----

POTENTIAL FLOW ABOUT A PROLATE SPHEROID IN AXIAL HORIZONTAL MOTION BENEATH A FREE SURFACE

Ivy

Cesar FareII

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of ifliilosophy in the Department of Mechanics and Hydraulics In the Graduate College of The University of Iowa August, 1968

Chairman:

Professor Louis Landweber

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This dissertation is hereby approved as a creditable report on research carried cut and presented in a manner which warrants its acceptance as a prerequisite for the degree for which it is submitted. It is to be understood, however, that neither the Department of Mechanics and Hydraulics nor the dissertation adviser is responsible for the statements made cr opinions expressed.

Dissertation Adviser

Head/of the Department

ii

WIIIHI I I-'
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POTENTIAL FLOW ABOUT A PROLATE SPHEROID DJ AXIAL HORIZONTAL MOTION BENEATH A FREE SURFACE

by Cesar FareII

An Abstract Of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Mechanics and Hydraulics in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa August, 1968

Chairman:

Professor Louis Landweber

.
ma*

The potential flow about a prolate spheroid in axial horizontal motion beneath a free surface is treated analytically. Whiie the free-

surface boundary condition is linearized, the boundary condition on the surface of the body is satisfied exactly. Thus, an "exact" solution, The solution

within the theory of infinitesimal waves, is obtained.

is sought in the form of a distribution of sources on the surface of the spheroid, of unknown density; the analysis yields an infinite set of equations for determining the coefficients of the expansion of the density function in spherical harmonics (and therefore for determining the coefficients of the expansion of the potential in spheroidal harmonics). An expression is derived for the wave resistance of the

spheroid in terms of these coefficients through application of the Lagally theorem. The expression for the wave resistance given by

Havelock in 1931 is obtained as the first approximation in the present analysis. Numerical evaluations were performed using an IBM 350/65 computer, for a Froude number (defined with respect to the distance between foci) of 0.4, a focal distance equal to twice the depth of submergence, and several values of the eccentricity. The numerical solution of the in-

finite set of equations was obtained keeping an increasing number pf equations (and, therefore, calculating an increasing number of coefficients of the series expansions), up to a maximum of twenty. The

wave resistance and tjie density of the source distribution were evaluated at each stage, the latter along meridian planes of the spheroid. For a prolate spheroid with a slenderness ratio slightly larger th^ . five the wave resistance is larger than Havelock's by about 34%. tor

fa^^asuudeMriaaasaiesssaliHStiMfl

slenderness ratios of 3.64 and 2.40 the corrections are as auch as 90% and 3687., respectively, of Havelock's approximation (the spheroid corresponding to the latter slenderness ratio is very close to piercing the free surface). An infinite set cf equations, essentially equivalent to that obtained in this work for determining a source distribution on the surface of the spheroid which satisfies exactly the boundary condition on its surface, was obtained by Bessho using an entirsly independent derivation. The coefficients of Bessho's system of equations, however,

appear to be incorrect, possibly because of typographical errors, and his numerical evaluations are rather inaccurate. The value of the

wave resistance obtained by Bessho, for a Froude number of 0.395, a focal distance equal to twice the depth of submergence, and a slenderness ratio of 4.17, exceeds Havelock's approximation by 1467.; according to the numerical evaluations reported here, the correction should instead be in the neighborhood of 60 to 55% of Havelock's value.

Abstract approved:

Z\s jL&<Ms4~ J*'--* i&ZsriscUjLh-eJ^-z dissertation advisor

title and department

date

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Professor Louis Landweber for the excellent advice and the many ideas of inestimable value he offered during all phases of this 3tudy. The work was sup-

ported in part by the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr 1611 (06) and in part by the Graduate College of The University of Iowa.

111

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Wjfjgsgmma/m m*w

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTION BASIC EQUATIONS

. . '

v vi 1 9 16 25 28 35 . 50 52 55 57

ANALYTICAL TREATMENT CALCULATION OF THE WAVE RESISTANCE NUMERICAL EVALUATIONS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS LIST OF REFERENCES APPENDIX A. APPENDIX B. APPENDIX C. EXPRESSION FOR SURFACE DISTRIBUTION IN SPHEROIDAL COORDINATES PROOF OF A RELATION INVOLVING LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS ... EXPRESSION OF HARMONICS EXPRESSION FOR Ox+y+7z 2 2 2 e , a 4 +y = 0 IN SPHEROIDAL

59
Y"
1

APPENDIX D. APPENDIX E.

/s -, \ aax-tbjrt-T'bz a f g- g-i gjO e

....

69 73

COMPUTER PROGRAMS

IV

mi', .ft.

Im-,

i mmmammm*

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Coefficients Coefficients Coefficients Coefficients A n Am n Am n A n for for for for R/itpgc a/c = 1.01 a/c = 1.02 a/c = 1.06 a/c =1.10 3 . .

Pa^e 38 39 40 41 42

Wave resistance

mmmf^mtwrnm-r-r'^

m* **i u

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
1. Density of source distribution along a horizontal meridian plane near rear of spheroid (a/c = 1.02) Density of source distribution along a vertical meridian plane near rear of spheroid (a/c = 1.02) Density of source distribution along a vertical meridian plane near front of spheroid (a/c =1.02) Density of source distribution along meridian planes of the spheroid (a/c = 1.02)

Page

45

2.

46

3.

47

4.

48

VI

I'

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..niium.in1nnp>qi|Uii i

,IVI,,

INTRODUCTION

Even the simplest problems involving free surface waves are difficult to treat analytically when formulated exactly. In dealing

with these problems, therefore, one must introduce simplifying assumptions intc the equations of motion and the boundary conditions, and replace the original problem by a new one which is more amenable to mathematical treatment and which should approximate the original one in some prescribed way. If viscosity is neglected and irrotational flow

is assumed, the problem reduces to finding solutions of the Laplace equation. The free-surface boundary condition, however, is nonlinear,

even if surface tension is neglected, and moreover it must be applied on a surface of unknown location. As a result, further simplificaFor flows about submerged ob-

tions are still needed in most cases.

stacles, the assumption of irrotational flow may lead to a new problem which does not approximate the original one; such is the case, for example, with flow about circular cylinders and spheres, these two shapes being very attractive to the mathematical researcher because of the simplifications they bring about in the mathematical expressions. In order to deal with the nonlinear free-surface boundary condition, special approximation techniques have been developed. For flows about

submerged bodies, these techniques transform the problem into a series of linear problems with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions (with the

"''"-

exception of the first order or infinitesimal wave approximation, for which the corresponding boundary condition is homogeneous), to be applied on the plane of the undisturbed free surface. Even within the

theory of infinitesimal waves, however, an exact solution is difficult to obtain. An additional approximation is involved in many researches,

since the boundary condition on the surface of the body is not satisfied exactly. If one assumes that the shape of the body is such that

perfect fluid theory can yield results oE practical significance, the determination of the errors due to the failure to satisfy the nonlinear free-surface boundary condition on the one hand, and the boundary condition on the surface of the body on the other, is of great practical interest. In the present work, the wave motion produced when a stream of constant velocity is incident upon a submerged prolate spheroid with its axis parallel to the free surface and in the direction of the stream will be treated. This shape is of interest in connection with

the wave resistance of submarines; moreover, perfect fluid theory can be expected to yield results of practical significance when applied to determine the flow about slender prolate spheroids. The free surface

boundary condition will be linearized; the boundary condition on the surface of the body will be satisfied exactly. Thus, an answer will

be provided, for this particular shape, to the latter of the two problems posed in the preceding paragraph. A short summary of past researches dealing with the theory of infinitesimal waves in flows about submerged obstacles is included below. Only streams of infinite depth are considered.

MM%nMR3 '.,>l->-.a

The first detailed evaluation of the wave notion caused by a fully submerged obstacle is contained in a paper by Lamb (1913) in which the disturbance produced in the flow of a uniform stream (of infinite depth) E by a submerged circular cylinder is dealt with. The evaluation yields,

actually, the disturbance produced in the flow of the stream by the dipole which generates the cylinder in an unbounded fluid. The boundary

condition on the surface of the cylinder is not satisfied and an anomalous moment on the cylinder results (Wehausen 1960, p. 576; see also Havelock 1929). generated. As Tuck (1965) has shown, no closed body is actually

Thus, Lamb's analysis provides only a first step in the

solution of the linearized problem. Let Let 01 0_ be the velocity potential of a uniform (unbounded) stream. 0fi in the sub-

be the velocity potential of the image of 0.. is such that 0.. + 0.. Let 0 (s)

merged body; that is,

satisfies the boundary be the velocity po0(s) is

condition on the surface of the body. tential of the image of such that 0 + 0 (s) 0..

in the free surface; that is,

satisfies the free-surface boundary condition x = -co. 0 Let in general 0 n (s) be

and the radiation condition at

the velocity potential of the image of 0 ,, n-t-l body.

in the free surface and 0 (s) n in the submerged

be the velocity potential of the image of The sequence

<>o+ h + "i(s) + +*, + KM * <U +

if convergent, yields the complete solution to the linearized problem. This program has been carried out by Wehausen (Weha.isen & Laitona 1960, pp. 574 et seqq.) for the case of the circular cylinder. In

[T '

this case, Kchin, and

n x? .,
TV^L

can be obtained fro fron 2 n (s)

? u

by iseans of a forauia of

by using MiLne-Theiason:s circle theorem; Cylinders of other

Wehausen has shown the series re be convergent.

shapes can probably be handled by a combination of this technique and coaformal napping. A complete solution frr the submerged circular cylinder was also given by Havelock in 1936. In previous papers (1917, 1927, 1929)

Havelock had applied to this problem the method of successive images later used by Wehausen to give a complete solution, evaluating the second set of images within the cylinder and the corresponding image in the free surface, and thus carrying the computations two stages further than in Lamb's solution. In his 1936 paper, however, he used

a different approach and obtained the solution by expanding the complex potential of the system of sources and sinks within the cylinder in a -n Laurent series, A z , about the origin. The free-surface boundary condition (and the radiation condition) can then be satisfied by adding a suitable expression in terms of the coefficients A n of the Laurent

series, and the boundary condition on the surface of the body yields an infinite set of equations for the coefficients A . The procedure,

which lends itself well to approximate computations, amounts to producing the flow outside the cylinder due to the system of singularities inside by placing at its center an infinite number of multipoles, modified to satisfy the free-surface boundary condition (and the radiation condition), and whose strength is chosen so as to satisfy the boundary condition on the surface of the body. Havelock found, for the wave

resistance of the circular cylinder, the expression

'

"

....--

_us>. -a- -rji

9W

*. * M

R = 4s plT(k a)

l-2r.(ka)2 - (r,-3r.2+s2) (k a)4 +

l o 2 1 O (

where a is the radius of the cylinder, d the depth of submergence of its axis, ko = g/U , s = 2se"a, a = 2kod, r

1 = rr + 2 ' (n-1)! a

(n-2)! .
i

-a

li(e)
)

and li denotes the logarithmic integral.

The first term in this ex-

pression is that obtained by Lrimb for the wave resistance of the circular cylinder. The approximate .. to the wave resistance of a submerged body which is obtained by evaluating the flow about the singularity distribution that produces the body in an unbounded stream has been calculated by Havelock for the sphere (1917), for prolate and oblate spheroids aoving in the direction of the axis of symmetry and at right angles id it (1931a), and for an ellipsx with unequal axes moving in the direction of the longest axis (1931b). Havelock evaluated the vave resistance of

the sphere by direct integration of the horizontal component of the pressure on its surface; the method of successive iiaagns was applied to compute the second set of images within the sphere, needed in order to satisfy the boundary condition on its surface to the required degree of approximation. The computation of this second set of images can be

dispensed with if Lagally's theorem is used to obtain the wave

>" uaw awteWl

fOTI^T -

resistance to the same degree of approximation.

This fact was noticed

by Havelock in his 1929 paper on the circular cylinder, in which a proof of Lagal'y's theorem for the steady two-dimensional case in which only sources, sinks and doublets are present is given. The proof is based on

the Blasius formulas for the force and moment on a closed contour in two-dimensional, incompressible, potential flow; the name of Lagally is not associated with the result. To compute the wave resistance for the

spheroid and the ellipsoid, however, Havelock made use of a previous result for the wave resistance of an arbitrary set of doublets in a . uniform stream (1923; see also 1932) obtained using an artificial method due to Lamb (1926). The method consists in making use of Rayleigh's -p^'V,

artifice of including a fictitious dissipative body force,

proportional to the disturbance velocity, calculating the energy dissipation as

RU = u'P /

0^ dS

where the integration is taken over the boundary of the fluid, and interpreting the finite limiting value of this expression, when p,' is

made to approach zero, as the rate at. ^hich energy is propagated outwards in the wave motion. In his 1929 paper on the circular cylinder Havelock pointed out also that the second set of images within the cylinder is needed if Lagally's theorem is used to verify (to the degree of approximation afford3d by the first image within the cylinder and the corresponding image in the free surface) that the moment about the center of the cylinder vanishes. Indeed, application of Lagally's theorem shows

''

immediately that a contribution of the required order of magnitude arises from the interaction of the external uniform stream and the second set of images. For a prolate spheroid moving along its axis,

the contribution to the moment arising from this interaction was calculated by Havelock (1952). The same task was undertaken by Pond (1951)

for the Rankine ovoid and later (1952) for the more general case of an elongated body of revolution. system exactly. Pond does not obtain the second image

Instead he uses Munk's technique and obtains, witn

some additional simplifications, an approximate image system in the form of a distribution of doublets along the axis of the body between the limits cf the distribution that produces the body in the uniform unbounded stream. quired moment. Lagally's theorem yields then immediately the re-

Pond's result agrees with the approximation that

Havelock, based upon his analysis for tte prolate spheroid, proposes for long slender bodies of revolution. The case of the fully submerged prolate spheroid, which will be dealt with in this work, was treated analytically by Bessho (1957), who tried to satisfy exactly the boundary condition on the surface of the spheroid using a distribution of sources on it. Bessho considered

first an ellipsoid with three unequal axes and was thus able to use in the solution of the problem several results on Lame's functions given by Hobson (1931, Chap. 11). His final expressions, however, appear to

be incorrect, possibly because of typographical errors, and his numerical evaluations are rather inaccurate. In the present work, a more

direct attack using spherical coordinates yields an equivalent set of equations for determining the source distribution, but with certain

xaatmxuatxiiwnMiMsmti***msaswaawBaMEhaafr.

significant corrections.

Furthermore, the numerical evaluations are

performed to a high degree of accuracy, avoiding the rough approximations employed by Bessho.

BASIC EQUATIONS

For convenience of reference the equations describing the irrotational notion, under gravity, of an incompressible fluid having a free surface are collected here. can be found elsewhere. Let Oxyz be a right-handed rectangular coordinate system and Since the notion is Derivations of these equations

let the y axis be directed vertically upwards. irrotational, we have

v = V$
where V is the velocity vector and <p is the velocity potential.

(l)

Since the fluid is incompressible, it follows from the equation of con tinuity that must satisfy Laplace's equati :ion

V2$= o
The Euler equations of motion, on the other hand, yield the integral

(2)

gy
where g

+ +f P 2
p is the pressure, p is t is time.

