الاحصاء الوصفي

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The key takeaways from the document are that it discusses statistical concepts like data types, scales of measurement, and common statistical tests.

The document discusses two main types of data: qualitative and quantitative data.

The document explains that quantitative data can be measured on nominal, ordinal or ratio scales of measurement.

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 

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـــﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ 1/1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣــﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﻋـﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻋﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹ ﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﻛﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻮﻳﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/1‬ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Data Description‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ‪Statistical Inference‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ‪Forecasting‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬


‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺒﻮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻋﻠ ﻢ ﺍﻹﺣـﺼﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﱄ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼ ﺎﺋﻲ‬


‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺍ ﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻋﲔ‬
‫ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ‪ : Estimate‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺣـﺼﺎﺀ ‪Statistics‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ‪ ، Parameters‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻹﺣـﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ ، Point Estimate‬ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪. Interval Estimate‬‬
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‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ‪ : Tests of Hypotheses‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺴﻄﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﲟﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3/1‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻳ ﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ، Data‬ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ) ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ‪ – Male‬ﺇﻧﺎﺙ ‪، ( Female‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ) ‪ ، (D-D + -C-C + -B-B + -A-A+‬ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﳊﻔـﻆ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻏﲑ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﰒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ‪Qualitative Data‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪Quantitative Data‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴـﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﻘﺎ ﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﲰﻲ ‪ : Nominal Scale‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﲤﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋـﺎﺕ ﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﲰﻲ " ﺫﻛﺮ – ﺃﻧﺜﻰ " ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﲰﻲ " ﻣﺘﺰﻭﺝ ـ ﺃﻋﺰﺏ ـ ﺃﺭﻣﻞ ـ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ " ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺭ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﲰﻲ " ﺑﺮﺣﻲ ـ ﺧﻼﺹ ـ ﺳﻜﺮﻱ ـ ‪. " ....‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﲰﻲ " ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻱ ـ ﻏﲑ ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻱ "‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺄﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺍﳉﻨـﺴﻴﺔ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺇﻋﻄـﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻨـﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫" ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻱ " ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ) ‪ ، ( 1‬ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ " ﻏﲑ ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻱ " ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ) ‪( 2‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﱯ ‪ : Ordinal Scales‬ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﺌـﺎﺕ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﱯ " ‪"D-D + -C-C + -B-B + -A-A+‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﱯ " ﺃﻣﻲ – ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ـ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ـ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ـ ﺛﺎﻧﻮ ﻳﺔ ـ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ـ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ "‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺣﻔﻆ ﳊﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﱯ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﱯ " ‪ 0%‬ـ ‪ 5%‬ـ ‪ 10%‬ـ ‪" 15%‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎﻝ " ‪10000-15000 ، 5000-10000 ، <5000‬‬
‫‪." >20000 ، 15000-20000 ،‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ‬
‫ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ‪ : Interval Data‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺗ ﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ " ‪ " 0‬ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳ ﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟـﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ " ‪ " 0‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ‪ : Ratio Data‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻐ ﲑﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ " ‪ " 0‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻭﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻦ ‪ /‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﺭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻼﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﱎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋ ﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4/1‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻞ‪،‬‬
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‫ﻭﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻃﺮﻕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺍﻹﳌﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ 1 /4 /1‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﲜﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻨـﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ ... ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﳎﻬﻮﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻣ ﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻴﺌـﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ "‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻭ "‪ ....‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻫﺬ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺛﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻴ ﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2 /4 /1‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﲔ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌ ﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺣﺼﺮ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲨﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﺤﺼﺮ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻬﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﰒ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴ ﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲨﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﺳـﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺣﺼﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﻡ ﺍﳌﺮ ﻳﺾ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﺏ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﲤﺜـﻴﻼ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3 /4 /1‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻭﻻ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﳏـﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﳎﺘﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺮﻏﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻣ ﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺟﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬


‫ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪13‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(2‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺪﻑ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ‪. Simple Random Sample‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻴﺔ ‪. Stratified Random Sample‬‬
‫ﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ‪. Systematic Random Sample‬‬
‫ﺙ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ‪. Cluster Sample‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣ ﻔﺮﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪﻳﺔ ‪Judgmental Sample‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﺼﻴﺔ ‪Quota Sample‬‬
‫‪14‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـــﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ 1/2‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣـــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﺒﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺮﺿـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﲡﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/2‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺎ‬


‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ) ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻤﻲ ( ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜـﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1 /2 /2‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺎ ﺑﺼﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗـﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ) ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ( ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ( ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ) ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ (‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪( 1 -2‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 40‬ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺻﻘﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮ ﺕ ﺳﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺻﻘﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺻﻘﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻘﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻘﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮﺕ ﺳﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻘﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮﺕ ﺳﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺻﻘﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮﺕ ﺳﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻘﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ؟‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ؟ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻛ ﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻋﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮ ) ﺳﻜﺮﻱ – ﺧﻼﺹ – ﺑﺮﺣﻲ – ﺻﻘﻌﻲ – ﻧﺒﻮﺕ ﺳﻴﻒ ( ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﲰﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺘﻤـﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﲬﺲ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺳﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪13‬‬
‫ﺻﻘﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﻮﺕ ﺳﻴﻒ‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫• ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(1 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 40‬ﻣﺰﺭﻋ ﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‬
‫) ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ( )‪(f‬‬
‫‪ 5 ‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪  = 0.125‬‬
‫‪ 40 ‬‬
‫‪ 10 ‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺹ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪  = 0.25‬‬
‫‪ 40 ‬‬
‫‪ 13 ‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪  = 0.325‬‬
‫‪ 40 ‬‬
‫‪ 8 ‬‬
‫ﺻﻘﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪  = 0.20‬‬
‫‪ 40 ‬‬
‫‪ 4‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﻮﺕ ﺳﻴﻒ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪  = 0.10‬‬
‫‪ 40 ‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( 1 -2‬ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﲔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( 1 -2‬ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ " ﺑﺮﺣﻲ " ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫‪ 32.5%‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳒﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ " ﻧﺒﻮﺕ ﺳﻴﻒ " ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 10.0%‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪( 2 -2‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 50‬ﻓﺮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺮﺍ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺮﺍ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺮﺍ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺮﺍ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺮﺍ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻋﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊ ـﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ) ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ‪ -‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ _ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ -‬ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‪ -‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ( ﻣﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺈﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫• ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭ ﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(2 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 50‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ (‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‬
‫)‪(f‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪0.12‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪0.24‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪0.10‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0.04‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪.‬‬


‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( 1 -2‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫) ‪ ( 2 -2‬ﻳﱭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 30%‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳑﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺆﻫﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮ ﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﳑﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺆﻫﻞ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ) ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ( ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪، 5%‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺆﻫﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 4%‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬


‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﺪ ﻭﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﳚﺐ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2 /2 /2‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬


‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺗـﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺍ‪‬ـﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪( 3 -2‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪ 70‬ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬
‫‪68‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪68‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬
‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬
‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪76‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬
‫‪76‬‬ ‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪91‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬
‫‪79‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪79‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 70‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 80‬؟‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 70‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ؟‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠ ﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 80‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ؟‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ )‪Range(R‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Range = Maximum – Minimum‬‬
‫‪R = 94 - 55 = 39‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ )‪: Classes(C‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ 5‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ، 15‬ﺑﻔـﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ‪ 8‬ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪. (C=8) :‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ )‪: Length(L‬‬
‫‪Range‬‬ ‫‪R 39‬‬
‫=‪L‬‬ ‫= =‬ ‫‪= 4.875 ≈ 5‬‬
‫‪Classes C‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫• ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ) ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ( ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ = ‪55‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ = ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ‪ +‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ = ‪60=55+5 = 55 + L‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻫﻲ ‪ " 55 to les than 60" :‬ﻭﺗﻘﺮﺃ " ﻣﻦ ‪ 55‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪" 60‬‬
‫_ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ = ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ = ‪60‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ = ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ‪ +‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ = ‪65 = 60 + 5‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ "60 to les than 65" :‬ﻭﺗﻘﺮﺃ " ﻣﻦ ‪ 60‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪" 65‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ‪70 to les than 75 :‬‬ ‫‪65 to les than 70‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ‪80 to les than 85 :‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ‪75 to les than 80 :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ‪90 to les than 95 :‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ‪85 to les than 90 :‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﲜﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‬
‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺌ ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ(‬
‫‪55 to les than 60‬‬ ‫‪55 – 60‬‬ ‫‪55-‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪60 to les than 65‬‬ ‫‪60 – 65‬‬ ‫‪60-‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪65 to les than 70‬‬ ‫‪65 – 70‬‬ ‫‪65-‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬
‫‪/‬‬
‫‪70 to les than 75‬‬ ‫‪70 – 75‬‬ ‫‪70-‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪/‬‬
‫‪75 to les than 80‬‬ ‫‪75 – 80‬‬ ‫‪75-‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪80 to les than 85‬‬ ‫‪80 – 85‬‬ ‫‪80-‬‬ ‫‪////‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪85 to les than 90‬‬ ‫‪85 – 90‬‬ ‫‪85-‬‬ ‫‪///‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪90 to les than 95‬‬ ‫‪90 - 95‬‬ ‫‪90-95‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬

‫• ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(3 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 70‬ﻃﺎ ﻟﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‬
‫)‪(f‬‬
‫‪55 – 60‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.143‬‬
‫‪60 – 65‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪0.171‬‬
‫‪65 – 70‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪0.186‬‬
‫‪70 – 75‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪0.229‬‬
‫‪75 – 80‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.143‬‬
‫‪80 – 85‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0.057‬‬
‫‪85 – 90‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0.043‬‬
‫‪90 – 95‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0.028‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1426‬ﻫـ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪:‬‬


‫‪f‬‬
‫= ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ( 3 -2‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪.‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 70‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 80‬ﻫﻮ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑ ﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = 0.229 + 0.143 = 0.372‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ) ‪(80 , 70‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 37.2%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺼﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ) ‪. (80 , 70‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ، 70‬ﻫﻮ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = 0.143 + 0.171 + 0.186 = 0.5‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪70‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺼﻠﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 70‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 80‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = 0.057 + 0.043 + 0.028 = 0.128‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳊﺎ ﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪ 80‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 12.8%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺼﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 80‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3/2‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﲤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄ ﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻭﺃﺳﺮﻉ‬
‫ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﻸﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Histogram‬‬ ‫‪ 1 /3 /2‬ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬


‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﺠﺪ ﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ) ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪( 4 -2‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺟﻦ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 100‬ﺍﺧﺘﲑﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 45‬ﻳﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 600-‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫‪620-‬‬ ‫‪640-‬‬ ‫‪660-‬‬ ‫‪680-‬‬ ‫‪700-720‬‬ ‫‪Sum‬‬


‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ؟‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻋﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ )‪(L‬‬

‫‪L = 620 − 600 = 640 − 620 = ... = 720 − 700 = 20‬‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ = ‪20‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺭﺳﻢ ﳏﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﻭﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺑﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪ ( 1 -2‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(1 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪ :‬ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫‪600-‬‬ ‫‪620-‬‬ ‫‪640-‬‬ ‫‪660-‬‬ ‫‪680-‬‬ ‫‪700-720‬‬ ‫‪Sum‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‬ ‫‪0.10‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫‪0.10‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬
‫‪22‬‬

‫• ﺑ ﺈﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺭﺳـﻢ ﺍﳌـﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(2 -2‬‬


‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬


‫• ﺃﻥ ‪ 25%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺑﲔ ‪ 680 ، 660‬ﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻱ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺳـﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ )‪. (n‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜ ﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ ‪ -‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ )‪ (660-680‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ ‪ -‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(3 -2‬‬
‫‪23‬‬

‫‪ 2 /3 /2‬ﺍﳌﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﲞﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﻨﻜﺴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪( 5 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪ ( 4 -2‬ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜ ﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪( 3 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ(‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ )‪(x‬‬
‫‪600-‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪(600+620)/2= 610‬‬
‫‪620-‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪(620+640)/2=630‬‬
‫‪640-‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪650‬‬
‫‪660-‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪670‬‬
‫‪680-‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪690‬‬
‫‪700-720‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪(700+720)/710‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫• ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ )‪(x‬‬ ‫‪590‬‬ ‫‪610‬‬ ‫‪630‬‬ ‫‪650‬‬ ‫‪670‬‬ ‫‪690‬‬ ‫‪710‬‬ ‫‪730‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ )‪(y‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﲞﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪( 4 -2‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪( 4 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺟ ﺎﺟﺔ‬

‫‪ 3 /3 /2‬ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﻠﻊ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﻬﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳌﻨﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳝﺮ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪ ( 5 -2‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(5 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( 6 -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(6 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻷ ﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺷﻜﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 3/3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬


‫ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﲡﻤﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺻﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋ ﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1 /3 /3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬


‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ) ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ( ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪( 6 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ 40‬ﺑﻘﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪18-‬‬ ‫‪22-‬‬ ‫‪26-‬‬ ‫‪30-‬‬ ‫‪34-38‬‬ ‫‪Sum‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤ ﻊ ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 28‬ﻟﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 25%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻋﺪ ﻧﺴﱯ‬
‫‪18-‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪18‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.00‬‬
‫‪22-‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪22‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0.10‬‬
‫‪26-‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪26‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪0.325‬‬
‫‪30-‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪30‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪0.70‬‬
‫‪34-38‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪34‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪0.90‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪38‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍ ﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪ :‬ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﺑﻘـﺴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺧـﲑ ﰲ ﺟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﻬﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺣـﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪27‬‬

‫• ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 28‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻫﻲ ‪ 0.47‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 25%‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﻲ ‪ 25 :‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﻲ ‪ 28.5 :‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪:‬‬
‫‪28‬‬

‫‪ 2 /3 /3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻂ )ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ(‬


‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨ ﺎﺯﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ) ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ( ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪( 7 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﰲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪ ، ( 6 -2‬ﻭﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﻧﺴﱯ‬
‫‪18-‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪18‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬
‫‪22-‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪22‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪0.90‬‬
‫‪26-‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪26‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪0.675‬‬
‫‪30-‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪30‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬
‫‪34-38‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪34‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0.10‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪38‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.00‬‬

‫ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ‪.‬‬


‫‪29‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4/3‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‬


‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﳎ ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1 /4/3‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪ 360 o‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ r‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = 360 o‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ×‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(8-2‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 500‬ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪sum‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪170‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ × ‪ = 360 o‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪360 × 0.30 = 108 o‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪130‬‬ ‫‪0.26‬‬ ‫‪360 × 0.26 = 93.6 o‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪0.10‬‬ ‫‪360 × 0.10 = 36 o‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪170‬‬ ‫‪0.34‬‬ ‫‪360 × 0.30 = 122.4 o‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫‪360 o‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(7 -2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻌ ﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 500‬ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 34%‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 10%‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗـﻞ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪31‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـــﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Central Tendency‬‬

‫‪ 1/3‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﱰﻉ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄ ﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀ ﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺗﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/3‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬


‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺣﻮﳍﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳ ﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻷﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬

‫‪Arithmetic Mean‬‬ ‫‪ 1 /2 /3‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬


‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
‫‪ n‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪. x1 , x2 ,..., xn :‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ x‬ﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ Σ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـ ﺎﻝ )‪(1-3‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪ 8‬ﻃﻼﺏ ﰲ ﻣ ﻘﺮﺭ ‪ 122‬ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﳌﻌ ﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ( 1 -3‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪x1 + x2 + ... + x‬‬
‫=‪x‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪34 + 32 + 42 + 37 + 35 + 40 + 36 + 40 296‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 37‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ‪ 122‬ﺇﺣﺺ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 37‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋ ﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬
‫ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟ ﻔﺌﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫‪x1 , x2 ,..., xk‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ k‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫‪ f1 , f2 ,..., fk‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ )‪(2-3‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ 40‬ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﻭﺯﺍ‪‬ﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫‪32-34‬‬ ‫‪34-36‬‬ ‫‪36-38‬‬ ‫‪38-40‬‬ ‫‪40-42‬‬ ‫‪42-44‬‬


‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴﺬ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪.‬‬


‫ﺍﳊــﻞ‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ( 2 -3‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ‪. x‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪∑f‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻟﻪ )‪ ، (x f‬ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ ‪∑ xf‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. ( 2 -3‬‬

‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ‬


‫‪x f‬‬
‫) ‪(C‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪32-34‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫)‪2=33 ÷ (32+34‬‬ ‫‪33=132 × 4‬‬
‫‪34-36‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪35=245 × 7‬‬
‫‪36-38‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪37=481 × 13‬‬
‫‪38-40‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪39=390 × 10‬‬
‫‪40-42‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪41=205 × 5‬‬
‫‪42-44‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪43=43 × 1‬‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪1496‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬


‫‪6‬‬
‫‪∑ xi f i‬‬ ‫‪1496‬‬
‫=‪x‬‬ ‫‪i =1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 37.4 k.g‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪∑ fi‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬

‫ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪37.4 k.g‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‬


‫ﻳﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ x‬ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪x : a , a ,..., a‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5‬ﻃﻼﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ‪ 63‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x = 63 + 63 + 63 + 63 + 63 = 315 = 63 k.g‬‬


‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ ، ( 1 -3‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫‪ ، 34, 32, 42, 37, 35, 40, 36, 40:‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ ، x = 37‬ﺇﺫﺍ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪296‬‬
‫‪34-37‬‬ ‫‪32-37‬‬ ‫‪42-37‬‬ ‫‪37-37‬‬ ‫‪35-37‬‬ ‫‪40-37‬‬ ‫‪36-37‬‬ ‫‪40-37‬‬
‫)‪( x − x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪( x − 37‬‬

‫‪∑ (x − 37) = 0‬‬ ‫ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺿﻴﻒ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ ) ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ(‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ) ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ( ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻫﻲ ‪ ، x1 , x2 ,..., xn :‬ﻭﰎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )‪ (a‬ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ ، y = x + a‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ) y‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ، y‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ y‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. ( 1 -3‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺮﺭ ﺍﳌﺼﺤﺢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬
‫}‪ ، {(37+5)=42‬ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪.‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪296‬‬
‫)‪y = ( x + 5‬‬ ‫‪34+5‬‬ ‫‪32+5‬‬ ‫‪42+5‬‬ ‫‪37+5‬‬ ‫‪35+5‬‬ ‫‪40+5‬‬ ‫‪36+5‬‬ ‫‪40+5‬‬
‫‪336‬‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪∑ y = 336‬‬ ‫ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫=‪y‬‬ ‫‪∑ y = 336‬‬ ‫‪= 42‬‬ ‫) ‪→ ( x + 5 = 37 + 5 = 42‬‬


‫‪n‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )‪ (a‬ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ( ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ( ﻣﻀﺮﻭﺑﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ، y = a x :‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪ y‬ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ، 50‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭ ﺍﳌﺼﺤﺢ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﻑ‬
‫)‪ ، (a=2‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫‪y = a x = 2(37) = 74‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪a ≠ 37‬‬ ‫)‪∑ ( x − 37‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬


‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪< ∑ ( x − a ) 2 :‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜ ﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ‬


‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺴ ﻤﻰ ﺃﻭﺯﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎﺕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻟﻮ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﲬﺴﺔ ﻃﻼﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺠﻠﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﻣ ﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺬﻛﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪sum‬‬


‫) ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪173‬‬
‫) ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺬﻛﺎﺭ (‬ ‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪∑x 23+ 40+ 36+ 28+ 46 173‬‬


‫=‪x‬‬ ‫= ‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 34.6‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺬﻛﺎﺭ ‪ ، w‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳓﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪x‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪(w) = ∑∑w = 23×1+ 40× 3 + 36× 3 + 28× 2 + 46× 4‬‬


‫‪xw‬‬
‫‪1+ 3 + 3 + 2 + 4‬‬
‫‪23+120+108+ 56+184 491‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 37.769‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌ ﺮﺟﺢ ‪.‬‬


‫ﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ) ‪(w‬‬
‫‪36‬‬

‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‬


‫ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺑﺎﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺼﻌ ﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Median‬‬ ‫‪ 2 /2 /3‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺑﺄﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ )‪ ، ( n 2‬ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨـﺼﻒ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ )‪ ، ( n 2‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ 50% ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬


‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ n + 1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ = ‪‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ 2 ‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (n‬ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (n‬ﺯﻭﺟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ، (n / 2‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﺭﻗـﻢ‬
‫)‪ ، ((n / 2) + 1‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪37‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ) ‪( 3 -3‬‬
‫ﰎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ 17‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ﳘﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ )‪ (a‬ﻭﺟﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 7‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ )‪(b‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 10‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﲡﺮﻳﺒ ﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻦ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ )‪(a‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬ ‫‪2.75 3.25‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ )‪(b‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪3.75‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬ ﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )‪(a‬‬
‫• ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫• ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﺩﻯ )‪( n = 7‬‬


‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻫﻲ ‪. ((n + 1) / 2 = (7 + 1) / 2 = 4 ) :‬‬
‫• ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ، 4‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ‪ a‬ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﻦ ‪ /‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ‪Meda = 2.3‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )‪: (b‬‬
‫• ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫• ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ )‪ ( n = 10‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫• ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻫﻲ ‪. ((n + 1) / 2 = (10 + 1) / 2 = 5.5) :‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ = ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨ ﺘﺼﻒ )ﺭﻗﻢ ‪. ( 6 ، 5‬‬
‫‪2.5 + 3‬‬
‫= ‪Med b‬‬ ‫ﻃﻦ ‪ /‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ‪= 2.75‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ )‪ (a‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫)‪ ، (b‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪. Med b > Med a :‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬


‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ n   ∑ f‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ :‬‬
‫‪ =‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪ 2  2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫• ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪( A‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ‪f1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪Med‬‬ ‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ )‪(n 2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ ﻻﺣﻖ ‪f2‬‬

‫• ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ = ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ – ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫‪L = Upper - Lower‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪( 4-3‬‬


‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ 50‬ﻋﺠﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻐـﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳉـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮ ﺟﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪1.5 -‬‬ ‫‪4.5 -‬‬ ‫‪7.5 -‬‬ ‫‪10.5 -‬‬ ‫‪13.5 – 16.5‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻮﻝ ‪f‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪39‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺎ‬
‫= ‪n ∑ f = 50‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫• ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫• ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫• ﲢ ﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ )‪ (n / 2‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬
‫)‪ ، (n / 2‬ﻭﰱ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ )‪ (25‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻌﲔ ‪(35 ,‬‬
‫)‪ ، 16‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪، 7.5‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ‪ . 10.5‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺌﺔ‬
‫)‪. (7.5-10.5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ( 11 -3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A= 7.5 , f1 = 16 , f2 = 35 , L = 10.5 − 7.5 = 3‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪f1‬‬ ‫‪25 − 16‬‬
‫‪Med = A+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪× L = 7.5 +‬‬ ‫‪×3‬‬
‫‪f 2 − f1‬‬ ‫‪35 − 16‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬
‫‪= 7.5 +‬‬ ‫‪× 3 = 7.5 +‬‬ ‫‪= 7.5 + 1.421 = 8.921 k.g‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫• ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ )‪ (25‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘ ﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪. (a‬‬
‫• ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺭﺃﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (a‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪. Med = 8.6‬‬

‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻬﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﻱ ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫‪∑ | x − Med | ≤ ∑ | x − a | ,‬‬ ‫‪a ≠ Med‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪ .‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬
‫‪41‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺘﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﲰﻲ ‪nominal‬‬

‫‪Mode‬‬ ‫‪ 3 /2 /3‬ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ) ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ( ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ )ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ(‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : A‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ) ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﻷﻛﱪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ = )ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ – ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ(‬ ‫‪d1‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ = ) ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ – ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻻﺣﻖ(‬
‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻓﺌــﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ = ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﻷﻛﱪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ )‪(5-3‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﲑﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺭﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ‪ 122‬ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪68‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪76‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﱐ‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ = ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻣﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬


‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 77‬ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ‪ 4‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ = ‪ 77‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 65‬ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ‪3‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻮﺍﻻﻥ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ = ‪65‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 80‬ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ‪3‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ = ‪80‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍ ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 69‬ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ‪3‬‬ ‫ﻳ ﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻫ ﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ = ‪69‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 73‬ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ = ‪73‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ = ‪85‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 85‬ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(6-3‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗ ﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ 30‬ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪2-‬‬ ‫‪5-‬‬ ‫‪8-‬‬ ‫‪11 -‬‬ ‫‪14 - 17‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ‪f‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ، ( 12 -3‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﻷﻛﱪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ‪(8-11) :‬‬
‫‪43‬‬

‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ‪ ، d‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬


‫‪d1 = (10 − 7) = 3 d 2 = (10 − 5) = 5‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ، ( A = 8‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ )‪( L = 3‬‬ ‫•‬
‫• ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪ .‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d1‬‬
‫‪Mod = A +‬‬ ‫‪×L‬‬
‫‪d1 + d 2‬‬
‫‪=8+‬‬ ‫‪3 × 3 = 8 + 1 . 125 = 9 . 125‬‬
‫‪3+5‬‬

‫‪ 3/3‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬


‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(1 -3‬‬

‫• ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ = ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ = ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ) ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻱ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ < ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ < ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫• ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍ ﺀ ) ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻱ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ > ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ > ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪( 7-3‬‬


‫‪44‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 10‬ﻋﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺒﺄﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‬
‫‪ 5‬ﻟﺘﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪123‬‬ ‫‪119‬‬ ‫‪123‬‬ ‫‪124 119‬‬ ‫‪123‬‬ ‫‪121‬‬ ‫‪123‬‬ ‫‪121‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑x‬‬ ‫‪1211‬‬
‫=‪x‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 121.1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪(n + 1) / 2 = (10 + 1) / 2 = 5.5 :‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ = ‪ ، 10‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺯﻭﺟ ﻲ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ = ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪(6 , 5‬‬

‫‪121 + 123‬‬ ‫‪244‬‬


‫= ‪Med‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 122‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 123‬ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪Mod = 123‬‬

‫ﻭﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ > ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ > ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪( 8-3‬‬


‫‪45‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ 100‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺮ‬ ‫‪50 -‬‬ ‫‪70 -‬‬ ‫‪90 -‬‬ ‫‪110 -‬‬ ‫‪130 -‬‬ ‫‪150 -‬‬ ‫‪170 - 190‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪x‬‬
‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺕ ) ‪( f‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ) ‪(x‬‬ ‫‪fx‬‬
‫‪50 – 70‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪480‬‬
‫‪70 – 90‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪1200‬‬
‫‪90 – 110‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪2800‬‬
‫‪110 - 130‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪2400‬‬
‫‪130 - 150‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬ ‫‪2100‬‬
‫‪150 – 170‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪160‬‬ ‫‪1280‬‬
‫‪170 - 190‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪1080‬‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪11340‬‬

‫‪∑ fx‬‬ ‫‪11340‬‬


‫=‪x‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 113.4 R.S‬‬
‫‪∑f‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪Med‬‬
‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪(n/2 =100/2 =50) :‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬


‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪50‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪70‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪90‬‬ ‫‪23 ← f1‬‬
‫) ‪(50‬‬ ‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪110‬‬ ‫‪51 ← f1‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪130‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪150‬‬ ‫‪86‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪170‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪190‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬


‫‪46‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪= 50 , f1 = 23 , f2 = 51 , A = 90 , L = 110 − 90 = 20‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻫﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪− f1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪50 − 23‬‬
‫‪Med = A +‬‬ ‫‪× L = 90 +‬‬ ‫‪× 20‬‬
‫‪f 2 − f1‬‬ ‫‪51 − 23‬‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪540‬‬
‫‪= 90 +‬‬ ‫‪× 20 = 90 +‬‬ ‫‪= 90 + 19.286 = 109.3‬‬ ‫‪R.S‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪Mod‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻟ ﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﻷﻛﱪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ = ‪ ، 28‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ )‪. (90 - 110‬‬
‫‪d 2 = 28 − 20 = 8 , d1 = 28 − 15 = 13‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪L = 110 − 90 = 20 :‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ‪A = 90 :‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪260‬‬
‫‪Mod = A+‬‬ ‫‪× L = 90 +‬‬ ‫‪× 20 = 90 +‬‬ ‫‪= 102.4 R.S‬‬
‫‪d1 + d2‬‬ ‫‪13 + 8‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬

‫• ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪.‬‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪Mod = 1024 :‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪Med = 109.3 :‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪x = 113.4 :‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮ ﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ < ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ < ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 4/3‬ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎﺕ ‪Quartiles‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﱯ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 25%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴ ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ‬
‫‪47‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪. Q1‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ، Q2‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 75%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪. Q3‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪ ( 3 -3‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(3 -3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬


‫• ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ، n‬ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪X(1‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫)‪X(2‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫)‪X(3‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫)‪X(n‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫‪R = (n + 1) ×  ‬‬ ‫• ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪: (Qi ) ، i‬‬
‫‪ 4‬‬
‫)‪. Q i = X(R‬‬ ‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ R‬ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑ ﻴﻊ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ R‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ) ‪ (Qi‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ‪ ، X(l)< Q i < X(u) :‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﰒ ﳛﺴﺐ ) ‪ (Qi‬ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪( 9 -3‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 10‬ﺃﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﲑﺕ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪34 29‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻚ؟‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪22.25‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪30.5‬‬
‫‪48‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪2.75‬‬ ‫‪5.5‬‬ ‫‪8.25‬‬

‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ) ‪: (Q1‬‬


‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻲ ‪R = (n + 1) ×   = (10 + 1) ×   = 2.75 :‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ ‪ ، (20 < Q1 < 23) :‬ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 14 -3‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪l = 2, R = 2.75 , x(l ) = 20 .x(u ) = 23‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q1 = x(l ) + ( R − l ) × ( x(u ) − x(l ) ) = 20 + 0.75(23 − 20) = 22.25‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ) ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ( ‪Q2‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻲ ‪R = (n + 1) ×   = (10 + 1) ×   = 5.5 :‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ ‪ ، (27 < Q2 < 29) :‬ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 14 -3‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪l = 5, R = 5.5 , x(l ) = 27 .x(u ) = 29‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q2 = x(l ) + ( R − l ) × ( x(u ) − x(l ) ) = 27 + 0.5(29 − 27) = 28‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪Q3‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻫﻲ ‪R = (n + 1) ×   = (10 + 1) ×   = 8.25 :‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ ‪ ، (30 < Q3 < 32) :‬ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 14 -3‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪l = 8, R = 8.25 , x( l ) = 30 .x(u ) = 32‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q3 = x(l ) + ( R − l ) × ( x(u ) − x(l ) ) = 30 + 0.25(32 − 30) = 30.5‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫• ‪ 25%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 22.25‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬


