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Chapter 2:quadratic Expressions and Equations: M X + y - 3x + 5 7x - 3x - 2x + 3 5x - 4x + 7

This document summarizes key concepts about quadratic expressions and equations from a mathematics textbook. It begins by defining quadratic expressions as expressions of the form ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0. It discusses identifying, forming, and factorizing quadratic expressions. It then defines quadratic equations as equalities involving quadratic expressions, and discusses writing equations in general form and solving equations through methods like factorizing, trial and improvement, and finding roots. Several worked examples are provided to illustrate each concept.

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Rita Lau
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
165 views9 pages

Chapter 2:quadratic Expressions and Equations: M X + y - 3x + 5 7x - 3x - 2x + 3 5x - 4x + 7

This document summarizes key concepts about quadratic expressions and equations from a mathematics textbook. It begins by defining quadratic expressions as expressions of the form ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0. It discusses identifying, forming, and factorizing quadratic expressions. It then defines quadratic equations as equalities involving quadratic expressions, and discusses writing equations in general form and solving equations through methods like factorizing, trial and improvement, and finding roots. Several worked examples are provided to illustrate each concept.

Uploaded by

Rita Lau
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

Chapter 2:Quadratic Expressions and Equations 2.1 Quadratic Expressions A quadratic expression is an expression in the form ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants, a0 and x is an unknown. 2.1.1 Identifying quadratic expressions. A quadratic expression is an expression satisfies the following conditions: 1. there is only one unknown 2. the highest power of the unknown is 2

Complete the table below Expressions 2x - 6 m 2 + 4m x2 + y2 - 3x + 5 7x4 3x2 - 2x + 3 5x2 - 4x + 7 16 - t2

Highest power of unknown

Number of unknowns

Is it a quadratic expression?

Ex 1: Determine whether the expressions given below are quadratic expressions. Give your reasons. Expressions Reasons Is it a quadratic

expression?
a) 2x- x2 b) p3 - 3 c) x2 + 9x3 d) m2- 5m e) 4 2k + k2 f)

1 - 5x x2

2.1.2 Quadratic Expressions as a product of any two linear expressions Ex 2:Multiply a) x( x -1) b)( 2y + 6)2 c) (2x-1)(x+ 5)

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

2.1.3 Forming quadratic expressions from situations Situations in daily where we can form quadratic expressions Ex : A square has an area of x2 cm2 if the length of its side is x cm. A car moves at a constant speed of (5x-1) km h-1 for (x + 2) hours has traveled a distance of (5x -1) (x + 2) km. Based on the examples given, form a quadratic expression for the profit of a calculator which costs RM(10x + 3), if the percentage profit is x %. Answer:

Situations a) Saroja buys ( x + 4) books which cost RM (x- 3) each. Find the cost of the books. b) Find the area of a right-angled triangle with base x cm and height(x + 7)cm. c)Salleh is ( x - 2) years old at present. His father is x times older than him. Find the sum of their present ages. d) A piece of wire is used to make x circular rings, each of radius (x + 3) cm. Find the length of wire used.

Quadratic Expressions

Ex 3: Form quadratic expressions from the situations below. a) The length and the width of a rectangle is 3x cm and ( 5x-1) cm respectively. Form an expression for the area of the rectangle.

b) The price of a ferrys ticket to Pulau Gaya is RM ( p + 4). Form an expression for the total expenses for P passengers.

c)

3p cm 2p cm

(2p + 3 ) cm The diagram above shows a trapezium. Form an expression for its area.

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

2.2 Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions Factorisation of a quadratic expression is the process of obtaining the two linear factors of the quadratic expression. 2.2.1 Factorising quadratic expressions of the form ax2 + c or ax2 + bx a) b = 0, the expression ax2 + c is obtained.We can factorise ax2 + c by finding common factor of constants a and c. b) c = 0, the expression ax2 + bx is obtained. ax2 + bx is factorised by finding the common factor of terms ax2 and bx. Ex 4: Factorise completely each of the following expressions. a)x2 + 5x b) 5x2 10x c)4p2-20

d) 36 + 4k2

e)14r 6r2

f)4y2 y

2.2.2 Factorising quadratic expressions of the form px2 - q Ex 5: Factorise completely a) x2 - 16 b) 64- r2 c) 3 48p2

d)4p2 -1

2.2.3 Factorizing quadratic expressions of the form ax2 + bx + c I When a = 1, the quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c can be written as a product of two linear factors, (x + p) and ( x + q) ( x + p) ( x + q) = x2 + qx + px + pq = x2 + ( p+ q) x + pq = x 2 + bx + c Therefore, to factorise ax2 + bx + c : 1. list all the possible values of p and q such that pq = c. 2. select the values of p and q such that p + q = b Ex 6: a) Factorise x2 + 9x + 14 b) Factorise x 2 - 2x - 15