O;

is the acceleration of gravity,

the mass density of the fluid, and

To these equations we must add the appropriate boundary conditions for the problem on hand. let it be described by Let S(t) be a boundary surface and

F(x,y,z,t)=L.

Since no transfer of matter takes

"^p^"

10
place across S(t), we must have at every point of the surface F F F OF

x^
V

+ V

y5y-

+ V

z^+Sf=0

<4>
V.

where

V ,

V ,

and

are the components of the velocity vector

At a fixed boundary, condition (4) reduces to

3n

= 0

(5)

d/dn

denoting the derivative in the direction of the outward normal to If

the boundary.

y = *f(x,z,t)
describes the free surface ex the fluid, condition (4) takes the form

(6)

v i)

x (x

- v

+ v *\

z (z

+*i

(t

=0

(7)
Then,

Let

be the constant pressure above the free surface.

in addition to the kinematic condition (7), we must have at every point of the free surface

p(x,y,z,t) = po

(8)

since we neglect both surface tension and viscous effects. made of Equation (3), this condition becomes

When use is

g "1
to be satisfied on y
= />

+ 2"

V2 + . < =0

Sf

(9)

|(x,z,t),

the additive constant having been

merged in the value of

d^/dt.

In the following, the perturbation produced by a submerged obstacle

* *ws.*W"iiK*W **'

......y,.-..-.

-. "' 'I-""".

in the flow of a stream of constant velocity is then convenient to write

will be considered.

It

Ux + 0

(10)

where the perturbation potential

satisfies the Laplace equation

V 0- 0
and to let u, v, and w be the components of the perturbation

(ID

velocity, that is

b0
ox The boundary conditions become

dg
oy

M oz

(12)

M=ux
on on

g=0
On

(13)

on the surface of the body, and, since the motion is steady,

(U+u) if and g"|

on the free surface
+

- vrwjr = 0

(14)

l((u+u)2

+ v2+w2l

2U

1.2

(15)

y = *?(x,z).

The boundary condition that the velocity potential must satisfy on the free surface can be obtained by eliminating and (15), as was done by Landweber (1964). ever, to proceed as follows. "7 between (14)

It is more convenient, how-

On the free surface

P(x,y,z) = p^_

in.i ii

pii

-WJ|W-

SHSW

" Prw'-JJJW,

^Hi

12
and therefore

^=v.VP=o
Substituting p from (3) into (16) we obtain gv + | V . V V2 - 0 This is the nonlinear boundary condition to be satisfied by the velocity potential on the free surface. If we let

(16)

(17)

q since 2

2 _ 2 , 2 _, 2 - u + v + w

= U

+ q

+ 2Uu

we can write (17) in the form

9*

2 \

-9K

22r

j= 0

(18)

or, making use of (12),

2^ + 2 6li Qr* %

9\

QK

QW

2>&

(19).

to be satisfied on

y = "^(x.z).

For a stream of infinite depth we also have as a boundary condition lim grad 0=0
y ^ _ OO

(20)

inn

Hi

in

' " "i 1 *^F"^^*WIIW^^^t

- *-

? .-.-*..'. r.,J^

13
that is, the perturbation vanishes far below the body. In addition to

the boundary conditions (13), (14), (15), and (20) we must also have

lim grad 0=0

(21)

that is, the motion must also vanish far ahead of the body.

Thif; so-

called "radiation condition" need not be imposed if Rayleigh's artifice of introducing a fictitious dissipative body force proportional to the disturbance velocity is used (Lamb 1932, p. 399; see also Wehausen and Laitone 1960, p, 479) or if an initial value problem can be formulated (for which the boundary condition at infinity is simply that the motion vanishes everywhere) whose solution yields the steady-state solution sought as t oo (Stoker 1957, pp. 174-181; see also Wehausen and

Laitone 1960, p. 472, for additional references). Although Laplace's equation (11) and the boundary condition (13) on the boundary of the body are linear, the free surface boundary conditions (14) and (15) are nonlinear. This nonlinearity precludes the use

of techniques of solution based on the principle of superposition. Thus, the method of separation of variables and expansion in eigenfunctions cannot be used, and neither can the method of Green's functions or singularity distributions. Moreover, the free-surface boundary

conditions are rather inconvenient because they are to be applied on a surface of unknown location. Under these conditions, special problems in the theory of surface waves have been treated by using approximation techniques (actually perturbation procedures) of which a fairly complete account has been

-***--;.--- : -^sn- S

''

-. m "

.-\^4

14

given by Wehausen (Wehausen and Laitone 1960).

Since only the first

order approximation will be treated here, the perturbation analysis applicable in our case is r,->t included and the reader is referred to Wehausen's treatise for details of the method. The first order

approximation consists of neglecting all second order terms in the free-surface boundary conditions and applying them on the plane instead of on the free surface (19) become, respectively, y = ^((x.z). y = 0

Equations (14), (15), and

U"7

- v = 0

(22)

g "*J + Uu = 0 and U2^ +j2*-0

to be satisfied on the plane y = 0. Equation (24) can be obtained "7

(23)

(24)

directly from (22) and (23) by eliminating tions.

between these two equa-

It is interesting to note the boundary condition that the secondorder contribution to the perturbation potential must satisfy. This is

_ U i-1 w f\

(25)

-..-- :----i >,

15
to be satisfied on the plane y = G. Once the first-order approximation

f(D

is known, therefore, the second-order contribution .an oe obtained

by solving another linear problem with a nonhcmogeneous boundary condition on the plane y = 0.

mmmn^/Kfm H --.-..

'S

PS*^at --^F*w*r**

16

ANALYTICAL TREATMENT

The solution will be sought in the form of a distribution of sources on the surface surface density ing analysis. Let the x axis coincide with the major axis of the spheroid situated at a depth d below the free surface. Choose the y axis a S of the spheroid. The determination of ehe

of this distribution is the object of the follow-

vertical and upwards and let the origin be at the center of the spheroid. Let the stream, of constant velocity U, flow in the positive

x direction.

The velocity potential corresponding to the three(^,*],*S ) is given by

dimensional motion past a unit source at

0s = Ux -j + G(x,y,z;^,^t^)
where
2* ,o

(26)

b+kp met -H^'l)

k- ko stc^t"
,2.
-t. ^

2l<oL I Sect
-JT

y < 2d - "7

17 * 2 = g/U ,

Here

Re

denotes the real part of a complex number,

is

the acceleration of gravity, and

R2 - (x-5)2 + (y-"])2 + (z-$)2

The harmonic function G(x,y,z; 5,, "1 , ^ ) is sometimes called the

Havelock potential since Havelock (1932) was the first one to express it as a double integral in terms of Rayleigh's fictitious viscosity. We have then for the velocity potential tribution of sources on the surface S Cp corresponding to the dis-

of the spheroid the expression

$ = u*~i&T^>iv+s+j^w^N,*;Ki,y}^
y < 2d - b

(28)

where

2b

is the length of the minor axis of the spheroid and the S of the spheroid are performed ir

integrations over the surface the variables J, , "| , and ^ .

Since (26) satisfies the free-surface boundary condition, the boundary condition at x = -00, y = - 00, and the radiation condition at <p given by (28). The

so does the velocity potential a

unknown surface density

must therefore be determined so that the

boundary condition the surface of ehe body,

1-0 dn

The symbol Rft could be left out since the imaginary parts of the two expressions within brackets are identically zero.

MSIW*^**^^^

, ^_

rison!

18

is satisfied.

YJhen (p ,

as given by (28), is substituted into this

boundary condition, a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind is obtained for c,

ZTTXH^ITAJ-I

7> ! <rU7,*)+| ^V/,V)~j-^ * ^(x(g^;^^)U{5 -U

(29)

The solution of this integral equation will be sought by expanding the functions involved in series of spheroidal harmonics, thus taking advantage of the particular shape of the body. On changing the order in which tha integrations are performed, we can write <p in the equivalent form 2TT 0 , .

$= ^-/^V?/^ - *

41

ZKl

it-/to Ac21"

-r

4^at/2
^

_,

-^k^l sect k0sectr[ y + i{^^t+2^i)l

lie .2
(30)

I
We will denote the length of the major axis of the spheroid by its focal distance by c. Let "1 , &, and <J> 2a and be the orthogonal con-

focal coordinate system defined by x = c cosh f) cos G ,

y = c sinh "1 ; inh f\ z = c s:

sin & cos ip , s in 9 s in ^J .

(31)

19 Th surfaces "7 = constant are confocal prolate ellipsoids of The surfaces

revolution, with common foci at the points (+c,0,0).

0 = constant are confocal hyperboloids of revolution, with the same foci. Let 'A

be the value of the confocal coordinate We have ,

rt

that

corresponds to our spheroid. a = c cosh fl Let (9 ,(P)

b = c sinh "?

(32)

be the value of the Newtonian potential

on the surface of the spheroid, and let it be represented by a series of surface spherical harmonics,
*

Hobson's notation, which is also the one chosen by the National Bureau of Standards in its Handbook of Mathematical Functions, is used in this work. We have m _ 2 dmP (z) P (z) = (z -1) , n . .m (dz)
0

m 2 dmP (x)

P (x) = (-1) n

(1-x )

(dxr

, , vm

m ,m 2 d'"Q (z) m, N , l . n Q (z) = (z -1) (dz) m 2 dmQ (x) (1-x ) , , . .m (dx)"

0

Q (x) = (-1) n

where z is any complex number not roal and between -1 and 1, x is a real number in the interval -1 < x < 1, n and m are positive integers or zero, m < n. The only points of discontinuity of the functions Pn'(z) (m i- 0) and Q(z) are on the straight line (-1,+1).

^.^?;:v..,.,4H*1:,t;;iM,;;:.. .

. ,.,-..

....

...

20

co
(33)

We assume this scries to be absolutely and uniformly convergent over the surface S. We can then write (Hobson 1931)

this being the potential function for the space external to the spheroid which converges to f(0,-,) on the boundary. For the potential func(@,<^) over the

tion for the internal space which converges to

boundary we have the corresponding series expansion

OO M

?>*) <*f
The surface density a a

? (

" **fl

(35)

can be expressed in terms of the coefficients We obtain (see Appendix A)

AV1-H

of these expansions.
Ov rtt

a- = U Y V A M.
where, for convenience, we have put

S C'-} <* .

x (36,

A["m a~

i-ttlL

(37,

I
,. 11 ixwM"y

u.'HH'1
mwin-;s-'- ^"-w "->-'."~rti?**ii3firai->2ff
w~J;^fc:v^.^>-.<-tr~:W;r--^^^<s=#^re*^s--r-4"WP

21

Substituting this expression for

CT

in the surface integrals contained

in the third and fourth terms on the right side of (30), we find for the first of these
OO r/\ ifi-i-i

k'fl - i k ( ^ Cos t+*) ** t)

(\iiv^ = "T-~\ 7 M
I =: 0 rfA = C

t+fe-frfV
|
where

^JLT IA) (** few tPjjz "Wl

L_

(38)

A = k c cos t,
since (see Appendix C, Equation 22 with i replaced by -i)

cA'
c
2

*u-A -^ (4/,ZYO-6/)*

0 '0

= 2'T(-')

% Mt)1 (^t+fe^ 0 +

1 |JX J (A)

(39)
The

(We assume that the integration can be carried out term by term.)

surface integral contained in the fourth term on the right side of (30) is given by (38) with k replaced by 2 k sec t.

Finally, using (38) and the corresponding expression for the surface integral in the fourth term, and expanding the functions

ky+ik(x cos t + z sin t),

k sec2<: y+i(x cos c + z sin e

o]

in series of spheroidal harmonics, we can express the velocity potential <p in the form

'ssm*!

'iKmmmsmmmt.t^fmmii*iiiM^!':ir-':'iMiii!d

22
v ^ %-i

/v|=0

flftlssO

,2tr 2ff

lL L

,oo

*h -zk^(V
1S.O /VK-O

2TT

> IrO

OKI =0

"7/ ?/

OO

O/l

+- X. ^c Z^ot
*l

3-

m s O <wi O

^MTIIIW-') )f-i
/W=C> Wi'*o

A, i.i(

dt-

(40)

where tha coefficients

are given by (24) of Appendix C, with

C tt,o = Cn , the coefficients Bn,m have been omitted because the por tential is an even function of z, the coefficients C are obn,m tained from the coefficients Cn,m by putting * r & k = k0 sec^t,> and,
for brevity, the functions

x^i^k^M*
and T
m

(s*ct+62*.tT'H -vt-l

] T [kttet)

(41)

(t) = Tm(k sec2t,t) no ' '

have been introduced.

Again assuming that integration of the series and n,m T and T , no' n C

term by term is possible, and replacing the coefficients C o by in terms of the functions J their expressions r n,m

-o

23
we can write (40) in the equivalent form

* ^so

+Uc

2 2_ ^ )
"

.I

tes9 60

oi'rO'"'=0 CO

0 t
where the factor 1/2

-t

z
is to be used for m = 0.

"Y1

Mt

Substitution of this

expression for the velocity potential into the boundary condition on the surface of the spheroid,

. ^s~ ai =
on yields
Oo Al

or

T?7

=
0"7

OO

Kl +/W1)

*1 = 0

=0

(2 )

(*. if ('* *-'*)'

'

AH

( I ]

v|

__

+ "*

i~0 nri = 0
Avl (^vi I

I-') '
(H 'i O "H' O

<1,

-IT

a5

f ^"^.w^

= 0

(43)

- /""WSB*lftwi'-,mteii8BflH$jH5H|M

"T

I MM

24
whera we have now assumed that the series can be differentiated term by term; the dot above the Legendre functions differentiation with respect to the argument is equivalent to the infinite set of equations
t*\ n\ \~ \ i* ft ml

and

indicates Equation (43)

cosh \ .

A r + ) )
"1 =0 P* =rO

(44)

where if n = 1, m = 0
,flv\

~ \

0
and

otherwise

B , = - ^ M
with

4.I2-.M) i-o

/nt__n

I, =
)twt^V<wVl H _2i^oct s*e C"
2,

(n+m+n' +m') even

I-')
o

&
(n+m+n1+m') odd

' i

WJ

25

CALCULATION OF THE WAVE RESISTANCE

Lagalxy's theorem (Lagally 1922) yields for ehe norizontal component of the force on the spheroid the expression

(45)
where 0 is the Havelock potential for the source distribution on the

surface of the spheroid, given by the third and fourth terms on the right side of Equation (3C). We have

T^lL d: = Ze
s-X 27T/
K- - ka "S<cb

\
2. 4-

-2 ko n sc t

Zk<- I 5&t
L_ Lrr
2.

(46)

where both surface integrations are performed over the surface of the spheroid, in the variables x, y, and z when we denote it by S, and

' rt'?^:

;.>ff^gg'W IMI fOfC^^teM-^-TWJ^gV*^' -^~-

,.^xr,B5':-;:?; - ft;-"' :'

: S5MS

26

in the variables

i. , ^l ,

and

when we denote it by

S'.

