3.

Electrical Measurements (JNTU-Kakinada) T --> Time period

> Instantaneous torque
TD ---> Deflection

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2012 Q3. Explain the construction and principle of operation of a dynamometer type wattmeter. How it can be made to read D.0 as well as A.C? Answer : May/June-09, Set-4, 03(a) M[8]

torque.

The deflecting torque is given by,

-2801n T
D

For answer refer Unit-III, Ql. ... (1)

An electrodynamometer type wattmeter is a transfer instrument in which both D.0 and A.0 power can be read. In dynamometer type wattmeter, as the current varies, the
W-1

3rfl Jur' brI4

ot81A

S TA
,sTru3

3101 But, the instantaneous torque is given by, dM T, = i 1 i2 do ... (2)

magnetic field in the air gap also varies in order to produce the lfux. Hence, it can read A.0 power also, though it is calibrated against a D.0 source. In D.0 operation of a dynamometer type wattmeter,

Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get, 4;;; 4:444 liativi irii(Atc by asxjakki it IWO T 'iB13111 is ZO 1 dM 1112dt '111 A1(' T dO 0 D :oru biiroo 5fii ir< %)ograig51 nn ; At/ttlifoiril
11

the deflection produced in the torque is given by,

(3)

AsSume, the two currents it and i2 to be sinusoidal

'4

with a phase difference of f0 we get,

it

and /2 = Currents in fixed and moving coils respectively

mot =1m '

!AIM (d)e0 dM pnbhow evileCt al inerfunt?. = Rate of change of mutual inductance -ierwrvortitinviltrotoole nollt.waicixe k = Spring constant.

i2 =/m2 sin( ox 4))

Substituting, it and i2 values in equation (3), we get,

T
D

dM

1T .1.1 I sin tot sin(rut 4))dwt ... (4) dO T 0

In A.0 operation of a dynamometer type wattmeter the deflection produced in the torque is given by,

/1/2 m dM eD c k c N' do Where, 2 sin A sin B = cos(A B) cos (A + On solving equation / T = Q2.
(5), we

151301461000Tb117JM Alanzfr c col nsa Ind D.0

... (5)

Li and 12 = r.m.s values of currents in fixed and

moving coils respectively. cos 4 = Power factor.

get,

rn
2

rn

cos

dM d0
Hence, the deflection is proportional to the r.m.s value of the squared current. Therefore, for a dynamometer type wattmeter, the scale is calibrated with the square root of the current that is squared, which is nothing but the r.m.s value of the A.0 quantity. Hence, in this way both A.0 and D.0 can be measured using dynamometer type wattmeter since, r.m.s er values are considered and dynamometer type indicates pow whether it is connected in A.0 or D.0 circuit.

Give the constructional details of electrodynamic meter type wattmeter with a neat sketch.

Answer :

Nov.-08, Set-1, 03(a) M[8]

For answer refer Unit-III, Ql, Topic: Construction.

NAL act. Anyone found guilty isbLIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings. I WARNING : Xerox/Photocopying of this,book is a CRIMI

)ectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2012

4.

Electrical Measurements ONTU-Kakinada)

3.3

What are the differences between LPF and UPF wattmeters? May/June-09, Set-1, 03(b) M[6]

nswer :
LPF Wattmeter

Nov.-07, Set-1, Q3(b) M[6] UPF Wattmeter

1. In case of UPF wattmeters, deflecting torque is large.

1.

In case of LPF wattmeter the deflecting torque is small even when the current and pressure coils
are fully energized ( ... Td Qc cos 4)). The pressure coil current is very high. The error caused by pressure coil inductance is large. The control torque is small. The resistance of pressure coil circuit is small. In LPF wattmeters the results are inaccurate.

2. 3.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The pressure coil current is small. The error caused by the pressure coil inductance is zero. The control torque is large. The resistance of pressure coil circuit is large. In UPF wattmeters the results are accurate .

4.
5. 6.

:15.

