ELG4126: Sustainable Power Systems

Concepts and Applications: You should be familiar with

Introduction (Structure of Power Systems) Basic Principles (AC Power) Generation Transmission Lines Transformers Power Flow Stability Transient and Harmonic Studies Protection Related Topics: Distributed Generation, Renewable Power, Efficiency

Computer Programs: MathCAD, PSpice, MATLAB / Simulink (PowerSym), PowerWord, EMTDC/PSCAD

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Power System Analysis, Computing and Economics Computing applications Distribution system analysis Economics, market organization, cost structures, pricing, and risk management Intelligent system applications Reliability, uncertainty, and probability and stochastic system applications Power System Dynamic Performance Power system dynamic modeling: components and systems Power system stability: phenomena, analysis, and techniques Power system stability controls: design and applications Power system dynamic measurements Power system interaction with turbine generators Dynamic security assessment: techniques and applications, risk-based methods Power System Operations Power system dynamic modeling: components and systems Power system stability: phenomena, analysis, and techniques Energy control centers Distribution operation System control Operating economics and pricing

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Power System Planning and Implementation Generation system resource planning Transmission system planning Distribution system planning Integrated resource planning and distributed resource planning Load forecasting Customer products and services planning and implementation Industry restructuring planning and policy issues. Electric Machinery DC Machines; Permanent magnet machinery systems; Switched and variable reluctance; machines; Integral horsepower induction machinery; Wound rotor induction machinery Single phase induction motors; Electronic drives for electric machinery; Induction generators for grid and isolated applications; Synchronous generators; Motor/generator sets for pumped storage; Synchronous motors materials to electric machinery; Electrical machinery theory Numerical analysis of electric machinery; Power processing equipment; Insulation for electric machinery; Application of magnetic materials to electric machinery; Application of superconducting. Power System Communications Communication systems; Communication media; Communication protocols; Communication standardization; Home automation and communication.

Introductory Terms and Concepts

Power System Components : Electrical Components
Light bulb Switch Watt-hour-meter Distribution system Circuit breakers Transformers banks Tap changers Protective relaying Transmission system Generator step-up transformers Socket Wire to circuit box Connection to distribution system Substation Disconnects Sub-transmission system Current transformers Reactors Suspension insulators Generators Wire to switch Circuit breaker Distribution transformer Capacitors Buses Capacitor Potential transformers Metal-oxide varistors Lightning arrestors

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Power System Instrumentation and Measurements Digital technology for measurements Electricity metering High voltage testing Measurement techniques for impedance elements Power System Relaying Digital protection systems Adaptive protections Power system protection Protection of electrical equipment Relaying communications Relaying for consumer interface Substations Substation automation Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) Substation design High voltage power electronics stations Gas insulated substations (GIS)

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Surge Proctective Devices Design/testing of high voltage surge protective devices (>1000V) Application of high voltage surge protective devices (>1000V) Design/testing of low voltage surge protective devices (<1000V) Application of low voltage surge protective devices (<1000V) Nuclear Power Engineering Nuclear power plant controls Modeling, simulations and control monitoring and instrumentation Transformer Power and instrument transformers Insulating fluids Dielectric testing Audible noise and vibration Transformer modeling techniques.

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Transmission and Distribution Systems AC transmission and distribution facilities Lightning phenomena and insulator performance Overhead line conductors: thermal and mechanical aspects Corona, electric, and magnetic fields Towers, poles, and hardware Capacitors, shunt and series capacitor banks, and harmonic filter banks HVDC transmission and distribution, FACTS and power electronic applications to ac transmission Harmonics and power quality Transients, switching surges, and electromagnetic noise Maintenance and operation of overhead lines Work procedures, safety, tools, and equipment Superconductivity analysis and devices Distributed resources Power Generation Excitation systems Power system stabilizers Advanced energy technologies, Renewable energy technologies Station design, operations, and control Modeling, simulation and control of power plants Monitoring and instrumentation of power plants Control of distributed generation Hydroelectric power plants, Power plant scheduling, Engineering economic issues International practices in energy development.

Simple Power System

Every power system has three major components: Generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage and frequency. Load or demand: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive value.

Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect conductor.

Additional components include:

Distribution system: local reticulation of power.

Control equipment: coordinate supply with load.
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Power
Power: Instantaneous rate of consumption of energy, How hard you work!

Power = Voltage x Current for DC

Power Units: Watts = amps times volts (W) kW 1 x 103 Watt MW 1 x 106 Watt GW 1 x 109 Watt Installed Canadian generation capacity is about 592 TWh. Maximum load of Ottawa may be about 2500 MW. Maximum load of uOttawa campus is about 50 MW.
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Energy
Energy: Integration of power over time, Energy is what people really want from a power system, How much work you accomplish over time. Energy Units: Joule = 1 watt-second (J) kWh kilo-watt-hour (3.6 x 106 J) Btu 1055 J; 1 Mbtu = 0.292 MWh

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The Greenhouse Effect!