The

contribution to the wave resistance from the first terra on the right side of (46) is zero. To see this we need cnly write

k)j+Lk(xCoct+ xrSUt irj

Afjtijl 7' r
s sand observe that if we interchange x, y, z, with "S , *7 , \ , the To

integrand changes sign while its absolute value remains unchanged.

evaluate the contribution to the wave resistance from the second term on the right side of (46), we make use of (38) with k replaced by

k sec t. o

We obtain

<r 94* ." yg eis = ^ 0*

r\~" -.+1

7i

zrr _- ifrr "*."'<""'r'f^r rrA\, A j

2.

The wave resistance is then given by

oo ^ CO

,+-/>,'

rt*

rtw'

OT

Xir(j

(r>)
/*f=0 |:D ">'= AV)'=0

A A, J^,

(47)

(n+m+n'+m') even


*&' IT
I*J<^'^
J

g^gg-*~WMIW

XHerqgnmmf WPW

27 where
lfin4V

<-.-

fVl

/!<

= H

**
sec r-e

*'

^7T

x^-m^^.^i-.,.

^pm^pqpgm gvvMVfN

28

NUMERICAL .'VALUATIONS

All numerical evaluations were performed with an IBM 360/65 computer. The corresponding programs car be found in Appendix E and will Subprograms which are common to various

be discussed in this section.

programs appear only once in the Appendix. In order to evaluate the single integrals in the coefficients of the infinite system of equations (44), we introduce the change of variable tan t = u. Let
(2.

z -2k 0 sec ir *0<

I. = T
We have

Cast

T0 fa To & -It

(48)

X
where

2 -ikA /~ -ZkAu -

<?*| e

\JTM7

(49)

Since the integrand in (49) is an even function of

u,

we can write

zkA

I,

~-STT

fiJ^l

](
HJzMJ

CLK,

(50)

29 where we have further changed the variable of integration to x = \| 2k d u o

The integral in (50) can be evaluated by Hermite-Gauss quadrature. A

twenty-point formula was used, for which the zeros and weighting factors can be found in Abramowitz and Stegun (1964). integrand is an even function of x, Actually, since the

only ten ordinates are evaluated I.,

in the corresponding c mputer program, which yields the value of and includes a function subprogram (BSSSJ;

to evaluate the Bessel

functions which appear in the integrand. The evaluation of the Bessel functions carried out using the series expression J of order n + 1/2 was

(51)

for values of the argument less than five, and the recurrence relation

(?) =

(52)

for values greater than five.

In this manner, the large round-off

errors associated with tbe use of (51) for large values of the argument (especially for small n), and with the use of (52) for small values The cut-off value of five is a rough The sub-

of the argument, are avoided.

estimate of the value necessary to minimize these errors. program, which was written in doubl'

precision further to reduce round-

off errors (only six, or at most seven, significant digits are supplied by the IBM 360/65 computer in single precision), was checked against

. - **^.^.*a*w*um#r**m*****wt

i iwnitii null Hiai^HrtHlHitfililiiiHIH^

30

tables included in Watson's treatise (Watson 1944, pp. 740-743).

The

results were found to be accurate to the number of significant figures given in these tables (six or less) for values of n up to 18; most The

of them are probably accurate to several more significant figures-

round-off errors associated with (52), however, increase with increasing n, and this high accuracy should not be expected to obtain in the eval-

uation of Bessel functions of much larger order. "in view of the difficulty of estimating the error in the HermiteGauss quadrature formula, the calculations were spot-checked using Simpson's rule, which requires longer computing times, but allows for a ready estimate of the error at each stage of aprroximation. routine SMPSN The sub-

used in the corresponding program is part of the IBM

System/360 Scientific Subroutine Package, Version II, and is not included in Appendix E. In this subroutine, Simpson's rule is used with

interval halving until the difference between successive values of the integral is less than a given tolerance. The Hermits-Gauss quadrature

formula was found to provide at least five significant figures. To evaluate the double integrals in the coefficients of (44), we make use again of the change of variable tan t = u and we put further k = k K o

Let

^. H r>v( ^^"'Z f-z T>,CM dkdt (53)

^^

31 We have then
oo o=<

-2A-c[k

I.

/*

/o K-(l + v*} fOJU-u* (

[\ri+^ + u)""j

M.^* fll+**UJ +
ty+l For numerical evaluation, it is better to write (54) in the form (54)

~-^AI+/1 +2-/

kaC 0

ll VT^j

H-W

14-

VlM

-2MK e
If -p

fj fifo(Kj ] =>o (55)

/4-m1

, k0cK\

where the function

X.+JA)
"i+-t
/*-4r

I -_2

4- ... ,

(56)

is continuous at

z = 0.

A simple modification of the function sub-

program used to evaluate the Bessel functions yields the function subprogram (BESSJM) used to evaluate (56).

The evaluation of the Cauchy principal-value integral in (55) was

waaeuMKtMWK33igMciamM

|fe*k*4''

T
32 carried out using Simpson's rule, modified according to a technique suggested fay L. Landweber (Kobus 1967, Appendix 1) to take into account the singular point in the integrand. It can be shown that any composite

integration rule, obtained by dividing the interval of integration into subranges and applying in each subrange any of the Newton-Cotes integration formulae, can be used to evaluate a Cauchy principal-value integral, ,b -^ dx, a < c < b

as long as the singular point and

is either an end point (excluding

b ) or the middle point of a subrange, and the value of the intec is taken equal to the derivative G(u) f'(c). In the function

grand at

subprogram that evaluates the function

defined in (55), therek = 1+u 2 is obtained first

fore, the derivative at the singular point using a five-point differentiation formula. grams FM and F

The two function subpro-

evaluate the integrand of the principal-value inte-

gral and, at the singular point, replace the integrand with the corres-, ponding derivative. The calculations were carried out to an accuracy

of three significant figures. The solution of the infinite system of equations (44) was obtained by using the so-called method of reduction (Kantorovich and Krylov 1958, pp. 25-26, 30-31). In th.is method, the solution is found by solving a

sequence of finite systems, each of which is obtained from the infinite system by discarding all equations and unknowns beyond a certain number N. The solutions of this sequence of systems, under certain conditions, Although

converge to the (principal) solution of the infinite system.

33

it is difficult in our case to show that the conditions of the theorem are satisfied, it is reasonable to assume, on account of the significance of (44), that the method does yield the solution sought. A numerical N of

verification of this assumption is obtained if, when the number equations kept is increased, the coefficients values. A

approach limiting

Such a numerical verification has been included in the computer program for the solution of (44). The number of equations has been

taken equal to 2, 5, 9, 14, and 20, equivalent to keeping, in expansions (34) and (36), only those terms containing Legendre functions of degrees up to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The program contain.: a subB , I . n n from the No

routine subprogram for computing the coefficient matrix symetric matrix formed by the double and single integrals

table was found to give the values of the Legendre functions and their derivatives in the interval of interest to our work, and their evaluation is carried out in a second subprogram. the coefficients expansion (36). B , ; n n The derivatives occur in

the Legendre functions of the first kind in

No use is made in this second subprogram of the re-

currence relations for the Legendre functions, on which, for example, the tables published by the National Bureau of Standards (Lowan 1S.V5) are based; severe round-off errors were found to be associated with the use of these relations, in particular near x = 1.' Instead, since only

the functions of deg>es up to five were needed, the explicit expressions of these functions were derived and used in the computations. These expressions were checked, using the National Bureau of Standard tables, for several values of the argument; all significant figures

!*'.-. *.l ifKV "i '>.'."!

^^*.-i.*vi^w^w,;..,.Si!.i;.j1,Aarfl1l

^ &

^r**T * t

nK

;,... :,.

',,

34

given in the tables were found to be correct.

The subroutine

GELG

used in the program for the solution of (44) is part of the IBM System/ 360 Scientific Subroutine Package, Version II, and is not included in Appendix E. In this subroutine, the solution of a system of general

simultaneous linear equations is obtained by means of Gauss elimination" with complete pivoting. Once the coefficients A n are known, we can evaluate the density J A program was prepared

of the source distribution making use of (36).

to obtain plots of this density along meridian curves of the spheroid. The subroutine PNMXG1 used in this program, which evaluates the

Legendre associated functions of the first kind for values of the argument greater than one, is simply part of the subroutine subroutine LEGF; the

PNMXL1, which computes these functions for values of the

argument less than one, was obtained by introducing the necessary changes in sign in the expressions in the subroutine subroutine is included in Appendix E. The evaluation of the wave resistance is carried out in the 3ist program in Appendix E. A simple modification of the program for the PNMXG1. Neither

evaluation of the single integral in the coefficients of (44) yields the program for evaluating the single integrals in the expression (47) for the wave resistance: the modified program is not included.

OliWWW*r,"'*S" *-**#***-'-:

r i?*y>-C?l III! III UWIMH ' WJlUlll!<^ai

35

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The double and single integrals

I . n n

in the coefficients of = 1/V 11 2k c, o and on

system (44) depend on the Froude number the relative depth of submergence eccentricity c/a d/c,

U/\ 2gc

and are independent of the

of the spheroid, which occurs in the derivatives of This property of the coefficients of system (44)

the Legendre functions.

is of interest because most of the computer time required in order to evaluate the coefficients A n is spent in the evaluation of the double

integrals; once these integrals have been computed, for given values of the Froude number and the relative depth of submergence, the coefficients A n can be obtained for several values of the eccentricity without ' The numerical evaluaU/\ 2gc = 0.4,

practically increasing the total computing time.

tions reported here were carried out for a Froude number a relative depth of submergence ties d/c = 0.5,

and reciprocal eccentricicorresponding to re-

a/c = 1.01, 1.02, 1.04, 1.06, 1.08, and 1.10,

slenderness ratios spectively.

a/b = 7.12, 5.07, 3.64, 3.02, 2.65, and 2.40,

(For the relative depth of submergence chosen, the spheroid a/c =\jl.25.) The practical interest of

pierces the free surface for

the smaller slenderness ratios is probably limited; they are included here for purposes of comparison and discussion of results. The first approximation to the solution of system (44) which consists of neglecting entirely the infinite series on the right side, thus

.-^ees*^^**^

-^>^^^^,^--i--^^7^yi*r^t^v<>^^'^^nf^>^^i7nitw^^'r^.r,^r'^

36

keeping only the first term of expansion (34) with

a..

fl

A,=
l

(57)

C [&

rj

a/c _ _L L gVJ z ^c~l Ka/cf~\

corresponds to the source distribution that produces the spheroid in an unbounded uniform stream without a free surface. Indeed, the potential

for the motion of a prolate spheroid parallel to its axis (in the negative x direction) in an infinite mass of liquid is given by

f
or

= u
Q

'p

P(fese)

Q\*LI)

(58)

&

with

= cosh 7

= a/c,

) = coshfl ,

u = cos 9.

For this first

approximation, the wave resistance is given by

z~Tqc [A:f

o'f'Z -Zk0cL^C( Tp q C*"j'A, ) <iTf *?<- J, (Ail c(f-

I'iv^e/j

(59)

Equation (59) was obtained by Havelock (1931a) using the axial source distribution corresponding to the motion of the spheroid in an infinite mass of liquid and applying Lagally's theorem to evaluate the wave resistance (without, however, mentioning the name of Lagally in this

ggyggSwaT"-?" fimim^n l'PWIJJW<tIV"";^,-jgi<^a:^-^CT-w- 5k -gllH!Ml I- I 111

WMJj|B
:

37
connection). Of course, neither the axial source distribution nor the

source distribution on the surface of the spheroid actually produce a spheroid in the presence of a free surface. first approximations. They are two different

It is interesting to note, however, that both

first approximations yield the same value as a first approximation for the wave resistance. Havelock's approximation has been included in

Tables 1 through 5 for purposes of comparison. The values of the coefficients A , obtained keeping 1, 2, 5, 9,

14, and 20 equations (and an equal number of coefficients) in (44), are presented in Tables 1 through 4, for four values of the ratio a/c.

Table 5 contains the corresponding successive approximations to the wave resistance (the two additional cluded in this table). a/c ratios investigated are also in-

Three significant figures are given for all

elements in the tables, since the double integrals were computed to this accuracy. When 20 equations are kept, 92 double integrals must be evalum_m I ,

, , , . , ated (the integrals

nn

. . , satisfy the symmetry J J relations

m,m m _ m I , = ,1

nnnn

and

num n n

m T m I ,, n n

and this reduces the number of double integrals to

be evaluated from 202 to 92); the required computing time is a little less than two hours. The corresponding computing time for the evalua-

tion of the single integrals is less than half a minute; for the solution of (44), for the six ratios a/c investigated, including the evaluation

of the derivatives of the Legendre functions which appear in the coefficients of the system, less than one minute. Also less than one minute

is the computing time required for the evaluation of the wave resistance, using (47); only single integrals appear in this expression. A reduction

in the time required for the evaluation of each double integral, at

38
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43

present about 75 seconds, would therefore reduce practically in proportional form the total computing time. This reduction is believed possi-

ble and is part of a future program of work. As should be expected, the closer the spheroid is to the free surface, the larger the number of coefficients that must be kept in order to obtain the limiting values to a given accuracy. not all products B , A , Most likely,

in (44), corresponding to a given number of

equations, need be kept in order to obtain the solution to that same accuracy. Moreover, not all coefficients A , up to a certain one in

the order in which they appear in expansion (34), need be computed in order to obtain, for example, the wave resistance, also to that same accuracy, since not all terms in the summation in (47) contribute significantly to the final value. It is difficult, however, to esti-

mate beforehand the error associated with such approximations, a point of practical interest since a significant reduction in computing time could result thereof; no attempt has been made in this work to obtain such estimates. It is interesting to note that when only A is kept

(one equation), despite the fact that the resulting approximation for A is close to the limit value, the correction for the wave resistance

is rather small, since it turns out that some of the coefficients Left out contribute rather significantly to its final value. ing Aj in addition to A-, Moreover, keep-

does not improve the approximation to the

wave resistance, which remains unchanged to the three significant figures given in Table 5. A set of equations essentially equivalent to (44) for determining the density ^f the source distribution on the surface of the spheroid

' '- ---il

%": **.r<.::.-*;.~i *"-

was obtained by Bessho (1957), using an entirely independent derivation. Bessho considered first an ellipsoid with three unequal axes, and was thus able to use in his solution several results on Lame'."Hobson (1931, Chap. 11). actions given by

The coefficients of his set of equations, how-

ever, appear to be incorrect, possibly because of typographical errors, and his numerical evaluations are rather inaccurate. His approximation

to the solution of the infinite set of equations, which contains only six* of the coefficients of the system, all belonging to the first five equations, introduces, in the light of the present numerical results, a significant error. Moreover, rather than using the singular solution for a

source in the form of a double integral and a single integral as done in the present work, the coefficients of the infinite system of equations are expressed in terms of Rayleigh's "fictitious viscosity" u, and are

not therefore in a form suitable for numerical evaluation; the calculations are performed using asymptotic expansions, with which large errors
i

are associated unless the Froude number is small enough. number U/\2gc = 0.395,

For a Froude

the relative depth of submergence used in the and a ratio a/c = ^17/4 ~ 1.03, Bessho

present calculations, obtains

d/c - 0.5,

2 2 -4 R/4rtpU c = 7.165x10 ,

a 146% increase over the value corres2.91x10 . For Froude number 0.4,

ponding to Havelock's approximation,

Table 5 shows a 34% increase over the value corresponding to Havelock's approximation for a/c = 1.02, a/U and a 90% increase for a/c = 1.04.