What are the special features of a wattmeter suitable for working on low power factor circuits? Nov.-09, Set-3, Q3(b) M[6]

Answer :
The special features of a wattmeter suitable for working on low power factor circuits are, ti)

The pressure coil of electrodynamometer type wattmeter which when used in A.0 circuits with low power factor are designed to have very low resistance. Thus, higher current flows through pressure coil which results in higher torque. It is estimated that the pressure coil in a low power factor wattmeter carries about 10 times the current carried by a high power factor wattmeter.

In order to have accurate and error free measurement of power factor of a low power factor circuit, a compensating winding is connected in series with the pressure coil. The compensating winding consists of the same number of turns as that of the pressure coil, but has reduced area of cross section.

(iii)

In order to compensate for the error caused by the inductance of pressure coil, a suitable selected value of capacitance is connected across a portion of series resistance of pressure coil circuit.

tiv)

In low power factor wattmeters, full scale deflection for power factors upto 0.1 can be achieved by designing the pressure coil to have small control torque.

06.

Explain the constructional details and working principle of low power factor wattmeter (electrodynamometer type).

Answer :
The construction of LPF wattmeter is same as that of electrodynamometer type wattmeter but some additional features are added to overcome the various difficulties.

Figure (1) Here, also the moving coil is taken as pressure coil but the pressure coil area is increased so as to have a low value of resistance. Due to low value resistance, a very high current flows through it producing a high value of operating torque.

WARNING tXeroYJPhotocopying of this book is a tiVMINAL aakiinyone fo'und guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings.

3.4

Electrical Measurements (JNTU-Kakinada)

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2012

In order to nullify the errors due to pressure coil current, an additional winding known as compensating winding is used and is connected in series with the pressure coil as shown in figure (1). The current in the current coil is the sum of line current and the current through pressure coil, /p. The current coil produces a field proportional to (I + /p) where as the pressure coil produces a field, proportional to /p. The field produced by pressure coil is opposite to the field produced by the current coil. Hence the error due to pressure coil is nullified and the net field is just the field due to the current I. The error due to pressure coil inductance is proportional to sing). The value of p.f is low and hence value of 4) is high hence sin 4). In order to reduce this error a capacitor is connected across the series resistor in the pressure coil circuit. The presence of capacitor will give a leading phase angle due to which the value of 4), is small so the sin 4) is small. Hence reducing the error. The average deflecting torque equation of an electrodynamometer type wattmeter is given by, Td = I t12 COO Td oc cos4) dM dO
Jr
rt14-

-L9 10719 5rIT

... (1)

Form above equation we can say that the deflecting torque is directly proportional to the power factor. Hence, at low power factors, the deflecting torque is low. Also, there are some errors introduced in the results due to the pronounced effe ct of inductance of pressure coil at low power factors. Hence in order to overcome the above difficulties, additional features are provided in the electrodynamometer type wattmeter to make a low power factor wattmeter. 07. Explain the working of a 3-phase wattmeter. Draw a neat sketch of the wattmeter and also its connections. Also, explain how the mutual effects between the two elements of the wattmeter are eliminated. Nov.-08, Set-2, 03(a) M[10] OR Explain the working of a 3-phase dynamometer wattmeter. Describe how mutual effects between the two elements of the wattmeter are eliminated. Nov.-04, Set-2, 02
Working of Three Phase Dynamometer Wattmeter

re gattaartwirno briT

onvesiq ,11,

The 3-phase dynamometer wattmeter consists of two fixed coils and two moving coils. Fixed coils are connected in series with lines and moving coils are connected across the lines. Hence, the fixed coils are current coils and moving coils are pressure coils. The combination of a fixed coil and a moving coil is called as an element. So, the three phase dynamometer wattmeter consists of two elements. Both the pressure coils are mounted on a single spindle, (so as to integrate the power measured by each element) as shown in figure (1). litit-brottsw iotoel lownoi [8114 tap ,64e8 .80-.(14
etrumi51 Act? i!,rl 1 (onw 11131118 add

brie

lenoitoiriterloo ertit_rileiqx3 __-----.(u-gyribldirnorrianybbito615) z 19WeILA. ;w nortoini? [163 ,;(1T ffloolt;:vo ()) bobbts 511.;

Laminated Iron Sheet

Laminated iron sheet

Spiral spring too lirrJ Itii-.Attlki s

111 1 t zi fiCri ikft

Figure (1) 141ANING ler0)?1,1010,!;S.ipying .01: ;this: b041.t:is:u

guiltyi.js,:pABLE to,,face

Spectrum AL12-41V-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2012 using two single phase wattmeters as shown in figure (2).