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MW Load

10000

15000

20000

25000

5000

0
1 518 1035 1552 2069 2586 3103 3620 4137 4654 5171 5688 6205 6722 7239 7756 8273

Example Yearly Electric Load

Hour of Year

Review of Basic Electric Circuits

Phasor Representation in Sinusoidal Steady State Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor Power Factor Correction Three Phase Circuits Real and Reactive Power Transfer Between AC Systems Apparatus Ratings, Base Values, and Per Unit Quantities Energy Efficiency Read Example 2.1; Example 2.2; Example 2.3; Example 2.5.

Review of Electromagnetic Concepts

Amperes Law Flux Concepts Ferromagnetic Materials Inductances Faradays Law Leakage and Magnetizing Inductances.

Single-Phase Circuit

Current = I

Voltage V 0 deg

This circuit requires 2 wires to deliver power to the load

Three-Phase Circuit
Phase a Voltage a: V 0 deg 3-Phase Load

Neutral
Voltage c V +120 deg Voltage b:V -120 deg Phase b

Phase c

If the three phase load is balanced the neutral carries no current and can be eliminated.

From Two-Line Diagram to One-Line Diagram

Voltage Drop and Reactive Power Compensation
V1 = 13.2 x103 + j0 V2

P and Q
I ZLine = 1 +j7 ZLoad = 10 +j30

C=?

Calculate the voltage at the receiving end of the line. If the voltage is too low, compute the size of the capacitor which will recover the voltage to the same value of the sending end. Calculate the value of C.

The Per Unit System

Allows engineers to analyze a single phase network where: All P and Q quantities are three phase Voltage magnitudes are represented as a fractional part of their standard or base value All phase angles are represented in the same units as normally used. Each region of the power system is uniquely defined by a standard voltage determined by the transformer windings, this sets base voltage. The entire system is given a base power to which everything in the power flow is referred.

Advantages
Per-unit representation results in a more meaningful and correlated data. It gives relative magnitude information. There will be less chance of missing up between single - and three-phase powers or between line and phase voltages. The p.u. system is very useful in simulating machine systems on analog, digital, and hybrid computers for steady-state and dynamic analysis. Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of a piece of apparatus in p.u. (or per cent) on the base of the name plate rating of power ( ) and voltage ( ). Hence, it can be used directly if the bases chosen are the same as the name plate rating. The p.u. value of the various apparatus lie in a narrow range, though the actual values vary widely. The p.u. equivalent impedance (Zsc) of any transformer is the same referred to either primary or secondary side. For complicated systems involving many transformers or different turns ratio, this advantage is a significant one in that a possible cause of serious mistakes is removed. Though the type of transformer in 3-phase system, determine the ratio of voltage bases, the p.u. impedance is the same irrespective of the type of 3-phase transformer. (Y D , D Y, D D , or Y Y). Per-unit method allows the same basic arithmetic operation resulting in per-phase end values, without having to worry about the factor '100' which occurs in per cent system.

Nature of Power Systems in North America

Thousands of Generators, all Operating in Synchronization, Connected by about 300,000 km of Transmission Lines at 230 kV and Above! Advantages: Continuity; Reliability of Service; Low Cost!

Electric Energy and the Environment

Choices:
Hydro: Drop in the River; Run-of-River Fossil Fuels: Coal; Natural Gas; Oil Nuclear: Fusion; Fission Reactors Renewable: Wind; Photovoltaic; Fuel cells; Biomass Greenhouse Gasses Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides Mercury Thermal Pollution

Consequences:

Distributed Generation
Smaller in Power Rating Spurred by Renewable Resources Generate Electricity Local to the Load; Minimize the Cost of Transmission and Distribution in addition to Minimizing Losses. Utilize the Heat Produced as a Byproduct rather than Throwing it as is Common on Central Generation. An Ultimate Advantage would be when the Cost of Wind and Photovoltaic Energy Decrease Significantly.

Wind Energy

Wind Energy
= Pitch angle

Photovoltaic Energy
Photovoltaic cells consists of pn-junction where due to incident photons in the suns ray cause excess electrons and holes to be generated above their normal equilibrium. This causes a potential to be developed and results in the flow of current if an external circuit is connected. The following figure shows the v-i characteristic of the photovoltaic cell.

Components of Photovoltaic System

Fuel Cells
Fuel cells use hydrogen, and possibly other fuels, through a chemical reaction to produce electricity with water and heat as byproducts. Every fuel cell also has an electrolyte, which carries electrically charged particles from one electrode to the other, and a catalyst, which speeds the reactions at the electrodes.