The relative density

of the source distribution on the sur-

face of the spheroid, corresponding to the successive approximations obtained keeping increasing numbers of equations in (44), for is presented in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. a/c = 1.02,

These figures show that, although

1 ::^Mi

45

-0.02,

-0.03

-0.04 NUMBER OF EQUATIONS = 20 14 -0.05

b >

z
O L > < UJ

-0.06

* -0.07

-0.08 h

-0.09

-O.iO

!0

15 ANGLE Q

20 (DEGREES)

25

30

Figure 1.

Density of source distribution along a horizontal r.ieridian plane near rear of spheroid (a/c = 1.02)

- W*.: ~>^tiif

46

-0.02

TT

-\

// v~ // V
// // // / / //

-0.04 -

\ v
>-

//

NUMBER OF EQUATIONS = 20
l4
5

4Jff
III * i *

-7///

z tu a

CO

# ////

////

UJ-006 >
-I U

20149

1
Mf-HAVELOCK

1
v\\

I2

-0.08 -

VW Yvt
f 180

/I
"7

////

f =0
1 !

-0.10

30

20

10

10 ANGLE 0 (DEGREES)

20

30

Figure 2.

Density of source distribution along a vertical meridian plane near rear of spheroid (a/c = 1.02)

nj0?*-ev*"

47

0.10

0.08 -NUMBER OF EQUATIONS* 2.

=3

v. b

>- '

z u

CO

0.06
<
_J
LU

0.04

0.02
Figure 3.

170

180 170 ANGLE 9 (DEGREES)

60

150

Density of source distribution along a vertical meridian plane near front of spheroid (a/c =1.02)

&-X:' - .-:j.-r..;-:-*. .... ---:, .

.:.vr*.^..:..

, .,.

wawsi7sif^w:-...i-;...-

RELATIVE DENSITY o o d

o7U

o 'o 00

48

H O 0)

o
tn G

r-l D.

< w

*
Ct) r-l T>

CJ

S c

SO

a o

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UH

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l-l

to H 1~

3AI1AT13H

'!.'- M. WL'Hfllfl! 1'

c?*sias*!>.-'*,iia*

49
for an integrated quantity like tha wave resistance, twenty equations are enough to obtain the solution, the convergence is slower for the surface density. A Since the limiting values of most of the coefficients

in Table 2 have been practically attained (with the probable excep-

tion of those in the last row), this implies that some of the coefficients left out have a significant effect on the value of the density cf: the source distribution. It is interesting to note that the surface

density oscillates about the final value; the approximation obtained keeping five equations in (44) is worse than Havelock's approximation over a large portion of the surface of the spheroid. The approximation

obtained keeping twenty-equations in (44) is depicted in Fig. 4, where the relative density is plotted along meridian planes of the spheroid, together with Havelock's approximation. The solution obtained in this work is an "exact" solution within the theory of infinitesimal waves. The determination, for the same

particular shape, of the error associated with the linearization of the free surface boundary condition, using the approximation techniques leading to (25) for the second-order contribution to the solution of the nonlinear problem, constitutes a natural continuation of the present study. For the circular cylinder, Tuck (1966) has shown that the error

associated with the failure to satisfy the free-surface boundary condition is larger than that associated with the failure to satisfy the boundary condition on the surface of the body. The circular cylinder,

however, is a shape of little practical interest, and the corresponding result for slender prolate spheroids should prove a valuable contribution to the general knowledge in this area.

-'."*

.-.-,

H;.

- .

w^?
.-wmmz*'SSs/s7rw-~

zzzzsszsssmam

50

CONCLUSIONS

The flow about a submerged prolate spheroid in axial horizontal motion beneath a free surface has been treated in this work and an "exact" solution within the theory of infinitesimal waves has been obtained. Comparison of this solution with Havelock's approximation

reveals that significant errors are associated with the latter, in which the boundary condition on the surface of the body is not satisfied exactly. For a prolate spheroid with slenderness ratio (the ratio of

major to minor axis) slightly larger than five, a focal distance twice the depth of submergence, and a Froude number (defined with respect to the distance between foci) of 0.4, the wave resistance is larger than Havelock's by about 34%. For slenderness ratios of 3.64 and 2.40,

the same relative depth of submergence, and the same Froude number, the corrections are as much as 90% and 368%, respectively, of Havelock's approximation (the spheroid corresponding to the latter slenderness ratio is very close to piercing the free surface). The successive approximations computed in order to obtain the final values of the coefficients of the required expansions in spheroidal harmonics, and the corresponding values of the surface density of the source distribution and the wave resistance, show that the corrections are small when only a few terms in the expansions are retained. The convergence is slower for the surface distribution, which

^~^i^3a&J?&^**2W^^~.'r?zj??&^?>^

51

oscillates about the solution, and the approximation obtained bykeeping only a few ten in the expansion is, for some portions of the

spheroid, farther from the solution than Havelock's approximation. An infinite set of equations, essentially equivalent to that obtained in this work for determining a source distribution on the surface of the spheroid which satisfies exactly tne boundary condition on its surface, was obtained by Eessho using an entirely independent derivation. The

coefficients of Bessho's system of equations, however, appear to be incorrect, possibly because of typographical errors, and his numerical evaluations are rather inaccurate. The value of the wave resistance

obtained by Bessho, for a Froude number of 0.395, a focal distance equal to twice the depth of submergence, and a slenderness ratio of 4.17, exceeds Havelock's approximation by 146%; according to the numerical evaluations reported here., the correction should instead be in the neighborhood of 60 to 65% of Havelock's value. The solution obtained in this work is an "exact" solution within the theory of infinitesimal waves. The determination of the error

associated with the linearization of the free-surface boundary condition constitutes a natural continuation of the present study.

#Biiaag&*tf$tffl9a^

-v.-.;. ;=* - ,v''iss**i.*-f.'-.- *A?f%>>^fti^tf*HMfflMtf^^

??'

52

LIST OF REFERENCES

Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, I. A., editors, Handbook of mathematical functions. National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series, Vol. 55, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (1964). Bessho, M., "On the wave resistance theory of a submerged body," The Society of Naval Architects of Japan, 60th anniversary series, Vol. 2, pp. 135-172, Tokyo (1957). Havelock, T. H., "Some cases of wave motion due to a submerged obstacle," Proceedings Royal Society of London, Ser. A, Vol. 93, pi . 520-532 (1917); also Collected Papers on Hydrodynamics, pp. 119-131, Office of Naval Research, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. (1963). . "The method of images in some problems of surface waves," Proceedings Royal Society of London, Ser. A, Vol. 115, pp. 268-280 (1927); also Collected Papers on Hydrodynamics, pp. 265-277. "Wave resistance," Proceedings Royal Society of London, Ser. A, Vol. 118, pp. 24-33 (1928); also Collected Papers on Hydrodynamics, pp. 273-287. "The vertical force on a cylinder submerged in a uniform stream," Proceedings Royal Society of London, Ser. A, Vol. J.22, pp. 387-393 (1929); also Collected Papers on Hydrodynamics, pp. 297-303. "The wave resistance of a spheroid," Proceedings Royal Scciety of London, Ser, A, Vol. 131, pp. 275-285 (1931); also Collected Papers on Hydrodynamics, pp. 312-322. "The wave resistance of an ellipsoid," Proceedings Royal Society of London, Ser. A, Vol. 132, pp. 480-486 (1931); also Collected Papers on Hydrodynamics, pp. 323-329. "The theory of wave resistance," Proceedings Royal Society of London, Ser. A, Vol. 138, pp. 339-348 (1932); also Collected Papers on Hydrodynamics", pp. 367-376. "The forces on a circular cylinder submerged in a uniform stream," Proceedings Royal Society of London, Ser. A, Vol. 157, pp. 526-534 (1936); also Collected Papers on Hydrodynamics, pp. 420-428.

:-

;->..

$y

*T73

-v- *> -<*=% rr -., ..-j--. -." -^.-Ai^.-.

53

"The moment on a submerged solid of revolution moving horizontally," Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 5, pp. 129-136 (1952); also Collected Papers on Hydrodynamics, pp. 575-582. Hobson, E. W., The theory of spherical and ellipsoidal harmonics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1931); also Chelsea Publishing Company, New York (1955). Kantorovicb, L. V., and Krylov, V. I., Approximate methods of higher analysis, Interscience Publishers, New York, and P. Noordhoff Ltd-, Groningen, The Netherlands (1958). Kobus, H., "Examination of Eggers' relationship between transverse wave profiles and wave resistance," Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 11, pp. 240-256 (1967). Lagally, M., "Berechnung der Krfte und Momente, die strmende Flssigkeiten auf ihre Begrenzung ausben," Zeitschrift fur angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, Vol. 2, pp. 409-422 (1922). Lamb, H., "On some cases of wave motion on deep water," Annali di Matematica. Vol. 21, pp. 237-250 (1913). "On wave resistance," Proceedings Royal Society of London, Ser. A, Vol. Ill, pp. 14-25 (1926). " ""~ ~ " "" " Hydrodynamics, 6fih edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1932); also Dover Publications, New York (1945). Landweber, L., "Wave resistance of ships," Contribution to "Research in resistance and propulsion: Part I. A program for long-range research in ship -tdistance and propulsion," by F. C. Miche?.son, University of Michigan Report to the Maritime Administration (1964). Lowan, A. N., Project Director, Tables of associated Legendre functions, National Bureau of Standards, Mathematical Tables Project, Columbia University Press, New York (1945). Pond, H. L., "The moment acting on a Rankine ovoid moving under a free surface," Taylor Model Basin Report 795 (1951). "The pitching moment acting on a body of revolution moving under a free surface," Taylor Model Basin Report 819 (1952). Stoker, J. J., Water waves. The mathematical theory with applications, Interscience Publishers, New York (1957). Tuck, E. 0., "The effect of non-linearity at the free surface on flow past a submerged cylinder," Journal of Fluid Mechanics. Vol. 22, pp. 401-414 (1965).

i-.'k"*ii ,;*,- ..,'

;.:.'

>

** fcAa&tfaS^aBaBli! fjaftikfttiatSStSp

. v'dfag-jgij

iU" .-^7?iir3r.~-t

HP..iu*ipiin.,ii.j,.j

54
Watson, G. N., A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1944). Welvmsen, J. V., and Laitone, E. V., "Surface waves," Encyclopedia of Physics. Vol. 9, pp. 446-778, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1960).

'&?'--?">:,-

, - ww:;iW4- ^'W'-'-!*-*-"-(#Ji"i.

55

APPENDIX A

EXPRESSION.FOR SURFACE DISTRIBUTION IN SPHEROIDAL COORDINATES

The surface density

corresponding to the external potential

is derived in this Appendix.

The corresponding internal potential is

S"
We have

.in

~ P (<* ) ^f PM (fosAl)

rrr\

/*n

rw\

YTTCT

7^

"

act-

that is.

1=1, IftTMVo) Pr^MJ) ^(^Vte^)"

since the length is given by

ds

of the element of arc in spheroidal coordinates

[dsf= <?ltosk*1- ^9] (c^f-f-K&)1 + c*u.^

S^A

&

1)

^*-<<*****&*^-*H^

...,_. . ,..-.>.^:..^.. .l-Ji..^rv^i^^^:^e'fc.'J^i.^v-vJ-*WV^^s^S^

j63VP*#T? t=1^'^i,*i^r5*tSWiWjPi*rt *"sw * ^^-r?rr^^:-^^-rtaK'*J!1w:

jr "j^-'^(- v^. i?S.

f
56

We have moreover (see Appendix B)

The final result is then

P^ (tose) toa mf

.r. --: .= RMU tx'-v-n s*mr!r?

57

APPENDIX B

PROOF OF A RELATION INVOLVING LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

The relation

'

) S mce
2.

("1 - A*J J |

required in Appendix A, is here derived.

and

^ rv-'-^7-J-j " ~J .^l.o

we have

<vn

('-/<*)[ S,>J ^^s^ - ,p uM] = f- j t'rl

4.
and therefore

nq

v^

"^

1'-/)SQ>P>-^0>|. '/'j
i - H) ^^ R>) (

constant.

This formula is obtained by Lamb in his Hydrodynamics (p. 142) from the relationship

ft.

the proof of which, however, is not

si (JTwl t-<) given.I

*P8ii
>/:^-;- .:'VI,V.^-..,,

-.. ,,--,.,-., s;:4^^'rf.V. ^^..^v-.x:.^^..-,-*.^^

58

To evaluate this constant, we use the expansions

cU^

(y-'i y
(2.,-,)

>*i Z <*i: in. *n j /

'I

(Hobson, p. 91), and

~W. =, (_|)

2^1(^)1

^2|I

*"

4- v* "*"'"' "*"') l^A-fi-t-z)

y,
-1.

<H+"wH-|

2t2

*^ /

I *T5-mir?

(Hobson, p. 108), which hold when

/*<

is not real and between 1 and

The result follows immediately.

'*Bws#atSS.*

59

APPENDIX C Cc+y+72 EXPRESSION OF e

a2^2^2 n , a 4 +7 =o

IN SPHEROIDAL HARMONICS

We require the expansion of the function Olx+y+yz e )>>-) , or+-+7 = 0

(1)

in a series of spheroidal harmonics in the region interior to an arbitrary spheroid centered at the origin. Here the x axis is assumed

to be the axis of the spheroidal coordinate system. In the particular case a = k, = ik cos t, 7 = ik sin t (2)

this expulsion can be obtained without much difficulty using the relationship

+ 2 ) i J^k p H7j P (fe 9) 4>s Wf- *

OH/

(3)

(Hobson 1931, p. 414) and expanding

Xxc
in a series of Legendre polynomials in the variable k.cv < u,

=)%, PJ")

(4)

i WWMsaitaS .

 .* U

HI

60
the coefficients a are given by ;-t-'<-/E:

<"

sr

i*h

= K c

liking use of 3", {}, ssd (5), Che expacs.ion is obtesed in the fors
I
*~3

\
s O >-. .-

:r
f

i<3 -*^ *- S

,'sv

vbere

Q = ^w, y*
._ /
1 i\ \

(?)

3 _ _ i

2(2-.+/) --;- >,

i, i
MM

JJ_

Si

<;

;.

!Aafortusateiy this derivation cannot be applied to the case of Interest ie the present problem, the expansion of the function ky+ik(x cos t + z sin t) e since Hobson's result applies to
(8)

El-a

l^Co^kr^i + c

-Swi

-*)

Tl. .il.wp^. i ^JJI ,M HlJJ^pi*!MlJU.''m^tin! wiTWF"'H

' ^THTCTTflH

iii^aamsas'jr

61
only if the y axis is the axis of the spheroidal coordinate system. The technique to be used here to obtain the expansion A (8) is based again on results of Hobson and yields a more general expansion of (1). Let f(x,y,z) be a potential function over a bounded region Choose any spheroid "1 = 7 We obtain the expansion of contained in f{x,y,z> R R,

containing the origin. '/, being arbitrary.

in sphe-

roidal harmonics by first expanding the value of this function on the surface S of the spheroid in a series of surface spherical harmonics,

Cte \ .

<*=> V"

and then writing

<n^O

/A-'

,/

u-)P>S)SJ^Ol

(10)

(Hobson, pp. 417 et seqq.).