Electrical N,li.s'iirernents (JNTU-Kakinada)

3.5

The connections of the 3-phase dynamometer wattmeter are exactly similar to that of the 3-phase power measurement

In two wattmeter method, the total power consumed will be the sum of the readings of both the wattmeters, which has to be calculated manually. Whereas, in 3-phase electrodynamometer wattmeter, the total power consumption is indicated directly, as the power consumption noticed by both the elements are being integrated internally.
r

C.C. 1

1 supply

1 Load

C.C.2

Figure (2): 3-Phase Dynamometer Wattmeter Measurement of Power using Two Wattmeter Method
For answer refer Unit-III, Q30, Topic: Measurement of Power using Two Wattmeter Method. From figure (2), the deflecting torque produced by elements (1) and (2) will be proportional to the power consumed across phases R, Y (PRY) and B, Y (PRY) respectively. Hence, the total deflecting torque will be proportional to the total power consumption of the 3-phase load.

Elimination of Mutual Effects Between the Two Elements of the Wattmeter

The power measured by the meter will be correct only when there is no interaction between the fields of both the elements i.e., only when the mutual effects between the two elements should be absent. This can be achieved by placing an iron shield in between the elements. Further, the presence of any mutual effects will be compensated by connecting a variable resistor called as compensating resistor (Re) in series with the pressure coils as shown in figure (3). This method of compensating the mutual effect is called as Weston's method. By varying the resistor Rc. the currents through the pressure coils are varied which inturn varies the fields, so as to compensate the mutual effects.

C.C.1

Figure (3)

I WARiSIKElirliOtiOtiiiii.01nititttlif.**..iiiiititif

75,410.660 figintg ItAs .t tektaffigliroceedinO,

3.6 08.

Electrical Measurements (JNTU-Kakinada) Discuss the shape of scale of electrodynamometer wattmeters with the help of a neat sketch. March-06, Set-1, Q3(b) M[8] Nov.-05, Set-1, Q3(b) M[8] Nov.-05, Set-2, Q3(b) M[8] May-05, Set-3, Q3(b)

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Stgdents, 201,Z of 40 to 50 on either side of the zero mutual inductance. Here, the deflection '0' varies from about 80 to 100 as `M' varies from 40 to 50. Due to changes in the value of M,

less

dM dO is assumed to be constant in practice. Hence, the scale

is uniform over the range of 80 to 100 of '0'. In this range, the wattmeter exhibits a "Pure square law" response. 09. Explain the errors in electrodynamometer type wattmeter in detail. Nov.-09, Set-1, Q3(a) M[8] May/June-09, Set-3, 03(a) M[8] OR Discuss the various types of errors and their methods of compensation in the dynamometer type wattmeter. May/June-09, Set-1, 03(a) M[10]

Answer :

May-05, Set-4, Q3(b)

In electrodynamometer wattmeters, the final steady deflection '0' is given by, 0 = KV/cos dM dO

From equation (1) it is clear that, the deflection '0' is directly proportional to the power (i.e., VI cos (0) which is being measured. Hence, the scale of the electrodynamometer wattmeter is uniform i.e., these instruments exhibit a pure "Square law response" over the interval in which constant. The shape of scale of electrodynamometer wattmeter is shown in figure below. dM dO is

Nov.-07, Set-1, Q3(a) M[10] OR Write short notes on errors present in 1-0 electrodynamometer type wattmeter. Feb.-08, Set-2, Q.No. 3(a) M[5]

