Indices Log
Indices Log
Indices Log
CLASS: .
Indices
base
Integer indices a) an = a x a x a x a x a n factors b) Negative index, a-n = _________ c) Zero index, a0 = __________
Laws of indices
am x an (am)n
= _________
am an = _________
= _________
1. INDICES AND LAW OF INDICES 1.1 Finding the value of number given in the form of :Type of indices (a) Integer indices In General (i) positive indices
a n = a a a ..... a
Examples
10 =
4
( 4) 3 =
(0.3) 5 =
3 = 4
3
4o = (-55)o = 0.0038o =
6 = 7
o
3 2 =
( 5) 3 =
(0.4 ) =
4
9 = 125 3 =
m
1
1 2
( a)
n
27 3 = 36 2 = 64
4 3 3
=
3 2
( 0.09)
Exercise : Practice 1, Practice 2 , practice 3 page 71-73
1.2 Using Laws of Indices to find values of numbers in index form that are multiplied, divided or raised to a power. LAWS OF INDICES
a m a n = a m+ n
a m a n = a m n
n
(a m ) n = a mn
n
(ab) m = a m b m
a a = n b b
3 5 (b) ( 2) ( 2)
(c) 4 5 4 2
(e)
3 16 2
1 2
(f)
2 2 10 125 5
(g)
2 3 25 2 8
2 3
1.3 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Using Laws of Indices Exercise Simplify: 1. a3 x a2 2. 35n 32n 3. (54n)2
4. ( s 2 t 4 ) 2
1
5. 4 5 n 2 4 2 n 4 2 n 3
p 4 n +3 6. p 5 n 5 p 3 n 2
7.
2 4 n 5 16 2 n +3 64 2
8. 3 6 n 4 815 n 27 2 n 5
(v)
positive integers of n.
2. LOGARITHMS AND LAWS OF LOGARITHMS. 2.1 Express equation in index form to logarithmic form and vice versa Definition of logarithm If a is a positive number and a
1 , then
` (INDEX FORM)
log a N = x
(LOGARITHMIC FORM) Notes! Since a1 = a then loga a = 1 Since a0 = 1 then loga 1 = 0
We can use this relation to convert from index form to logarithm form or vice versa. EXERSICE: 1. Convert each of the following from index form to logarithmic form: INDEX FORM LOGARITHMIC FORM 2 (a) 100 = 10 (b) 64 = 43 (c) 625 = 252 (d) 10-3 = 0.001 (e) 36 = 62 (f) 0.0081 = 0.34 6
(g) 49 = 72 (h) 0.0001 = 10-4 2. Convert each of the following from logarithmic form to index form: LOGARITHMIC FORM INDEX FORM (a) log10 1000 = 3 (b) log6 216 = 3 (c) log9 243 =
5 2
(d) log10 0.00001 = 5 (e) log2 32 = 5 (f) log3 81 = 4 (g) (h) log10 0.0001 = - 4
log 8
27
4 2 = 9 3
3. Convert each of the following from index form to logarithmic form: INDEX FORM (a) 50 = 1 (b) 320 = 1 (c) 0.140 = 1 (d)
2 =1 5
0
LOGARITHMIC FORM
4. Convert each of the following from index form to logarithmic form: INDEX FORM LOGARITHMIC FORM 7
2.2 Finding logarithm of a number Logarithm to the base of 10 is known as the common logarithm. The value of common logarithms can be easily obtained from a scientific calculator or from the mathematical table. In common logarithm, if log10 N = x , then , antilog N = 10x. [lg N = log10N] Exercise Use a scientific calculator to evaluate each of the following; (a) log10 124 = (c) log10 0.007826 = (e) log10 4.21.2 = (b) log10 4.76 = (d) log10 23 = (f) log 10 15.6 3 =
2
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
log a
loga xm = m loga x 8
Exercise: 1. Find the value of (a) log 2 4 + log 2 8 (b) log 5 100 log 5 4
(c) log 2
1 64
2. Given that log a 2= 1.0570 and log a 3 = 1.0919 . Evaluate each of the following. (a) log a 18 (b) log a 1.5
(c) log a 27
(e) loga 6a
2.4 Simplifying logarithmic expressions using Laws of Logarithms. Exercise Simplify the following logarithmic expression to the lowest form. 1. log3 25 + log3x log35 2. 1 log5 xy + log5 3x
3. 3 log2 x + 2 log2 y
6.