‫• ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 28‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪ 75%‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 30.5‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪49‬‬

‫ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺃﺟﺐ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ )‪ ، (x‬ﻟـﻌﺪﺩ ‪10‬‬
‫ﳏ ﻄﺎﺕ ﲢﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪x:‬‬ ‫‪342‬‬ ‫‪216‬‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪291‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪216 210 165 90 216‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫)‪ (d‬ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﱮ‬ ‫)‪ (c‬ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻰ‬ ‫)‪ (b‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫)‪ (a‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫‪ ∑ x‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬


‫)‪216 (d‬‬ ‫) ‪195.8 (c‬‬ ‫)‪1958 (b‬‬ ‫)‪1000 (a‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫)‪ (d‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬ ‫)‪ (c‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬ ‫)‪ (b‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫)‪ (a‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬


‫)‪ (d‬ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫)‪ (c‬ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫)‪ (b‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫)‪ (a‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰉ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬


‫)‪213 (d‬‬ ‫)‪195.8 (c‬‬ ‫)‪1958 (b‬‬ ‫)‪216 (a‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪-6‬‬


‫)‪347 (d‬‬ ‫)‪195.8 (c‬‬ ‫)‪1958 (b‬‬ ‫)‪216 (a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪-7‬‬


‫)‪216 (d‬‬ ‫)‪195.8 (c‬‬ ‫)‪1958 (b‬‬ ‫)‪213 (a‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎ ﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﳍﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪-8‬‬


‫)‪ (c‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫)‪ (d‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (b‬ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫)‪ (a‬ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳏﻄﺔ ‪ 50‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪-9‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰉ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪245.8 (d‬‬ ‫)‪195.8 (c‬‬ ‫)‪1958 (b‬‬ ‫)‪216 (a‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰉ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪y = 0.5 x‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫‪-10‬‬
‫)‪245.8 (d‬‬ ‫)‪195.8 (c‬‬ ‫)‪97.9 (b‬‬ ‫)‪216 (a‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻟـﻌ ﺪﺩ ‪ 50‬ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﺭﻋﺔ ﲟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺩﻭﱎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﱎ‬ ‫– ‪4.5‬‬ ‫– ‪7.5‬‬ ‫‪10.5 -‬‬ ‫‪13.5 -‬‬ ‫‪16.5-‬‬ ‫‪19.5 – 22.5‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ )‪( 20 -11‬‬


‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪-11‬‬
‫)‪5 (d‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫)‪(c‬‬ ‫)‪2 (b‬‬ ‫)‪1 (a‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫‪-12‬‬


‫)‪13.5 (d‬‬ ‫) ‪15 (c‬‬ ‫)‪16 (b‬‬ ‫)‪14.5 (a‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪-13‬‬


‫)‪3 (d‬‬ ‫)‪10 (c‬‬ ‫)‪8 (b‬‬ ‫)‪9 (a‬‬

‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱮ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-14‬‬


‫)‪1.50 (d‬‬ ‫)‪1 (c‬‬ ‫)‪0.20 (b‬‬ ‫)‪0.30 (a‬‬

‫ﻫﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪ f ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ ∑ fx‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫‪-15‬‬
‫)‪681 (d‬‬ ‫)‪50 (c‬‬ ‫)‪225 (b‬‬ ‫)‪225 (a‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰉ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫‪-16‬‬
‫)‪681 (d‬‬ ‫)‪13.62 (c‬‬ ‫)‪13.5 (b‬‬ ‫)‪8.33 (a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻫﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-17‬‬


‫)‪14 – (c‬‬ ‫)‪13.5 – (a‬‬
‫)‪10.5 – 13.5 (d‬‬ ‫)‪16.5- 19.5 (b‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪16.5‬‬

‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻫﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-18‬‬


‫)‪1 (d‬‬ ‫)‪25 (c‬‬ ‫)‪10 (b‬‬ ‫)‪50 (a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-19‬‬


‫)‪12.5 (d‬‬ ‫)‪15 (c‬‬ ‫)‪13.5 (b‬‬ ‫)‪13.9 (a‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-20‬‬


‫)‪14.625 (d‬‬ ‫‪13.5‬‬ ‫)‪(c‬‬ ‫)‪15 (b‬‬ ‫)‪14 (a‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ‪ 20 ، 19 ، 16‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-21‬‬


‫)‪ (d‬ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﺩ‬ ‫)‪ (c‬ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫)‪ (b‬ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‬ ‫)‪ (a‬ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻯ ﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫‪51‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ :‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺴﺠﻴ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻈﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ) ‪ ، ( 21 – 1‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﲔ ﻣﻈﻠﻠﲔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫)‪(d‬‬ ‫)‪(c‬‬ ‫)‪(b) (a‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫‪52‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼــــــﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑـــﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ‬

‫‪ 1/4‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻻ ﻳ ﻜﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺑﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪88‬‬


‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬

‫ﻟﻮ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪76‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲡﺎﻧﺴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳉﺄ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧ ﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻃﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻛﺰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Dispersion Measurements‬‬ ‫‪ 2/4‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Rang‬‬ ‫‪ 1/2/4‬اﻟﻤﺪى‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨ ﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪53‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ )‪(1-4‬‬
‫ﰎ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ‪ 9‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﲟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻦ ‪ /‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪6.21‬‬ ‫‪5.4‬‬ ‫‪5.18‬‬ ‫‪5.29‬‬ ‫‪5.18‬‬ ‫‪5.08‬‬ ‫‪4.63‬‬ ‫‪5.03‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ = ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ – ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ = ‪4.63‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ = ‪6.21‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Rang=Max-Min=6.21-4.63 =1.58‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 1.58‬ﻃﻦ ‪ /‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ )‪(2-4‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ 60‬ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﺭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﱎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫‪15-20‬‬ ‫‪20-25‬‬ ‫‪25-30‬‬ ‫‪30-35‬‬ ‫‪35-40‬‬ ‫‪40-45‬‬


‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﺭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ = ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ – ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷ ﻭﱃ ‪(15+20)/2=35/2=17.5 :‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ‪(40+45)/2=85/2=42.5 :‬‬
‫‪Rang = 42.5 − 17.5 = 25‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 25‬ﺩﻭﱎ‬

‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻭﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ‬
‫‪54‬‬
‫• ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Quartile Deviation (Q‬‬ ‫‪ 2/2/4‬ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ‬


‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻓﺘﲔ ‪ ،‬ﳘﺎ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺫﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻛﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳉﺄ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻬﻤﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑ ﻴﻌﻲ )‪ ، (Q‬ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ Q 1‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑ ﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ Q 3 ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌ ﺮﻑ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﺑ ﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌ ﻲ = ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 3 -4‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪ ، ( 1 -4‬ﰒ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫• ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪4.63‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪5.03‬‬ ‫‪5.08‬‬ ‫‪5.18‬‬ ‫‪5.18‬‬ ‫‪5.29‬‬ ‫‪5.4‬‬ ‫‪6.21‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑ ﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪Q 1‬‬ ‫•‬


‫‪1‬‬
‫‪. (n + 1)  = (9 + 1)(0.25) = 2.5‬‬ ‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑ ﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪x(l ) = x(2) = 4.8 , x(u ) = x(3) = 5.03 , R = 2.5 l = 2 , R − l = 0.5‬‬
‫‪,‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫) ) ‪Q1 = x(l ) + (r − l )( x(u ) − x(l‬‬
‫‪= 4.8 + 0.5(5.03 − 4.8) = 4.915‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ) ‪(Q 3‬‬ ‫•‬


‫‪55‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪(n + 1)  = (9 + 1)(0.75) = 7.5‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪x(l ) = x(7) = 5.29 , x(u ) = x(8) = 5.4 , R = 7.5 l = 7 , R − l = 0.5‬‬
‫‪,‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫) ) ‪Q3 = x(l ) + ( R − l )( x(u) − x(l‬‬
‫‪= 5.29 + 0.5(5.4 − 5.29) = 5.345‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫‪Q − Q1 5.345 − 4.915‬‬
‫‪Q= 3‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.215‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 0.215‬ﻃﻦ ‪ /‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 4 -4‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( 2 -4‬ﰲ ﺣﺴ ﺎ ﺏ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـــﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ) ‪(Q 1‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪n(1/4)= 60(0.25)= 15‬‬ ‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑ ﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f = 15 , f1 = 12 , f 2 = 27 , A= 25 , L = 5‬‬
‫‪f − f1‬‬
‫‪Q1 = A +‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪f 2 − f1‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪= 25 + 15 − 12 ( 5 ) = 25 + 3 ( 5 ) = 26‬‬
‫‪27 − 12‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ) ‪(Q 3‬‬ ‫•‬


‫‪56‬‬
‫‪n(3/4)= 60(0.75)= 45‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f = 45 , f1 = 45 , f 2 = 57 , A = 35 , L = 5‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪f − f1‬‬
‫‪Q3 = A +‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪f 2 − f1‬‬
‫‪= 35 + 45 − 45 (5 ) = 35 +‬‬
‫)‪(0‬‬
‫‪( 5) = 35‬‬
‫‪57 − 45‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫• ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q − Q1 35 − 26‬‬
‫‪Q= 3‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.5‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ 4.5‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﱎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻛﻤﻘﻴ ﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻭﺳﻬﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Mean Deviation (MD‬‬ ‫‪ 3/2/4‬ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬


‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨ ﻪ ﲟﺘ ﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﳊـﺴﺎﰊ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ x1, x2 ,..., xn‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺍ ﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ) ‪x = ∑ x n‬‬
‫( ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ )‪ (MD‬ﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ) ‪( 5 -4‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﳋﻤ ﺲ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪4 5 2 10 7‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪( 4 -4‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x = ∑ = 28 = 5.6‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪57‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓ ﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬


‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪(x − x ) = (x − 5.6‬‬ ‫‪x − 5.6‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4 - 5.6 = -1.6‬‬ ‫‪1.6‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5 - 5.6 = -0.6‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 - 5.6 = -3.6‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10 - 5.6 = 4.4‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7 - 5.6 = 1.4‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪11.6‬‬

‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫‪x − x 11 .6‬‬
‫∑ = ‪MD‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ( ‪= 2 .32‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ f‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪ x ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪x ،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ) ‪( 6 -4‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ 40‬ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪2-5‬‬ ‫‪5-8‬‬ ‫‪8 - 11‬‬ ‫‪11 – 14‬‬ ‫‪14 – 17‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊـــــﻞ‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄ ﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ، ( 5 -4‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻵﰐ‬
‫• ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬ ‫‪x f‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‬ ‫‪x− x‬‬ ‫‪x− x f‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧ ﻔﺎﻕ‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪2-5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪7.2‬‬ ‫‪7.2‬‬
‫∑ =‪x‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪5-8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪6.5‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫‪33.6‬‬
‫‪8-11‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪9.5‬‬ ‫‪123.5‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬ ‫‪15.6‬‬
‫‪428‬‬
‫‪11-14‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬ ‫‪125‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 10.7‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫‪14-17‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪15.5‬‬ ‫‪124‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪38.4‬‬
‫‪sum‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪428‬‬ ‫‪112.8‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬


‫‪58‬‬

‫‪∑ x − x f 112 . 8‬‬


‫= ‪MD‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2 . 82‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ﻫﻮ ‪ 2.82‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Variance‬‬ ‫‪ 4/2/4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣ ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ) ‪( σ 2‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒـﺎﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻦ‪x1, x2 ,..., xN :‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ) σ 2‬ﺳﻴﺠﻤﺎ ( ﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ µ‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ‪µ = ∑ x N :‬‬


‫ﻣﺜـ ﺎﻝ ) ‪( 7 -4‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ‪ 15‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﳍﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰎ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪.( 6 -4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪µ‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪µ‬‬ ‫‪∑x‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= )‪(5 + 13 + +7 + ... + 12 + 10‬‬ ‫‪(150) = 10‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪59‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ‪∑ ( x − µ ) 2‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪∑ ( x − µ ) 2 = 130‬‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪σ‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫)‬‫‪2 130‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 8.67‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ‬
‫)‪(x − µ‬‬ ‫‪( x − µ)2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5-10 = -5‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 6 -4‬ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻚ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ ‪∑ ( x − µ ) 2‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∑ ( x − µ ) 2 = ∑  x − 2 xµ + µ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪= ∑ x2 − 2µ ∑ x + ∑ µ 2‬‬
‫‪= ∑ x2 − 2 Nµ 2 + Nµ 2‬‬
‫‪= ∑ x2 − Nµ 2‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪x2 − Nµ 2 1‬‬


‫= ‪σ‬‬ ‫‪= ∑ x2 − µ 2‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻵﰐ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ )‪ ، (7 -4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﲔ ‪∑ x , ∑ x2 :‬‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﱪﺓ‬ ‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪∑ x = 150 , ∑ x2 = 1630‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪169‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪196‬‬ ‫=‪µ‬‬ ‫‪∑ x = (150) = 10‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪144‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫= ‪σ2‬‬ ‫‪∑x −µ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪169‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪1630 − 10 2 = 108 .67 − 100 = 8 . 67‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪196‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ )‪. ( 6 -4‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪121‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪144‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪1630‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ) ‪( s‬‬


‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪σ 2‬‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﳛ ﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋـﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ s2‬ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ n‬ﻫﻲ ‪x1 , x2 ,..., xn ،‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ x‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪x = ∑ x n :‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 8 -4‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪61‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ) ‪( 8 -4‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪ ( 7 -4‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 5‬ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺠﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊــﻞ‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ، ( 8 -4‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪x = ∑ x = (8 + 13 + 10 + 5 + 9) = (45) = 9‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫‪(x − x )2‬‬ ‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ‪x‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬


‫) ‪(x − x‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪( x − x )2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬

‫∑ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪(x − x )2 = 34‬‬ ‫ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬


‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪s‬‬‫‪2‬‬‫∑‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‬‫‪2‬‬


‫=‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫‪= 8 .5‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫)‪( 5 − 1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫• ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ، 8.5‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟ ﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬


‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 8 -4‬ﺇﱃ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻛﺴﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺳﺘ ﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻵﰐ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎ ﱄ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻚ ﺍ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ ‪∑ ( x − x) 2‬‬


‫‪62‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∑ ( x − x) 2 = ∑  x − 2 xx + x ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪= ∑ x2 − 2 x∑ x + ∑ x 2‬‬
‫‪= ∑ x2 − 2nx 2 + nx 2‬‬
‫‪= ∑ x2 − nx 2‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪s2‬‬ ‫‪ ∑ x − nx ‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 9 -4‬ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌ ﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ‪x‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬


‫‪x2‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪169‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪439‬‬

‫• ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 9 -4‬ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬


‫= ‪s2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ ∑ x2 − nx 2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1 ‬‬ ‫‪2  1 (34 ) = 8 . 5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪ 439 − 5 ( 9 ) ‬‬
‫‪5 −1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫• ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 10 -4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬


‫‪2 − ( ∑ x) ‬‬
‫= ‪s2‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪n ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1 ‬‬ ‫‪( 45 ) 2‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬
‫‪ = (439 − 405 ) = 1 (34 ) = 8 .5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪439 −‬‬
‫‪5 −1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪ 4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪63‬‬

‫‪Standard Deviation‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬


‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠـﻲ ﳎﻤـﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﺑﻌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻤﺸﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪،‬‬
‫ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ، 8.5‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ‪ " ،‬ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﻫﻮ ‪ 8.5‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻊ " ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳉـﺄ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﲔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﳓﺮ ﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬


‫• ﰲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪ ( 7 -4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ) ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫) ‪ ( σ‬ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪σ‬‬ ‫‪∑x −µ‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪1630 − 10 2‬‬ ‫‪8 .67 = 2 . 94‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬ ﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻫﻮ ‪ 2.94‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ ( 8 -4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪s‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪:‬‬

‫‪1  2 (∑ x) 2 ‬‬
‫=‪s‬‬ ‫‪∑x −‬‬
‫‪n −1 ‬‬ ‫‪n ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪1 ‬‬ ‫‪(45) 2 ‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬


‫=‬ ‫‪439‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫(‬‫‪439‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪405‬‬‫)‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪(34) = 2.92‬‬
‫‪5 −1‬‬ ‫‪5 ‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ 2.92‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﳛﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪64‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ x‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ )‪(∑ xf n‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮ ﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪. (s‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ) ‪ ، (n = ∑ f‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ )‬
‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ) ‪( 9 -4‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪ ، ( 6 -4‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﳓ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـــــﻞ‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗـﻢ ) ‪ ، ( 12 -4‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﲔ ‪. ∑ xf , ∑ x2 f :‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺮ‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪x2 f‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪x‬‬ ‫‪n = ∑ f = 40‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪2-5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪12.25‬‬ ‫‪∑ xf = 428‬‬
‫‪5-8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪6.5‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪338‬‬ ‫‪∑ x2 f = 5008‬‬
‫‪8-11‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪9.5‬‬ ‫‪123.5 1173.25‬‬
‫‪11-14‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬ ‫‪125‬‬ ‫‪1562.5‬‬
‫‪14-17‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪15.5‬‬ ‫‪124‬‬ ‫‪1922‬‬
‫‪sum‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪428‬‬ ‫‪5008‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫‪65‬‬

‫‪( xf‬‬
‫∑ ‪∑ x2 f −‬‬
‫‪)2‬‬
‫=‪s‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪( 428 ) 2‬‬
‫‪5008 −‬‬
‫‪5008 − 4579 . 6‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪40 − 1‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪10 . 984615‬‬ ‫‪= 3 . 314‬‬
‫ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ‪ 3.314‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭ ﻓﻘﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ )‪. (2.88‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍ ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﳓـﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪ x:‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ a‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ ، s x = 0 :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪s x‬‬ ‫‪a, a, a, …,a‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪. x‬‬
‫• ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺿﻴﻒ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫) ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ( ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ ، x1 , x2 ,..., xn‬ﻭﰎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ a‬ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪x‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍ ﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳉ ﺪﻳـﺪﺓ ‪ ( y = x + a ) : x1 + a , x2 + a ,..., xn + a :‬ﻫـﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪: s y = sx‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ) ‪( 10 -4‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻤﲔ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺟﺔ ‪ 0.5‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺩﺟﺎﺝ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭﺯﺍ‪ ‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪. 1 , 1.75 , 2 , 1.25 , 2.5 :‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟‬

‫ﺍﳊـــــﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻮﺯﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪n=5‬‬
‫‪∑ x = 8.5‬‬
‫‪66‬‬

‫‪1.75‬‬ ‫‪3.0625‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1.25‬‬ ‫‪1.5625‬‬
‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪6.25‬‬
‫‪8.5‬‬ ‫‪15.875‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻮﺯﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪2 − (∑ x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪sx‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪(8 .5 ) 2‬‬
‫‪15 . 875 −‬‬
‫‪15 . 875 − 14 . 45‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0 . 534‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪10 . 984615‬‬ ‫‪= 3 . 314‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺴ ﺎ ﺏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﱪ ﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ‪ 0.5‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻫﻮ ‪y = x + 0.5 :‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻼﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪s y = s x = 0.534‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻮﺯﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 0.534‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺮﻭﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪x‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻫـﻲ ‪ ، y = a x :‬ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ a‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪. s y = a sx‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻫﻲ ‪ 4‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ‪ 50‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﲎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪ ، 2‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪y = 2x‬‬
‫‪s y = 2s x = 2( 4) = 8‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ ‪ 8‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـﻮ‬ ‫• ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ‪ ، y = a x + b :‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ‪y‬‬
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‫‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ ﺃﺿﺎ ﻑ ﺍﳌﺼﺤﺢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌـﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ‪s y = a s x :‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ، 100‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ‪y = 2 x + 5 :‬‬
‫‪y = 2x + 5‬‬
‫‪s y = 2s x = 2( 4) = 8‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـــﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ 1/5‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣــﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﲏ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲏ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﺳﻘﻄﻨﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘ ﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺸﻄﺮﻩ ﻧﺼﻔﲔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ) ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ (‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﲡﺬﺏ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﲑﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟـﻴﻤﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﲡﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺒـﺴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺑﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻃﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤ ﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Skewness‬‬ ‫‪ 2/5‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬


‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1/2/5‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ "ﺑﲑﺳﻮﻥ ‪ "Person‬ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬


‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍ ﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪( 1 -5) :‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ " ﺑﲑﺳﻮﻥ " ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪) α‬ﺃﻟﻔﺎ( ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ " ﻟﺒﲑﺳﻮﻥ"‪ x ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‪ Med ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪S ،‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻹ ﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ) ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ = ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪ ، (α = 0‬ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ) ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ < ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪ ، (α > 0‬ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻱ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ) ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ > ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪ ، (α < 0‬ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻱ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(1 -5‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ 2/2/5‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ "ﺍﳌﺌﲔ" ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬


‫ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ‪ 100‬ﺟﺰﺀ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ‪ 15‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ) ‪ ( v15‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟ ﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ 15%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ‪ ، p‬ﻭﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ) ‪ ، (v p‬ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜـﺮﺓ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪x(1) < x( 2) < ... < x( n‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ p ‬‬
‫‪. R = (n + 1)‬‬‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ 100 ‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ‪ R‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﺈﻥ ) )‪.( v15 = x( R‬‬ ‫•‬
‫• ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ‪ R‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v p‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪ ﻯ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ‪ ، v p‬ﻭﺍﳌﺌﲔ ‪ ، v100 − p‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ‪، v50‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ‪ ، 20‬ﻭﺍﳌﺌﲔ ‪ ، 80‬ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﱄ‬
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‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(2 -5‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬


‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v80‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v50‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v20‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v50‬ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻼ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v80‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v50‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v20‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v50‬ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v80‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v50‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v20‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ) ‪ (v50‬ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺌﻴﲏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ v p < v50 < v100 − p :‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪، ( v25‬‬ ‫) ‪= Q1‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﳍﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﳏﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ‪25‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺌﲔ ‪ ( v75 = Q ) 75‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ) ‪( 1 -5‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪ 8‬ﻃﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ‪ 122‬ﺇﺣﺺ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬
‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪91‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪ -1 :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ " ﺑﲑﺳﻮﻥ " ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊــﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ " ﺑﲑﺳﻮﻥ " ‪.‬‬
‫‪71‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( 2 -5‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪∑ x = 584 , ∑ x2 = 43890‬‬


‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x = ∑ = 584 = 73‬‬


‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪4356‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪7225‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪2704‬‬
‫‪x2 − (∑ x)2 n‬‬
‫∑ =‪s‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 43890 − (584) 8‬‬
‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪6084‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪6400‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪8 −1‬‬
‫‪91‬‬ ‫‪8281‬‬ ‫‪= 1258 = 179 .71428 = 13.406‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪5476‬‬
‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪3364‬‬
‫‪584‬‬ ‫‪43890‬‬

‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪(n+ 1)/2= (8+ 1)/2= 4.5 :‬‬

‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪58 66‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪80 85‬‬ ‫‪91‬‬


‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪2.25‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪6.75‬‬

‫‪Med = 74 + 0.5(78 − 74) = 76‬‬

‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ " ﺑﲑﺳﻮﻥ "‬


‫)‪3(73 − 76‬‬
‫= ) ‪s.c = 3( x − Med‬‬ ‫‪= −0.67‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪13.406‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻱ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪.‬‬


‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻣ ﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪.( 5 -5‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑ ﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ‪(n+ 1)/4= (8+ 1)(1/4)= 2.25 :‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪72‬‬
‫‪Q1 = 58 + (2.25 − 2)(66 − 58) = 60‬‬

‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ‪.‬‬


‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ‪(n+ 1)/(3/4)= (8+ 1) (3/4)= 6.75 :‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪Q3 = 80 + (6.75 − 6)(85 − 80) = 83.75‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ) ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ (‬
‫‪Med (Q2 ) = 76‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪(Q3 − Q2 ) − (Q2 − Q1 ) (83 .75 − 76 ) − (76 − 60‬‬
‫= ‪αq‬‬ ‫=‬
‫) ‪(Q3 − Q1‬‬ ‫) ‪(83 .75 − 60‬‬
‫‪− 8 .25‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= − 0 .35‬‬
‫‪23 .75‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻱ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Kurtosis‬‬ ‫‪ 3/5‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻃﺢ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌـﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﻨﺒـﺴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺑﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌ ﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻞ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻓﻴ ﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺤﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻄﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﺪﺑﺐ‬

‫ﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻃﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻃﺢ )‪ (K‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪73‬‬

‫ﻫـﻮ ﺍﻻﳓـﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ∑ ( x − x) 4 n‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ‪s ،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻃﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ، 3‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻃﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ k=3‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻻ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ k>3‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ k<3‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻄ ﺎ ) ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺤﺎ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪x = 73‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( 1 -5‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬


‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪91‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪584‬‬
‫)‪( x − x‬‬ ‫‪-7‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪-21‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪-15‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪( x − x) 2‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪144‬‬ ‫‪441‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪324‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪225‬‬ ‫‪1258‬‬
‫‪( x − x) 4‬‬ ‫‪2401‬‬ ‫‪20736‬‬ ‫‪194481‬‬ ‫‪625‬‬ ‫‪2401‬‬ ‫‪104976‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪50625‬‬ ‫‪376246‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬


‫‪Σ( x − x ) 2‬‬ ‫‪1258‬‬
‫=‪s‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 13.406‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫‪( x − x) 2 = (376246) = 47030.75‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻃﺢ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪47030.75‬‬ ‫‪47030.75‬‬
‫=‪K‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.456‬‬
‫)‪(13.406‬‬ ‫)‪(32299.58‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺢ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4/5‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬


‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Variation Coefficient‬‬ ‫‪ 1/4/5‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬


‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪،‬‬
‫‪74‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨ ﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‬


‫ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ‬


‫ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪( 2 -5‬‬


‫ﰎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺍ ﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﲔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﰎ ﲨﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫=‪x‬‬ ‫‪173‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬
‫=‪s‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـــﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪v.c1 = s ×100 = 173‬‬
‫‪23 ×100 = 13.3%‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪v.c2 = s ×100 = 195‬‬
‫‪25 ×100 = 12.8%‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪75‬‬
‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/4/5‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬


‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺩﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺩﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺩﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Standardized degree‬‬ ‫‪ 3/4/5‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬


‫ﺗﻘﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻘﻞ ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ، x1 , x2 ,..., xn‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ، n‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ‪x‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ s ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ‪ ، x‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣـﺰ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ، z‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 3 -5‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪ ( 2 -5‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﱪﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ‪ 178‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺯﻧـﻪ ‪180‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊــﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬


‫=‪x‬‬ ‫‪173‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬
‫=‪s‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪76‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪178‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬

‫ﻟ ﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ ﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪. ( 10 -5‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ) ‪ ( 178 Kg.‬ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x− x‬‬ ‫‪178 − 173‬‬
‫= ‪z‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0 . 22‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ) ‪ ( 180 Kg.‬ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x− x‬‬ ‫‪180 − 198‬‬
‫= ‪z‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= − 0 . 75‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫• ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ‪ 178‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺑـ ‪ 0.22‬ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ‪ 180‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺑـ ‪ 0.75‬ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4/4/5‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﳊـﺴﺎﰊ ﳍـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ، x1 , x2 ,..., xn :‬ﻭﻛـﺎﻥ ‪x‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ s ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﳍﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ‪ 68%‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪. x ± s‬‬
‫• ‪ 95%‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪. x ± 2s‬‬
‫• ‪ 99%‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪. x ± 3s‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(3 -5‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 5/4/4‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ " ﺗﺸﻴﺒﺸﻴﻒ " ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ :‬ﰲ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ‪ (1 − 1 k 2 ) %‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ‪. k > 1 ، x ± ks‬‬
‫ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ‪ 75%‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ‪ ، x ± 2s‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ‪ 89%‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ‪. x ± 3s‬‬
‫‪77‬‬

‫‪Box Plot‬‬ ‫‪ 6/4/5‬ﺷﻜﻞ "ﺑﻮﻛﺲ"‬


‫ﺷﻜﻞ " ﺑﻮﻛﺲ " ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺮﻯ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑ ﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪Q 1‬‬
‫ﻭ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑ ﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ ، Q 3‬ﻭﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ) ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ( ‪ Med‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﺃﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﳜﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻓﺘﻴﻪ ﺷﻌﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺭﲰﺔ " ﺑﻮﻛﺲ " ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(4 -5‬‬
‫ﺭﲰﺔ ﺑﻮﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ‬

‫ﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﻜﻞ " ﺑﻮﻛﺲ " ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ Med‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﲔ ‪Q 3 ,‬‬
‫‪ Q 1‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻼ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ Med‬ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ Q 1‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ Q 3‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ Med‬ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫‪ Q 3‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ Q 1‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺫﺍﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(5 -5‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﻒ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﲰﺔ ﺑﻮﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ‪ Box‬ﺿﻴﻖ ﺩﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺩﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎ ﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(6 -5‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﻒ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﲰﺔ ﺑﻮﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫ ‪،‬‬
‫‪78‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﳒﻮﻡ )*( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺮ ﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(7 -5‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﲰﺔ ﺑﻮﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ‬


‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q = (Q 3 -Q1 )/2‬‬ ‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍ ﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ )‪ ، (Low‬ﻭﻫﻮ‪Low = Q1 -3Q :‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ )‪ ، (Upp‬ﻭﻫﻮ‪UPP = Q 3+ 3Q :‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟ ﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟ ﺸﺎﺫﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـــﺎﻝ)‪(4-5‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 12‬ﺃﺳﺮﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ " ﺑﻮﻛﺲ" ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﳍ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊــــﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ " ﺑﻮﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ "‬
‫• ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬

‫• ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬


‫‪Min = 2‬‬ ‫‪Max = 18‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ‪: Q 1‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ‪(n+ 1)(1/4)= (13/4)= 3.25‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Q1‬ﻫﻲ‪Q1 = 5 + 0.25(6 − 5) = 5.25 :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪: Med‬‬
‫‪79‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪(n+ 1)(1/2)= (13/2)= 6.5‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Med‬ﻫﻲ ‪Med = 7 + 0.5(8 − 7) = 7.5 :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ‪: Q 3‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ‪(n+1)(3/4)=(13)(3/4)=9.75‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Q3‬ﻫﻲ‪Q3 = 10 + 0.75(10 − 10) = 10 :‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪Q = (10 − 5.25) / 2 = 2.375 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪Low = Q1 − 3Q = 5.25 − 3(2.375) = −1.875‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Upp = Q3 + 3Q = 10 + 3(2.375) = 17.125‬‬
‫• ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ " ﺑﻮﻛ ﺲ"‬

‫‪ -2‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪:‬‬


‫• ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 60%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪.18‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﻜﻞ " ﺑﻮﻛﺲ " ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘ ﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪80‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼــــﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬

‫‪ 1/6‬ﻣﻘـــﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻃﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻫﻮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺒﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻖ ﻃﺮﺍﻭﺓ ﺍﳋﺒﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﲔ ﰎ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺪﻩ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﲨﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ )‪( y , x‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(1 -6‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪y , x‬‬

‫‪Simple Correlation‬‬ ‫‪ 2/6‬ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻫﻮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ‬
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‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﱯ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1/2/6‬ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ) ρ‬ﺭﻭ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ، r‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ‪‬ﺘﻢ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ r‬ﻛﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ‬
‫ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬ـ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ) ‪ (r < 0‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ) ‪ (r > 0‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﻳﻦ ﻳ ﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺻﻔﺮﺍ ) ‪ ( r = 0‬ﺩﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﺮ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ )‪ ، (±1‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫• ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬ـ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ) ‪ ، ( -1 < r < 1‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺻﻨﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(2 -6‬‬


‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬

‫‪Pearson‬‬ ‫‪ 2/2/6‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ " ﻟﺒﲑﺳﻮﻥ"‬


‫‪ ، ( y ,‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﲔ )‪x‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ "ﺑﲑﺳﻮﻥ " ‪ ، Pearson‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺬﻛﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫ ﻜﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ " ﺑﲑﺳﻮﻥ " ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪،(y‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)‪ : S xy = ∑ ( x − x)( y − y) (n − 1‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﲔ )‪x‬‬
‫= ‪ : S x‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ )‪، (x‬‬ ‫)‪∑ ( x − x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(n − 1‬‬

‫= ‪ : S y‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ )‪. ( y‬‬ ‫)‪∑ ( y − y‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬


‫)‪(n − 1‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ )‪(1-6‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﺭﻋﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻷﻋﻼﻑ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﻃﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1995‬ﺣﱴ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪. 2002‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪1995‬‬ ‫‪1996‬‬ ‫‪1997‬‬ ‫‪1998‬‬ ‫‪1999‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2001‬‬ ‫‪2002‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫‪305‬‬ ‫‪313‬‬ ‫‪297‬‬ ‫‪289‬‬ ‫‪233‬‬ ‫‪214‬‬ ‫‪240‬‬ ‫‪217‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪592‬‬ ‫‪603‬‬ ‫‪662‬‬ ‫‪607‬‬ ‫‪635‬‬ ‫‪699‬‬ ‫‪719‬‬ ‫‪747‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻟﻪ ؟‬


‫ﺍﳊــﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ )‪ (x‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﺭﻋﺔ ‪ ( y) ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫‪ ( y‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ ، ( 2 -6‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫ﺑﲔ )‪x‬‬
‫‪.(y‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ )‪, x‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪x = ∑ = 2108 = 263.5 , y = ∑ = 5264 = 658‬‬


‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺎﻣﻴﻊ‬
‫‪83‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪x − x ( x − x) 2‬‬ ‫)‪y − y ( y − y) 2 ( x − x)( y − y‬‬


‫‪305‬‬ ‫‪592‬‬ ‫‪41.5‬‬ ‫‪1722.25‬‬ ‫‪-66‬‬ ‫‪4356‬‬ ‫‪-2739‬‬
‫‪313‬‬ ‫‪603‬‬ ‫‪49.5‬‬ ‫‪2450.25‬‬ ‫‪-55‬‬ ‫‪3025‬‬ ‫‪-2722.5‬‬
‫‪297‬‬ ‫‪662‬‬ ‫‪33.5‬‬ ‫‪1122.25‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪134‬‬
‫‪289‬‬ ‫‪607‬‬ ‫‪25.5‬‬ ‫‪650.25‬‬ ‫‪-51‬‬ ‫‪2601‬‬ ‫‪-1300.5‬‬
‫‪233‬‬ ‫‪635‬‬ ‫‪-30.5‬‬ ‫‪930.25‬‬ ‫‪-23‬‬ ‫‪529‬‬ ‫‪701.5‬‬
‫‪214‬‬ ‫‪699‬‬ ‫‪-49.5‬‬ ‫‪2450.25‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪1681‬‬ ‫‪-2029.5‬‬
‫‪240‬‬ ‫‪719‬‬ ‫‪-23.5‬‬ ‫‪552.25‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪3721‬‬ ‫‪-1433.5‬‬
‫‪217‬‬ ‫‪747‬‬ ‫‪-46.5‬‬ ‫‪2162.25‬‬ ‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪7921‬‬ ‫‪-4138.5‬‬
‫‪2108‬‬ ‫‪5264‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪12040‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪23850‬‬ ‫‪-13528‬‬

‫‪∑ ( x − x) 2 = 12040 , ∑ ( y − y) 2 = 23850‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬

‫‪∑ ( x − x)( y − y) = −13528‬‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫=‪r‬‬ ‫)‪∑ ( x − x)( y − y‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪− 13528‬‬


‫‪∑ ( x − x) 2 ∑ ( y − y) 2‬‬ ‫‪12040 23850‬‬
‫‪− 13528‬‬ ‫‪− 13528‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −0.798‬‬
‫‪(109.727)(154.434) 16945.619‬‬
‫• ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﺭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪:‬‬


‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ ( 2 -6‬ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊ ﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺎ ﻛﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ )‪ ( 2 -6‬ﺇﱃ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬


‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻴﻊ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪xy‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬ ‫‪y2‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪305‬‬ ‫‪592‬‬ ‫‪180560‬‬ ‫‪93025‬‬ ‫‪350464‬‬ ‫‪∑ x = 2108 , ∑ y = 5264‬‬
‫‪313‬‬ ‫‪603‬‬ ‫‪188739‬‬ ‫‪97969‬‬ ‫‪363609‬‬
‫‪297‬‬ ‫‪662‬‬ ‫‪196614‬‬ ‫‪88209‬‬ ‫‪438244‬‬ ‫‪∑ xy = 1373536‬‬
‫‪84‬‬
‫‪289‬‬ ‫‪607‬‬ ‫‪175423‬‬ ‫‪83521‬‬ ‫‪368449‬‬
‫‪233‬‬ ‫‪635‬‬ ‫‪147955‬‬ ‫‪54289‬‬ ‫‪403225‬‬ ‫‪∑ x2 = 567498‬‬
‫‪214‬‬ ‫‪699‬‬ ‫‪149586‬‬ ‫‪45796‬‬ ‫‪488601‬‬ ‫‪∑ y2 = 3487562‬‬
‫‪240‬‬ ‫‪719‬‬ ‫‪172560‬‬ ‫‪57600‬‬ ‫‪516961‬‬
‫‪217‬‬ ‫‪747‬‬ ‫‪162099‬‬ ‫‪47089‬‬ ‫‪558009‬‬
‫‪2108‬‬ ‫‪5264‬‬ ‫‪1373536‬‬ ‫‪567498‬‬ ‫‪3487562‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ ( 3 -6‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑x ∑y‬‬
‫‪∑ xy −‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪r‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪(∑ x) 2 ‬‬ ‫‪(∑ y) 2 ‬‬
‫‪ x2‬‬
‫∑ ‪‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪y −‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫∑ ‪n ‬‬ ‫‪n ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(2108)(5264‬‬
‫‪1373536 −‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪ 567498 − ( 2108)  3487562 − (5264‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪− 13528‬‬ ‫‪− 13528‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −0.798‬‬
‫‪(12040)(23850) 16945.619‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Spearman‬‬ ‫‪ 3/2/6‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺐ )ﺍﺳﺒﲑﻣﺎﻥ(‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﲔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ "ﺑﲑﺳﻮﻥ" ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺗﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ " ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺒﲑﻣﺎﻥ "‬
‫‪ ، Spearman‬ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺭﺗﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ ، x‬ﻭﺭﺗﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪، y‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪d‬‬
‫ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪. d = Rx − Ry :‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 2 -6‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ‪ 10‬ﻃﻼﺏ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﰐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫‪85‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬


‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻟﻪ ؟‬

‫ﺍﳊـــﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒـﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ x‬ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‪y ،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ، ( 4 -6‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ‪∑ d :‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﺭﺗﺐ ‪x‬‬ ‫ﺭﺗﺐ ‪y‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪∑ d 2 = 44.5‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪6.25‬‬ ‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪2.5‬‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺟـ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪6∑ d 2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪r = 1−‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‪n(n 2 −1‬‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪6(44.5‬‬ ‫‪267‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪6.25‬‬ ‫‪= 1−‬‬ ‫‪= 1−‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺃ‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫)‪10(10 − 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪990‬‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪= 1 − 0.2697 = 0.7303‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺟـ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪44.5‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻃﺮﺩﻱ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻄﺎﻟـﺐ ﰲ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪r = 0.703‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ‪ -:‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ " ﺍﺳﺒﲑﻣﺎﻥ " ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﻛﻤـﻴﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺗـﺐ‬
‫‪∑d‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪ ( 1 -5‬ﺍﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ‪ ) :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺔ ‪= 148 :‬‬
‫‪86‬‬

‫(‬

‫‪Simple Regression‬‬ ‫‪ 3/6‬ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬


‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻣـﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱎ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠ ﻮﻛﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1/3/6‬ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ‬


‫ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺒﺄ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺒﺄ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﺪ ﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ : y‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ) ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ(‬


‫‪ : x‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ ) ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ (‬
‫‪ : β 0‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ‪ ، y‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ ‪ ، x‬ﺃ ﻱ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪x = 0‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : β1‬ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ ، (β 0 + β1 x‬ﻭﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ‪ y‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻐﲑﺕ ‪x‬‬
‫‪ : e‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴـﺔ ‪ ، y‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﳌﻘـﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ ، y‬ﺃ ﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ ، e = y − (β 0 + β1 x) :‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪ˆ = β 0 + β1 x‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪87‬‬

‫‪ 2/3/6‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬


‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ) ‪ ( β1 , β 0‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ) ‪ ( 5 -6‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟــﺼﻐﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫــﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘــﺪﻳﺮ ﻫــﻮ ﺍﻟــﺬﻱ ﳚﻌــﻞ ﳎﻤــﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﺑﻌــﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻄــ ﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌــﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫))‪∑ e = ∑ ( y − (β 0 + β1 x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ، y‬ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ x‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪y ، x‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘ ﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻮ‪ ، yˆ = βˆ0 + βˆ1 x :‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ " ﺗﻘـﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﳓـﺪﺍﺭ ‪y‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪. x‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ) ‪( 3 -6‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻴﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜ ﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻴﻌﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪. 10‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻚ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻓﺴ ﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻞ ‪ 50‬ﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ؟‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ) ‪. ( 1‬‬

‫ﺍﳊــﻞ‬
‫‪88‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ‪y‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ‪x‬‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻃﺮﺩﻱ ) ﺇﳚﺎﰊ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﰲ ) ‪-6‬‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ x‬ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ‪y ،‬‬
‫‪ ، ( 6‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪xy‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪∑ x = 320‬‬


‫‪11‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪110‬‬
‫‪168‬‬
‫‪121‬‬
‫‪196‬‬
‫‪∑ y = 140‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪225‬‬ ‫‪∑ xy = 5111‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪260‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪∑ x2 = 14664‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪325‬‬ ‫‪625‬‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪874‬‬ ‫‪2116‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪2500‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x = ∑ = 320 = 32‬‬


‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪944‬‬ ‫‪3481‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪4900‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪y = ∑ = 140 = 14‬‬
‫‪320‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬ ‫‪5111 14664‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫• ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ) ‪ ( 6 -6‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ βˆ1‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪n xy − x y (10)(5111) − (320)(140‬‬


‫‪βˆ1‬‬ ‫= ‪= ∑ 2 ∑ ∑2‬‬
‫)‪n∑ x − (∑ x‬‬ ‫)‪(10)(14664) − (320‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6310‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.1426‬‬
‫‪44240‬‬

‫• ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ) ‪ ( 6 -6‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ βˆ0‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪βˆ0‬‬ ‫‪= y − βˆ1 x = 14 − (0.1426)(32) = 9.4368‬‬


‫• ﺇ ﺫﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪89‬‬

‫‪yˆ = 9.44 + 0.143x‬‬


‫‪ -3‬ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪ : βˆ0 = 9.44‬ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ‪ 9.44‬ﻛﺠﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ‪ : βˆ1 = 0.143‬ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭ ﺗﲔ ﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻞ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 0.143‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 143‬ﺟﺮﺍﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪x = 50‬‬


‫‪yˆ = 9.44 + 0.143(50) = 16.59‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪eˆx=50 = yx=50 − yˆ x=50 = 15 − 16.59 = −1.59‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﻧ ﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬


‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬


‫̂‪y‬‬ ‫‪16.59‬‬ ‫‪10.87‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫‪90‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼــﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫‪Probabilities and its Applications‬‬

‫‪ 1/7‬ﻣﻘــﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ " ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ " ﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﻨﻄﻖ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺭﺻﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺧ ﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﺻﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﳒﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﳚﻬﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﲏ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ؟‬
‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺘ ﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/7‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬


‫‪Randomized Experiment‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻭ ﲢﺪﺙ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﺎﻥ ﳘﺎ ‪ " :‬ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ " ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ، H‬ﺃﻭ " ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ " ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ، T‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫} ‪ ، {H , T‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘﲔ ﺳﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗ ﻈﻬﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Sample Space‬‬ ‫• ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ، S‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ) ‪ ، n(S‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪، S:{H , T } :‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﻲ ‪. n( S ) = 2 :‬‬
‫‪91‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ) ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪n( S) = 4‬‬


‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻣﻲ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ ﻧﺮﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﺮﺍ ﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ ، S:{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} :‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪. n( S ) = 6 :‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﱴ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮ ﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫}‪ ، S:{H, TH, TTH, TTTH,…….‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪. n(S ) = ∞ :‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺗﲔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻴﺲ ﺑﻪ ﲬﺲ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﲪﺮﺍﺀ )‪ ، (red‬ﺛﻼﺙ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫)‪ ، (blue‬ﻭﻛﺮﺗﺎﻥ ﺧﻀﺮﺍﺀ )‪ ، (green‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ ) ، n( S ) = (10 × 9) = 90 :‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺰﻧﺔ (‪.‬‬


