EE 42/43/100 Introduction to Digital Electronics

Lecture 12 Review of Ch. 4-7.3 7/19/13

Instructors: Prof. Connie Chang-Hasnain Dr. Wenbin Hsu

Lecture 12
Capacitors and Inductors Op Amp Circuits Analysis 1st Order and 2nd Order Circuits with Constant Voltage/ Current Source Phasor Domain Analysis

Capacitors
Two conductors separated by an insulator. Can hold +q and q on opposite sides. Capacitance C q v A For parallel plate C = d i=C dv dt

For DC (v = constant), capacitor looks like open circuit Voltage on capacitor must be continuous (no abrupt change)

Capacitors in Series and in Parallel

dvs dv1 dv2 dv3 ) is Ceq = Ceq ( = + + dt dt dt dt i i i 1 1 1 1 = Ceq ( s + s + s ) = + + C1 C2 C3 Ceq C1 C2 C3

dvs dvs dvs dvs is = i1 + i2 + i2 Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 dt dt dt dt Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3

Inductors
A coil with multiple turns of wire wound helically around a cylindrical core. Inductance L i 2 N S For solenoid L = l v=L di dt

For DC (i = constant), inductor looks like short circuit Current through inductor must be continuous (no abrupt change)

Inductors in Series and in Parallel

vs = v1 + v2 + v2 dis di di di = L1 s + L2 s + L3 s dt dt dt dt Leq = L1 + L2 + L3 Leq

dis di1 di2 di3 ( v = L = L + + ) s eq eq dt dt dt dt vs v s v s 1 1 1 1 = Leq ( + + ) = + + L1 L2 L3 Leq L1 L2 L3

Operational Amplifier

Two input terminals

one positive (non-inverting) and one negative (inverting)

One output Power supply +Vcc and Vcc

Transfer Characteristics
Out vo = A(vp-vn) where A is called op-amp gain (or open-loop gain). Higher Gain High voltage gain. Smaller Range Linear response

Equivalent Circuit Model

An Ideal Op Amp Model: (1) Rin = i p = in = 0 (2) A = v p = vn when operated with negative feedback (3) Ro= 0 vo independent of loading break up cascaded op-amps if only local feedbacks

Steps to Analyze Op-Amp Circuits

Verify negative feedback present. Assume ip=in=0 and vp=vn.
Input terminal is the best place for KCL.

Apply Ohm's law, KCL, or KVL to solve for the quantities of interest. vo is limited by power supplies (Vcc and Vcc)

Op-Amp Circuit (1)

RT vx = vin Tvin = RT + R (1 T ) v x vin v x vo + =0 2v x vin vo =0 R R v 2Tvin vin vo =0 o =2T 1 vin T: 0 1 vo : 1 1 vin

Op-Amp Circuit (2)

vo1 =

1 vo 2 2 0 vin 0 vo1 0 vo 2 + + = 0 R 4R 4R 4vin vo1 vo 2 = 0 3 vo 2 4vin = 2 8 vo 2 = 3 vin

Op-Amp Circuit (3)

R3 R3 vo = v x ( ) + v x ( ) R2 R1 R1 v x = vs Rs + R1

inverting summer

R1 R3 R3 R1 R3 1 1 vs vo = vs ( ) = ( + ) Rs + R1 R2 R1 Rs + R1 R2 R1 R R R + R2 R R + R2 )= ) = vs 1 3 ( 1 vs 3 ( 1 Rs + R1 R2 R1 R2 Rs + R1

Op-Amp Circuit (4)

vs v x vs vs v x + + =0 vs v x + 2vs + 3vs 3v x =0 12 6 4 3 6v s = 4 v x v x = vs 2 v x vs v x v x vo + + =0 2v x 2vs + 4v x + v x vo =0 4 2 8 21 17 vo = 7v x 2vs = vs 2vs = vs 2 2

Op-Amp Circuit (5)

0 vs 0 3 0 4 0 vo 0 + + + = 2 4 8 8 4vs 6 4 vo = 4vs 10 0 vo = 6.5 vo = Vcc = 16 vs = 1.5 16 vs = vo = Vcc = Linear Range: 6.5V vs 1.5V

