Wireless Communication

Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or wires.

1)Transmission modes
A simplex connection is a connection in which the data flows in only one direction, from the transmitter to the receiver.

A full-duplex connection is a connection in which the data flow in both directions simultaneously. Each end of the line can thus transmit and receive at the same time, which means that the bandwidth is divided in two for each direction of data transmission if the same transmission medium is used for both directions of transmission.
A half-duplex connection (sometimes called an alternating connection or semi-duplex) is a connection in which the data flows in one direction or the other, but not both at the same time

2)packet-switched
A digital network technology that breaks up a message into small packets for transmission. Unlike circuit switching in traditional telephone networks, which requires the establishment of a dedicated point-to-point connection, each packet in a packet-switched network contains a destination address. Thus, all packets in a single message do not have to travel the same path. As traffic conditions change, they can be dynamically routed via different paths in the network, and they can even arrive out of order. The destination computer reassembles the packets into their proper sequence. Network protocols such as IP and IPX were designed for packet-based networks.

circuit-switched
Circuit-switched is a type of network in which a physical path is obtained for and dedicated to a single connection between two end-points in the network for the duration of the connection. Ordinary voice phone service is circuitswitched. The telephone company reserves a specific physical path to the number you are calling for the duration of your call. During that time, no one else can use the physical lines involved

3)Multiplexing Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. Whenever the transmission capacity of a medium linking two devices is greater than the transmission needs of the devices, the link can be shared in order to maximize the utilization of the link, such as one cable can carry a hundred channels of TV FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM)In FDM, signals generated by each sending device modulate different carrier frequencies. These modulated signals are then combined into a single composite signal that can be transported by the link. The carrier frequencies have to be different enough to accommodate the modulation and demodulation signals. The figure No.8.3 illustrates the FDM multiplexing process. The multiplexing process starts by applying amplitude modulation into each signal by using different carrier frequencies as/i and/j. Then both signals are combined

TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM) In the time-division multiplexing, multiple transmissions can occupy a single link by subdividing them and interleaving the portions. We say that TDM is a round robin use of a frequency. TDM can be implemented in two ways: synchronous TDM and asynchronous TDM. 1. Synchronous TDM The multiplexer allocates exactly the same time slot to each device at all times, whether or not a device has anything to transmit. Time slot 1, for example, is assigned to device 1 alone and cannot be used by any other device as shown in the figure

Asynchronous TDM In asynchronous TDM, each slot in a frame is not dedicated to the fix device. Each slot contains an index of the device to be sent to and a message. Thus, the number of slots in a frame is not necessary to be equal to the number of input devices. More than one slot in a frame can be allocated for an input device Asynchronous TDM allows maximization the link. It allows a number of lower speed input lines to be multiplexed to a single higher speed line. As shown in the figure

demultiplexer
(electronics) A device used to separate two or more signals that were previously combined by a compatible multiplexer and transmitted over a single channel.
4)Introduction to Wireless Networks

The demand for ubiquitous personal communications is driving the development of new networking techniques that accommodate mobile voice and data users who move throughout buildings, cities, or countries. Consider the cellular telephone system The cellular telephone system is responsible for providing coverage throughout a particular territory, called a coverage region or market. The interconnection of many such systems defines a wireless network capable of providing service to mobile users throughout a country or continent.
Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy Wireless networks rely heavily on landline connections. For example, the MSC connects to the PSTN and SS7 networks using fiberoptic or copper cable or microwave links. Base stations within a cellular system are connected to the MSC using line-of-sight (LOS) microwave links, or copper or fiber optic cables. These connections require high data rate serial transmission schemes in order to reduce the number of physical circuits between two points of connection

Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Networks

Transfer of information in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) takes place over landline trunked lines (called trunks) comprised of fiber optic cables, copper cables, microwave links, and satellite links. The network configurations in the PSTN are virtually static, since the network connections may only be changed when a subscriber changes residence and requires reprogramming at the local central office (CO) of the subscriber. Wireless networks, on the other hand, are highly dynamic, with the network configuration being rearranged every time a subscriber moves into the coverage region of a different base station or a new market. While fixed networks are difficult to change, wireless networks must reconfigure themselves for users within small intervals of time (on the order of seconds) to provide roaming and imperceptible handoffs between calls as a mobile moves about. The available channel bandwidth for fixed networks can be increased by installing high capacity cables (fiberoptic or coaxial cable), whereas wireless networks are constrained by the meager RF cellular bandwidth provided for each user.