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

II When a 1, the quadratic ax2 + bx + c can be written as a product of two linear factors ( mx + p) and ( nx + q) ( mx + p) ( nx + q) =

By comparison, a = mn, b = mq + np and c = pq. Therefore, to factorise ax2 + bx + c: 1. list all the possible values of m and n such that mn= a 2. list all the possible values of p and q such that pq = c 3. select the values of m, n, p and q such that mq + np = b Ex 7: a) Factorise 2x2 + 7x + 3 b) Factorise 3x2 - 7x + 4

c) Factorise 6x2 - x - 2

d) Factorise 4x2 11x + 6

2.2.4 Factorising quadratic expressions containing coefficients with common factors To factorise, 1. take out common factor 2 . factorise Ex 8: Factorise a) 3x2 + 12x + 9 b) 5t2 + 20t - 60

c) 3x2 - 18x + 24

d) 12x2 - 6x - 18

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

2.3 Quadratic Equations A quadratic equation in one unknown is an equality that involves a quadratic expression. 2.3.1 Identifying quadratic equations with one unknown: In quadratic equation with one unknown: There is only one unknown The highest power of the unknown is 2 There is an equal sign, = Ex 9: Which of the following are quadratic equations in one unknown?Give reasons Quadratic equations a) 2x2 + 5x + 3 =0 b) 3 x2 6 xy + 3y2 = 0 c) x(x + 1) = 0 d) x2 + 3x 4 = 0 e) x 8 =0 f) x3 + x2 + 2x = 0 Quadratic equations Reasons in one unknown

2.3.2

Writing quadratic equations in the general form

General form is ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are constants, a 0 and x is an unknown. Ex 10:Write the following quadratic equations in the general form. a) x (x-3) = 0 b) x2- 6 = 7x
4 t = 2 t 2 t 2

c)

d)

m2 =5m 3

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Chapter

2.3.4 Forming quadratic equations Ex 11: ABCD is a rectangle such that AB = (3x + 4) cm and BC = ( x -1) cm. Given that the area of the rectangle is 12 cm2, write an equation in x to represent the area of the rectangle.

Ex 12: Ahmad is twice as old as Ismail. The product of their age is 50. Write a quadratic equation to represent the product of their ages.

2.4 Roots of Quadratic Equations 2.4.1 Determining a root of a specific quadratic equation Ex 13: Determine whether the given value is a root of each of the following quadratic equations. a) x2 - 3x 4 = 0; x = 4 b) x2 + 2x 7= 0; x = -1

c) 3x2 + x 4 = 0; x = 2

d) 3x2 + 2x 1 = 0; x =

1 3

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

2.4.2

Solutions for quadratic equations

I Trial and improvement method To determine the solutions for ax2 + bx + c = 0: 1. list the factors of c 2. select values of x which are factors of c 3. check whether the values satisfy the equation Ex 14: Determine the solutions for x2 - 3x + 2 = 0 The factors of 2 are 1 and 2 . Hence, we shall try all the possible values of x which are -1,1,-2 and 2. x x 2 - 3x + 2 Solution or not a solution -1 -2 1 2 Hence, the solution of the equation x2 - 3x + 2 = 0 are _____________________________ Ex 15: Determine the solution of x2 + x - 6 = 0 using trial and error method x -1 6 -2 3 -3 2 x2 + x - 6 Solution or not a solution

II Factorisation When a quadratic equation can be factorised to the form ( mx + p)(nx + q)= 0, the mx + p = 0 or nx + q =0. The solutions are x = p q and x = - . m n

Ex 16: Solve each of the following quadratic equations. a) 3x2 + 5x = 0 b) x2 = 36 + 5x

c)

x 2 40 =x 3

d) 2x2 - 7x + 3 = 0

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Chapter

2.4.3

Solving problems b) Find the value of x if the area of the triangle below is 4 cm2.

Ex 17: Solve the following problems. a) I think of a number, square it and add 8 to the result.I should have the same answer if I had multiplied the original answer by 6. Write an equation in x and solve it.

x
( x + 5 )cm

c) The difference of a number and its square is 20. Find this number which is a positive integer.

d) Evaluate p if the area of the rectangle below is 21 cm2. (p - 4) cm p cm

e)

f)

Mathematics Form 4 2008

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

Mathematics Form 4 2008

1449

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