8.
4 log 6 a
1 1 log 6 b log 6 b 2 c 2 + log 6 ab 2 2
Given that a = log2x and b = log2 y, express the following in terms of a and b. 1. log2x2y2
2. log 2
x y4
10
3. log 2
8y5 x3
3. Given that logp 4 = a and logp5 = b. Express the following in terms of a and/or b. (a) log4 p
(b) log5 p
11
(c) log4 5
(d) log4 80
2.6 Solving Problems Involving Logarithms Examples 1. Given that a = log2 x and b = log2 y, express the following in terms of a and b. (a) logy x3
(b) logxy 32
2.
Given that log2 x = m and log5 x = n, express logx 100 in terms of m and n.
12
3.
1 3
2.7 Solving Equation Involving Indices An index equation is an equation that contains a variable in index form. There are three methods in solving index equations: 1. Equating the indices 2. Equating the bases 3. Taking the common logarithm on both sides of the equation. Examples Solve the following equations Method 1: Equating the indices a. 4 x +1 =16 b. 9 x +1 = 27 x 3
c.
(5 )(5 ) =125
x +1 x 2
13
1 125
4 c. ( 2 x ) =
1 16
c. 3 x 2 = 7 x +3
2.8 Solving Equation Involving Logarithms A logarithmic equation is an equation that contains a variable in a logarithmic expression. There are three types of logarithmic equations: 1. Equations that can be solved by using the definition of logarithm:
log a y = x y =a x
2. Equations that have the same bases 3. Equations that have different bases Examples Solve the following logarithmic equations: Type 1: Equations that can be solved by using the definition of logarithm:
log a y = x y =a x
14
a. log 2 x = 2
b. log x 16 = 2
c. log 2 = 5
2 x
b. log3 3x = 1 log3 8
c.
log5 (x + 2) = 2 + log5 x
15
2. Express each of the following in term of log a x and log a y . (a) log a
x2 y
(c) log a
y 2 3 a x
(d) log a
x3 y
(b) 3 lg 2 + 4 lg 4 2 lg 6
(c) 2 lg x +
1 lg y - 1 3
(d) 3 lg x
1 lg y + 2 2
(e) lg 6 + 2 lg 4 lg 8
16
(g) 2log a x - 1 +
1 log a y 2
_________ __________________________________________________________________
3.1 Finding logarithm of a number by changing the base of the logarithm to a suitable base The base of logarithms can be changed to other base by using a formula :
log a b = log c b log c a log b b log b a
1 log b a
ACTIVITY 7: 1. Find the value of each of the following. Give your answer correct to four significant figures. (a) log 5 9 (b) log 3 8
(c) log 30 4
2. Find the value of each of the following without using calculator.. log 1 8 (a) log 3 7. log 7 2. log 2 3 = (b) log 2 6. =
6
17
(c) log
9.
Log 3 125 =
3.2 Solving Problems involving the change of base and laws of logarithms. ACTIVITY 8 1. Given that log 2 3 = 1.585 and log 2 5 = 2.322.Find the value of each of the following. (a) log3 30 (b) log 3 0.6
2. Given that log2 a = b. Without using the calculator, express the following in terms of b: (a) loga 16 (b) log 4 2a2
(c) log 16 a
3. If log 3 x = r and log 3 y = s , express each of the following in terms of r and s . (a) log y x2 (b) log xy 81
2
18
4. If log 2 x = m and log 2 y = n , express each of the following in terms of m and n. 2 (a) log 4 x 2 y (b) log x y xy
2
4. EQUATION INVOLVING INDICES AND LOGARITHMS 4.1 Solving equations involving indices METHOD: 1. Comparison of indices or base (i) If the base are the same , when a x = a y , then x = y (ii) If the index are the same , when a x = b x , then a = b 2. Using common logarithm ACTIVITY 9: 1. Solve the following equations: (a) 3x = 81