We assume the series expansion (9) to be S. Its coeffi-

uniformly and absolutely convergent over the surface cients are given by

-^.s*******.-*, -. ^ iiis :.s,*'u>&itrcft

s .<$>C5>c^>>->>^^^v*<S:<;??^

r
f>'>

c
C'

*' ! f

F(
(ID

8<

iL -ip -s^S' w * if'

It should be noticed that the expansion for the space internal to an ellipsoid has been us*d. involves (f*(co8h *J ) The expansion for the external space, which P (cosh "J), cannot be used since

instead of

the function to be expanded is not regular at infinity and therefore Hobson's theoreas are not valid. Put x' = cos B , y' = sin 9 z' = sin The value of the function then given by f(ax',by,,bz') where use has been made of the relationships a = c cosh "]., b = c sinh *J. f(x,y,z) cos (P , in CP sin on the surface of the spheroid is (12)

and the repeated integrals in (11) become

(13)

....

mn

ji

Min I

-*!,.*

'

;^?&m*V^TW>2lf*f*'t^i'9ff**&*'*'i*'Z?^ v^a^^~-^^=:

mnjiii.i' (i..M,., * iHi*mr*iv s+A* W 'U

v* o3

the integration being taken over the surfscs of ths unit spher* x^ +y' -rz'~ 1,
*b *% *%

aac

denoting any of the

2?rrl

isependeiii

ordinary spherical harsonici of degree n: r,a P^Ccos &' ), n r" P^Ccos $ ) eos a if , n \ * r' P^Ccos 9 > 3i si* n "- * 9 *=

with

r*

= x ' ~-ry: +z

These functions, as is well known, are homogeneous polynomials in x', y'r and z\ To evaluate the double integral (13) we use a theorem of Hobson. We have (Hobson, p. 161)

(2-+;) 1

where

7 Px-'
and, on the right sxde, x1, y', and

'
z'

2;
are put equal to zero after
/ N N "\ \

the operations are performed. tained replacing m. i i\ Y (x ,y ,z ) x', y', and

The operator z'

Y (T~T ^~""* 3~r )

is ob-

in the homogeneous polynomial o ^TT o TT

an

, -, ,,., by the differential operators

,o d ^TT'

^-*shWiiiW^>*:rt^6M>(aiBrt^W:--i-*'.>^

64
respectively. It can be easily shown that the conditions of the theorem are satisfied for our function,

e We have

r
where

V'

,.. .1
- u

- InA J

2(2M+5)

2,V(2---5}(2^+5)

A2 - a2a2+( V)b2 - a2(a2-b2) = a2c2 Since, moreover (see Appendix D),

^{i,i,i\e

d r

__i=ii r; c p>n
*6t.X.'+/*l>j'+ )**'

where the factor the n

and the minus sign within the braces correspond to sin miP, and the factor 1 and the plus

harmonics containing (n+1)

sign to the remaining

harmonics, we obtain finally

65

2ir

^acz9 + b^&tozLf4-)*L-s<~i

I
=
2I

rjk&)**. I- if i".' S1

nS cli5

U-)v^Ol

(15)

and
TT,2iT xCLCocQhbs^br&slf-i-yl-c^G *<^if

g [ess. ej -u, *,cf ^,s ~/e J ^

(16)

If we write the required expansion in the form (6) the coefficients are given by

?M

*> f

A*"

AV

(A-iYi+Mft>) (2^)K*f-)!

114-

+
')

(17)

where 2 2 2 A^ = a c In the particular case of interest to this work, we have a = ik cos t, = k, y = ik sin t (18)

',

j'iii,-- wi.-fbirt

*e-v(rf.:, 'wi-wi-.;<*,*:-.,*!: r. :>:

66
Equations (15) and (16) becoae then

ft/2* kLs^Ote^+iklateScozt^iz^S^ ~i
o '*
t I Imitat ** f
i r:

r
I

p- t+ la*f I j and

C' +-|

(19)

C /2,T Ls^S&^-fikia CcsS C* *~^^si, 9s^fss^-t

(20)

where we have now put

A = kc cos t

Since

"i

' [?

'(-fi

3,-.

*(Z~+3)

2.v(Z~+) (2^5)

''')

we have

<)

Moreover,

t -)!

rf^jj = i2^+i)yrr

,..,.,,. ,i*-r^.vt>f*y*memV/-?*^^ras*!ts>v^^

-z~

67
and therefore

(21) Making use of (21), we can write (19) and (20) in the more compact form

a
"*/ and

2,T

kl>*u*&telP + iU.(&!c9t<!zt'rl>S"'3s:~{s^Ar)

ftZ&ltcS^^GjQM

(22)

0 10 JO

z
*4-rm + l *>)

rj^Srj^^^c^SJS^

2Tf t!

^^{[ctr+W)l

[,

M^fc<-f jW

l\iH

T ( A)
*)4-i.

(23)

The coefficients of expansion (6) for the function ky+ik(x cos t + z sin t)

are then given by

c= "(**') fe /+ iW !2A T
/Mf*H

; T <A)

(24)

B
/*111

'-.a-

.;*'-&'*'-jK*# i.oJ(^,'VJ-.;>*W ,

*RiseMgMMttM|f[

j iii m ii.i,wwj,ii v * wr^BWfft^wwp

I <VI IIHI.JI KJI MWWPIIM^

I JPWIMJHILDUHWPI

6a
As a check on the validity f the expansions here derived, ve reohtain the coefficients corresponding to the particular case (2) using the general expressions (17). We have

J
/-*

1
"* :+. I V v^-*/

where now A * kc Since

(i cos t + sin t)

* i (cos t + i sin t)

= i (cos mt + i sin rat)

and
2

Hi &

M, *...) =U , >+ , _if

denotes the modified Bessel function of the first kind the coefficients (25) can also be expressed in the

where

I ,, n+%

of order

(n+%),

form (7) as we wanted to show.

IIMpiT H

"

PP^^^^^BwB

69

APPENDIX D

EXPRESSION FOR

Y^ ( T- 5- ) e n \ox oy ozy

We shall prove that <K<XK-hL%4-\-L2

" bx'V^i
1

* IM
j/

^H7,J

j
b = c sinh ^

where

2 2 2 a-^+7=0,

a = c cosh "?, ^ , 2n+l

and

denotes any of the

independent spherical harmonics of

degree n r" Pn(cos 9 ),

n r

Pm(cos 9 ) cos (f,

r11 Pm(cos 9 ) sin m^, m = 1, 2, ..., n

with

r2 = x2 + v y2 + z 2 i and the minus sign within the braces correspond to the sin m^P; the factor 1 and the plus sign to

The factor n

harmonics containing (n+1)

the remaining

harmonics.

For the proof of this formula we make use again of a result put forward by Hobson. We have (Hobson, p. 93)

.."li.l aiilP-.i.i-

7C

j^, (tcs>) = |_i)-irLtnLL ^ 6> I ^' 9 - h-HK'"-') fas suTs Z^.'fv.^)! 1 2(2*1+2)
+

**

'

*"

.**

(^-^^^-/^^-ZJ^-^-B)

^'"s^a _ . . . I

(1)

Let us write, for shortness,

*

^ = y+iz,

^ = y-iz.

(2)

We have

IS m S:"1 2 2 2 2 9 2 5 = (y +z ) cos m> + i (y +z ) sin m

f
(3)

aac

2 m ,* o 2 9 0 0 2 *] = (yZ+zZ) cos m^ - i (yZ+z2) sin m^.

On using (1) and (3) we obtain

Rv, (fas) 6S "l^f =r'(-|) ("H-w).

^-.>I)(M-^-/J

~ ' "7

(Hobson, p. 137), and

4

jr* ?m (tee] s* *iLf m (-0

(gjjsij

_ (*-"V-""-i) *""~t

2,Y(^+2)(2^V;

IM]"" 'JIT11'/ '' *"^-/n (5)

We make use of these expressions to obtain Yin (b f f \ n \x' Sy* ciz/ Q^^by+ybz
e

- " *l"""^ i|

!...IJ4!JIW#U

js1-s^'^swssawi

71
Again, for shortness, put f = Oax4by+7bz We have

9 t
2K

I
z^//,2 2\ t

(6)

I v 0
and

. v \ v 01/ 9

.-p\ p\

r f

.3 Z 1 /= e

(7)

(8)

Moreover, since for all values of J* which are not on the real line
:

segment

(-1,+1),

/Vl-A'

/)

(9)

(Hobson, p. 93), we have

*\-<vfl

a 2.(2/w+2J
*_>W
At- TV)

A.

+- .
M~ /VM- 2

/Vt

AH

(10)

.-- , :,

,.

aM**m&M*cfncizf*w?^-jzz^----r- -"-~

72

When use is made of (6), (7), (8), and (10) the required result follows immediately.

,-.-'

73

APPENDIX E

COMPUTER PROGRAMS

^ v *>*-** t'i*^^

-^r-

1
c c, c c r.,
EVALUATION OF SI1GLF INTeG/lAL

'-'jgWB^wwwwwiiiBiwaHWWWiPB aK*SiWsamie^r"

r.

BY Ht's'U Tf-GA JSS 1 S/.r"\T<J

DfUBl F PPFCISION rifSSJ, MGf FR niMFT'SIO'v X(10),W(1C),F(10) , SI*T(200O)t 1^12.1)0 ,

RFAD (5,^) !y;UAO,; X I )'.'.'( I J,( = lt\'CLJiD) 3 FORMAT (I10/(2FT5.]5)) WRITF (6,4) (X( I J * i. CI ),I -l.NOUAD) 4 FORMAT (IH1, 16X,4HX(Ii, 36X,4HW( I J//CIM ,T30. 1 5, L >X, T3 i.I b) )
C

PI = 3.141*93

c
READ (S',7) FRR, LIMIT, 7 FORMAT (F20.10.2I10) REAH (5,1) FR, DOC 1 FORMAT (2F10.5} MUMI NT

GC0U2 = 1.0/(2.0*FR**?> GDCU2 = GCOU2*U0C WRITF (ft,?) F^s, GC0U2, 00QU2, DOC, P-*-? 2 FORMAT (1H1,21HFR - U/SGRT ( 2*G*C ) = , ^1 . 5 , lf>X , 111HG*C/U**2 = ,F10.5 10X,UHG*D/l!**2 = ,F10.5,1CX, 26HD/C = tF10.5,10X/lHC,6HFRR = ,F20.15)

H = 1.0/ SGRT(?.0*GD0U2) FACT = 8.0*PI* FXP(-2.0*GDCU?)*H

c
00 29 J=1,MUMIMT

c
RFAD (5,19) Nit M, NP, MP 19 FORMAT (4110) INDNUM(J) = 1000*N+130*M+10*NP+MP INH(J) = N*M+MP+MP IF (INO{J)/2*2-IND(J)) 16 SIMT(J) = 0.0 GO TO 29 ' 15,16,15

15 WRITF (6,61) M, M, NP, MP 61 FORMAT (///1H0,4HN = ,I2,10X,4HM = 110X,5HMP = ,1?) SUM = 0.0

, I 2, 1X , 5HN|P =

,1?,

-^'r-r iiaminwi

*tmm>m*mBf

01 3C

f = l,MQ'JAO

XH = X{ I )*H PC = SQ,JTI1. _)+XH**2) M R = (PC+XH)**M RMp = (HC+XH)**VP ARC = GCnil?*RC FP. = PP F( I ) = C.?5*(RM+1 .P/RM)*(RMPn.O/RVP)*=;F$<;j(\,A:U,F .LIM-IT) 1*HFSSJINP,ARG,,LIMIT)/C 30 SU*' = SUM+Fd )*W(I) SlfT(J) = SUV*FACT WRITE (6,5) SIN'T(J), SUM, ( I ,F{ IJ , 1 = 1, NQIMH) 5 FOPMAT (1H.),7HSINT = , F20. 15,20X,6HSUM = , F ?r . 1 r>/ IMC, 9X , IIHI,20X,1HF//(HI ,I10,F30. 15))

c 29
C

CONTINUE

WRITE (6,499) (SINK I), INONUMU), I = i NU '! VT ) 499 FORMAT (Hil,17X,AHSINT,?5X,4HrJM\'M///(lH0,lDXTF2?.l5,10<, 1110)) WPITT (7,599) (SINK I), fMDNUMd), [*1*NU*UNT) 599 FORMAT (E20.10, 20X, 110) CALL EXIT END
C C.

c c c c c c, c

FUNCTION BESSJ BESSFL FUNCTION J OF ORDER N+l/2

DOUBLE PRFCISION FUNCTION BESSJ ( M X , ER* ,L IM1 T ) nriUBLE PRECISION X, ERR, PI, FACTOR, TERM, SUM, X?, DSIN, 1DC0S, OSORT, DABS, ESJ, FACT DIMENSION 8ESJI100) PI = 3.L415926535898 IF (X-5.0) 2,2,3

3 Kp\ = N+l

'

c c c c c

THE RECURRENCE RELATION J(N+l,X)+J(N-ltX) = (2*N/X)*J(N,X) IS USED IF (N-l) 13,11,16

PMD.MM.I'MI

y^^^^'/-^wufc^w^fciti^ia

HESJU

= nsiM(x)

GH TP 13 11 GO TP 1", 16 p.rsjm = )SIN(X) BESJ(2) = isi.\.x)/y-">cris(X) on 1 I=^,NP1 M = I 19 RESJII) = (2./T*AJ-3.0)/X**FSJU-l)~-<ESJ( 1-2) 18 8ESSJ = P?S.l(^Pl)*OSg>T(2.n/{P[*xj } GO TP 101 2 FACT = 1.0 c c c c THF FXPPtSsIPN OF A VESSEL FUNCTION' J \S A sr -<rs ASCENDING POWERS OF THE ARGUMENT IS 'JSEO
IF |N) 3,7,8 DO 5 I l,N A2IP1 = ?*!! FACT = FACT*X/A2IP1 FACTOR = DS33TI2.0/PI)*<X**(0.5))*FACT TERM = 1.0 SUM = 1.0 AN? 2*N X2 = X**2 DO 10 I = l,LIM IT AI2 = ?*I

TERM = (-1.0)*TEPM*X2/(AI2*CAN?+AI2+1.0))
SUM = SIJM+TERM

IF (nARS(TERM)-DABS(EPR*SUM)) 12,12,10 10 CONTINUE WRITE (6,113) TERM, SUM, X 113 FORMAT (lMO,^OHREQUiaEO ACCURACY NOT MET IM LIMIT STI^'S/lH
17HTERM = ,F20.15,10X,6HSUM = ,F20.15,10X.4HX =
tF?P.15)

