GURUKUL THE SCHOOL Questions and answers- Print culture and the modern world Lesson -7 History

1. Explain the main features of the first printed Bible. a. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. b. The text was printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal types, but the borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand by artists. c. Every page of each copy was different. d. Different colors were used within the letters in various places. 2. Describe the progress of print in Japan. a. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770. b. The oldest Japanese book printed Was Buddhist Diamond Sutra in 868 AD c. Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and paper money. d. In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published and books were cheap and abundant. e. In late 18th century collections of paintings depicted elegant urban culture, tea house gatherings and in urban circles at Edo. 3. How did Print come to Europe from China? a. Paper reached from China through Silk Route in 11th century by Marco Polo, a great explorer in the year 1295. b. Marco polo brought back with him the technology of woodblock printing. c. With this production of manuscripts written by scribes became regular feature. d. By the 15th century woodblocks being widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards and religious pictures. e. For quicker and cheaper production of books, new invention was done in print technology. f. Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing press in the 1930s. 4. How did Johann Gutenberg develop the first printing press? a. Johann Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and inventor. b. He was the son of a merchantand spent his childhood on large agricultural estates. c. From his chuildhood, he had seen wine and olive presses. d. He learnt the art of polishing stones and acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets. e. Using this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted the existing technology to design his innovation. f. The olive press became the base model for printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of alphabet. g. By 1448 he perfected his system and published 42 lines Bible. h. About 180 copies were printed most on paper and some on vellum.

5. What were the features of the new books which were produced in Europe after the invention of Gutenbergs press? a. Printed books resembled greatly the written manuscripts in appearance. b. Borders of the printed books were illuminated by hand, with foliage and other patterns. c. Illustrations were painted and books written for elite class had space for decoration. d. Different painting schools were prevailed a person could chose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations exclusively for him. 6. What were the drawbacks of handwritten manuscripts? a. The production of handwritten manuscripts could meet the demand for books. b. Copying was expensive. c. The manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be carried around or read easily. 7. The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to print Revolution. Explain. a. From 1450-1550, printing presses were set up in most of the countries in Europe. b. Printers from Germany travelled to other countries, seeking work and helping to start new presses. c. As the number of printing presses grew, book production boomed. d. The second half of the 15th century saw around 20million copies of printed books flooded the markets in Europe. e. The number went up to 200 million in 16th century. f. It influenced popular perceptions and opened up new ways of looking at things. 8. Why did some people fear the effect of the easily available printed books? a. Many were of the opinion that printed words and the wider circulation of books would have negative impact on peoples mind. b. They feared that if there was no control over what was printed, and then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might gain importance. c. Scholars also feared because of the authority of valuable literature would be destroyed. d. Print encouraged many distinctive interpretations of religious faiths and ideas. In 16th century, MANOCCHIO, a miller in Italy read books available in the readily in his market e. He gave new interpretation of Bible and formulated a view of GOD, this enraged the Roman Catholic Church. f. As a result Manocchio was executed when the Roman Catholic Church began its inquisition g. In the year 1558, Roman Church decided to maintain Index of Prohibited books and several control measures were imposed on publishers. 9. Print popularized the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers. Explain a. Collectively, the writings of thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. b. Scholars and thinkers argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that everything and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality.

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c. They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. d. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely and became critical, rational and inquisitive. How did the ideas of scientists and philosophers now becomemore accessible to common people after the beginning of print revolution in Europe? a. The ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accible to the common people. b. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed. c. When scientists like Issac Newton began their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers. d. The writings of Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were widely printed and read. Thus their ideas about science, reason and rationality found their way into popular literature. Who was Martin Luther? Explain about Protestant Revolution. a. Martin Luther was a German monk, priest, professor and a church reformer. b. In 1517, he wrote NINETY FIVE THESES and openly criticized many of the practices and rituals of the ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. c. A printed copy of this was pasted on a church door at Wittenberg. It challenged the Church to debate his ideas. d. Luthers writings were immediately copied in vast numbers and read widely. e. This led to a division within the Church, and led to the beginning of Protestant Revolution. Why did some people in the 18th century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism? a. Spreading of new ideas: Scientists and philosophers became more accessible. b. Writings of scholars: Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseaus ideas about science, reasoning and rationality found their way into popular literature. c. Books as medium of progress: Boos became a medium of spreading progress and enlightenment which could change the society and world. d. Ideas of enlightened thinkers: Thinkers like Martin Luther attacked authority of the Church and despotic power of the state. e. A new culture of dialogue and debate: The print created a new culture of dialogue and debate and the public became aware of reasoning and recognized the need to question the existing ideas. Many Historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which the French Revolution occurred. Explain. a. Ideas of the Enlightened: The print popularized the ideas of the enlightened thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. b. New Culture: The print created the culture of dialogue and debate and pubic became aware of reasoning.