‫‪ -6‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﺯ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﻪ ﲬﺲ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺒﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ .........‬ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﻣﱰﱄ‬

‫‪Event‬‬ ‫• ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳍﺠﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫]‪ ، […,C ,B ,A‬ﻭﻳ ﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺇﱄ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ‪ : Simple Event‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪92‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ‪ : Component Event‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬


‫ﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ )‪ ..., n( B) , n( A‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ A‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟـﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣـﺮﺗﲔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ B‬ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫}‪ ، S:{HH, HT, TH, TT‬ﻭﺑ ﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺩﺙ ‪ A‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻲ }‪ ، A:{HH‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ ، n(A)=1‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ B‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﻲ‬
‫}‪ ، B:{HT, TH, HH‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ ، n(B)=3‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Union‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ) ∪ (‬
‫ﻳﻌﱪ ﺍﲢ ﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺎﻥ ‪ B , A‬ﻋﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﻭ‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ )‪ ( A∪ B‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ، A or B‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ " ﻓـﻦ "‬
‫‪ Ven. Diagram‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪( 1 -7‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ ﻧﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ A‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻪ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ، 3‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ B‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫}‪ ، B:{1,3,5}, A:{3,6}, S:{1,2,3,4,5,6‬ﻭﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﲢـﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛـﺎﻥ ‪ B , A‬ﻫـﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫}‪ ، (A∪ B): {1,3,5,6‬ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ Ven‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫}‪(A∪ B): {1,3,5,6‬‬


‫‪Intersection‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ) ∩ (‬
‫ﻳﻌﱪ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺎﻥ ‪ B , A‬ﻋﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻛ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈ ﻬﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ )‪(A and B‬‬ ‫)‪( A∩ B‬‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ‬
‫" ﻓﻦ " ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪93‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪( 2 -7‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫}‪(A∩ B): {3‬‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪Mutually Exclusive evens‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬


‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺎﻥ ‪ B, A‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌـﲎ‬
‫ﺍﺳ ﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳ ﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻓﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟ ﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳋ ﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ φ‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ ، A∩ B = φ‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ " ﻓﻦ " ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪( 3 -7‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ‪( A∩ B) = φ‬‬

‫‪Compliment Event‬‬ ‫• ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ‬


‫ﺍﳊﺎ ﺩﺙ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺩﺙ ‪ A‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺩﺙ ‪ ، A‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ، A‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ‬
‫‪  A ∪ A  = S ,  A ∩ A  = φ‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪( 4 -7‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 1 -7‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰﺓ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ A‬ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ B‬ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ C‬ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
94
: ‫ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﲢﺎﺩ‬-1
A∪B , A∪C , B∪C , A∪B∪C
: ‫ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍ ﺙ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﺕ‬-2
A∩B , A∩C , B∩C , A∩B∩C
B ‫ ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ‬-3
‫ﺍﳊـــﻞ‬
: ‫• ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻫ ﻮ‬

n( S ) = 8
: ‫• ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻫﻲ‬
A: {HHT,HTH,THH}, B: {HTT,THT,TTH}, C: {HHH,HHT,HTH,HTT}
n( A) = 3 n( B) = 3 n( C ) = 4
: ‫ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﲢﺎﺩ‬-1

( A∪ B) : {HHT, HTH , THH , HTT, THT, TTH } , n( A ∪ B) = 6


( A∪ C ) : {HHT, HTH , THH , HHH, HTT} , n( A ∪ C ) = 5
(B ∪ C ) : {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THT, TTH} , n( B ∪ C ) = 6
( A∪ B ∪ C ) : {HHH, HHT, HTH , HTT, THT, TTH , THH}, n( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 7

: ‫ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬-2


( A ∩ B) : φ , n( A ∩ B) = 0
( A∩ C ) : {HHT , HTH } , n( A ∩ C ) = 2
(B ∩ C ) : {HTT} , n( B ∩ C ) = 1
( A ∩ B ∩ C ) : φ , n( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0
: B ‫ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ‬-3
(B ) : {HHH , HHT , HTH , THH , TTT} n( B ) = 5
,

‫ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬3/7


‫‪95‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋ ﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﱯ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﻣﺰﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ )‪ ، P (A‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻃﺮ ﻳ ﻘ ﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﻓﻘـﺎ ﻟﻨـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﱯ‪ : Empirical probability‬ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛـﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫•‬


‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ n :‬ﻫﻮ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ) ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ( ‪ : f(A) ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ‬
‫‪،A‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰﺓ ‪ 500‬ﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ ﻛـﻞ ﻭﺟـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﳋﺼﺖ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ )‪(F a ce‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪SUM‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫‪260‬‬ ‫‪240‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ‪ ، H‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗـﻢ ) ‪ ، ( 1 -7‬ﻭﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f ( H ) 260‬‬
‫= ) ‪P (H‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.52‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬

‫‪ : Theoretical Probability‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ n (S) :‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ n (A) ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨـﺔ ﻟﻮﻗـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ ، A‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪S: {H, T} :‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ ، n (S) =(2) 1 = 2 :‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ A‬ﻫﻮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ }‪ ، A: {H‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺩﺙ‪ A‬ﻫﻲ ‪ ، n( A) = 1 :‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬
‫‪96‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ A‬ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n ( A) 1‬‬
‫= )‪P ( A‬‬ ‫‪= = 0 .5‬‬
‫‪n(S ) 2‬‬

‫ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﻋـﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﱯ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ‪ n‬ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﱯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﻣﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪ ، (0.5‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻣﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ) ) ‪ ، (1 n( S‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ ﻧﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﳒـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻓـﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫}‪ ، S:{1,2,3,4,5,6‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻮ )‪ ، (1/6‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎ ﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ n (S) =6 2 =36 :‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‪(1,1‬‬ ‫)‪(1,2‬‬ ‫)‪(1,3‬‬ ‫)‪(1,4‬‬ ‫)‪(1,5‬‬ ‫)‪(1,6‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪(2,1‬‬ ‫)‪(2,2‬‬ ‫)‪(2,3‬‬ ‫)‪(2,4‬‬ ‫)‪(2,5‬‬ ‫)‪(2,6‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫)‪(3,1‬‬ ‫)‪(3,2‬‬ ‫)‪(3,3‬‬ ‫)‪(3,4‬‬ ‫)‪(3,5‬‬ ‫)‪(3,6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫)‪(4,1‬‬ ‫)‪(4,2‬‬ ‫)‪(4,3‬‬ ‫)‪(4,4‬‬ ‫)‪(4,5‬‬ ‫)‪(4,6‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫)‪(5,1‬‬ ‫)‪(5,2‬‬ ‫)‪(5,3‬‬ ‫)‪(5,4‬‬ ‫)‪(5,5‬‬ ‫)‪(5,6‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫)‪(6,1‬‬ ‫)‪(6,2‬‬ ‫)‪(6,3‬‬ ‫)‪(6,4‬‬ ‫)‪(6,5‬‬ ‫)‪(6,6‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻮ )‪. (1/36‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺗﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻴﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﲪﺮﺍﺀ )‪ ، (R‬ﻭﻛﺮﺗﺎﻥ ﲢﻤـﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻠـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ )‪ ، (W‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺓ ﲪﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﻮ ‪ ، 3/5‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ ، 2/5‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺗﲔ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪97‬‬

‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ )‪ ، (1 4‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺰﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Probability Laws‬‬ ‫‪ 4/7‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬


‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻ ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Addition Law‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫•‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺎﻥ ‪ ، B , A‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ ، P(A∪B‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪n( A∪ B‬‬
‫= )‪P ( A∪ B‬‬
‫) ‪n( S‬‬
‫)‪n( A) + n( B) − n( A∩ B‬‬
‫=‬
‫) ‪n( S‬‬
‫)‪n( A) n( B) n( A∩ B‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫) ‪n( S ) n ( S‬‬ ‫) ‪n( S‬‬
‫)‪= P ( A) + P ( B) − P ( A∩ B‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ‪ ، C , B , A‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ) ‪ ، P ( A ∪ B ∪ C‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﺻﻔﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪98‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 2 -7‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ ﻧﺮﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻬﻤﺎ ‪. 10‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﲔ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻬﻤﺎ ‪. 10‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻬﻤﺎ ‪ 7‬ﺃﻭ ‪. 10‬‬

‫ﺍﳊــــﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‪(1,1‬‬ ‫)‪(1,2‬‬ ‫)‪(1,3) (1,4‬‬ ‫)‪(1,5‬‬ ‫)‪(1,6‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪(2,1‬‬ ‫)‪(2,2‬‬ ‫)‪(2,3) (2,4‬‬ ‫)‪(2,5‬‬ ‫)‪(2,6‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫)‪(3,1‬‬ ‫)‪(3,2‬‬ ‫)‪(3,3) (3,4‬‬ ‫)‪(3,5‬‬ ‫)‪(3,6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫)‪(4,1‬‬ ‫)‪(4,2‬‬ ‫)‪(4,3) (4,4‬‬ ‫)‪(4,5‬‬ ‫)‪(4,6‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫)‪(5,1‬‬ ‫)‪(5,2‬‬ ‫)‪(5,3) (5,4‬‬ ‫)‪(5,5‬‬ ‫)‪(5,6‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫)‪(6,1‬‬ ‫)‪(6,2‬‬ ‫)‪(6,3) (6,4‬‬ ‫)‪(6,5‬‬ ‫)‪(6,6‬‬
‫‪n (S) = 36‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ A‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A: {(1,1) (2,2) (3,3) (4,4) (5,5) (6.6)}, n (A)= 6‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﲔ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n( A) 6 1‬‬
‫= )‪P ( A‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n( S) 36 6‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ B‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﻇﻬ ﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ، 10‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪B: {(4,6) (5,5) (6,4)}, n (B) = 3‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﲔ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n( B) 3 1‬‬
‫= )‪P ( B‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n( S ) 36 12‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﲔ ﺃﻭ )‪ (or‬ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ، 10‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪-7‬‬
‫‪ ، ( 3‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P ( A) = 1‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪P (B) = 1‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ )‪ ( A∩ B‬ﻓﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﲔ ﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﻤﺎ ‪ 10‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪99‬‬

‫‪( A∩ B) : {(5,5)} , n( A∩ B) = 1‬‬


‫‪n( A ∩ B) 1‬‬
‫= )‪P ( A ∩ B‬‬ ‫=‬
‫) ‪n( S‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪6 12 36 36 9‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ C‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ، 7‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ B‬ﻫـﻮ ﺣـﺎﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ، 10‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫})‪B: {(4,6) (5,5) (6,4)} , C: {(1,6) (2,5) (3,4) (4,3) (5,2) (6,1‬‬
‫‪n (B) = 3‬‬ ‫‪n (C) = 6‬‬
‫‪P ( B ) = 3 36‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪P ( C ) = 6 36‬‬
‫ﻳﻼﺣ ﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﲔ ‪ C, B‬ﺣﺎﺩﺛﲔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 5 -7‬ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫= ) ‪P ( B ∪ C ) = P ( B) + P (C‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪36 36‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪36 4‬‬

‫‪Conditional probability‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ‬ ‫•‬


‫ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﺁﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎ ﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺟﺤﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋ ﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﺑﺰﺭﺍﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﳏﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﳚﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳑﻦ ﲣﺮﺟﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻌﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ Β‬ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ Α‬ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ ، Β‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ p( A | B‬ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺮ ﺃ " ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪A‬‬
‫ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ ، " B‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﺮﺃ " ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ A‬ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ ، " B‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎ ﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ B‬ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ ، A‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 7 -7 ) ، ( 6 -7‬ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 3 -7‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﺮ‬ ‫‪Sum‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻏﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﲑ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﳚﲔ ﺑﻄﺮ ﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧ ﺮﳚﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺣﺮﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊ ﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮ ‪ ، A‬ﻭﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ، B‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍ ﳌﻬﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﺮ‬
‫‪Sum‬‬
‫‪A1‬‬ ‫‪A2‬‬ ‫‪A3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫‪B1‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻏﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪B2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪B3‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬
‫‪Sum‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﺮﳚ ﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ‪. A∩ B‬‬
‫‪101‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪.‬‬
‫‪f ( B1 ∩ A2 ) 5‬‬
‫= ) ‪P ( B1 ∩ A2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.05‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪P ( A1 ∪ B2 ) = p( A1 ) + P ( B2 ) − P ( A1 ∩ B2‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.62‬‬
‫‪100 100 100 100‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﲣﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﻔﻲ ﲣﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻯ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﲢﺎﺩﳘﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪P ( B2 ∪ B3 ) = p ( B2 ) + P ( B3‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.70‬‬
‫‪100 100 100‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺣﺮﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻨﺎ " ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺣﺮﺍ ‪ A3‬ﺑﺸﺮﻁ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮ ﻡ ﺃﻏﺬﻳﺔ ‪ ، B2‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 10 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪p( A3 ∩ B2 )  100  10‬‬
‫= ) ‪p( A3 | B2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫) ‪p ( B2‬‬ ‫‪ 35  35‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 100 ‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﻣﱰﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺒﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳐﺎﺑﺰ ﻫﻲ ‪. (C , B , A) :‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬


‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫ﳐﺒﺰ ‪A‬‬
‫‪123‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫ﳐﺒﺰ ‪B‬‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫ﳐﺒﺰ ‪C‬‬
‫‪270‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﲑﺕ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺒﺰ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺨﺒﺰ‪ B‬؟‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﻟﻔﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺨﺒﺰ ‪ C‬؟‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺨﺒﺰ ‪ A‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﻟﻔﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺨﺒﺰ ‪ ، A‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﻟﻔﺔ ؟‬
‫‪102‬‬

‫‪Probability Multiplying Law‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫•‬


‫ﻭﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮ ﻉ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ‪، B , A‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻ ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ P ( A ∩ B‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻛ ﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﲔ‪ ،‬ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 4 -7‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ‪ ، 60%‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺒ ﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺪ ‪ ، 70%‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌـﺴﻤﺪ ﺓ‬
‫‪ ، 80%‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﲑﺕ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ؟‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗ ﺒﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ؟‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ؟‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﳑﻦ ﻻ ﻳ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣ ﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ؟‬

‫ﺍﳊــﻞ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺤﺼﻨﺎ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﻭﳍﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻥ ‪ } :‬ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ) ‪ (A1‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ) ‪{ (A2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﳍﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﺎﻥ ‪ } :‬ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ) ‪ ، (B1‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ) ‪{ (B2‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘ ﻤﺎﻻﺕ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P ( A1 ) = 0.6‬‬
‫‪103‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P (B1 A1 ) = 0.7‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺩ ﺛﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎ ) ‪ ، (B1 and A1‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 8 -7‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪P ( A1 ∩ B1 ) = P ( A1 ) P (B1 A1‬‬