Op-Amp Circuit (6)

vin= iin R + 0 + iin R 0 iin R + io R f + iin R = v io R f or io = in independent of load vin = Rf

RC Op-Amp Circuits: Integrator

KCL at node vn vi dv 0 + C out = R dt dvout 1 = vi dt RC t dv 1 t out t0 ( dt )dt = RC t0 vi dt 1 t vout (t ) = vi dt + vout (t0 ) t RC 0

Integrating Pulse Signal

1 1 1 50 s = = 10x103 2x106 RC 50 vi d + vout (( n 1)T ) vout ( nT ) =
0 T

0.5 + vout (( n 1)T ) vout ( nT ) =

RC Op-Amp Circuits: Differentiator

KCL at node vn vout dvi 0 C = R dt dvi vout = RC dt

RC Differentiator
dv dv vo = RC in = 103 in dt dt dvin For 0 t 1 5V/ms vo = = 5V dt dvin vo 0V For 1 t 2 = 0V/ms = dt dvin For 2 t 3 10V = 10V/ms vo = dt dvin For 3 t 4 5V/ms vo = = 5V dt

General Response of RC and RL Circuits

KVL around the loop dvc (t ) + vc ( t ) = RC vs (t ) dt

KCL at node L diL (t ) is (t ) + iL ( t ) = R dt

Natural Response

Total Response with DC Source

v (t ) = v ( ) + ( v (0) v ( ))e i (t ) = i ( ) + (i (0) i ( ))e
Steady-State Response Forced Response Particular Solution
t t

Transient Response Natural Response Complementary Solution

Beginning of transience = initial final Transience will diminish exponentially over time with time constant

RL Circuits Response Example

The switch has been closed for a long time prior to t = 0,

then it opens at t = 0

and closes again at t = 1 s. Find iL (t ) for all t.

Norton Equivalent Circuit

To find the Norton equivalent circuit: (1) I N = short circuit current I sc from a to b 12k I sc = = 3A 2A 6k + 12k (2) RN = equivalent resistance looking into a to b with current source disabled (open). RN= 6k + 12k = 18k

Total Response

For 0 t 1 (0) 0 iL (= iL = ) 2 L 6 1 = = = R 18 3 iL (t )= iL ( ) + (iL (0) iL ( ))e t / = 2 (1 e 3t )

For t 1 iL (1) = 2 (1 e 3 ) = 1.9 iL ( ) = 0 L 6 = = = 1 R 6 iL (t )= iL ( ) + (iL (1) iL ( ))e ( t 1)/ = 1.9 e ( t 1)

Series and Parallel RLC

di Vs +v = dt dv i=C dt 1 d 2 v R dv 1 + v Vs + = 2 dt L dt LC LC Ri + L d 2 x (t ) dx (t ) 2 2 + + f (t ) 0 x (t ) = 2 dt dt v dv +i+C = Is R dt di v=L dt d 2i 1 di 1 1 + + = i Is 2 RC dt LC LC dt

Initial and Final Conditions

vC and iL do not change instantaneously
Obtain values at t = 0-

Get derivatives dvC /dt and diL /dt from iC, vL

Obtain values at t = 0+

Capacitor open, inductor short at DC

Obtain values at t =

Natural Response of RLC Circuit

The natural response has the following form: xc (t ) = Ke st K is a constant determined by initial conditions. s is a constant determined by the coefficients of the differential equation. d 2 xc ( t ) dxc (t ) 2 + + 2 0 xc(t) satisfies 0 xc ( t ) = 2
dt dt = 2 1 R 2 = for series RLC and 0 L LC 1 1 2 2 = for parallel RLC and 0 RC LC 2 0 s 2 + 2 s + 0 =

Characteristic Equation
To find the natural response, we need to solve the characteristic equation:
2 s 2 + 2 s + 0 = 0

The characteristic equation has two roots - call them s1 and s2. s1 = + 2 0 2 s2 = 2 0 2

