COMMAND DESCRIPTION

System Information

arch show architecture of machine

uname -r show used kernel version

show hardware system components - (SMBIOS /

dmidecode -q
DMI)

hdaparm -i /dev/hda displays the characteristics of a hard-disk

hdparm -tT /dev/sda perform test reading on a hard-disk

cat /proc/cpuinfo show information CPU info

cat /proc/interrupts show interrupts

cat /proc/meminfo verify memory use

cat /proc/swaps show file(s) swap

cat /proc/version show version of the kernel

cat /proc/net/dev show network adpters and statistics

cat /proc/mounts show mounted file system(s)

lspci -tv display PCI devices

lsusb -tv show USB devices

date show system date

cal 2007 show the timetable of 2007

set date and time -

date 041217002007.00
MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Secondi
clock -w save changes on BIOS

Shutdown, Restart of a system and Logout

shutdown -h now
shutdown system
init 0

shutdown -r hours:minutes & planned shutdown of the system

shutdown -c cancel a planned shutdown of the system

shutdown -r now
reboot
reboot

logout leaving session

Files and Directory

cd /home enter to directory '/ home'

cd .. go back one level

cd ../.. go back two levels

cd go to home directory

cd ~utente go to home directory

cd - go to previous directory

pwd show the path of work directory

ls view files of directory

ls -F view files of directory

ls -l show details of files and directory

ls -a show hidden files

ls *[0-9]* show files and directory containing numbers

lstree show files and directories in a tree starting from root

mkdir dir1 create a directory called 'dir1'

mkdir dir1 dir2 create two directories simultaneously

mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 create a directory tree

rm -f file1 delete file called 'file1'

rmdir dir1 delete directory called 'dir1'

remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents

rm -rf dir1
recursively

rm -rf dir1 dir2 remove two directories and their contents recursively

mv dir1 new_dir rename / move a file or directory

cp file1 file2 copying a file

copy all files of a directory within the current work

cp dir/* .
directory

cp -a /tmp/dir1 . copy a directory within the current work directory

cp -a dir1 dir2 copy a directory

ln -s file1 lnk1 create a symbolic link to file or directory

ln file1 lnk1 create a physical link to file or directory

modify timestamp of a file or directory -

touch -t 0712250000 fileditest
(YYMMDDhhmm)

File Search

find / -name file1 search file and directory into root filesystem from '/'

find / -user user1 search files and directories belonging to 'user1'

 search files with '. bin' extension within directory '/
find /home/user1 -name *.bin
home/user1'

find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 search bynary files are not used in the last 100 days

find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 search files created or changed within 10 days

find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 {} ; search files with '.rpm' extension and modify permits

search files with '.rpm' extension ignoring removable

find / -name *.rpm -xdev
partitions as cdrom, pen-drive, etc.…

find files with the '.ps' extension - first run 'updatedb'

locate *.ps
command

whereis halt show location of a binary file, source or man

which halt show full path to a binary / executable

Mounting a Filesystem

mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the

mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2
directory '/ mnt/hda2'

unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/

umount /dev/hda2
mnt/hda2' first

fuser -km /mnt/hda2 force umount when the device is busy

run umount without writing the file /etc/mtab - useful

umount -n /mnt/hda2
when the file is read-only or the hard disk is full

mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy mount a floppy disk

mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom mount a cdrom / dvdrom

mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom

mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom

mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom mount a file or iso image

mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 mount a Windows FAT32 file system

mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive

mount -t smbfs -o
username=user,password=pass //winclient/share mount a windows network share
/mnt/share

Disk Space

df -h show list of partitions mounted

ls -lSr |more show size of the files and directories ordered by size

du -sh dir1 estimate space used by directory 'dir1'

du -sh * | sort -rn show size of the files and directories sorted by size

rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort show space used by rpm packages installed sorted by
-k1,1n size (fedora, redhat and like)

dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t$ show space used by deb packages installed sorted by

{Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n size (ubuntu, debian and like)

