Chi-Square Practice Problems 1.

Jury Selection One study of grand juries in Alameda County, California, compared the demographic characteristics of jurors with the general population, to see if jury panels were representative. The results for age are shown below. The investigators wanted to know if the 66 jurors were selected at random from the population of Alameda County. (Only persons over 21 and over are considered; the county age distribution is known from Public Health Department data.) The study was published in the UCLA Law Review. Count-wide % # of jurors observed # of jurors expected (O-E) (O-E)2/E 42% 5 23% 9 16% 19 19% 33 100% 66 Do we have evidence that grand juries are selected at random for the population of Alameda County? Age 21-40 41-50 51-60 over 60 Total 2. Pre-school Attendance and Pre-algebra Achievement (these are contrived data, based on a real study) In these times of educational reform, attention has been focused on pre-school for all children. Since many districts are facing budget cuts, funding pre-school programs may impact other offerings. Before making their recommendations, administrators in a large urban district take a random sample of 50 seventh graders and compare the pre-algebra achievement levels of those who attended pre-school and those who did not. If achievement is independent of attending pre-school then the proportions at each level should be equal. Use the counts in the frequency table to determine if there is an association between attending pre-school and pre-algebra achievement. Below grade level 8 6 At grade Level 6 15 Advanced 6 9

Pre-school No Pre-school

3. Evaluating Textbooks Does the new math program improve student performance? Suppose you take a random sample of 20 students who are using a new algebra text which features group work and unit summaries and a second sample of 30 students who are using a more traditional text. You compare student achievement on the state test given to all students at the end of the course. Use the frequency table to determine if the proportions from each group are equal at each performance level. Below grade level New text Old text 4. Summary 8 6 At grade level 6 15 Advanced 6 9

The practice problems illustrate the three different Chi-squared tests. Identify each and determine how you can distinguish among the tests. 5. Remember those depressed people forced to look at sad pictures in Unit 4? No? Well, a group of subjects were classified by whether or not they were depressed. All subjects were shown "sad" pictures and their responses were measured. The researchers were interested in knowing whether there were a greater proportion of strong emotional responses among the depressed people than among the nondepressed people. Should you do a test of homogeneity or a test of independence? Why?

Chi-Square Practice Problems Additional Problems 1. A poker-dealing machine is supposed to deal cards at random, as if from an infinite deck. In a test, you counted 1600 cards, and observed the following: Spades Hearts Diamonds Clubs 404 420 400 376

Could it be that the suits are equally likely? Or are these discrepancies too much to be random?

2. Same as before, but this time jokers are included, and you counted 1662 cards, with these results: Spades Hearts Diamonds Clubs Jokers 404 420 400 356 82

a. How many jokers would you expect out of 1662 random cards? How many of each suit? b. Is it possible that the cards are really random? Or are the discrepancies too large? 3.A genetics engineer was attempting to cross a tiger and a cheetah. She predicted a phenotypic outcome of the traits she was observing to be in the following ratio 4 stripes only: 3 spots only: 9 both stripes and spots. When the cross was performed and she counted the individuals she found 50 with stripes only, 41 with spots only and 85 with both. According to the Chi-square test, did she get the predicted outcome? 4. In the garden pea, yellow cotyledon color is dominant to green, and inflated pod shape is dominant to the constricted form. Considering both of these traits jointly in self-fertilized dihybrids, the progeny appeared in the following numbers: 193 green, inflated 184 yellow constricted 556 yellow, inflated 61 green, constricted Do these genes assort independently? Support your answer using Chi-square analysis.

Chi-Square Practice Problems 5. You are a researcher hired by a company to determine which kind of computer system they should but. The systems being considered are: Zenith, APPLE, IBM, and Macintosh. The company wants to know if these brands differ significantly from each other in quality. You select 40 computer experts as your test group. You ask them to use each of the computers for a month and then to choose one computer that they think is the best. After you have tabulated the results, you find that the selections were distributed in the following way: Zenith 12 IBM 7 APPLE Macintosh 8 13

A. Why is the chi-square the appropriate statistic to use for this analysis? B. What is the critical value for this problem if the significance level is set at .05? C. What is the chi-square value? D. Is one computer preferred by the experts? E. Explain your answer 6. An advertising executive in a large cosmetic firm knows that men purchase 89 percent of all perfume sold in the U.S. market. Her company is about to release a new perfume and she must determine whether certain names are more appealing to male customers than other names. Therefore, she conducts the following study. She manufactures a perfume that has a pleasant, but nondistinctive scent. She then puts this perfume in four identical bottles but puts a different name on each bottle label. She randomly selects 100 men from a shopping mall and after letting them smell each bottle, asks them to select the perfume that they would most likely buy. She obtains the following distribution.

Name Glory Daze Seduction Morning Mist Compelling Lamonah

Number of Men Selecting 12 33 28 20 7

A. Why is the chi-square the appropriate statistic to use for this analysis? B. What is the critical value for this problem if the significance level is set at .05? C. What is the chi-square value? Is it significant? D. What should this executive advise her company to do when they name the new perfume? Why? E. If you were involved in this research and could do the study again, what other variables would you include in a multiple sample analysis?