Protection of Wind Power System Based on Vosd/Visd Algorithm

Preethi.S
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ranganathan Engineering College, Coimbatore, India. [email protected]

Chinnaraj.P,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ranganathan Engineering College, Coimbatore, India. [email protected]

Sujithra.T
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ranganathan Engineering College, Coimbatore, India. [email protected]

Abstract In todays power crisis, a reliable power supply is the most daunting task for the power engineers. To achieve this, most of the developed countries use renewable energy as the source to produce electricity. This project deals with the study and analysis of improving the output of the wind energy power system using MPPT technique with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK package. Generally the wind turbine speed is controlled by the pitch angle. In a large wind power system, blades are long. So in order to control the wind turbine speed the change of angle of blades is achieved. But in small wind power system due to small size of blades the control of turbine is not effective by changing the pitch angle of blades. So the wind turbine speed is not controlled. Due to the over speed the over current protection of the battery is not achieved. The MPPT techniques in an wind power system provides over current protection is achieved. So the battery protection and the efficiency of the battery is increased. The output power from the wind turbine is increased by MPPT techniques. The optimal output from the turbine is achieved.

harnessed, wind turbine generators (WTG) require reasonable maintenance and there is no fuel cost. Wind plants are different from conventional generation plants in that their fuel supply is neither steady nor controllable, and as a result, they exhibit greater uncertainty and variability in their output. But the current power system also exhibits uncertainty and variability in both the loads and the generation sources, so the difference is in degree only.K

II.RENEWABLE ENERGY
Conventionally, the wind power system needs two power converters to achieve the MPPT function for the wind turbine and to produce the pulsating charging current for the battery. Unfortunately, it will reduce the power conversion efficiency of the precious wind energy. The incremental conductance (INC) method periodically measures module voltage and current, and then tracks the maximum power point by driving the sum of instantaneous conductance and incremental conductance to zero. This method is faster than the PO method, albeit with a modest increase in control system complexity. Two sensors are necessary for periodic measurements of voltage and current.

I.INTRODUCTION
The utilization of renewable resources such as wind and solar energy for electric power supply has received considerable attention in recent years. This is due to the fact that these nonconventional energy units are environmentally friendly and can operate effectively in both grid connected and stand-alone modes. It is expected that the contribution of these units to the worlds electric energy needs will increase in the future with further technological developments in their design and operation. Small stand-alone energy systems are widely used to provide electricity supply in remote areas that are beyond the reach of an electric power grid or cannot he economically connected to a grid. Due to the highly variable nature of the wind, the utilization of an energy storage device such as a battery can significantly enhance the reliability of a small stand-alone wind energy conversion system (SSWECS). The utilization of renewable resource such as wind and solar requires storage capability or must be augmented by conventional units such as diesel generators. Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are the most favoured alternatives for supplying electricity in stand-alone situations at the present time due to the fact that wind energy is relatively easily

III.PROPOSED STRUCTURE
Two new maximum power point tracking algorithms are proposed: the input voltage sensor, and duty ratio maximum power point tracking algorithm (ViSD algorithm); and the output voltage sensor, and duty ratio maximum power point tracking algorithm (VoSD algorithm). The ViSD and VoSD algorithms have the features, characteristics and advantages of the incremental conductance algorithm (INC); but, unlike the incremental conductance algorithm which requires two sensors (the voltage sensor and current sensor), the two algorithms are more desirable because they require only one sensor: the voltage sensor. Moreover, the VoSD technique is less complex; hence, it requires less computational processing. Both the ViSD and the VoSD techniques operate by maximizing power at the converter output, instead of the input. The ViSD algorithm uses a voltage sensor placed at the input of a power converter, while the VoSD algorithm uses a voltage sensor placed at the output of a power converter.

IV.WIND TURBINE
The wind turbine is a device that can convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. The blades of a wind turbine are the media for the kinetic-to-mechanical energy conversion. The blade is a beam of finite length with airfoil as cross sections. While the air flows through the blade, it creates pressure difference between the upper and lower sides of the blade that can make the blade to rotate. Then, the rotating blade will drive the blade-connected generator to convert the mechanical energy into the form of electricity. To derive the expression of the power generated by the wind turbine, several assumptions should be made. First, the blades are considered to be ideal. It means that they are frictionless and rotational velocity is not considered. Also, the air flow is perpendicular to the rotational plane of the wind turbine. The mathematical derivation of output power of the wind turbine is well known and can be found in many books with different expressions. One of them can be written as follows,Where Pm is the output power of the wind turbine, is the air density,Cp (, ) is the power conversion coefficient that is related to tip-speed ratio and pitch angle , R is the blade radius, and Vw is the wind speed.

One of the important features of the PM generator is that its output voltage is proportional to the rotor speed. Therefore, in the proposed control strategy, the rotor speed is obtained via the output voltage measurement. The simulated typical power curves of the PM wind turbine under various rotor speeds are obtained and shown in Figure 4.2. For each curve, the PM wind turbine starts at the no-load condition with highest output voltage. As the output current increases, the output power will increase, but the output voltage will drop. After a certain output power level, the increased output current will cause the signification output voltage drop that will lead to a steep output power drop and the PM wind turbine will stall eventually. Basically, as the wind speed increases, the output power of the wind turbine increases, too. For each wind speed, there exists a MPP. The dash line shown in Figure 4.2 represents the MPP curve of the wind turbine under different wind speed. Theoretically, under a constant power conversion coefficient Cp , the MPP curve is found to be a cubic function of the turbine speed. However, during the preliminary tests for the PMs output power measurements, it is found that the MPP curve can be approximated by a second-order polynomial equation.

V. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
The circuit operates as a rectifier when each thyristor has a firing angle, which is less than 90 degrees, and functions as an inverter for a greater than 90 degrees. If inverter operation is not required, the circuit may be simplified by replacing three controlled rectifiers with power diodes. A. HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER

This simplification is economically attractive because diodes are considerably less expensive than thyristors, and they do not require firing angle control electronics. The half controlled bridge, or semi converter, is analyzed by considering it as a phase controlled halfwave circuit in series with an uncontrolled half wave rectifier.

The power conversion coefficient Cp plays the most important role to the output power of the wind turbine under a constant wind speed. For a wind turbine with fixed pitch angle, the Cp is only affected by the tip-speed ratio , which is defined as the rotational speed of the tip of the blade Vtip over the wind speed Vw . In other words, the wind turbine should operate at different rotational speed under different wind speed in order to draw the maximum power from the wind energy. The blade-connected generator in the wind turbine plays the role to converter mechanical power into electric one. In this project, the PM generator is adopted because of its high reliability and simplicity.

One-quadrant bridge converter circuits a) half-controlled bridge; b) free-wheeling diode bridge the average voltage VD never reaches negative values. The output voltage waveforms of half-controlled bridge are similar to those of a fully controlled bridge with a free-wheeling diode. The advantage of the free-wheeling diode connection, shown in figure is that there is always a path for the dc current, independent of the status of the ac line and of the converter. This can be important if the load is inductive-resistive with a large time constant, and there is an interruption in one or more of the line phases. In such a case, the load current could commutate to the free-wheeling diode.

VIII.OUTPUT WAVEFORMS VI.CONVERTER TOPOLOGY AND OPERATION Converter is a device which is used to convert the signals, the conversional unit can be used for reducing the losses from the signals. A.Dc-Dc Converter Basics A DC-to-DC converter is a device that accepts a DC input voltage and produces a DC output voltage. Typically the output produced is at a different voltage level than the input. In addition, DC-to-DC converters are used to provide noise isolation, power bus regulation, etc. This is a summary of some of the popular DC-to-DC converter topologies. B.Buck Converter (Step-Down Converter) In this circuit voltage Von will put voltage Vin on one end of the inductor. This voltage will tend to cause the inductor current to rise. When the transistor is OFF, the current will continue flowing through the inductor but now flowing through the diode. We initially assume that the current through the inductor does not reach zero, thus the voltage at Vx will now be only the voltage across the conducting diode during the full OFF time. The average voltage at Vx will depend on the average ON time of the transistor provided the inductor current is continuous. Load current and pulses.

Buck Converter To analyse the voltages of this circuit let us consider the changes in the inductor current over one cycle. VII.CONTROL STRATEGY Two new maximum power point tracking algorithms are presented: the input voltage sensor, and duty ratio maximum power point tracking algorithm (ViSD algorithm); and the output voltage sensor, and duty ratio maximum power point tracking algorithm (VoSD algorithm). The ViSD and VoSD algorithms have the features, characteristics and advantages of the incremental conductance algorithm (INC); but, unlike the incremental conductance algorithm which requires two sensors (the voltage sensor and current sensor), the two algorithms are more desirable because they require only one sensor: the voltage sensor. Moreover, the VoSD technique is less complex; hence, it requires less computational processing. Both the ViSD and the VoSD techniques operate by maximising power at the converter output, instead of the input .The ViSD algorithm uses a voltage sensor placed at the input of a boost converter, while the VoSD algorithm uses a voltage sensor placed at the output of a boost converter. Figure 5.10 Three level inverter output

Figure 5.11 Output voltage during grid off condition

IX.CONCLUSION In this paper, Two new maximum power point tracking algorithms the ViSD and VoSD algorithms whose operational characteristics and features are similar to those of the incremental conductance algorithm have been presented. Compared to the incremental conductance method, both the ViSD and VoSD algorithms eliminate the use of the more costly and complex current sensor, by using only the voltage sensor. This results in reduced costs and circuit complexity. Moreover, the VoSD technique is less complex; hence, it requires less computational processing. Also the approach to integrate the MPPT function with the pulsating-current battery charger for the small-size PM wind turbine is proposed. The proposed battery charger is operated in DCM with constant on-time control to achieve the desired PCM operation. At the end of battery charging state, the proposed charger will operate in the CVM to protect the battery from overcharged. The over speed protection of the wind turbine can be naturally obtained when the charger enters the CCM operation. The details of the control strategy and design procedures are presented. Simulation results are shown to verify the performance of the proposed control strategy. X.REFERENCES 1. Kuo-Yuang Lo, Yaow -Ming Chen, Senior member, IEEE and Yung-Ruei Chang member, IEEE,MPPT Battery Charger for standalone wind power system, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,vol.26,no.6,June 2011. 2. J. Smith, R. Thresher, R. Zavadil, E. DeMeo, R. Piwko, B. Ernst, and T. Ackermann, A mighty wind, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 7, no. 2,pp. 4151, Mar./Apr. 2009. 3. B. S. Borowy and Z. M. Salameh, Dynamic response of a standalone wind energy conversion system with battery energy storage to a wind gust, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 73 78, Mar. 1997. 4. R. Billinton, Bagen, and Y. Cui, Reliability evaluation of small standalone wind energy conversion systems using a time series simulation model, IEE Proc.-Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 96100, Jan. 2003. 5. Bagen and R. Billinton, Evaluation of different operating strategies in small stand-alone power systems, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 654660, Sep. 2005. 6. B. Singh and G. K. Kasal, Solid state voltage and frequency controller for a stand alone wind power generating system, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 11701177, May 2008.

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