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SAT II Math Level 2 Subject Test Notes: Functions

The document defines key concepts related to functions including: 1) Function notation defines rules for combining functions using addition, multiplication, division and composition. 2) Domain is the set of input values and range is the set of output values of a function. 3) Even and odd functions have specific properties related to their symmetry. 4) Linear functions have graphs that are straight lines while quadratic functions have parabolic graphs. 5) The movement, degree, inverses and graphs of various functions are described.

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915 views

SAT II Math Level 2 Subject Test Notes: Functions

The document defines key concepts related to functions including: 1) Function notation defines rules for combining functions using addition, multiplication, division and composition. 2) Domain is the set of input values and range is the set of output values of a function. 3) Even and odd functions have specific properties related to their symmetry. 4) Linear functions have graphs that are straight lines while quadratic functions have parabolic graphs. 5) The movement, degree, inverses and graphs of various functions are described.

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tomcantyyy
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Functions

Function Notation
If f and g name two functions, the following rules apply: 1. (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) 2. (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) 3. (f / g)(x) = f (x) if and only if g(x) 0 g(x) 4. (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) = f (g(x))

Domain and Range


Domain: all the possible values of x o Mathematical Impossibilities for Domain: A fraction having a denominator of zero Any even numbered root of a negative number Range: all the possible values of y

Even Functions
A function f is even if f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f The graph of an even function has symmetry across the y-axis

Odd Functions
A function f is odd if f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f The graph of an odd function has symmetry across the origin

Linear Functions
Linear functions are polynomials in which the largest exponent is 1 o Lines that are closer to the horizontal have fractional slopes o Lines that are closer to the vertical have slopes greater than 1 or less than -1 The graph of a linear function is always a straight line Slope of a Line: m = y2 y1 x2 x1 Slope-Intercept Form: y = mx + b Point-Slope Form: (y y1) = m(x x1) Parallel lines have the same slope

Perpendicular lines have slopes whose product is 1 (negative reciprocals) Distance between two points: d = (x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2 The midpoint of a segment: M = x1 + x2 y1 + y2 2 , 2 Perpendicular distance between a point and a line: d = | Ax1 + By1 + C | A2 + B2 The angle between two lines, l1 and l2 : Tan = m1 m2 1 + m1m2 o m1 is the slope of l1, and m2 is the slope of l2 o If tan > 0, then is the acute angle formed by the two lines o If tan < 0, then is the obtuse angle formed by the two lines o In order to find the other angle formed by the two lines, subtract the angle you already have from 180 o Whenever tan = (a / 0), where a is an arbitrary constant, = 90

Graphing Linear Inequalities If an inequality is greater than or equal to or less than or equal to, then the line is drawn as a solid line If an inequality is greater than or less than, then the line is drawn as a dotted line

Quadratic Functions
Quadratic functions are polynomials in which the largest exponent is 2 The graph of a quadratic function is always a parabola Quadratic Formula: x = b b2 4ac (roots of a quadratic function) 2a 2 Discriminant: b 4ac 2 o If b 4ac > 0, then the equation has two distinct roots 2 o If b 4ac = 0, then the equation has a double root 2 o If b 4ac < 0, then the equation has no real roots The sum of the two zeros (real or imaginary) of a quadratic function equals (b / a) The product of the two zeros (real or imaginary) of a quadratic function equals (c / a)

Movement of a Function
In relation to f (x): f (x) + c is shifted upward c units f (x) c is shifted downward c units f (x + c) is shifted to the left c units f (x c) is shifted to the right c units f (x) is flipped upside down over the x-axis f (x) is flipped left-right over the y-axis f (x) is the result of flipping upward all of the parts of the graph that appear below the x-axis

f ( x) is the result of flipping to the right all of the parts of the graph that appear to the left of the y-axis

Line Tests
Vertical-Line Test: Any vertical line drawn can intersect a function only once. If a vertical line intersects a graph more than once, the graph isnt a function Horizontal-Line Test: Any horizontal line drawn can intersect a function with an inverse only once. If a horizontal line intersects a function more than once, the domain of the function must be limited in order for the function to have an inverse

Degrees of Functions
The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of any term in the polynomial The degree determines at most how many roots the polynomial will have o These roots can be distinct or identical An nth-degree function has a maximum of n roots and a maximum of (n 1) extreme values in its graph

Inverse Functions
The inverse of a function f is denoted by f -1(x) f (g(x)) = x o The above statement states that f (x) and g(x) are inverse functions o The above statement can also be written as g(x) = f -1(x) f (x) f -1(x) = f -1(x) f (x) = x f -1 is not necessarily a function If f (a) = b, then f -1(b) = a The graph of f -1 is the reflection of the graph of f about the line y = x Algebraically, the equation of f -1 can be found by interchanging x and y in the function f and solving for y f -1 can always be made a function by limiting the domain of f Switch the letter of variable restriction when taking the inverse of f

Extra Tips
Any graph that has symmetry across the x-axis isnt a function because it fails the vertical-line test

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