12 RESSJ = SUM*FACTQR 101 RETURN

END

^t^-W^SM

C c. c c c c,

EVAIUATIPN O1 SIMGLF

INTEGRAL BY SIMPSOV S >UI f

EXTEFNAl F cn^MrN \', M, \'P, p, Gnou?, r,cou2, fc.<*^ES, LIMPFS DIMENSION SINT(lOOr-), INQUQOCJ, INDNU* ( I 000) C PI = 3.141593 C READ (*,ll) FRH, FRRSESf LIMITlt LIMIT? LI'HES, HJW)\T 11 FOPMfiT (2F20.10,M10/I1G) REAP. (5,1) FR, OHO 1 FORMAT (7F1Q.5) CCrU? = 1.0/{2.G*FP**2) GDPU2 = GCOU2*mC WRITE (6,?) F>' GCPU2, GDOU2, 0'',C, ERR 2 FORMAT UfU,2lHFR * U/SQR T( ?*G*C J = ,FI0.5,iOX, 111HG*C/U**2 * ,Fl.5, 10X, llHG*rJ/U**2 = F13.5,10X, 26HD/C = F10.*>,10X/1HC,6HEKR = F20.I5) FACT = B.0*PI* EXP(-2.0*GDOU2) H = 1.0/ SQRT(2.0*GD0U2) C DO 7 I=1,NUMINT C
i

REAP (5,21) Nf M, NP, MP 21 FORMAT (4110) INDNUM(I) = 10O0*N*10O*M + 10*\'P+MP IND(I) = N+M+NP+MP

IF ( INPU)/2*2-IND{I)) 25,26,25 26 SINT(I) = 0.0

GO Tn 7 25 WRJTF (6,61) N M, IMP, MP 61 FOFMAT (///1H0,4HN = ,I2,iOX,4HM = 110X,5HKP = ,12)

,12,10X,5H\P - ,12,

A = 0.0 B = SQPT(10.0)*H SUPS = 0.0 ERUSFD = ERR

C

DO 14 K=1,LIMIT1
C

mmmmmL
.:SW.,^:- ^L--^^--^W-^^-*^^-.f;-~':*^>-*. uy.imtm

.-J'^^k^-i;..^.;... -gfatff

50 CA1L SP$\!(F, A, S, ERUSEl, LIMIT2, SI1, S, KU", IF) WRIU (6,201) Silt S, KIJM, IE, ESt"i 201 FOR'-'AT (1H0,6HSI1 = ,F20.I 5,10X,4HS = , F ?0. 1 5 ,! OX ,6:<f.J" '= 1I5,1CX,SHIFR = ,I5/H0,9HFPUSEn = ,F?9.15) IF Uf-4) 5,6,5 6 FRUSFD = FRUSE')*10.0 GO TO 50 SUMS = SWMS + s IF ( ABS(S)- AS${ERP*SUMS>) 144 A = P AKP1 = K+l 14 B = SOT(AKPino')*H

13,13,14*

WRITF (6,15) 15 FORM/IT UH0,41HREQUIRE0 ACCURACY NOT MET

IN LIMITl

ST.-JS)

13 SINTU) = SUMS*FACT WRITE 16,91) SINTU), ERUSEO 91 FORMAT UHQ,7HS!NT = , F2.1 5,10X,9HE3USE0 = c

,C?0.15)

7 CONTINUE
c

WRITE (6,499) (SINTU), INDNUM(I), 1 = 1, NU:'I MT) 499 FORMAT ( 1H1 , 17X ,4HSINT ,25X,4HNMNM/// { IHO, IDX, ='-). I 5 ,1 OX, 1110) ) CALL EXIT END

C C C C C C
c c

FUNCTION F(X)

FUNCTir..1 FIX) COMMON N, M, NP, MP, G00U2, GC0U2, ERRBFS, LIMBES DOUBLE PRECISION BESSJ, ER, ARG, OEXP, G00U2, X2H X2 = X**2 RC = SQRTU.0+X2) RM = (RC+X)**M ' RMP = (RC+X)**MP ARG = GC0U2*RC Nl = N N2 = NP ER = ERRBFS LI* = LIMBES

.-...

.JVu^ii-An;-... :*;:-;:

I 1 .'JJl.U.

... !

""i.J-'

Goru?n = X2D = X?

GDOJ?

F = C.25*(a^l.u/RV)*{RMP+1.0AMOJ-1HSSJ(N1 ,4V,,! f ,LI >'.}* 18ESSJ(^.?,4Sr,,KfLr.)/RC*i)EXP(-?.G*GOn!J?r)*X2>) RETURN TNT

^m^

++**&***"*

c c c
C C C EVALUATION OF DOUBLF INTEGRAL 3Y SIDSnK S RULF FXTFRNAL G DIMENSION OINT(IOOO), IMOUOOO), IN0NUMU003) COMMON N, M, NP, HP, G0nt)2, GC0U2, E*3ES, Ll-IES, HODER, 1ERRD.*, LIMDFR, ERR, LIMIT!, LIMIT2, KO, FP, <C, NTMT8 C

PI = 3.141593 NTMTB = 0 C
READ (5,11) ER, ERR^ES, LIMIT!, LIMIT?, LT1BES, 11 FORMAT (ZF29.10,3110/110) READ (5,47) WOOER, ERRDFR, LIMDEP 47 FORMAT (P10.5,F20.10,1 10) READ (5,1) FR, OOC NU^INT

1 FORMAT (2F10.5) C
GCPU2 = 1.0/f2.0*FR**2) GD0U2 = GC0U2*00C WRITF (6,?) FR, GC0U2, G00U2, DOC, ERR 2 FOPMAT UH1,21HFR = U/SQRT(2*G*C) = ,F10.5,10X, .111HG*C/U**2 ,F10.5,10X,11HG*D/U**2 = ,F10.5,10X, 26H0/C = ,F10.5,l0X/iH0,6!:JPR = ,F20.15) WRITE (6,701) LIMIT1, LIMIT?, FRRBES, LIMSES, HODER, 1ERRD=R, LIMDER, NUMINT 701 FORMAT (1H0,9HLIMIT1 = ,15,10X,9HLIMIT? = fI5/iH0, 19HERPBES = ,F20.15,10X,9HLIMBES = ,15/1 HO,8 WHO DER = , 2F10.5,10X,9HERR0ER = ,F20.15,10X,9HLIMOER = ,I5/1H0, 39HNUMINT = ,15) C

00 7 I*lvNUMINT
C READ (5,21) N, M, NP, MP 21 FOPMAT (4110) INDNUM(I) = 1000*N+100*M+10*NP+MP IND(I) N+M+NP+MP IF (IND(I)/2*2-IND(I) ) 26 DINT(I) = 0.0 GO TC 7 26,25,26

25 WRITE (6,61) N, M, NP, MP 61 F0RMAT(////1H0,4HN = ,I2,10X,4HM = ,I2,10X,5HMP = 110X,5HMP = , 12//)

,12,

iSSfttlMItaKll '.MS. *tWfi8fi

A = 0.0 B = 5.0 SUMS =0.0 cRl'SFD = 10.0*ERR on ;' L=l,LIMITl 50 CAIL SMPSNH3 A, B, ERUSED, LIMIT2, SI1, S, NUM, IER) WRITE (6,201) SI If S, NUM, IFR, ERUSED, A, 3 201 FORMAT (////lH0,6HS11 = ,F20.15,10X,4HS = ,F20.15,10X, 16HNUM = ,I5,1QX,6HIFR = ,I5/1H0,9HERUSFD = ,F2O.15,10X, 2^HA = ,F20.15,10X,4H8 = ,F20.15////) IF (IFR-4) 5,6,5 " 6 FRUSED = ERUSED*10.0 IF (FRUSFD.GE.0.1) CALL EXIT GO TO 50. 5 SUMS = SUMS + S

IF { ARS(S)- ABS(ERR*SUMS) ) 13,13,144 144 A * B . 14 B = B + 20.0 BB = B - 20.0 WRITF (6,15) BR 15 FORMAT ( 1H0,41HREQUI*.ED ACCURACY NOT MET IN LIMIT! STEPS, 110X,'.H3 = ,F20.15) 13 OINT(I) = SUMS*GC0U2
WRITE 16,91) DINT(I), ERUSED, 6, SUMS 91 FORMAT (//////1H0,7H0INT = FJ0.15,10X,9HERUSE0 = IF2C.15,10X,4HB = ,F20.10/1H0,7HSUMS = ,F20.15) 7 CONTINUE WRITF (6,499) '(OIMT(I), INDNUM(I), IlrNUMIMT) 4 99 FORMAT (IH1,17X,4HDINT,2 5X,4HNMNM///(1HO,10X,F20.15,10X, 1110)) WPITF (7,599) (DINT(I), INONUM(I), I = 1,NUMINT) 599 FORMAT (E20.10, 20X, HO) CALL EXIT END C C, C

c c c, c

FACTION G(U)

FUNCTION G(U) EXTERNAL FM

x.tsm:

REAL KO, K COMMON N, M, NP, MP f GDOU?, GCOU2, ERRES, LTM8ES, HOOER, 1ERPDFR, LIMDER, ERR LIMITl, LIMIT2, KO, EP, U, NTMTfl C C C C C THE DERIVATIVE OF THE FUNCTION AT KO = l.O+U**2 IS EVALUATED BY DIFFERENTIATING AN INTERPOLATION POLYNOMIAL IF THE FOURTH DEGREE KO = 1.0+U**2 RC = SQRT(KO) ERDEP = FRRDER 3 H * HODER PFP = 0.0 DO 10 J-l,LIMDER H = H/2.0 FP = (F(K0-2.0*H)-8.0*F{K0-H)+8.0*F{K0+H>-F{K0+2.0*H)) 1/(12.0*H) IF ( A^S(FP-PFP)- ABSlFP*ERDER)) 4,4,10 10 PFP = FP C WRITE (6,60) U, FP, H 60 FORMAT (////1H0,41HREQUIRED ACCURACY NDT MET IN LIMDER STEPS, 15X,4HU = ,F20.15,5X,5HFP = ,F20 . 15 , 5X ,4HH ~ ,=20.15) IF ( ARS(FP).LE.l.0E-14) GO TO 4 ERDFR = ERDER*10.0 IF (ERDER.GT.0.1) CALL EXIT GO TO 3 C 4 SUMS =0.0 ERUSED = ERR A = 0.0 B = 0.0 U2 = U**? DO 9C I = 1,LIMITl A = B = B + 2.5/GDOU2 IF (P-.GF.U2) B = U2 91 CALL SMPSN !FM, A, B, FRUSED, LIMIT2, SI 1, S, NUM, IFR) IF (IER-4) 77,88,77 88 FRUSED = ERUSFD*10.0 IF (ERUSED.GE.0.1) CALL EXIT GO TO 91 77 SUMS = SUMS + S IF (B-U2) 96,92,92 96 IF ( A1S(S)- ARS(ERR*SUMS)) 97,97,90 90 CONTINUE C WRITE (6,93) U 93 FORMAT (IH0,32HKMAX GREATER THAN 2*L I MIT 1/O0U2 ,1 OX ,

...... ,.....^ . .-=;--,;--y-v ^;-:N-;.r^!?-

*StfStt*W ^ ;V- V.^^-

14HU = ,F20.i5) CALL EXIT 97 A = U2 R = 2.0 + U2 FRUSED = ERR [MAX = 5 CALL SMPSN (FM, AT B, ERUSED, IMAX, SI1, PVAL, MUM, IF ( ABS(PVAL)- ABS(EPR*SUMS)) 13,92.92 92 A = U2 B = 2.0 + U? ERUSED = ERR 94 CALL SMPSN (FM, A, B, ERUSED, LIMIT?, SI1, % IF (IFR-4) 55,66,55 66 IF ( ABS(PVAL)- ABS(ERR*SUMS)) 55,55,606 606 ERUSED = ERUSED*10.0 IF (ERUSED.GE.0.1) CALLFXIT GO TO 94 55 SUMS = SUMS + PVAL A = B B = B + 2.0/GDOU2 FRUSED = ERR DO 14 L=1,LIMIT1 CALL SMPSN (FM, A, B, ERUSED, LIMIT2, SI1, IF (IER-4) 5,6,5 IF ( ABS(S)- ABS(ERR*SUMS)) 5,5,6666 ERUSED = ERUSED*10.0 IF (FRUSED.GE.0.1) CALL EXIT GO TO 5 0 SUMS = SUMS + S IF { ABS(S)- ABS(ERR*SUMS)) 13,13,144 A * R B = B + 2.0/GD0U2

IER)

VAL, NUM,

IER)

50 6 6666

S,

MUM,

IER)

5 144 14

WRITE (6,15) U, 3 15 FORMAT (1H0,41HREQUIRD ACCURACY NOT MET 110X,4HU = ,F20.15,10X,4hB ,F20.15) NITNTD = NTMTB + 1 IF (NTMTB.GT.50) CALL EXIT

TM LIMIT1

STEPS,

13 RM = (1.0+U/RC)**M RMP = ( 1.0+U/RC)**MP G = (RM+1.0/(RM*(KO**M)))*(RMP+1.0/(RMP*C<0**Ma)J )/ . l(RC**(N+NP+2-M-MP)1SUMS WRITE (6,301) SUMS, U, G, 0 301 FORMAT (1H0,7HSUMS = , F20.1 5 ,1 OX ,4HU = ,F20.15,10X, 14HG = ,F20.15,10X,7.-IKMAX = ,F20.10)

* V.k.-^&^-r^i1^: 'W&J%,.-

KFToS-N

c c. c c c

FUNCTION FK{*)

FACTION F?U) y, NP, y.p, GO Ol?i GCU2, FRRBES, LI'Ats, HODrR, IF^OEK, Ll-JER, e RP, LIMITlt L-niT2t XO, FP, *C IF (K-KO) 3,2,3 3 FM = F(K)/IK-KO) RETURN 2 FM = FP RETURN END
C C. r

SFAL KO, COKHCN COKMt'N N,

c c c c

FUNCTION F<K)

FUNCTION F(K) REAL KO, K COVMCN N, V, NP, ?',P, GOCU2, GCOU2 , FRR3ES, LIEBES, HOOER, 1ERROER, LIMOER, E.RR , LIMITl, LIMIT2, KO, FP, RC DOUBLE PRECISION BESSJM, ER, ARG, DEXP, GDOU2D, KO ARG * COU2*K/RC Nl = N

.\? = NP EH = ER KBES Liy = L IWRES GOCU? D = GOCU2 KO = K F = { K + KO)*OEXP(-2.0*KD*GDOU2D)*((GCOU2*K)+ ( M+NP)) 1BES5J M( N].,ARG,ER,LIP)*BESSJM(N2,ARG,ER,LIM) KETUR N END

'--~- ^M&
'&- *^***f^^ffit- J MBHMMRNAMBm

c c, c c c c c c c, c

FUNCTION 8FSSJM RFSSFL FUNCTION J OF ORDER N+i/2 DIVIDED 1Y TH: ARCUMFNT RAISED TO THE N + l/2 POWER

DOUBLE PRECISION FUNCTION RFSSJM<N,X,PRR,LI MIT) DOUBLE PRECISION X, ERR, PI, FACTOR, TERM, SUV, x?t DSIN, 1DCOS, OSORT, DABS, BCSJ, FACT DIMENSION BESJI100) PI = 3.1415926535998 IF {X-5.0J 2,2,3 3 NP1 = N+l c c c c c THE RECURRENCE RELATION J(N+1,X)+J(N-1,X> (2*N/X)*J(N,X) IS USFO IF (N-l) 13,11,16 13 RESJ(1) = DSIN(X) GO TO 18 11 BESJ(2) = DSINIX)/X-DCOS(X) GO TO 18 16 3FSJ(1) = f)SIN(X) BFSJ(2) = DSINIX)/X-DCOS(X) DO l"i 1 = 3, NP1 AI = I 19 BESJ(I) = (2.0*AI-3.0)/X*3FSJ(1-1)-BFSJ(1-2) IB BESSJM = BESJ(NP1)*0SQRT(2.0/PI)/(X**(N+1)) GO TO 101 2 FACT = 1.0 C c c c THF EXPKFSSION OF A BESSEL FUNCTION J AS A SERIES OF ASCENDING POWERS OF THE ARGUMENT IS USE.D
IF (Nl 8,7,8 8 00 5 I = 1,N