M Scale is uniform dM de constant -*-40 to 50 40 to 50-).-I

dM de

OR Explain the following errors for electrodynamometer wattmeters. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Mutual inductance effects Errors due to connections Eddy currents Stray magnetic fields Vibration of moving system Temperature errors. Nov.-05, Set-3, 03 M[16] Answer : (a) Errors Due to Mutual Inductance May-05, Set-1, 03

80 to 100

-M Figure: Shape of Scale of Electrodynamometer Wattmeter In dynamometer wattmeter, a parallel field is obtained. dM In parallel field, the value of is not constant. Hence, the dO dM value of which is assuined to be constant intptdctice is dO not true. In these instruments, the mutual inductance -`M' is present between the fixed and moving coils depend on position of the moving coil. When 0 = 180, t14 is ATI4ximum. So, by proper designing, ,71/'., 40 be made to change over a range I WARNING qlfroiffsfrifiiii*ind-o

(f)

The mutual inductance between the pressure coil and current coil increases the phase angle, -

R = tan-1 WI' to IT = (p - PA)

_1 coL

tan

o)M R

434.41E447,67qiiiaainfig

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2012 When the pressure coil is connected across the load. And it decreases the phase angle from,

Electrical Measurements (JNTU-Kakinada) i.e., PR=PL+Pc

4.133 = 11

3.7

PL+ I2Rc el
0,6,

p = tan-1 )L toR = (13 + ep) RP tan-1 2011 =

Where,

wit H its e-1,511rnotttqty.bo1m,

'1111

,`.1ir( Lr'r!

Rc = Resistance of current coil

nt,

the load, S the current measured by the current coil is the sum of thei currents through load and pressure coil. Hence, the m i l a r l y , w h e n t h e p r e s s u r e c o i l i s c o n n e c t e d a c r o s s

t a n 1 ( L

When pressure coil is connected across the supply. Since, error is directly proportional to tan p, the mutual inductance between the coils effects the error. In order to minimize the error introduced due to mutual inductance, the coils are designed and placed in such a way that the mutual inductance between them is zero at rated power frequency. So, these errors are dominant at higher frequencies than at power frequency. (b) Errors Due to Connections

wattmeter reading (PR) ought be the sum of power consumed by the load (PL) and the power loss in the pressure coil (Ps). i.e., PR=PL-1- P p
= PL+ Ip2Rp

Where,
Rp = Resistance of pressure coil

Therefore, in either of the cases, the reading indicated by the meter is higher than its actual value. In order to minimize this error, the connection shown in figure (1) is employed for light loads (as IL will be small so, I L2 Rc will also be small) and for heavy loads, the connection shown in figure (2) is employed ( negligible). (c) Eddy Current Errors

There are two methods to connect a wattmeter in the circuit whose power consumption is to be measured. They are shown in figures (1) and (2).

IL so, 11,R p will be

Figure (1)

The alternating flux produced by the current coil when links with the conductors and metal parts of the meter, an e.m.f is induced in them. This results in the circulation of eddy currents in those parts. In turn, these eddy currents produces magnetic flux which aids the main field flux for leading power factor loads and opposes the main field flux for lagging power factor loads. Since, deflection torque is directly proportional to the main field flux, the meter reads high for leading loads and low for lagging loads. Also, the resultant flux is displaced from the phase angle of current coil (or main field) flux. For leading power factor loads, the phase angle between resultant flux and the pressure coil flux is decreased and for lagging power factor loads, it is increased. Since, the deflection torque is directly proportional to the cosine of angular phase displacement between the two fluxes, the meter reads high for leading loads and low for lagging loads. Hence, the affect is similar to the affect caused due to the change in magnitude of the main field flux.

Figure (2) When the pressure coil is connected across the supply as shown in figure (1), it measures the voltage drop across the series combination of current coil and load. Hence, the wattmeter reading (PR) ought be the sum of power consumed by the load (EL) and the power loss in the current coil (PC).

In order to reduce this error, laminated metallic parts and standard conductors are employed.

[WARNING .Flerox/Photocopying of this book is a CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL-proceedings.]