The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) The PSTN is a highly integrated communications network that connects over 70% of the worlds inhabitants. In early 2001, the International Telecommunications Union estimated that there were 1 billion public landline telephone numbers, as compared to 600 million cellular telephone numbers. While landline telephones are being added at a 3% rate, wireless subscriptions are growing at greater than a 40% rate. Every telephone in the world is given calling access over the PSTN.
Network Switching
The benefits of switching vary from network to network. Adding a switch for the first time has different implications than increasing the number of switched ports already installed. Understanding traffic patterns is very important to network switching - the goal being to eliminate (or filter) as much traffic as possible. A switch installed in a location where it forwards almost all the traffic it receives will help much less than one that filters most of the traffic.

Access network
An access network is that part of a telecommunications network which connects subscribers to their immediate service provider. It is contrasted with the core network, (for example the Network Switching Subsystem in GSM) which connects local providers to each other. The access network may be further divided between feeder plant or distribution network, and drop plant or edge network.

5)Wireless local loop

6)Antennas Typs Omnidirectional Antennas. The omnidirectional antenna radiates or receives equally well in all directions. It is also called the "non-directional" antenna because it does with the four cardinal signals. This type of pattern is commonly associated with verticals, ground planes and other antenna types in which the radiator element is vertical with respect to the Earth's surface. The key factor to note is that for receivers all four signals (or signals from anydirection, for that matter) are received equally well. For transmitters, the radiated signal has the same strength in all directions. This pattern is useful for broadcasting a signal to all points of the compass (as when calling "CQ"), or when listening for signals from all points. Directional Antennas.. The directivity of an antenna is a statement of how the RF energy is focussed in one or two directions. Because the amount of RF energy remains the same, but is distributed over less area, the apparent signal strength is higher. This apparent increase in signal strength is theantenna gain. The gain is measured in decibels over either a dipole (dBd) or a theoretical construct called an isotropic radiator (dBi). The isotropic radiator is a spherical

signal source that radiates equally well in all directions. One way to view the omnidirectional pattern is that it is a slice taken horizontally through the three dimensional sphere. 7)Access Techniqes
Frequency division multiple access FDMA one phone circuit per channel idle time causes wasting of resources simultaneously and continuously transmitting usually implemented in narrowband systems for example: in AMPS is a FDMA bandwidth of 30 kHz implemented Time Division Multiple Access time slots one user per slot buffer and burst method non continuous transmission digital data digital modulation Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) CDMA is multiple access scheme that allows many users to share the same bandwidth 3G (WCDMA), IS-95 Basic Principles of CDMA Each user is assigned a unique spreading code The processing gain protects the useful signal and reduces interference between the different users PG = (Bandwidth after spreading)/(Bandwidth before spreading)

8)Broadband
The term broadband refers to the wide bandwidth characteristics of a transmission medium and its ability to transport multiple signals and traffic types simultaneously. The medium can be coax, optical fiber, twisted pair or wireless. In contrast, baseband describes a communication system in which information is transported across a single channel.[1] Prior to the invention of home broadband, dial-up Internet access was the only means by which one could access the Internet and download files such as songs, movies, e-mails, etc. It would take anywhere from 10 30 minutes to download one song (3.5 MB) and over 28 hours to download a movie (700 MB). Dial-up Internet was also considered very inconvenient as it would impair the use of the home telephone line, and users would contemplate whether or not to get a second line, and if doing so was worth the cost.