A2IP1 = 2*1+1 5 FACT = FACT/A2IPI 7 FACTOR = 0SQRT(2.0/PI)*FACT TERM = 1.0 SUM = 1.0 AN2 = 2*N

. ;..-JvWM<-.s i-ilivK^ww^-^imtfjrtXMiWti,:^-

ta&tftt

ffMPlB^HSP'Wfc^B'S^'Jp-"'"3 L* Wp*^S?SBK!St^!WjG?i?43^'BSI'^

x? = x*+?
DO 10 1=1,LIMIT AI? = 2*1 TFRM = (-l.0J*TERM*X2/(AI2*(AN2*AI2*l.0H SUM = SUM+TERM IF ?OABSlTERM)-DABS!FRR*SUM> 12*12,10 10 CONTINUE WRITE 16,1131 TERM, SUM, X 113 FORMAT f1HO,40HREQUIRED ACCURACY NOT MET IN LIMIT STEPS/IH , 17HTFPM * ,F20.15,10X,6HSUM = ,F20.15,10X,4HX = ,F20.15) 12 BESSJM SUM*FACTOR 101 RETURN END

iS>fvs-3S,5SB5S9e*e

aamemm m gag

*mu

r. c. c c c c c c,

SOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS (I-B)A = R

DIMENSION AINT(20,2O), 0120,20). INO(?0,20), INDNUM(?Q,20) DIMENSION N(20,20) M(20,20), NP(20,20), MP(20,20> DIMENSION 8C20*20), BB(20,20), BCOLC40Q), R(23) REAO (5,1 I EPS 1 FORMAT (F20.10) REAO (5,2) NUMAOC, NUMSYS, MNUMEQ 2 FORMAT (3110)
READ (5,61) (UINT(I,J),N(I,J),N(I,J),NP(I,J),MP(I,J), U=I, I), 1 = 1,MNUMEQ) 61 FOP MAT (E20.10,26X,4U) rfRITF (6,991) ((AINTfI,J),N(I,J),M(I,J),NP( I,J),MP(I,J), U=lt I). 1=1. MNUMEQ) 991 FORMAT (lHl/(IH0,F20.10,10X.4II)) MNFQM1 = MNUMEQ-1 00 10 I-1.MNEQM1

C
IP1 = 1+1

c
00 10 J=IPI,MNUMEQ

c
AINT(I.J) = AINT(J,I) NU,J) = NP(J,I) M(I,J) = MP(J,I) NP(I,J) = N(J,I) MP(I,J) = M(J,I)

c
10 CONTINUE

c
DO 20 1 = 1,MNUMEQ

c
00 20 J=l,MNUMEQ

c
INO(I,J) = N(I,J)+M(I,J)+NP(I,J)+MP(ltJ) INDNUM(I,J) lOOO*Nil,J)*100*M(I,J)+10*NPi I,J)+MP(I,J)

IF l(ND(Iv J)/?*2-lND( I,J>) 25,26,25 26 OU,J) * AINT(I,J)*(-l)**(IMQ(I,.)l/?+NP( I,j)) GO TO 20 0(I,J) = AINTCI, J)*(-l)**UINO(I, J ) 1)/2*NJ( I , J) )

c
25

c c

20 CONTINUE WRITE (6*662) 662 FORMAT! IM,11HMATRIX AfNT////) WRITE (6*62) KAINTIIv J1,J=1,MNUMEQ),1=1,MNUMEQ) 62 FORMAT (1H0,9E14.6/1H0,9E14.6/1H0,98X,2FtA.6) WRITE (6,31) 31 FORMAT (1H1,8HMATRIX D////) WRITF (6,13) ((D(l,J),J=l,MNUMEQ),1 = 1,MNUMEQ) 13 FOPMAT (IH0,9E14.6MH0,9E14.6/IH0,98X,2F14.6)

c
00 501 K=1,NUMA0C

c
REAO (5,213) A0CM1 213 FORMAT (F20.I0) AOC = AOCMH-l.O WRITE (6,41) AOC " 41 FORMAT (1HI,6HA/C = ,F10.8) C CALL MATRIXI9,B.QDOTl,MNUMEQ,A0CM1) C WRITE (6,73) ((BB(I,J),J=l,MNUMEQ),1=1,MNUMEQ) 73 FORMAT 1////IH0,8HMATRIX 3//7/(1H0,9E14.6)/1H0,9E14.6/ 11H0,98X,2E14.6) C 00 515 1=1,MNUMEQ 00 515 J=i,MNUMEQ 515 B(I,J) = -l.O*BB(I,J) C DO 51 1 = 1,MNUMEQ 51 Bf1*11 = i.O-BB(I,I) C WRITE (6,74) HB(I,J),J=l,MNUMEQ), 1 = 1,MNUMEQ) 74 FORMAT (////IHO,12HMATRIX (I-B)////(1H0,9E14.6)/1H0, 19E14.6/1H0,2E14.6) C WRITE (6,14) QD0T1 14 FOPMAT (////IH0,8HQ00TI = ,E14.6) RID = -1.0/QD0T1 WRITE (6,99) R(l) 99 FORMAT (IH1,7HR(1) = ,E14.6)

: vxM&zit.

- ..iififtj -^jnfriHMjfttt'ir'* I '**

.-Jt iJr *j&j3%

.,- mv~tsmmmamm&m?>B*mMmt WBm&Mi<*ss&wemsmm*!meaim*<x i i m IL MMMMBa^J*^

NUMEO =0 00 501 KK=1,NUMSYS C NUMEO = NUMEO (KK+1) C

00 2272 1=1,NUMEO 2222 *(I) = 0.0 R(l) = -1.0/3D0T1 C 00 97 J=l,NUMEO 00 97 1=1,NUMEO L = CJ-l)*NUMEO*I 97 RCOLfL) = BU,J) C CALL GELGIR,BCOL.NUMEO,1,EPS,IER) C WRITE (6,16) IER 16 FORMAT (//////1H0,6HIER = ,15) WRITF (6,17) (R(I),I=1,NUMEQ) 17 FORMAT (//IH3,6HA10 = ,E14.6,5X,6HAl1 = ,E14.6/IHO,6HA20 = , IE14.6,5X,6HA21 = ,E14.6,5X,6HA22 = ,E14.6/1H0.6HA30 = F14.6, 1 5X.6HA31 = E14.6, 5X.6HA32 = E14.6, 5X,6HA33 = ,E14.6/1H0, 16HA40 = ,E14.6, 5X,6HA41 = ,F14.6, 5X,6HA42 = E14.6, 5X, 16HA43 = ,E14.6, 5X.6HA44 = ,E14.6/1H0,6HA50 = ,E14.6, 5X, 16H&51 = ,E14.6, 5X.6HA52 = ,E14.6, 5X,6HA53 = ,E14.6, 5X, 16HA54 = ,E14.6/1H0,100X,6HA55 = ,E14.6i C WRITE (7,717) (R(I), I, KK, AOC, I=1,NUMEQ) 717 FORMAT (E20.10,I10,20X,I10,10X,F10.6) C 501 CONTINUE C CALL EXIT END C C c C C C C C C C C C C '

SUBROUTINE MATRIX(0,B,0D0T1,NUMEO,A0CM1) PURPOSE OBTAIN THE AUGMENTED MATRIX OF THE SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS (I-8)A = C , SUBROUTINE MATRIX(0,B,QD0T1,NUMEO,A0CM1)

'

'- --Tfi'^M

jw%POfSL-cs^st ,- - -i^T^~--iiN4-a&r5*5**?**St^*^?^i?l^'-'1

DIMENSION 0(20,20), B(?0,20) OIMFNSION POL(IO), OPOLIIO), QOLdOJ DQOL(IO), PUO.iO), IDP(IOflO), QUO,101, DQ(10,10), DPDQ(10,10), OPLOOL(IO) DOUBLE PRECISION 00, POL, DPOL, OOL, DQOl, P, OP, 0, 00, XM1 1DP0Q, DPLOOL XM1 = A0CM1 CALL LEGF{00,POL,DPOLOOL,?GOL,P,DP,Q,DQ,XM1)

c
NDEG = 5

c
WRITE 16,32) 32 FORMAT I////IHO,ilHFUNCTIONS PI WRITE (6,11) (POL(I),CPU,J),J=l,I),1 = 1,NDEG) WRITE (6,33) 33 FORMAT (/MHO, IlHFUNCTIONS Q) WRITE (6,11) (QOLCI),(Q(I,J)tJ=l,I),I=l,NDEG) WRITE (6,34)
34 FORMAT (//IH0.30HDERIVATIVES OF THE FUNCTIONS P) WRITE (6,11) (DPOLU),(DP(I,J),J=l,I),1=1,NOEG)

WRITE (6,35) 35 FORMAT (//1H0,30HDERIVATIVES OF THE FUNCTIONS 0) WRITE (6,11) (DQOL(l),(DQ(I,J),J=l,I),I=l,NDEG)

c
11 FORMAT (lH0,2F25.15/lH0,3F25.l5/lH0,4F25.15/(1H0,5F25.15))

c
DO 87 1*1,NDEG DPLDOL(I) = DPOL (I)/DQOL U) 00 87 J=1,I 87 DPDQU,J) = OP(I,J)/DQ( I,J)
WRITE (6,3 ) 36 FORMAT (//IH0,20HP00T OIVIDFO BY ODOT) WRITE (6,11) (OPLD0L(I),(0P00(I,J),J=l,I),1=i,NDEG) DO 50 J=1,NUMEQ 8(1,J) = DPLDQL(l)*D(l,J)*3.0/4.0 B(2,J) DPDQ(l,l)*D(2,J)*3.0/2.0 B(3,J) = DPLD0L(2)*D(3,J)*5.0/4.0 B(A,J) = DP00(2,1)*D(4,J)*5.0/2.0 B(5,J) = DPDQ(2,2)*D(5,J)*5.0/2.0 B(6,J) = DPL0QL(3)*D(6,J)*7.0/4.0 B(7,J) = DPD0(3,i)*D(7,J)*7e0/2.0 B(8,J) * DPDQ(3,2)*0(8,J)*7.0/2.0 8(9,J) - DPDQ(3,3*D(9,J)*7.0/2.0

'-;'-%-";--"* '^s*''

KSES5

_-

B(10tJ) P(lltJ) R(12,J) S(13J) B(!4,JJ 8I15.JI B(16,J) B(17,J) 8(18,J B(19,J) B(20,J>

DPL0QLC4) *D(10,J )*9.0/4.0 0P0Q(4,l) *0(ll,J )*9. 0/2.0 DPDQ(4,2) *D(12,J >*9.0/2.0 DP0Q{4,3) 0(13,J )*<.0/2.0 DPDQ(4,4) *0{14,J )*9. 0/2.0 DPLD0L15: 0(15,J 1*11.0/4.0 DP00(5,1 *D(16,J )*11.0/2.0 0PDQ<5,2) *0(17,J i*ll.0/2.0 DPD0(5,3) 9(18,J I' 11.0/2.0 0PDQt5,4) *0(19,J )*11.0/2.0 0P00(5,5) *0C20,J 1*11.0/2.0

C 50 CONTINUE

c
Q00T1 = OQOLtl)

c
RETURN ENO

c c. c c c c c c c c c, c

SUBROUTINE LEGFCQOtPO*,DP0L,0OL,0QOL,P, DP,Q,DQ,XM1) PURPOSE. EVALUATE THE LEGENORE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR FIRST DERIVATIVES FOR VALUES OF THE ARGUMENT GREATER THAN 1 AND DEGREES UP TO 5

SUBROUTINE LEGF(00,POL,DPOL,QOL,DQOL,P, DP,Q,DQ,XM1) DIMENSION POL(IO), DPOL(IO), QOt(lO), DOOL(IO), P(10,10), IDP(10,10), 0(10,10), DQ(10,10) D0U8LE PRECISI1N QO, POL, CPOL, OOL, DQOL, P, DP, Q, DO, IX, XM1, X2MI, X2M12, X2M13, RC, RC3, RC5, RC7, DLOG, DSQRT X = l.O+XMl X2M1 = XM1*(2.Q+XM1) X2M12 = X2M1*X2M1 X2M13 = X2M12*X2M1 RC * 0SQRT(X2M1 RC3 = X2M1*RC RC5 = X2M12*RC RC7 = X2M13*RC PQL(1> = POL 12) = 1.5*X2M1+10 P0H3I = 2.5*X*X2M1*X

.*v.v.:..--

..,-.v-.'.,..^,

i f$&$3m asm

^T

KMg(KiS*fc-

:."-".:Wfi

P0K4) = 4.375*X2M12+5.0*X?MH-1.0 POLIS = X*17.875*X2Mi2+7.0*X2Ml+1.0> DPCL(l) DPOL(2) DPOL(3) DP()L(4) DPOL15) Pfitl) P(?,l) P(2t2) P!3,l) P(3,2) P<3,3) P(4,l) PIA,2) P(4,3> Pt4,4) P5tl) P(5,2) P(5,3> PC5.A) P(5,5) DP(l,l> DP(21) DP(2,2) DP(3,1) DP<3,2) DP(3,3) DP(4,1) DP<4,2> DP<4,3) DP(4t4) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1.0 3.0*X 7.5*X2Ml+6.0 X*(17.5*X2M1+10.0) 315.0/8.0*X2M12*52.5*X2M1*15.0 RC 3.0*X*RC 3.0*X2M1 7.5*RC3+6,0*RC 15.0*X*X2M1 15.0*RC3 X*(17.5*RC3+lO.0*RC) 7.5*(7.0*X2M12+6.0*X2M1) 105.0*X*RC3 105.0*X2M12 315.0/8.0*RC5+52.5*RC3+15.0*RC 52.5*X*(3.0*X2M12+2.0*X2M1) 52.5*<9.0*RC5+8.0*RC3) 945.0*X*X2M12 945.0*RC5 X/RC 6.0*RC+3.0/RC 6.0*X 1.5*X*(15.0*RC+4.0/RC) 45.0*X2Ml+30.0 45.0*X*RC 70.0*RC3+72.5*RC+10.0/RC 30.0*X*(7.0*X2MH-3.0) 105.0*(4.0*RC3+3.0*RC) 420.0*X*X2M1 15.0/8.0*X*(105.0*RC3+84.0*RC+8.0/RC) 52.5*(15.0*X2Ml2+l.0*X2Ml+4.0) 52.5*X*t45.0*RC3+24.0*RC> 945.0*<5.0*X2M12+4.0*X2Ml) 4725.0*XRC3