‫‪= (0.6 )(0.7 ) = 0.42‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬


‫) ‪P ( A2 ∩ B1 ) = P ( A2 ) P (B1 A2‬‬
‫‪= (0.4)(0.8) = 0.32‬‬

‫‪Independent Events‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫•‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺘﺎﻥ ‪ B , A‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ P ( A ∩ B‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺛﺘﺎﻥ ‪ B , A‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺘﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 5 -7‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ‪ ، 60%‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﺎﻛ ﻬـ ﻪ ‪، 75%‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ‪ ، 50%‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ؟‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻫﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ؟‬

‫ﺍﳊـﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ A‬ﺣ ﺎﺩﺙ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ " ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ " ‪ B ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ " ﺍﳌﺰ ﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﺎﻛﻬﺔ " ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P ( A) = 0.6 , P ( B) = 0.75 , P ( A ∩ B) = 0.5‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A) + P ( B) − P ( A ∩ B‬‬
‫‪= (0.6 ) + (0.75) − 0.5 = 0.85‬‬
‫‪104‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻫ ﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P ( B ) = 1 − P ( B) = 1 − 0.75 = 0.25‬‬


‫‪ -3‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪-7‬‬
‫‪(9‬‬
‫‪P ( A ∩ B) = 0.5‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪P ( A) P ( B) = (0.6)(0.75) = 0.45‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ ، P ( A ∩ B) ≠ P ( A) P ( B) :‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ )‪ ، (A‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ )‪. (B‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 6 -7‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻭﺟـﺪ‬ ‫‪P( B) = 0.5 , P ( A) = 0.6‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺎﻥ ‪ B , A‬ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺎﻥ ﻣـ ﺴﺘﻘﻼﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪. P ( A ∪ B‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـــﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺎﻥ ‪ B, A‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A) P ( B‬‬
‫‪= (0.6)(0.5) = 0.3‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ P ( A ∪ B‬ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A) + P ( B) − P ( A ∩ B‬‬
‫‪= 0.6 + 0.5 − 0.3 = 0.8‬‬
‫‪105‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـــﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬


‫‪Random Variables and Probability Distributions‬‬

‫‪1/8‬ﻣﻘــﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮ ﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪: Random Variable‬‬ ‫‪ 2/8‬ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬


‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳎـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸ ﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ‪Discrete Random Variables‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ) ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ( ‪Continuous Random Variables‬‬

‫‪ 3/8‬ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬


‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍ ﺋﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﲝﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﲜﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ‪ X, Y, Z,….‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺑـﺎﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﲜﺪﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ، x, y, z, … ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ‪. X: {x= 0,1,2,3,4} ، X‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺧﺪﻣﺘ ﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ‪ 10‬ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ‪. Y: {y= 0,1,2,3,….} ، Y‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ‪ 200‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪ .....‬ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‬

‫‪ 1 /3 /8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬


‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗـﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺑ ﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌ ﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐ ﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻔـﺼﻞ ‪ X‬ﻳﺄﺧـﺬ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻢ‪ ، X : {x = x1 , x2 ,..., xn } ،‬ﻭﻛـﺎﻥ‬
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‫) ‪ P ( X = xi ) = f ( xi‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ، xi‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ ، X‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟ ﻘـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻤـﺘﻐﲑ } ‪ ، X : {x = x1 , x2 ,..., xn‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﳍـﺬﺍ ﺍﳌـﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫) ‪ ، P ( X = xi ) = f ( xi‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪(1 -8‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f ( xi‬ﺑﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــ ﺎﻝ )‪(1 -8‬‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ ، 0.60‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﺡ ‪ ، 0.40‬ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﻋﺒﻮﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ X‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪. X‬‬
‫• ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪P ( X ≤ 1.5) ، P ( X = 1.5) ، P ( X ≤ 1) ، P ( X = 1‬‬ ‫•‬
‫• ﺣﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﺍ ﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊــ ﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺣﺪﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻔﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪X‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﻋﺒﻮﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ x= 0‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ) ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺁﺧ ﺮ (‬
‫‪ x= 1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ) ﺁﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜـﻲ (‬
‫ﺃﻭ ) ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺁﺧﺮ (‬
‫‪ x= 2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ) ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ (‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ، X: {x= 0,1,2} :‬ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ X‬ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﺍ ﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫‪xi‬‬ ‫) ‪f ( xi‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.16‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0.36‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Σ‬‬

‫• ﺭﺳﻢ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪: f(x‬‬

‫• ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ ، P ( X ≤ x‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫‪108‬‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ )‪ ، F (x‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﺠ ﻤﻴﻌﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌـﺸﺘﺮﺍﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫‪xi‬‬ ‫) ‪f ( xi‬‬ ‫) ‪F ( xi‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.16‬‬ ‫‪F (0) = P ( X ≤ 0) = 0.16‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬ ‫‪F (1) = P ( X ≤ 1) = 0.16 + 0.48 = 0.64‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0.36‬‬ ‫‪F (2) = P ( X ≤ 2) = 0.64 + 0.36 = 1.00‬‬

‫‪Σ‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ‪P ( X ≤ 1.5) ، P ( X = 1.5) ، P ( X ≤ 1) ، P ( X = 1) -:‬‬ ‫•‬


‫‪P ( X = 1) = f (1) = 0.48‬‬
‫‪P ( X ≤ 1) = F (1) = 0.64‬‬
‫‪P ( X = 1.5) = f (1.5) = 0‬‬
‫‪P ( X ≤ 1.5) = F (1.5) = F (1) = 0.64‬‬
‫• ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ -:‬ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ‪ ، 0.50‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ M‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ، P ( X ≤ M ) = F ( M ) = 0.50‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟ ﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ )‪ (1,0‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫‪xi‬‬ ‫) ‪F ( xi‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.16‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F ( M ) = 0.50‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.64‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫‪0.5 − 0.16‬‬
‫‪M = 0+‬‬ ‫‪× (1 − 0) = 0.71‬‬
‫‪0.64 − 0.16‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ‪ = Mode‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ xi‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﻷﻛﱪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Mode = 1‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪. f (1) = 0.48 :‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪109‬‬

‫‪ 2 /3 /8‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬


‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ) µ‬ﻣﻴﻮ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ) σ 2‬ﺳﻴﺠﻤﺎ ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ )‪(2-8‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺴﱯ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳊـ ﻞ‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 4 -8 ) ، ( 3 -8‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ‬
‫‪ ، ∑ xi f ( xi ) ,‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪∑x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫) ‪f ( xi‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪xi‬‬ ‫) ‪f ( xi‬‬ ‫) ‪xi f ( xi‬‬ ‫) ‪xi2 f ( xi‬‬


‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.16‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0.36‬‬ ‫‪0.72‬‬ ‫‪1.44‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1.20‬‬ ‫‪1.92‬‬
‫‪Σ‬‬

‫‪µ = ∑ xi f ( xi ) = 1.20‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻭﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ 2 = ∑ xi2 f ( xi ) − µ 2 = 1.92 − (1.20) 2 = 0.48‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ = σ 2 = 0.48 = 0.693‬‬

‫ﺕ ‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬


‫‪110‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪0.693‬‬
‫= ‪C.V‬‬ ‫= ‪× 100‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 57.7‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﻣﱰﱄ ‪-:‬‬


‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫}‪X : {x = 0,1,2,3,4,5‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ‪، X‬‬
‫‪ ) x‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ (‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫)‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪0.15 0.30‬‬ ‫‪0.25 0.23‬‬ ‫‪0.05‬‬ ‫‪0.02‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ) ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ (‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍ ﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ )‪ F (x‬ﰒ ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 3‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺕ ‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ 500‬ﺃﺳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬
‫‪ 3‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ؟‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4/8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬


‫ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭ ﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ ، f (x‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴ ﻤﻰ ﲟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﻟﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺣﻘـﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﳎﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺣ ﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﺛﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊـﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪The Binomial Distribution‬‬ ‫‪ 1 /4/8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ‬


‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﻴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠ ﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳍﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ) :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ (‬
‫• ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﺒﻮﺓ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﳍﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﺎﻥ ) ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﺒﺔ(‬
‫• ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﳍﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘ ﺎﻥ ) ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ(‬
‫• ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ) ﳒﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻮﺏ(‬
‫‪111‬‬
‫• ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻌﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ) ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ (‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺮﺭﺕ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ‪ n‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴ ﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ " ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﳒﺎﺡ " ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪p‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ " ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺸﻞ " ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪q = 1 − p‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍ ﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ X‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ " ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ " ﰲ ﺍﻟــ ‪n‬‬
‫ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻣـﺪﻱ ﺍﳌـﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌـﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ X‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻌـ ﱪ ﻋـﻦ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺣـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـﺎﺡ ﻫـﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫}‪ ، X : {x = 0,1,2,..., n‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ P ( X = x) = f ( x‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪ x‬ﻣﻦ ‪ n‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳ ﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ) ‪( nx‬‬

‫‪ 7  = 7 × 6 × 5 = 35 =  7 ‬‬
‫‪ 3  3 × 2 ×1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ 7  =  7  = 1‬‬
‫‪0 7‬‬
‫ﻣﺜـــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 3 -8‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪ ، 0.60‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ‪ 5‬ﻣﺼﺎﺑﲔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ X‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟـﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﻴﺒﲔ ) ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ ( ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ؟‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ f (x‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ‪ 3‬ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ؟‬
‫• ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ؟‬
‫• ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ‪ 2‬ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ؟‬
‫ﺙ ‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪112‬‬
‫ﺝ ‪ -‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊــ ﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ‪ X‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻫـﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫}‪: X : {x = 0,1,2,3,4,5‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪q = 1 − p = 0.40 ، p = 0.60‬‬ ‫‪،n =5‬‬ ‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f ( x) =  nx ( p ) x (q ) n − x‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫)(‬
‫‪= 5x (0.6) x (0.4) 5 − x , x = 0,1, 2,3, 4,5‬‬
‫ﺕ ‪ -‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ‪ 3‬ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ ‪P ( x = 3) = f (3) :‬‬ ‫•‬

‫)(‬
‫= ‪f (3) = 53 (0.6) 3 (0.4) 5−3‬‬
‫‪5× 4× 3‬‬
‫‪3 × 2 ×1‬‬
‫‪× 0.216 × 0.16 = 10 × 0.03456‬‬

‫‪= 0.3456‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍ ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ‪P ( x ≥ 1) :‬‬ ‫•‬

‫)‪P ( x ≥ 1) = f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + f (4) + f (5) = 1 − f (0‬‬


‫) ([‬ ‫]‬
‫‪= 1 − 50 (0.6) 0 (0.4) 5 = 1 − 1 × 1 × 0.01024 = 0.98976‬‬

‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ‪ 2‬ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ‪: P ( x ≤ 2) :‬‬


‫)‪P ( x ≤ 2) = f (2) + f (1) + f (0‬‬

‫)(‬ ‫)(‬ ‫)(‬


‫‪= 52 (0.6) 2 (0.4) 3 + 15 (0.6)1 (0.4) 4 + 50 (0.6) 0 (0.4) 5‬‬
‫‪5× 4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪(0.36)(0.064) + (0.6)(0.0256) + 1(1)(0.01024‬‬
‫‪2 ×1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 0.2304 + 0.0768 + 0.01024 = 0.31744‬‬
‫ﺙ ‪ -‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ) ‪ (µ‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪-8‬‬
‫‪ ، ( 3‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬


‫‪µ = np = 5(0.60) = 3‬‬

‫• ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ‬


‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ ، ( 4 -8‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪113‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬


‫‪σ 2 = npq‬‬
‫‪= 5(0.60)(0.40) = 1.2‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ = npq‬‬
‫‪= 1.2 = 1.095‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪1.095‬‬
‫= ‪V.C‬‬ ‫= ‪× 100‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 36.5%‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺝ ‪ -‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳ ﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ‪ p‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪p = 0.5‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪p < 0.5‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻ ﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪p > 0.5‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ p = 0.6 > 0.5‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Poisson Distribution‬‬ ‫‪ 2 /4/8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺳﻮﱐ‬


‫ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎ ﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ‪X : {x = 0,1,2,...} .‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻢ ‪X : {x = 0,1,2,...} .‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ‪ 10‬ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ‪X : {x = 0,1,2,...} .‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪X : {x = 0,1,2,...} .‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ‪X : {x = 0,1,2,...} .‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ‪X : {x = 0,1,2,...} .‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺳﻮﱐ‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺯﻣﲏ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻫـﻮ ‪ ، µ‬ﻭﻛـﺎﻥ ﺍﳌـﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ X‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺪﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ X‬ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫}‪ ، X : {x = 0,1,2,...‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌـﺪﻯ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﻓﺌـﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﻴﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫‪114‬‬
‫)‪ P ( X = x) = f ( x‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ x‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳍـﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ e‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻮ ﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ‪e = 2.718 :‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ‪e − 1.5‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ !‪ x‬ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ "ﻣﻀﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ " x‬ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪x!= x( x − 1)( x − 2)...3 × 2 × 1 :‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 4 -8‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﲟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ 3‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ X‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ؟‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ f (x‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ ‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷ ﺳﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻭﺣﺪﺗﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ؟‬
‫• ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷ ﻗﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ؟‬
‫• ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ‪ 3‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ؟‬
‫ﺥ ‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ ‪ -‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـ ﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ‪ X‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﻫ ﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪: X : {x = 0,1,2,3,...} :‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻫﻮ ‪ ، µ = 3 :‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
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‫‪e −µ µ x‬‬
‫= )‪f ( x‬‬
‫!‪x‬‬
‫‪e −3 3 x‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪, x = 0,1, 2,...‬‬
‫!‪x‬‬
‫ﺡ ‪ -‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻭﺣﺪﺗﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻬﺮ‪f(2) ،‬‬ ‫•‬

‫)‪e −3 32 0.0498(9‬‬
‫= )‪f (2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.22404‬‬
‫!‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 ×1‬‬
‫• ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P ( X ≥ 1) = f (1) + f (2) + ....‬‬
‫‪e −3 30 0.0498‬‬
‫‪= 1 − f (0) = 1 −‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1 − 0.0498 = 0.9502‬‬
‫!‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫• ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ‪ 3‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P ( X ≤ 3) = f (3) + f (2) + f (1) + f (0‬‬
‫‪e −3 33 e −3 32 e −3 31 e −3 30 0.0498‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫!‪3‬‬ ‫!‪2‬‬ ‫!‪1‬‬ ‫!‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ 27 9 3 1 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.0498 + + +  = 0.0498(13) = 0.6474‬‬
‫‪ 6 2 1 1‬‬

‫ﺥ ‪ -‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳ ﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ) ‪ (µ‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪µ =3‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ2 =µ =3‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ = µ = 3 = 1.732‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪1.732‬‬
‫= ‪V.C‬‬ ‫= ‪× 100‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 57.7%‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺩ ‪ -‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬
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‫‪Continuous Random Variables‬‬ ‫‪ 5/8‬ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬


‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻻ‪‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧــﻞ ﳎﺎﻟــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓــﺈﺫﺍ ﻛــﺎﻥ ‪ X‬ﻣــﺘﻐﲑ ﻋــﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣــﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘــﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌــﺪﻯ )‪ ، (a,b‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ‪ ، { X = x : a < x < b} :‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ‪ X‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻻ‪‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊـﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫)‪ ، (a,b‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮ ‪{ X = x : 10 < x < 40} :‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﺭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ }‪{ X = x : 1000 < x < 15000‬‬ ‫•‬
‫• ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﱪﺩ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺎﻡ‪{ X = x : 1 < x < 5} ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ )‪{ X = x : 55 < x < 80} ، (40-30‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Continuous Probability‬‬ ‫‪ 1 /5 /8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬


‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻭﺻﻒ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺿﺎﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣـﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(1 -8‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣ ﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪117‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪ‬
‫ـﺎﻝ ‪Probability Distribution‬‬
‫ﺍﻟــﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗــﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟــﺔ )‪ f(x‬ﺑﺪﺍﻟــﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓــﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤـ‬
‫)‪ ، Function(p.d.f‬ﻭﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌ ﺪﻯ ‪ ، X = {x : a π x π b} :‬ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ f (x‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ )‪ f (x‬ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ )‪ (a,b‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪x ∈ (a , b) ، f ( x) φ 0 :‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘ ﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ‪ a‬ﺣﱴ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠـﻰ ‪ b‬ﻳﻌـﱪ ﻋـﻦ ﳎﻤـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ x = a‬ﺣﱴ ‪ ، x = b‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌـﲏ‬
‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺳ ﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲏ ﺑﲔ )‪. (a , b‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ )‪ (d,c‬ﺃﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫) ‪ ، p(c < x < d‬ﳚﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲏ ﻣﻦ ‪ x = c‬ﺣﱴ ‪ x = d‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪118‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ p( x = value‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪(2 -8‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪xn +1‬‬ ‫‪(a + bx) n +1‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬
‫= ‪∫ x dx‬‬ ‫= ‪∫ (a + bx) dx‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪n +1‬‬
‫‪and‬‬ ‫)‪b ( n +1‬‬

‫‪∫ e dx = e‬‬ ‫‪∫ e dx = e‬‬


‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫) ‪( a + bx‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‪( a + bx‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪integration‬‬
‫‪b‬‬

‫)‪∫ x dx = log ( x‬‬ ‫‪∫ (a +bx) dx = log‬‬


‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫) ‪e ( a + bx‬‬

‫∞‬

‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫‪Γ( n + 1) = ∫ xn e − xdx = n!= n(n − 1)(n − 2)...3 × 2 × 1‬‬ ‫‪gamma‬‬


‫‪0‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪ai ‬‬
‫)‪(5‬‬ ‫‪IΓ(n + 1) = ∫ xne − xdx = n!1 − e − a ∑ ‬‬ ‫‪Incomplete‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪i = 0 i! ‬‬
‫‪gamma‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫!‪m!n‬‬
‫)‪(6‬‬ ‫= ‪B(m + 1, n + 1) = ∫ xn (1 − x) m dx‬‬ ‫‪Beta‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫!)‪(m + n + 1‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـ ﺎﻝ ) ‪( 5 -8‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪cx(10 − x) , 0 < x < 10‬‬
‫{ = )‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪0 otherwise‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪c‬‬
‫‪119‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ )‪ (8,5‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ 600‬ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻋـﻦ ‪ 3‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﺧـﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ؟‬

‫ﺍﳊـــﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪c‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x=b‬‬
‫∫‬
‫‪x=a‬‬
‫‪f ( x) dx = 1‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪x =10‬‬ ‫‪x =10‬‬
‫‪  x2  x3 ‬‬
‫‪∫x= 0cx(10 − x) dx = c x∫= 0(10 x − x ) dx = c 10 2  − 3 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪x3 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪(1000) ‬‬
‫‪= c 5 x2 −  = c (5(100) −‬‬ ‫‪) −0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3 0‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪500‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪c =1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪c = 3 500 = 0.006‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ )‪ (8,5‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﺧﻼ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻫﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪x =8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪x3 ‬‬
‫‪p(5 < x < 8) = ∫ 0.006 x(10 − x) dx = 0.0065 x2 − ‬‬
‫‪x= 5‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3 5‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪83  ‬‬ ‫‪53  ‬‬
‫])‪= 0.006  5(8) 2 −  −  5(5) 2 −   = 0.006[(149.3333) − (83.3333‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.006(66) = 0.396‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ 600‬ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 3‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟـﺸﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪number of family = 600 p ( x < 3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪= 600∫ 0.006 x(10 − x)dx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪x3 ‬‬
‫‪= 3.6 5 x2 −  = 3.6[45 − 9] − 0 = 129.6 ≈ 130‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3 0‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 130‬ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2 /5 /8‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬


‫‪120‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ )‪ f (x‬ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ a < x < b ، x‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ )‪ h(x‬ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪( 5 -8‬‬


‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـــﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪µ = E ( x) = xf ( x)dx = ∫ x(0.006 x(10 − x) ) = 0.006 ∫ (10 x2 − x3 )dx‬‬


‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ x‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪x ‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ 10000 10000 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪= 0.00610 −  = 0.006‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪ − (0 )‬‬
‫‪ 3‬‬ ‫‪4 0‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬‬ ‫‪4 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 60   = 5‬‬
‫‪12 ‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ‪ 5‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪σ 2 = E ( x 2 ) − u 2 = E ( x 2 ) − (5) 2‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪E ( x ) = ∫ x f ( x) dx = 0.006 ∫ (10 x3 − x4 )dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪  x4   x5 ‬‬ ‫‪100000 100000 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.00610  −   = 0.006 ‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−0‬‬
‫‪  4   5  0‬‬ ‫‪ 4‬‬ ‫‪5 ‬‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪= 600  = 30‬‬
‫‪ 20 ‬‬
‫‪ ، σ 2 = 30 − 25 = 5‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ = var iance = 5 = 2.236‬‬
‫‪121‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪2.236‬‬
‫= ‪C.V‬‬ ‫= ‪× 100‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 44.72%‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪(C.D.F) Cumulative Distribution Function‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ‬


‫ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ )‪ (C.D.F)= F(x‬ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺎ ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪( 5 -8‬‬


‫ﰲ ﺍﳌ ﺜﺎﻝ ) ‪ ( 5 -8‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ، C.D.F‬ﰒ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟـﺔ ﳊـﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺣ ﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ 5‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊــﻞ‬
‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ‪C.D.F‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪F ( x) = ∫ f ( x) dx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪  x2‬‬ ‫‪  x3 ‬‬
‫‪= ∫ 0.006 x(10 − x)dx = 0.00610‬‬ ‫‪ −  ‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪  2‬‬ ‫‪  3  0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ x3 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.0065 x2 −  ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 3 ‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ )‪ ، F (5) = p ( x ≤ 5‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ x = 5‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ )‪ F(x‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪122‬‬
‫= )‪F (5) = P ( x ≤ 5‬‬
‫‪ 2 x3 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪125 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.0065 x −  = 0.006 125 −‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪ 250 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.006‬‬ ‫‪ = 0.5‬‬
‫‪ 3 ‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 5‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ‬


‫‪p( x φ x) = 1 − F ( x) -4‬‬ ‫‪F (b) = 1 -3‬‬ ‫‪F ( a ) = 0 -2‬‬ ‫‪F ( x) φ 0 -1‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = dF ( x) dx -5‬‬

‫‪ 6/8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬


‫‪Continuous Probability Distributions‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺎ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Uniform distribution‬‬ ‫‪ 1 /6 /8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬


‫‪p.d.f‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓ ﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ x‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ‪ ، Uniform‬ﻣﺪﺍﻩ ﻫﻮ ‪ a < x < b‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫‪123‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬


‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﳘﺎ ) ‪ ، (b, a‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺭﻣﺰ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟ ﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ )‪x ~ U (a , b‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪ ، µ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ‪ σ 2‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a +b‬‬ ‫‪(b − a ) 2‬‬
‫= )‪µ = E ( x‬‬ ‫= ‪, σ2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬

‫‪C.D.F‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ‬


‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ )‪ F ( x‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵﰐ‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ) ‪( 6 -8‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ 1500‬ﻃﻦ ﺑﻄﺎﻃﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻌ ﻬﺎ ﰲ ﳐﺰﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻤﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺰﻥ؟‬

‫ﺍﳊـــﻞ‬
‫• ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ x‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪، 0 < x < 12‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪, 0 < x < 12‬‬
‫‪12 − 0 12‬‬

‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟ ﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺰﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ Q‬ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺰﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣـﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪7−0‬‬
‫‪Q × p( x > 7) = Q × (1 − F (7)) = 1500(1 −‬‬ ‫‪) = 625 Ton‬‬
‫‪12 − 0‬‬
‫‪124‬‬

‫‪Negative Exponential distribution‬‬ ‫‪ 2 /6 /8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬


‫‪p.d.f‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ x‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺃﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺍﻩ ﻫﻮ ∞ < ‪ 0 < x‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺍﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬


‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ) ‪(θ‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪ ، µ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ‪ σ 2‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪µ = E ( x) = θ1 , σ 2‬‬
‫‪θ2‬‬
‫‪C.D.F‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ )‪ F ( x‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵ ﰐ‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪F ( x) = p ( X ≤ x) = ∫ f ( x)dx = 1 − e−θx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻣﺜــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 7 -8‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻹ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺃﺳﻲ ﲟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ 2‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻹ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍ ﳊـــﻞ‬
‫• ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪125‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ x‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣ ﻨﻴﺔ ﻹ‪‬ـﺎﺀ ﺧﺪﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴـﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫∞ < ‪ ، 0 < x‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ، 1 θ = 2‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) ‪ (θ‬ﻫـﻲ ‪، (θ = 0.5) :‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = 0.5‬‬ ‫∞ < ‪e−0.5 x, 0 < x‬‬
‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪−0.5(1‬‬
‫‪p( x ≤ 1) = (1 − e− 0.5 x ) = (1 − e‬‬ ‫‪) = 0.3935‬‬

‫‪The Normal Distribution‬‬ ‫‪ 3 /6 /8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬


‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻼ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪.‬‬

‫‪p.d.f‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬


‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ x‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺍﻩ ﻫﻮ ∞ < ‪ − ∞ < x‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪. µ‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬


‫ﺗﻮ ﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ‪var( x) = σ 2 :‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪E (x) = µ :‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ x‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ‪ x ~ N (µ ,σ 2 ) :‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌـﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪x‬‬
‫‪126‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﲟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ، µ‬ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ‪. σ 2‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬


‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮ ﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ‪σ 2‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ‪µ‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻨﺤﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ‪µ‬‬

‫) ‪p( x1 < x < x2‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬


‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌ ﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ) ‪ ، p( x1 < x < x2‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﳌـﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ) ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ( ﲢﺴﺐ ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫‪− 1  x− µ ‬‬


‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2 σ ‬‬
‫∫ = ‪p( x1 < x < x2 ) = ∫ f ( x)dx‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪x1‬‬ ‫‪x1 σ 2π‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳉﺄ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﲔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤ ﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺿـﻴﺔ ‪ ، Transform‬ﳝﻜـﻦ‬


‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ x− µ ‬‬
‫‪z=‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ σ ‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ‪ z‬ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ، Standard Normal Variable‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺣ ﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﻮ ‪var( z) = 1 :‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﻫﻮ ‪E ( z) = 0 :‬‬
‫‪127‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ z‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ‪ z ~ N (0,1) :‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ x‬ﻳﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﲟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ) ‪ ، ( 0‬ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ) ‪. ( 1‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻤﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ، F ( z) = P ( Z < z) :‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ) ‪ p( x1 < x < x2‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﺔ ‪: z = ( x − µ) σ‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ) ‪ ( x1, x2‬ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪. z1 = ( x1 − µ ) σ , z2 = ( x2 − µ ) σ‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ‪: p( x1 < x < x2 ) = p( z1 < z < z2 ) :‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪ ﻡ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄـﻲ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻـﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫)‪F ( z) = P ( Z < z‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬


‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪P ( z > 1.96) -‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪P ( z < −2.33) -‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪P ( z < 1.57) -‬‬
‫‪128‬‬

‫)‪P (−2.01 < z < 1.28‬‬


‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ P ( z < 1.57) = F (1.57‬ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮ ﺏ ﻫﻮ ‪P ( z < 1.57) = F (1.57) = 0.9418 :‬‬


‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ )‪ P ( z < −2.33) = F (−2.33‬ﻣﻮﺿـﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P(z<-2.33‬‬

‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪.00‬‬ ‫‪.01‬‬ ‫‪.02‬‬ ‫‪.03‬‬ ‫‪.04‬‬ ‫‪.05‬‬ ‫‪.06‬‬ ‫‪.07‬‬ ‫‪.08 .09‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬‬
‫‪2.70‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪2.60‬‬
‫‪129‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪2.50‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪2.40‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪0.0099‬‬
‫‪2.30‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪P ( z < −2.33) = 0.0099 :‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ P ( z > 1.96‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P ( z > 1.96) = 1 − p( z < 1.96) = 1 − F (1.96‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻜــﺸﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳉــﺪﻭﻝ ﺑــﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘــﺔ ﺍﻟــﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤــﺔ ‪ 1.96‬ﳒــﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ، p( z < 1.96) = 0.9750‬ﻭﻣـــﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻜـــﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤـــﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠـــﻮﺏ ﻫـــﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P ( z > 1.96) = 1 − 0.9750 = 0.0250‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ )‪ P (−2.01 < z < 1.28‬ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P (−2.01 < z < 1.28) = F (1.28) − F (−2.01‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P (−2.01 < z < 1.28) = 0.8997 − 0.0222 = 0.8775‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـــﺎﻝ ) ‪( 8 -8‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻪ ‪ 80‬ﺃﻟـﻒ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﻪ ‪ . 900‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪130‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 60‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ؟‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣ ﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ 0.975‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ؟‬

‫ﺍﳊـــﻞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ x‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳌﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ‪Var ( x) = σ 2 = 900 :‬‬ ‫‪E ( x) = µ = 80‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫)‪x ~ N (80,900‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫= )‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫) (‬
‫‪− 1 x−80‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪, −∞ < x < ∞ , π = 22 / 7‬‬
‫‪30 2π‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 60‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ‪P ( x π 60) :‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌ ﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫‪‬‬ ‫‪x− µ ‬‬
‫< ‪P ( x < 60) = p z‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪σ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪60 − 80 ‬‬
‫< ‪= P z‬‬ ‫)‪ = P ( z < −0.67 ) = F (−0.67‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪30 ‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪P ( x < 60) = P ( z < −0.67 ) = 0.2514‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ 0.975‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ‪ :‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ )‪ (x‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫‪ ، 0.975‬ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﻫﻮ ) ‪ ، ( x1‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪131‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪x − 80 ‬‬


‫‪P ( x < x1 ) = p z < 1‬‬ ‫‪ = 0.975‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪30 ‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ 0.9750‬ﳒﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟـﺼﻒ ‪، 1.9‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪ .06‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻗ ﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ، z = 1.96‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x1 − 80‬‬
‫= ‪1.96‬‬ ‫‪, Then x1 = 30(1.96) + 80 = 138.8‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ 138.8‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪132‬‬

‫ﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺯﻭﺭﻭﺍ‬


‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ‬

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