozzles as the single-stage turbine, followed by two rows of moving blades instead of one. These two rows are separated by one row of fixed blades attached to the turbine stator, which has the function of redirecting the steam leaving the first row of moving blades to the second row of moving blades. A Curtis stage impulse turbine is shown in Fig. 23.1 with schematic pressure and absolute steam-velocity changes through the stage. In the Curtis stage, the total enthalpy drop and hence pressure drop occur in the nozzles so that the pressure remains constant in all three rows of blades.

Figure 23.1 Velocity Compounding arrangement Velocity is absorbed in two stages. In fixed (static) blade passage both pressure and velocity remain constant. Fixed blades are also called guide vanes. Velocity compounded stage is also called Curtis stage. The velocity diagram of the velocity-compound Impulse turbine is shown in Figure 23.2.

Figure 23.2 Velocity diagrams for the Velocity-Compounded Impulse turbine The fixed blades are used to guide the outlet steam/gas from the previous stage in such a manner so as to smooth entry at the next stage is ensured. K, the blade velocity coefficient may be different in each row of blades

Work done =

(23.10)

End thrust =

(23.11)

The optimum velocity ratio will depend on number of stages and is given by

Work is not uniformly distributed (1st >2nd ) The fist stage in a large (power plant) turbine is velocity or pressure compounded impulse stage.

Pressure Compounding or Rateau Staging


The Pressure - Compounded Impulse Turbine
To alleviate the problem of high blade velocity in the single-stage impulse turbine, the total enthalpy drop through the nozzles of that turbine are simply divided up, essentially in an equal manner, among many single-stage impulse turbines in series (Figure 24.1). Such a turbine is called a Rateau turbine , after its inventor. Thus the inlet steam velocities to each stage are essentially equal and due to a reduced h.

Figure 24.1 Pressure-Compounded Impulse Turbine

Pressure drop - takes place in more than one row of nozzles and the increase in kinetic energy after each nozzle is held within limits. Usually convergent nozzles are used We can write

(24.1)

(24.2)

where

is carry over coefficient

Reaction Turbine
A reaction turbine, therefore, is one that is constructed of rows of fixed and rows of moving blades. The fixed blades act as nozzles. The moving blades move as a result of the impulse of steam received (caused by change in momentum) and also as a result of expansion and acceleration of the steam relative to them. In other words, they also act as nozzles. The enthalpy drop per stage of one row fixed and one row moving blades is divided among them, often equally. Thus a blade with a 50 percent degree of reaction, or a 50 percent reaction stage, is one in which half the enthalpy drop of the stage occurs in the fixed blades and half in the moving blades. The pressure drops will not be equal, however. They are greater for the fixed blades and greater for the high-pressure than the low-pressure stages. The moving blades of a reaction turbine are easily distinguishable from those of an impulse turbine in that they are not symmetrical and, because they act partly as nozzles, have a shape similar to that of the fixed blades, although curved in the opposite direction. The schematic pressure line (Fig. 24.2) shows that pressure continuously drops through all rows of blades, fixed and moving. The absolute steam velocity changes within each stage as shown and repeats from stage to stage. Figure 24.3 shows a typical velocity diagram for the reaction stage.

Figure 24.2 Three stages of reaction turbine indicating pressure and velocity distribution Pressure and enthalpy drop both in the fixed blade or stator and in the moving blade or Rotor

Degree of Reaction = (24.3) or, A very widely used design has half degree of reaction or 50% reaction and this is known as Parson's Turbine. This consists of symmetrical stator and rotor blades.

Figure 24.3 The velocity diagram of reaction blading

The velocity triangles are symmetrical and we have

Energy input per stage (unit mass flow per second)

(24.4)

(24.5) From the inlet velocity triangle we have,

Work done (for unit mass flow per second) (24.6) Therefore, the Blade efficiency

(24.7)

You might also like