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONEJOurnul for EngiOeirtniStadeift% 2012

The stray magnetic fields ( may disturb the operating field electrodynamometers. So, if the field then, the meter reads high an then the meter reads low. In order to reduce these be kovided. (e)

e., external magnetic fields) it is quite weak in case of xternal field aids the main if it opposes the main field ors, proper shielding is to Supply

Compensating winding
I + Ip

iive,-Current coil

Pressure coil Series -0resistance

ip

I LOADI

Errors Due to Vibration Moving System Figure: Compensated Wattmeter This compensating coil is identical to the current coil and tightly wound with it to produce a field which acts in opposition to the field of the current coil due to load current. Thus, the effect of the pressure coil current is eliminated and the resultant field is due to current 'I' only. Therefore, the compensated wattmeter shows no error due to the power consumption in the pressure coil. 011. Explain the errors caused due to pressure coil inductance and pressure coil capacitance in electrodynamometer wattmeter. March-06, Set-1, 03(a) M[8] Nov.-05, Sat-1, Q3(a) M[8] Nov.-05, Set-2, 03(a) M[8] May-05, Set-3, 03(a) Answer : (a) Pressure Coil Inductance May-05, Set-4, 03(a) Errors in electrodynamometer wattmeter are due to, Inductanceo f pressure coil makes tile, pressure cod, current (It) to lag the applied voltage by a small angle. 13 and, f3 is given by, co L 1R

As the supply is an al rnating one, the torque produced in the moving systeti pulsates at double the frequency of supply, f If any part moving system like pointer, spindle, spring etc., has its na al frequency of pulsating torque, (2f ), it comes under re nance and starts vibrating with that frequency. This vibra ns in the moving system causes the pointer to deflect a some other position thus introduces error. Also, it is not q to easy to read the position since, the frequency vibration is ouble than that of supply. In order to avoid this error, natural frequency of various parts ,f moving system is kept far ay from `2f . (f) Umperature Error

Increase in temperatu causes increase in the resistance of pressure coil and c ent coil. This reduces the current through the coils andhen the operating field. Thus, the deflection on torque is .redu d. Also, due to increase in temperature, the stiffness of the ring increases thereby, the control torque reduces. Thus, the variations in flecting and controlling torques cancels each others e ct and so, the effect of variations in temperature are al t negligible. For this to be hafipen, the pressure coil circuitiresistance should be made up proper composition of alloy, s to have a low temperature coefficient. 010. Draw the possible me ods of connection the pressure coil o eter and compare the errors. Explal ening of "Compensation winding" infe, meter and show how they help to recluse t error. Answer For answer refer Unit-111, Compensation Winding Nov.-08, Set-3, 03(a) M[8] 9(b).

= tanWhere,

L Inductance of pressure coil R = Total resistance of pressure coil circuit.

1.4W

00

The -phasor cliagrnins for lagging and leading powr e factor loads are shown, in figure (004 (2) :respectively.

8 0

While measuring the po r, errors are introduced in the measurement due to power 1 s in the current coil and in pressure coil and these errors are t negligible. Therefore, in order to eliminate or to reduc hese errors compensated wattmeters are used. These wattrn rs will have_compensating winding in it, which is connecte n series with3preSsure,doil as shown in figure. _ lebtitik it ca CfilMINACIaettAdti '

- rid

Figure (1) [It Lel Ertl' d@lt 41";

'1.1:2,11hil I

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2012

Electrical Measurements UNTU-Kakinada)

3.