DP(5,1) = OP(5T2) = 0P(5,3) = DP(5,4) = DP(5,5) = C C

00 = 0.5*(DLOG(2.0+XM1)-OLOG(XM1)) QOL(l) = X*Q0-1.0 Q0U2) = (U5*X2Ml+1.0)*Q0-l.5*X

~J

Q0U3) = X*(?.5*X2Ml+l.)*Q0-?.5*X2Ml~ll.000/6.OOC m(4) = (4.375*X2M1?*5.0*X2M1-H.0)*00-X*(4.375*X2MU l.!5.000/12.000) CPLI5) * X*(7.875*X2Ml?+7.0*X?Ml + 1.0)*Q0-7.875*X2r*1219.625*X?M1-137.000/60.000 D'jnLll) = Q0-X/X2M1 DQr.LC?) = 3.0*X*QO-3.0-l.0/X2Kl 0QPL(3) = (7.5*X2M1+6.0)*Q0-7.5*X-X/X2M1 O0OU4) = 2.5*X*(7.0*X2M1+4.0)*00-17.5*X2M1-95.000/6.00011.0/X2MI 0001.(5) = 15.0/8.0*(21.0*X2M12+28.0*X2Ml+3.01*00-105.0/8.0* lX*i3.0*X2Ml+2.0)-X/X?Ml 0(1,1) 0(2,1) 0(2,2) 0(3,1) 0(3,2) 0(3,3) = = = = = = QO*RC-X/RC 3.0*X*RC*00-3.0*RC-1.0/RC 3.0* X2M1*Q0-(3.0*X**3-5.0*X)/X2M1 (7.5*X2M1+6.0)*RC*00-7.5*X*RC-X/RC 15.0*X*Q0*X2Ml-15.0*X2Ml-5.0+2.0/X2Mi 15.0*RC3*QO-X*(15.0*RC-10.0/RC+8.0/RC3)

0(4,1) = X*(l7.5*X2Ml+10.0)*RC*QO-17.5*RC3-95.000/6.000* 1RC-1.0/RC Q(4,2) = (52.5*X?M12+45.0*X2M1)*Q0-52.5*X*X2M1-10.0*X+ 12.0*X/X2M1 0(4,3) * l05.0*X*RC3*Q0-L05.0*RC3-35.0*RC + 14.0/RO8.0/RC3 0(4,4) = 105.0*X2M12*Q0-X*(105.0*X2Ml-70.0+56.0/X2M1-48.0/ IX2M12)

0(5,1) = 15.0/8.0*(2l.O*X2M12+28.0*X2Ml+8.0)*RC*00-X*( 1315.0/R.0*RC3+26.25*RC + 1.0/RC) .Q(5,2J 52.5*X*(3.0*X2M12+2.0*X2M1)*Q0-157.5*(X2M12+X2MD114.0+2.0/X2MI Q(5,3) = 52.5*(9.0*X2MI+8.0)*RC3*QO-472.5*X*RC3-105.0*X* 1RC+2 8.0*X/RC-8.0*X/RC3 0(5,4) = 945.0*X*X2M12*QO-945.0*X2M12-315.0*X2MI+1?6.0172.0/X2M1+48.0/X2M12 0(5,5) = 945.0*RC5*00-X*(945.0*RC3-630.0*R:+504.0/RC1432.0/RC3+384.0/RC5)
0Q(1,1) D0(2,l) 00(2,2) DQ(3,1) 00(3,2) 0Q(3,3) = = = = = = X/RC*Q0-l.0/RC+1.0/RC3 (6.0*RC+3.0/RC)*Q0-6.0*X/ROX/RC3 6.0*X*QO-6.0--2.0/X2M1-4.0/X2M12 X*(22.5*RC+6.0/RC)*Q0-22.5*RC-U.5/RC + l.0/RC3 (45.0*X2Ml+30.O)*Q0-X*(45.0+4.0/X2M12) 45.0*X*RC*Q0-45.0*RC-15.0/RO6.0/RC3+24c0/RC5

D0(4,l) = (70.0*RC3 + 72.5*RO10.0/RC, -Q0-X*(70.0*RC+ 1155.0D0/6.0D0/RC-1.0/RC3)

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00(4,2) = 30.0*X*(7.0*X2M1 + 3.0)*QO-210.0*X2M1-1<SO.O-2.C/ IX2M1-4.0/X2M12 00(4,3) = 105-.0*(4.0*X2Ml+3.0)*RC*Q0-X*(420.0*t*O35.0/RO 114.0/RC3-24.0/RC5)

00(4,4) = 420.U*X*X2Ml*Q0-140.0-420.0*X2Ml + 5ft.0/X2M1132.0/X2M12-192.0/X2M13 D0(5,l) = 15.0*X*(105.0/8.0*X2Ml+10.5+i.0/X2Mi)*RC*Q011575.0/8.0*RC3-1785.0/B.O+RC-165.0/4.0/RC+1.0/RC3 DQ(5,2J = 52.5*(15.O*X2M12*ia.0*X2Ml+4.0)*00-78 7.c;*X*X2Ml1420.0*X-4.0*X/X2M12 00(5,3) = 157.5*X*(l5.0*X2Ml+8.0)*RC*Q0-236?.5*RC3-2047.5* IRC-105.0/RO12.0/RC3+24.0/RC5 " 0Q(5,4) = 945.0*(5.0*X2M12+4.0*X2*U)*QO-4725.0*X*X2M11630.0*X-*144.0*X/X2M12-192.0*X/X2M13 DQ(5t5) = 4725.0*X*RC3*QO-*725.0*RC3-1575.0*RC+630.0/RC1360.0/RC3+240.0/RC5+1920.0/RC7 RETURN END

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c

DENSITY OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTION

PLEASE DRAW WITH BLACK

INK

DIMENSION POLHIO), Pl(10,10), POL(lO), P(lO,l) DIMENSION A(20,6), N(20), M(20) DIMENSION FACTOR(20,1815, SIGMAUU81), THFTA(181), lTHPDEGURl) DIMENSION DATA(4O), X(IOOO), YUOOO) DUUBLE PRECISION XM1, POL1, Pl? POL, * CALL TRAPS<-1,-1)

c
CALL PLOTS(DATA,400,7HDENSITY)

c
READ (5,1) AOCM1 FORMAT (F20.10) AOC = AOCM1+1.0 AOC2M1 = AOCM1*(AOCM1+2.0) FAC SQRT(AUC2Ml)*l?.566372 WRITE (6,31) AOC

31

FORMAT UHi,6HA/C = ,F10.8)

READ (5,2) MNUMEQ, NUMSYS, NTHETA, NUMFI 2 FORMAT (4110) WRITE (6,32) MNUMEQ, NUMSYS, NTHETA, NUMFI 32 FORMAT (1H0,9HMNUMEQ = ,J3,10X,9HNUMSYS = ,I3,10X, 19HNTHETA = ,I 3,10X,8HNUMFI = ,13) C 1 = 0 NMAX = NUMSYS-1 C DO 10 L=1,NMAX LP1 = L+l DO 10 LL=1,LP1 I ~ 1+ 1 N(I) = L 10 M(I) = LL-1
WRITE (6,33) (N(I),M(I),1=1,MNUMEO) 33 FORMAT (////1H0,4H N M//(1H ,212)) * XM1 = A0CM1 CALL PNMXG11P0L,P,XM1)

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DO 17 K=1,NTHETA NTHEM1 = NTHETA-l ANTHKl = NTHEM1 KM1 = K-l AKM1 = KM1 THfcTA(K) = 3.141593/ANTHMl*AKMl THFDtGlK) = 180/NTHEMI*KM1 X(K> = THEOEG(K) FACT = SQRT((*OC* COS(THETA(K)))*(AOCMl+l.0l CCS(THETA(K))))*FAC XM1 = COS(THTA(K))-1.0 CALL PNMXLI(P0LI,P1,XM1) DO 17 J=1,MNUMEQ MJ = K(J) NJ = N(J) IF (MJ.EQ.O) FACTOR(JtK) = -1.0*POL1(NJ)/POL(NJ)/FACT SSIGN = <-l)**(MJ+l) IF IMJ.NE.O) FACTOR(J,K) = SSIGN*P1(NJ,MJ)/P(NJ,*J)/FACT 17 CONTINUE C NUMEC = 0 C 00 277 K=l,NUMSYS C NUMEO NUMEQ+K READ 15,7) (A(I,K),I=1,NUMEQ) 7 FORMAT (E2Q.10) WRITE 16,77) NUMEQ 77 FORMAT (lHi40HCOEFFICIENTS ANM, NUMBER OF EQUATIONS = ,1?) WRITE (6,777) (Nil), M(I),AU,K) ,1 = 1, NUMEQ) 777 FORMAT (///{1H0,1HA,2I2,4H = ,E20.10)) IF (K.EQ.l) NUMEQ = 0 277 CONTINUE C Nl = NTHETA N2 = Nl+1 N3 = Nl+2 X(N2) = 0.0 X(N3) * 9.0 Y(N2) = -0.10 Y(N3) = 0.02 WRITE (6,500) X(N2), X(N3), Y(N2), Y(N3), N2, N3

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500 FORMAT

{//////1H0,4F1C.5,2I10)

DO 27 KFI=l,NUMFI NUFU'l = NUMFI-1 ANFIM = NUFIM1 Kf-IMl = KFI-l AKMM1 = KFIM1 FlOnC = 180/NUFIMI*KFIM1 FI = 3.141593*AKFIH1/ANFIM1 NUMEQ = 0 CAIL CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL PLLT(6.0,-10.5,-3) PLOT (0.0,0.75,-3) AXIS(0.0,0.0,11HANGLE THETA,-11, 20. 0, G. C, X( f\2) ,X{ N3) ,20.0> AXIS(0.0,0.0,7HENSITY,7,10.0,90.0,Y(N2),Y(N3),20.0) SYMBOL(2.0,8.5,0.14,5HFI = ,0.0,5) NUMBER(3.0,8.5,0.14,FIDEG,0.0,1)

C C

DO 26 KK=i,NUMSYS

NUMEO = NUMEQ+KK DO 211 K=1,NTHETA SIGMAU(K) = 0.0 DO 21 J=1,NUMEQ AMJ = M(J)

21 SIGMAU(K) = SIGMAU(K)+A(J,KK)*FACTOR(J,K)* C0S( AMJ*FI)

Y(K) = SIGMAU(K)

211 CONTINUE

WRITE (6,22) NUML'Q,FIDEG 22 FORMAT (1H1,22HNUMBER OF EQUATIONS = ,I2,10X,5HF1 = ,F10.5) WRITE (6,222)'(SIGMAU(K),THETA(K),K=1,NTHETA) 222 FORMAT (IHO,10X,7HSIGMA/U,23X,5HTHETA//(1H0,F20.10,10X, 1F20.10)) CALL LINE (X,Y,N1,1,0,0)

26 CONTINUE
C C

IF (KK.EQ.l) NUMEQ = 0

CALL PL0T(20.0,0.0/-3) 27 CONTINUE CALL EXIT END

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EVALUATION OF THF WAVE RCSISTANCF , DIMENSION DIMENSION DIMENSION OIMFNSION AINT(20,20>, r<20,20), IND(20,20), I "n\MJM( 20,20} N(20,20), N!(20,20), NP<20,?0), MP{20,?0) NNI20), MMI20), A<20,6), AM20,20) S(2O,20), SUMC20)

C
READ (5,201) NUMAOC, NUMSYS, ?.NU*EQ 201 FORMAT I 3110 C READ (5,61) {{AINT(l,J),NU,J),MIl,J),NPt I,J),MP(I,J), Ulf l)tI*lMNUMEQ) 41 FORMAT IE20.10,26X,4U) C WRITE 16,091) UAINTU,J),N(I,J),M(I,J),NP<I,J),VP(I , J) , U=ltI),I = ltMNUMEC) <J91 FORMAT (1HI/I1H0,F20.10,10X,4U)) MNEQMl = MNUMEO-l DO 10 I=1,MNEQM1 C

IPI = 1+1
C C

00 10 J*IPlMNUMEQ AIKTII ,J) = AINT(J,I) NU,J) = NP(J,I) M(I,J) = MPU,I ) NP(I,J) = N(J,I) MP(I,J) = M(J,I) C

c c c

10 CONTINUE DO 20 I = 1,MNUMEQ 00 20 J=l,MNUMEQ

INDd.J) = NUtJ)*MU,J)+NP(I,J)+MPU,J) INDNUM(ItJ) = 1000*NlI,J)+100*M(I,J)+10*NP(I,J)+MP(I,J)

c
IF UND(I,J)/2*2-IND(I,J)) 25,26,25

26

D(I,J) = AINT(I,J)*<-l)**UND(I,J)/2+NP(I,J)+M(I,JM GO TO 20

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25 n(I,J) = 0.0
20 CONTINUE WRITE (6.66?) 662 FORf-'ATIlHl, 11HMATRIX AINT////) WRITF (6,62) (( AINT(I,J),J=l,MNUMQ),I=lt4NUME0) 62 FORMAT (1HO,9E14.6/1HO,9E14.6/JHO,98X,2E14.6) WRITE (6,31 31 FORMAT (lHl.SHMATRIX 0////) WRITF (6,13) ((D(I,J),J=1,MNUMEQ),I=1,MNUME0) 13 FORMAT (lH0,9E14.6/lH0,9E14.6/lH0t98X,2E14.6)

I = 0
NMAX = NUMSYS-1 DO 11 L=1,NMAX LP1 = L*l 00 11 LL=i,tPl 1 = 1*1 NN(I) = L 11 MM(I) = LL-1 DO 5555 KAOC = 1,NUMAOC READ (5,5554) A0CM1 5554 FORMAT (F10.5) AOC = 1.0 A0CM1 WRITF (6,5S53) AOC 5553 FORMAT (1H1,6HA/C = ,F10.5) NUMEO = 0 DO 277 K=l,NUMSYS ,

NUMEO = NUMEQ+K READ (5,7) (AtI,K),1=1,NUMEQ) FORMAT (E20.10) WRITE (6,77) NUMEQ 77 FORMAT (1HI,40HCOEFFICIENTS ANM, NUMBER OF EQUATIONS = WRITE (6,777) (NNII),-MfM I),A(I,K),1 = 1,NUMEQ) 777 FORMAT t///(lH0,lHA,2I2f4H = ,E20.10)) IF (K.EQ.l) NUMEQ = 0 277 CONTINUE C C

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NUKEO = 0 KK=I,NIP;SYS

c
NUKEC = NUMEQ+KK SUH(KK) = 0.0

c
WRITE (6*102) NUHEC 102 FORMAT (1HI,22HNUM8ER OF EQUATIONS = * I2/////1H0,10X, 14HTEPM,2?X,4HNMNM)

c
00 41 K=ltNU^E0 00 41 t=l,NUMEQ '

c
AACI.K) = tI,KK)*AIK,KK) IF O(I,K).EQ.0.0) GO TO 41 S(I,K) * AA(ItK)*D(ItK) C
WRITE (6,101) S(I.K), INDNUMU.K) 101 FORMAT (1H0.E20.10,10X,II0) C C 41 CONTINUE C WRITE (6,103) SUM'KK) 103 FORMAT (////IH0,6HSUM = ,E20.10) C IF (KK.EQ.l) NUMEQ = C 50 CONTINUE C 5555 CCNTiNUE C CALL EXIT END SUM(KK) = SUM(KK) S(I*K)