(b) 16x = 8
(c) 8x+1 = 4
(d) 9x+1 = 3
(f) 2x + 3 - 42x = 0
(g) x 4 = 81
(h)
1 = x 3 125
19
23x = 32 4y
27 x = 81 9y
3. By using common logarithm(log10), solve the following equations and give your answer correct to two decimal places. (a) 2x = 3 (b) 7 x = 8
(c) 42x+1 = 7
(d) 15 3 x 4 = 10
(e) 6 52 x = 4
(f) 2 x .3 x = 18
(g) 2 2 x.5 x +1 = 7
(h) 2 x .3 x = 9 x 4
4. By using replacement method, solve each of the following equations: (a) 2 x + 4 2 x +3 = 1 (b) 3 x +1 + 3 x +2 = 4
(c) 2 2 x 7.2 x +1 32 = 0
(d) 3 2 x + 2 + 3 x + 2 4 = 0
20
(f) 6 2 x +1 7(6 x ) +1 = 0
4.2 Solving Equations involving logarithms METHOD: 1. For two logarithms of the same base, if log a m = log a n , then m = n . 2. Convert to index form, if log a m = n , then m = a n. ACTIVITY 10: 1. Solve the following equations. (a) lg x = lg 3 + 2 lg 2
3 lg 16 4
(b) lg 4 + 2 lg x = 2
(c) lg (4x 3) = lg (x + 1 ) + lg 3
(d) lg (10x + 5) lg ( x+ 4 ) = lg 2
(c) lg x + lg (2x 1) = 1
(d) 2 lg 5 + lg (2x - 1) lg (x + 2) = 1
21
4. Solve each of the following equations(change the base and used the replacement method) (a) 2 logx 3 log3 x + 1 = 0
22
Exercise : Practice 16 , Formative Exercise 5.4, Chapter Review Exercise 1-10, page 86-88.
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 1. Evaluate each of the following without using calculator or mathematical table. (a) 2 log4 2
1 log4 9 + log4 12 2
(b) log10 3 log10 2 + 2 log10 4 log10 6 + 2 log10 5 2. Given that log7 4 = 0.712 and log7 5 = 0.827, find the value of: (a) log7 20 (b) log7 0.8
35 (c) log7 64
3. Find the value of 8 3 16 2 4 2 [ ] 8 4. Prove that 2n+1 + 2n+3 + 2n+5 can be divisible by 42 for all positive integers of n. 5. By replacing u = 3x, solve the equation 2.3 2 x 3 x = 1 .
3 x +2 . 2
[x = 0]
6. Given that log3 2 = 0.63, without using calculator or mathematical table, solve the equation 3 2 x 5 = [x = 6.37]
1 4
7. If 2 x 2.3 x +2 = 6 2 x , prove that 6 x = 2 . Hence, find the value of x correct to three significant figures. 8. Solve the following equations: (a) log2 (5 x ) + log2 ( 1 + x) = 3 + log2 (x 2) (b) 5 logx 2 + 2 logx 4 3 logx 2 = 3 9. Prove that log x 4 = [x = 3] [x = 4] [x = 0.452]
23
1 1 ,x = ] 2 4
[ [
1 and 6x .362y = 1. 16
1 p] 2 2 ] 3 1 ] 9
[1 + 2p]
[x = , y =
4 9
625 x +2 =
1 5 .25 x 1
x
Answer:- x = 13. Solve the equation 2 x .8 x = 4 5 x 3 14. Show that 3 x +2 + 3 x 1 5(3 x ) is divisible by 13. Solve the equation 64 2 x 3 + 2 = 34 Answer:16. Solve the equation 3 x 2 2 x +1 = 10 Solve the equation log 4 [log 2 ( 2 x 3) ] = log 9 3 Answer:- x = 1
2 5
Answer : 13(3 x 1 ) 23 12
15.
Answer: 0.6477
Answer:3.5
1 Solve the equation log( x 2) log(4 x 1) = log x
Answer:- 5.2361,0.7639 Solve the equation log2x - 4 logx16 = 0 Answer: 16 , 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Solve the equation 2(7 x 1 ) = 5 x Solve 3
log 2 x
1 16
= 81
2x+1
- 2 (3
x+0.5
Solve the equation 102x+1 - 7 (10x) = 26 Answer:0.3010 Given that log 3 5 = m and log 9 2 = n , express log 3 50 in terms of m and n
24
3. 5 x
26. 27.
Given that 2 log 2 ( x + y ) = 3 + log 2 x + log 2 y , show that ( x 2 + y 2 = 6 xy ) If log2a + log2b = 4, show that log4ab = 2 and that log8ab = 4/3. If log2a + log2b = 4, show that log4ab = 2 and that log8ab = 4/3.
25