From the correction factor for leading power factor (

cos

cos

cos pcos(o+ 0)) and for logging power factor ( cos 13 cos4 '
The error caused by inductance of the pressure coil depends on the load power factor. The error is very high at low power factors. The wattmeter reads high if the load power factor is lagging because of the effect of pressure coil inductance which, brings the pressure coil current in phase with the load current. The wattmeter read low. if the load power factor is leading Figure (2) because of the effect of pressure coil inductance. Which At lagging power factor loads, due to the effect of increases the phase between load current and pressure coil inductance the pressure coil current (In) will become nearly current by increasing the phase angle. equal in phase with load current. So, the driving torque The angle (3 made by the pressure coil. When voltage is increases and makes the wattmeter to read high. The applied is dependent on supply frequency. It is slightly correction factor to be multiplied by the wattmeter reading, to effected by frequency change. This error can be compensated if obtain the actual power consumption is, the supply frequency ranges at 10 kHz.

cos (1)

cosh

cos 13 cos(4) (3)

At leading power factor loads, as the phase angle between the load current (I) and pressure coil current (In) is more, the driving or deflecting torque reduces and makes the meter to read low. Hence, a correction factor of is to be multiplied with the reading in order to obtain the actual power cos (I) consumption is, (b) cos 13 cos(4) + (3) !?ig y,rmuitteu

013.

Prove that the true power cos(I).cos(4) -13) x Actual wattmeter reading for electrodynamometer type of wattmeters, where cos} = p.f of the circuit, 13 = tan-1( (Al where

Pressure Coil Capacitance

Apart from inductance, the pressure coil also possesses the effect of capacitance which is due to the intertum capacitance of the series resistance. So, the wattmeter reads high at lagging power factor loads and low at leading loads. The pressure coil capacitive reactance is very small

when compared to inductive reactance. Hence, the pressure

coil circuit possesses net inductive reactance. So, the wattmeter reads high on lagging power factor loads and low on leading power factor loads.

L and R are the inductance and resistance of the pressure coil of the circuit. Nov.-10, Set-2, 03 M[16] Nov.-08, Set-1, Q3(b) M[8] OR Prove that the true power = cos 4)I[cos x cos (4) - 0)] x Actual wattmeter reading for electrodynamometer type of wattmeter where cos. = Power factor of the circuit, 3 = tan-1 coUR. Answer : Nov.-04, Set-3, 02(a)
The electrodynamometer type of wattmeter is shown in figure (a).
Current coil Pressure coil
Is
M

012. Explain with the aid of a phasor diagram the error caused by the inductance of the pressure coil of a dynamometer wattmeter. Indicate the dependence of the error on load power factor and supply frequency.
Answer : Nov.-11, Set-3, Q2(a) M[8] Error Caused by Inductance of the Pressure Coil For answer refer Unit - III, Q11, Topic: Pressure Coil Inductance.

Figure (a): Circuit Diagram of Electrodynamometer Type Wattmeter

1 nopimaiXo

iox/Photocopying of Mils book is a dAiMINALe7t40ine-ftiond , guilty -ii;LIABLE to facitatif,-

Ciceeding.) ..%1

3. 10 Electrical
Let,

Measurements (jNTU-Kalcinada)

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineerin SuWaits, 2012

0.)Lp Vs Supply voltage applied to pressure coil circuit IS Supply current in the current coil circuit rp Resistance of the pressure coil ( coLp 13= tan-1 Inductance of the pressure coil =tan

Rp

Lp

R + rp
From figure (b), it is clear that, ip lags Is by angle when the pressure coil has inductance

is and ip Currents flowing through the current coil and pressure coil respectively

8,

Lp

i.e., (3)

R Resistance
pressure coil

connected in series with the

8 = 0 R
by,

We know that, the actual wattmeter reading is given Total resistance of the pressure coil circuit.

RP = r P + R ipI s
Now, the impedance, zp of the pressure coil circuit is given by, Where, 'A' is the final steady deflection Actual wattmeter reading =

,liatitts ,dM
cos 0 -7.

de

(4)

K'

is a constant. :y bsoi

We also know that, ip is given by,

Siff rtsswi
sib ,3i0111

Rp
Also,

31 i3 Gelt to t.ci
Ntig tirin

1101'4nilasfisti

... (2)

cosp

fiKreggfilt 000

P
get,

TIO)
Zp
in

gaitb.m.,414

:f.A'artUll .WO! bitiViof 7ai5/1/1

The phasor diagrams of electrodynamometer wattmeter Substituting equations (3) and (5) in equation (4), for lagging and leading power factors are shown in figures (b) and (c) respectively.