Users and Groups

groupadd group_name create a new group

groupdel group_name delete a group

groupmod -n new_group_name
rename a group
old_group_name

useradd -c "Nome Cognome" -g admin -d

create a new user belongs "admin" group
/home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1

useradd user1 create a new user

userdel -r user1 delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory)

usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -

change user attributes
s /bin/nologin user1

passwd change password

passwd user1 change a user password (only by root)

chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 set deadline for user password

check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/passwd'

pwck
and users existence

check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/group'

grpck
and groups existence

log in to a new group to change default group of newly

newgrp group_name
created files

alias hh='history' set an alias for a command - hh = history

Permits on File - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove

ls -lh show permits

ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS divide terminal into 5 columns

set permissions reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to

chmod ugo+rwx directory1
users owner (u) group (g) and others (o)

remove permits reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to

chmod go-rwx directory1
users group (g) and others (or

chown user1 file1 change owner of a file

change user owner of a directory and all the files and

chown user1 -R directory1
directories contained inside

chgrp gruppo1 file1 change group of files

chown user1:gruppo1 file1 change user and group ownership of a file

find / -perm -u+s view all files on the system with SUID configured

set SUID bit on a binary file - the user that running

chmod u+s /bin/file_eseguibile
that file gets same privileges as owner

chmod u-s /bin/file_binario disable SUID bit on a binary file

chmod g+s /home/public set SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID but for
 directory

chmod g-s /home/public disable SGID bit on a directory

set STIKY bit on a directory - allows files deletion

chmod o+t /home/comune
only to legitimate owners

chmod o-t /home/comune disable STIKY bit on a directory

Special Attributes on file - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove

chattr +a file1 allows write opening of a file only append mode

allows that a file is compressed / decompressed

chattr +c file1
automatically by the kernel

makes sure that the program ignores Dump the files

chattr +d file1
during backup

makes it an immutable file, which can not be removed,

chattr +i file1
altered, renamed or linked

chattr +s file1 allows a file to be deleted safely

makes sure that if a file is modified changes are

chattr +S file1
written in synchronous mode as with sync

allows you to recover the contents of a file even if it is

chattr +u file1
canceled

lsattr show specials attributes

Archives and Compressed Files

bunzip2 file1.bz2 decompress a file called 'file1.bz2'

bzip2 file1 compress a file called 'file1'

gunzip file1.gz decompress a file called 'file1.gz'

gzip file1 compress a file called 'file1'

gzip -9 file1 compress with maximum compression

rar a file1.rar test_file create an archive rar called 'file1.rar'

rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' simultaneously

rar x file1.rar decompress rar archive

unrar x file1.rar decompress rar archive

tar -cvf archive.tar file1 create a uncompressed tarball

tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1'

tar -tf archive.tar show contents of an archive

tar -xvf archive.tar extract a tarball

tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp extract a tarball into / tmp

tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 create a tarball compressed into bzip2

tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2 decompress a compressed tar archive in bzip2

tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 create a tarball compressed into gzip

tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz decompress a compressed tar archive in gzip

zip file1.zip file1 create an archive compressed in zip

compress in zip several files and directories

zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1
simultaneously

unzip file1.zip decompress a zip archive

RPM Packages - Fedora, Red Hat and like

rpm -ivh package.rpm install a rpm package

rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm install a rpm package ignoring dependencies requests

upgrade a rpm package without changing

rpm -U package.rpm
configuration files

rpm -F package.rpm upgrade a rpm package only if it is already installed

rpm -e package_name.rpm remove a rpm package

rpm -qa show all rpm packages installed on the system

rpm -qa | grep httpd show all rpm packages with the name "httpd"

rpm -qi package_name obtain information on a specific package installed

rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons" show rpm packages of a group software

rpm -ql package_name show list of files provided by a rpm package installed

show list of configuration files provided by a rpm

rpm -qc package_name
package installed

rpm -q package_name --whatrequires show list of dependencies required for a rpm packet

rpm -q package_name --whatprovides show capability provided by a rpm package

rpm -q package_name --scripts show scripts started during installation / removal

rpm -q package_name --changelog show history of revisions of a rpm package

rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf verify which rpm package belongs to a given file

show list of files provided by a rpm package not yet

rpm -qp package.rpm -l
installed

rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY import public-key digital signature

rpm --checksig package.rpm verify the integrity of a rpm package

rpm -qa gpg-pubkey verify integrity of all rpm packages installed

check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5

rpm -V package_name
checksum and last modification

check all rpm packages installed on the system - use

rpm -Va
with caution

rpm -Vp package.rpm verify a rpm package not yet installed

rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-
extract executable file from a rpm package
directories *bin*

rpm -ivh
install a package built from a rpm source
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm

rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm build a rpm package from a rpm source