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c. Criticism of the noble class: The literature of 1780s mocked the royalty and criticized their morality and the existing social order. This literature led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy. By the end of the 19th century a new visual culture was taking shape. Write the features of this new visual culture. a. Press and Visual culture: Visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. b. Images for mass circulation: Painters like Raja Ravi Verma produced images for mass circulation. Cheap prints and calendars could be bought even by the poor. c. Caricatures and Cartoons: By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and newspapers. Some of the cartoons openly criticized the imperial rule. d. Reduction of cost and visual culture: Mass production of visual images reduced the cost of production. Cheap prints were available in the market even for the poor to decorate the walls of their homes. Who was Louise- Sebastian Mercier? What were his ideas about print? a. He was French dramatist and a novelist in 18th century. b. He declared that printing press was the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that would sweep despotism away. c. Mercier proclaimed that power of print would bring enlightenment and destroy the basis of despotism. d. So he said Tremble therefore the tyrants of the world What were Erasmuss ideas about the print? a. He was a Latin Scholar and Catholic Reformer, who criticized the excesses of Catholicism, but kept his distance from Luther. b. He expressed deep anxiety about printing. c. He held that many printers wrote books which were seditious, irreligious, scandalous, and slanderous, raving and because of which valuable publications lose their value. How did oral culture enter into print and how was the printed material transmitted orally? a. Printers published popular ballads and folk tales and that is how oral culture entered into print. b. Books were profusely illustrated with pictures which were shown and sung at gathering in villages, taverns and towns. c. They were recited in public gatherings that were how print was transmitted orally among the public. Explain the factors which were responsible for creating a virtual reading mania in Europe. a. Increase in Literacy rate: Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages by the end of 18th century and so literacy rate went upto 60-80 percent. b. New forms of literature: New forms of literature were printed targeted to new audiences like there were almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads and folk tales. c. Periodicals: The development of periodicals combined information about current affairs and entertainment, war and trade etc.

d. Penny chapbooks and bileolithique blue: Pocket size books that were sold by travelling pedlars called chapmen were available and in France blue colour ink was used whish made books very cheap. e. Ideas of scientists and philosophers: Scientists like Issac Newton began to publish their discoveries and works of philosophers like Voltaire became accessible to people. 19. What did the spread of print culture in the 19th century European meant to Children, Women and Workers? a. CHILDREN: i. Primary education became compulsory and children became important categories of readers. ii. Production of school textbooks became critical for publishers. iii. Childrens press was set up in France in 1857 which published old and new fairy tales and folk tales. iv. The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants. v. Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elites was not included in the published version. b. WOMEN: i. As readers: Lives and feelings of women began to be written in intense ways. Penny magazines were especially meant for women, as were manual teaching proper behavior and housekeeping. ii. As writers: Many novelists like Jane Austin, Bronte Sisters, George Eliot wrote about women. Novels and other journals began exploring the world of womentheir emotions identities, their experiences and problems. iii. Novels and books on women: The writings of women became important in defining a new type of women. Many journals began carrying writngs by women and explained why women should be educated. c. WORKERS: i. Lending Libraries: lending libraries in England became instruments for educating the white-collar workers, artisans and lower-middle class people. ii. Autobiographies: self educated working class wrote for themselves for self improvement and self expression. iii. Novels on the lives of workers: Workers faced problems of unemployment, low wages and poor working conditions, so many novelists like Charles dickens and Thomas Hardy wrote about adverse conditions of workers. 20. Mention some of the innovations which has improved the printing technology after 17th century. a. Metal Press: Appearance and of the press was improved and made up of metal now. b. Rotary printing press: Richard March Hoe designed and improved printing press which was much faster than the old one. His new press could print 8000 sheets per hour. c. Offset Press: it could print up 6 colours at the same time. d. Electrically operated Presses: in the 20th Century this type of press accelerated the printing

e. Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better, automatic f. Paper reels and photo-electric control of the colour register was introduced. 21. How were the ideas and information written before the age of print in India? How the printing technique began in India? a. India had a tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and other vernacular languages. b. Manuscripts were copied on Palm leaves or on handmade pa per which were either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation. c. Print in India introduced in late 19th century. d. It first came in Goa with Portuguese missionaries in mid 16th century and written in Konkani by Jesus Priests. e. In 1674, about 50 books were printed. f. The Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin and in 1713, the first Malyalam book was printed. g. By 1710, Dutch missionaries had printed 32 Tamil Texts. 22. Explain the role of press in India in shaping Indian society in 19th century. a. Variety of opinions: i. There were serious debates on religious, social and economic issues and colonial issues ii. There were many who criticized the existing practices and campaigned for reforms in religion, while there were some who countered the arguments of reformers. iii. These were carried out openly in print. b. Shaping of opinion: i. A wider section of public could now participate in these public debates, discussions and express their views. ii. New ideas were emerged through these clashes of opinions. c. Social reforms: i. This was the time of intense controversies over the social evils like widow immolation, child marriage, sati, pardah system. ii. Newspapers circulated a variety of arguments, printed in the everyday, spoken language of the ordinary people. iii. Raja Ram Mohan Roy published Samvad Kaumudi from 1821and hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose Roys opinions. 23. How was the print used to spread the religious texts by various communities? Explain by giving examples. a. Print and the Hindus: i. The first printed edition was Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas printed in 1810 in Calcutta. ii. Cheap lithographic editions flooded the North Indian markets in mid 19th century.

iii. Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and Sri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published many religious texts in vernacular language in 1880s. iv. Relgious texts and books started reaching a very wide circle of people, encouraging debates and controversies within and among different religions. b. Print among Muslims: i. Ulemas and print: Ulemas used cheap lithographic presses to print Muslim personal laws in Persian and Urdu languages and printed religious newspapers. ii. The Deoband Seminary founded in 1867, published fatwas making muslims readers more aware of the code of conduct intheir everyday lives. iii. New Muslim Sects and seminaries appeared in 19th century with different interpretation of faith and keen I enlarging their followers. 24. Explain the impact of printed books on women in India in 19th century. a. Writers strated wiritg about the lives and feelings of women which increased the women readers. b. Many schools and colleges were set up for women education and journals were printed to emphasise on the women education. c. Rashsundari Devi in Bengal wrote her autobiography,AMAR JIBAN< which was published in 1876. d. From 1860s many Bengal women writers like Kailashbashini Devi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women at home, treated unjustly, forced to do domestic labour etc. e. Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about miserable lives of the upper caste Hindu women in Maharashtra. f. In the early 20th century journals written by women became popular in which widow remarriage, women education were discussed and some fashion lessons to women. g. Ram Chadda published ISTRI DHARAM VICHAR to teach women hoe to be obedient wives and The Khalsa Tract society published cheap booklets on qualities of good woman. 25. From the late 19th century, issue of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Explain by giving examples. a. Print reached to the poor in 19th century when publishers started producing cheap books at crossroads. b. Public libraries were set up by Christian missionaries c. Jyotibha Phule was a social reformer who wrote about the poor condition of low caste in his book Gulamgiri. d. In 20th century, B.R Ambedkar wrote against untouchability. e. E.V Ramaswamy Naicker, also known as Periyar also wrote about caste system prevailing in Madras. f. Kashibaba, a Kanpur mill worker wrote and published Chotte Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to depict the links between caste and class exploitation. g. Kanpur mill worker wrote poems under the name of Sudershan Chakra, between 193555 which came to known as Sacchi Kavitayain.

h. By 1930s, Banglore mill workers set up libraries to educate themselves, which were sponsored by social reformers to restrict excessive drinking among workers and also to educate them. 26. Explain the print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India. a. New ideas and debates among social reformers which were carried out openly in public and in print. b. Print connected communities and people living in different parts of India though newspapers and creating pan-Indian identities. c. Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers which reported colonial misrule, like KESARI by Balgangadhar Tilak. d. May novels written by Indian novelists like Bankim Anandmath created a sense of belongingness, Munshi Premchands Godan, highlighted about exploitative colonial bureaucrats. e. Printers like Raja Ravi Verma and Abanindranath Tagore produced images of Bharatmata which produced sense of nationalism among Indians. 27. Write a short note on the following: a. Vernacular Press Act. i. Vernacular Press Act was passed on the model of Irish Press Laws in 1878. It provided the government with extensive powers to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. The government started keeping the track of vernacular newspapers published in different provinces. If any report judged as illegal, the newspapers were given a warning and if warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and printing machinery could be confiscated. b. Gandhiji said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for the liberty of speech, liberty of the press and freedom of association. i. Mahatma Gandhi said these words during Non- Cooperation Movement in 1922 which means that according to him without the liberty of speech, the liberty to press and freedom of association, no nation can even survive. Nationalism requires these three pre-requisites for its survival.

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