we

VI cos(4) 13) dM
Actual wattmeter reading = s

z K

... (6) de = In;

Substituting equation (2) in equation (6), we get,

Is
Actual wattmeter reading

VI s cos(O 13) dM
s x# l
X 7 e i *3081=111

Figure (h): Lagging Power Factor (For Inductive Loads)

fin14.2sIcT '9413 ,5:)11-)fi

cos (3 reading =

RP K q.

oZ

Actual wattmeter

KR p

co dM cos 13 cos( - 13)

dO

911,

fift;!,,,

(7)

pia e The electrodynamometer wattmeter reads true power, when the inductance when [3. 0. If

LI,

is absent in the pressure coil and

Lp

is absent, then from equation (1)

Figure (c): Leading Power Factor (For Capacitive Loads)

Here, is the angle between V and is and `13' is the

zp =Rp. So, substituting these values in equation (7), we get,

angle between V and ip. i. We know that, is given by, MB 1C. (8)

1:.vyA,,RpjiNf3p:f

br;A4jbeppnij4iItit4 WO is

CROAK*

kr: Aft5tfetclOd '04.0 &VIABLE lo

face:

Legekdited

SpeetratnALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2012 Dividing equation (8) by equation (7), we get, V

Electrical Measurements (JNTU-Kakinada) 3 . 1 1

True power Actual wattmeter reading

Is cos KR p Is V cos KR p

4) --de de

dM

13 cos(0 fl) dM

cos
cos cos((1:1

x Actual wattmeter reading

True power Hence proved.

cos (I? cosi3cos(0 13)

Q14. Explain the construction and working of a 3-phase rotating field power factor meter. Prove that the deflection of the moving system is equal to the phase angle of the system. Answer : 34 Rotating Field Power Factor Meter For answer refer Unit-II, Q32, Topic: Rotating Field Type Moving Iron Power Factor Meter. The deflection of the moving system is equal to the phase angle of the system. Let, Phase angle of the circuit 0 Angular deflection Current through coil S. IR and IB/ are line currents flowing through fixed coils A, B and C respectively. \TR, Nov.-09, Set-4, 02 M[16]

YB

Figure; Phew Diagram

ILTIR1161,TjleionofoqOplow of figil)Ock

#79:14N141,i*

icuifria,044104114,1(ii,141_74, 04k7400011.447

2 *Pieciiical MeaSuretnents (JNTU-Kakinada)

From the phasor diagram,

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineeting Students, 2012

If FR is the line current through coil A, the deflecting torque produced is given by, Tl cx PRICcos(90 -4)) sin(90 + If Ty is the line current through coil B, the deflecting torque produced is given by, T2 0c I'yIC cos(330 -4)) sin(210 + 0) If IB is the line current through coil C, the deflecting torque produced is given by, T3oc IB lc cos(210 - 0) sin(330 + 0) The total deflecting torque produced is given by, Tdc< + T2 +T3

Tdoc Ric cos(90 -0) sin(90 + 0) + Ty/c cos(330-4)) sin(210 + 0) + l'BIccos(210 -4)) sin(330 + 0) ern tor": ,fob Now,
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For a steady state deflection, Total deflecting torque, Td= 0 Also, Under balanced condition, R =PyTA, J Hence, equation (1) reduces to, cos(90 sin(90 + 0) + cos(330 -4)) sin(210 + 0) + cos(210 -4)) sin(330 + 0)-70
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Multiplying and dividing equation (2)by 2, we get,

l - .2[cos(90 -0) sin(90 + 0) + cos(330 - 0) sin(210 + 0) + cos(210 -4)) sin(330 + 0)] = 0 2

2 cos(90 -4)) sin(90 + 0) + 2 cos(330 - 0) sin(210 + 0) + 2 cos(210 -4)) sin(330 + 0) = 0 [sin(90 -4) + 90 + 0)- sin(90 -4) - 90 - 0)] + [sin(330 -4) + 210 + 0)- sin(330 [sin(210 -4) + 330 + 0)- sin(210 -(-330 - 0)] = 0 [ sin(180 - (4)- 0)] + sin(4) +
0-210-0)]