YUM packages updater - Fedora, RedHat and like

yum install package_name download and install a rpm package

yum update update all rpm packages installed on the system

yum update package_name upgrade a rpm package

yum remove package_name remove a rpm package

yum list list all packages installed on the system

yum search package_name find a package on rpm repository

yum clean packages clean up rpm cache erasing downloaded packages

remove all files headers that the system uses to resolve

yum clean headers
dependency

yum clean all remove from the cache packages and headers files

DEB packages - Debian, Ubuntu and like

dpkg -i package.deb install / upgrade a deb package

dpkg -r package_name remove a deb package from the system

dpkg -l show all deb packages installed on the system

dpkg -l | grep httpd show all rpm packages with the name "httpd"

dpkg -s package_name obtain information on a specific package installed on

 system

show list of files provided by a package installed on

dpkg -L package_name
system

show list of files provided by a package not yet

dpkg --contents package.deb
installed

dpkg -S /bin/ping verify which package belongs to a given file

APT packages updater - Debian, Ubuntu e like

apt-get install package_name install / upgrade a deb package

apt-cdrom install package_name install / upgrade a deb package from cdrom

apt-get update update all deb packages installed on system

apt-get remove package_name remove a deb package from system

apt-get check verify correct resolution of dependencies

apt-get clean clean up cache from packages downloaded

View File Content

cat file1 view the contents of a file starting from the first row

tac file1 view the contents of a file starting from the last line

more file1 view content of a file along

similar to 'more' command but which allows backward

less file1
movement in the file as well as forward movement

head -2 file1 view first two lines of a file

tail -2 file1 view last two lines of a file

tail -f /var/log/messages view in real time what is added to a file

Text Manipulation
cat file_test | [operation: sed, grep, awk, grep, syntax to elaborate the text of a file, and write result to
etc] > result.txt a new file

cat file_originale | [operazione: sed, grep, awk, syntax to elaborate the text of a file and append result
grep, etc] >> result.txt in existing file

grep Aug /var/log/messages look up words "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'

look up words that begin with "Aug" on file '/var/log/

grep ^Aug /var/log/messages
messages'

select from file '/var/log/messages' all lines that

grep [0-9] /var/log/messages
contain numbers

grep Aug -R /var/log/* search string "Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below

grep Aug /var/log/messages write result of a search within a file

sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt replace "string1" with "string2" in example.txt

sed '/^$/d' example.txt remove all blank lines from example.txt

sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' example.txt remove comments and blank lines from example.txt

echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' convert from lower case in upper case

sed -e '1d' result.txt eliminates the first line from file example.txt

sed -n '/stringa1/p' view only lines that contain the word "string1"

sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt remove empty characters at the end of each row

remove only the word "string1" from text and leave

sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt
intact all

sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt view from 1th to 5th row

sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt view row number 5

sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt replace more zeros with a single zero

cat -n file1 number row of a file

cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' remove all even lines from example.txt

echo a b c | awk '{print $1}' view the first column of a line

echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}' view the first and third column of a line

paste file1 file2 merging contents of two files for columns

merging contents of two files for columns with '+'

paste -d '+' file1 file2
delimiter on the center

sort file1 file2 sort contents of two files

sort file1 file2 | uniq sort contents of two files omitting lines repeated

sort file1 file2 | uniq -u sort contents of two files by viewing only unique line

sort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate

sort file1 file2 | uniq -d
line

compare contents of two files by deleting only unique

comm -1 file1 file2
lines from 'file1'

compare contents of two files by deleting only unique

comm -2 file1 file2
lines from 'file2'

compare contents of two files by deleting only the

comm -3 file1 file2
lines that appear on both files

Character Set and Format File Conversion

dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX

unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS

recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html convert a text file to html

recode -l | more show all available formats conversion

Filesystem Analysis

badblocks -v /dev/hda1 check bad blocks in disk hda1

 repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk
fsck /dev/hda1
hda1

fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1

e2fsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1

e2fsck -j /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1

fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1

fsck.vfat /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1

fsck.msdos /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1

dosfsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1

Format a Filesystem

mkfs /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partition

mke2fs /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition

create a filesystem type linux ext3 (journal) on hda1

mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
partition

mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1 create a FAT32 filesystem

fdformat -n /dev/fd0 format a floppy disk

mkswap /dev/hda3 create a swap filesystem

SWAP Filesystem

mkswap /dev/hda3 create a swap filesystem

swapon /dev/hda3 activating a new swap partition

swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3 activate two swap partitions

Backup

dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home make a full backup of directory '/home'

dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home make a incremental backup of directory '/home'

restore -if /tmp/home0.bak restoring a backup interactively

rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp synchronization between directories

rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/

rsync via SSH tunnel
tmp

rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public synchronize a local directory with a remote directory
/home/local via ssh and compression

rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local synchronize a remote directory with a local directory
ip_addr:/home/public via ssh and compression

dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr make a backup of a local hard disk on remote host via
'dd of=hda.gz' ssh

tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user make a incremental backup of directory '/home/user'

( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C

copy content of a directory on remote directory via ssh
user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p'

( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/

copy a local directory on remote directory via ssh
backup-home && tar x -p'

local copy preserving permits and links from a

tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - )
directory to another

find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av find and copy all files with '.txt' extention from a
--target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents directory to another

find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- find all files with '.log' extention and make an bzip
| bzip2 > log.tar.bz2 archive

dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 make a copy of MBR (Master Boot Record) to floppy

dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 restore MBR from backup copy saved to floppy

CDROM
cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject
clean a rewritable cdrom
blank=fast -force

mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso create an iso image of cdrom on disk

mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz create a compressed iso image of cdrom on disk

mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label

create an iso image of a directory
CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd

cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso burn an ISO image

gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom - burn a compressed ISO image

mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso mount an ISO image

cd-paranoia -B rip audio tracks from a CD to wav files

cd-paranoia -- "-3" rip first three audio tracks from a CD to wav files

cdrecord --scanbus scan bus to identify the channel scsi

Networking - LAN and WiFi

ifconfig eth0 show configuration of an ethernet network card

ifup eth0 activate an interface 'eth0'

ifdown eth0 disable an interface 'eth0'

ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask

configure IP Address
255.255.255.0

configure 'eth0' in promiscuous mode to gather

ifconfig eth0 promisc
packets (sniffing)

dhclient eth0 active interface 'eth0' in dhcp mode

route -n show routing table

route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway configura default gateway

route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 configure static route to reach network
gw 192.168.1.1 '192.168.0.0/16'

route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway remove static route

echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward activate ip routing

hostname show hostname

lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and

host www.linuxguide.it
viceversa

ip link show show link status of all interfaces

mii-tool eth0 show link status of 'eth0'

ethtool eth0 show statistics of network card 'eth0'

netstat -tup show all active network connections and their PID

show all network services listening on the system and

netstat -tupl
their PID

tcpdump tcp port 80 show all HTTP traffic

iwlist scan show wireless networks

iwconfig eth1 show configuration of a wireless network card

Microsoft Windows Networks - SAMBA

nbtscan ip_addr netbios name resolution

nmblookup -A ip_addr netbios name resolution

smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname show remote shares of a windows host

like wget can download files from a host windows via

smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share
smb

mount -t smbfs -o
username=user,password=pass //winclient/share mount a windows network share
/mnt/share
 IPTABLES - Firewall

iptables -t filter -L show all chains of filtering table

iptables -t nat -L show all chains of nat table

iptables -t filter -F clear all rules from filtering table

iptables -t nat -F clear all rules from table nat

iptables -t filter -X delete any chains created by user

iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -

allow telnet connections to input
j ACCEPT

iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http

block HTTP connections to output
-j DROP

iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport

allow POP3 connections to forward chain
pop3 -j ACCEPT

iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix

logging sulla chain di input Logging on chain input
"DROP INPUT"

iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j configure a PAT (Port Address Traslation) on eth0
MASQUERADE masking outbound packets

iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1

-p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to- redirect packets addressed to a host to another host
destination 10.0.0.2:22

Monitoring and Debugging

top display linux tasks using most cpu

ps -eafw displays linux tasks

ps -e -o pid,args --forest displays linux tasks in a hierarchical mode

mostra un albero dei processi sistema Shows a tree

pstree
system processes

kill -9 ID_Processo force closure of the process and finish it

kill -1 ID_Processo force a process to reload configuration

lsof -p $$ display a list of files opened by processes

lsof /home/user1 displays a list of open files in a given path system

strace -c ls >/dev/null display system calls made and received by a process

strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null display library calls

watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' display interrupts in real-time

last reboot show history reboot

lsmod display kernel loaded

free -m displays status of RAM in megabytes

smartctl -A /dev/hda monitoring reliability of a hard-disk through SMART

smartctl -i /dev/hda check if SMART is active on a hard-disk

tail /var/log/dmesg show events inherent to the process of booting kernel

tail /var/log/messages show system events

Other Useful Commands

mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r` create a boot floppy

gpg -c file1 encrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard

gpg file1.gpg decrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard

wget -r www.example.com download an entire web site

download a file with the ability to stop the download

wget -c www.example.com/file.iso
and resume later

echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso' | at

start a download at any given time
09:00

ldd ssh show shared libraries required by ssh program

List Created By http://www.linuxguide.it
Formatted by Sam Braidley, Zenox.net