Circuit Response: Damping Conditions

For series RLC circuit damping coeffcient R = 2L resonant frequency 1 0 = LC Overdamped Response ( > 0 ) s1 and s2 are real Critically Damped Response ( = 0 ) s1 = s2 Underdamped Response ( < 0 ) s1 and s2 are complex

Circuit Response: Damping Conditions

exponentially decreasing

exponentially decreasing sinusoid

Overdamped Response ( > 0 ) Underdamped Response ( < 0 )

s1t s2t v= t A e A e + ( ) 1 c 2

vc ( t ) e t ( D1 cos d t + D2 sin d t ) = = d

Critically Damped Response ( = 0 ) vc (= t)

t B B t e + ( 1 2)

02 2

d determines how fast sinusoids

wiggle.

Total Response of Series RLC Circuit

Add particular solution (forced/steady state response) v p (t ) = v ( ) for step response Find unknown constants of the solution from initial conditions v(0) and dv/dt at t = 0 which is i(0)/C

Series RLC Circuit Response Example 1

R = 2x104 = = 0 2L

1 = 104 >0 overdamped LC

s1 = + 2 0 2 = 0.2679x104 s2 = 2 0 2 = 3.732x104 ic (0) 50 + A1e s1t + A2 e s2t with vc (0) = 0 and vc ' (0) = 0 = vc ( t ) = C vc (0) = A1 + A2 + 50 = 0 vc ' (0) = s1 A1 + s2 A2 = 0 53.87 A2 = 3.87 A1 =
vc ( t ) = 50 53.87e 0.2679x10 t + 3.87e 3.732x10
4 4

Series RLC Circuit Response Example 2

R = 104 = 0 2L

1 = 104 =0 critically damped LC

= 104 s1 = s2 =

i (0) =0 vc (t ) =50 + ( B1 + B2t )e t with vc (0) =0 and vc ' (0) = c C vc (0) = 50 + B1 = 0 vc ' (0) = 0 B1 + B2 = B1 = 50 B2 = 5x105 vc (t ) =50 (50 + 5x10 t )e
5 104 t

Series RLC Circuit Response Example 3

R = 0.5x104 = 0 2L

1 = 104 <0 underdamped LC

d =

0 2 2 = 8.66x103

ic (0) 50 + e t ( D1 cos d t + D2 sin d t ) with vc (0) = 0 and vc ' (0) = 0 vc ( t ) = = C vc (0) = D1 + 50 = 0 vc ' (0) = 0 D1 + d D2 = D1 = 50 D2 = 28.87 vc (t= ) 50 e
0.5x104 t

[50 cos(8.66x103 t ) + 28.87sin(8.66x103 t )]

Phasor Domain Analysis

The phasor-analysis technique transforms equations from the time domain to the phasor domain. Differential equations become linear equations in the phasor domain. After solving for the desired variable in the phasor domain, convert it back to the time domain.

Time & Phasor Domain Correspondence

Phasor counterpart of

Time & Phasor Domain Correspondence

Phasor Domain

Phasor Analysis Procedure

Phasor Analysis Example

is (t ) 0.5sin(100 t ) 0.5cos(100t 90) = =

= I s 0.5e j 90

=100 = L j 200 Z R 200 = Z L j=

ZR ZL 200 j 200 j 200 j 90 j 90 = 0.5e = 0.5e V = Is 200 + j 200 1+ j ZR + ZL

0.5e j 90 100 2e j 45 = 50 2e j 45 =
V IR = = ZR

2 j 45 e 4

V IL = = ZL

2 j135 e 4

Phasor Analysis Example

V IR = IL =

50 2e j 45 V = ZR 2 j 45 e 4

= v (t ) 50 2 cos(100t 45) iR ( t ) = iL ( t ) = 2 cos(100t 45) 4 2 cos(100t 135) 4

2 j135 V e = 4 ZL

2 [cos(100t 45) + cos(100t 135)] 4 2 1 2 = = 2sin(100t )sin(45= ) sin(100t= ) is (t ) [cos(100t 45) cos(100t + 45)] 4 4 2 i= R ( t ) + iL ( t )