2 cosA sin/3 = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)]

+ sinf540- (41-0)] - sin[120- (0 + 0)] + sin[540 -(4)-0)] + sin[120+ (4)+ 0)1=0

- 0) + sin(4) + 0)] + 2 sin[540 - (4)- 0)] + [sin[120 + (0+ 0)] - sin[120 - (4) + 0)]] = 0 :* 2 sin 4 cos 0 + 2 sin(4) - 0) + 2 cos 120.sin(4) + 0) = 0

2 sin 4) cos 0 + 2[sin 4) cos 0 - cos (I) sin 0] - [sin 4) cos 0 + cos 4. sin 0] = 0 '.. sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

its, 2012

urnal for SpectC49144-0-9NE Jo 10rieering Students,2912 2 sin4) cos0 + 2 sin4) cosh - 2 cos4) sin0 - sin4) cos0 - cos(1) sine = 0 3 sin4) cos - 3 cos4) sine = 0 3 (sin4) cos - cos4) sin0) = 0 sin4) cos0 - cos(1) sin0 = 0 sin(4) - 0) = 0 sin A cos B - cos A sin B = sin(A If (4) - 0) is very small, then we have, $-0 =0 0= c(101 Tsnii.t 4 Jinn lo-na

Electrical Measure

ents (JNTU-Kakinada) 3.13

Let r be the series resistance of the capacitor, Total resistance of the load circuit including resistance of current coil,
=0.1+1. 5+r

= (1.75 Phase angle = tan-1 .75+ r) The load circuit his a leading power factor as the reactance is capacitive. For leading p.f, the niading of wattmeter is proportional to cos 13 cos ( + For a wattmeter realing to be zero, eos13 cos(4) + fb) =0 cos(4) + rcuit,

Hence, it is proved that the deflection 0 of the moving system is equal to the phase angle 4) of the system. 015. A dynamometer wattmeter is used to measure the power factor of a 20 ;IF capacitor. The pressure coil of the wattmeter having a resistance 1000 0 and an inductive reactance of 15 0 is connected across a 50 Hz supply. The current coil of the wattmeter, a variable resistor R and the capacitor are connected in series across the same supply. The wattmeter ... (2) deflection is made zero by adjusting the value of R to 1.65 0 . If the current coil resistance is 0.1 0 and inductance is negligible, determine the power factor of the capacitor. Nov.-10, Set-4, 03(b) M[8] Answer : Given that, Feb.-08, Set-3, 03(b) M[8]

=0 + p = cos-1(0) + 900
411 =90-13

=900-0.85886 4i =89.141 tan 159.2 --il 1.75 =66.7 -66.7 =0.6360 Impedance of capacitor = 0.636 - j159.2 = V(0.636)2 + (159.2)2 =159.252 pF of capacitor cos 0.636 159.2 - 0.00399

C =201.1F

Rp=

10000

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XLP = 15 i2
f =50Hz

icos B)] in B

R=0.152 R =1.650 Phase angle of pressure-coil;'

A certain circullt takes 10 A at 200 V and the power absorbe.1 is 1090 W. If the wattmeter's current coil ha* a resistance of 0.15 0 and its pressure call a resistance of 5000 nand an inductanceof 0.3 H. Find, (I) The error due to the re tance for each of the two possible meth snfvonnection (1i) The error due to the ind tanowlf the frequency Is 50 Hz. (iii) Total onimeach case. Nov.-11, Set-4, Q2(b) Mayhlune-04, Set-2, 02(b)

1.3 = tan '

1

15 ) 1000

= 0.01499 rad = 0.85886

Answer :

Given that, Potential applied to e circuit, V= 200 V Current drawn by t circuit, / = 10 A Power absorbed by ihe circuit, P = 1000 W m e 'found ,guilty ' L.IA LE.to-f,

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