Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul .

2011]

MOC Approach for Open Cooling Water System

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air SM

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Agenda Mechanical
Cooling tower Heat exchanger Metallurgy

Operation
pH Cycle

Chemical
Makeup water chemistry

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Cooling Tower
Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air SM

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Why cooling is important? Cooling tower performance provide significant contribution to the plant performance and efficiency Poor cooling tower performance could limit the plant production

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Impact of Cooling Water Temperature

A 3 C (5.4 F) increase in approach temperature (on all stages) is equivalent to a 1% increase in energy consumption

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Function of Cooling Towers Remove heat from process operation

Mostly by evaporation (80%)

partially by sensible heat loss (20%)
contact of hot water with cooler air

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Cooling Tower Process

As ambient air is drawn past a flow of water, a small portion of the water evaporate. The energy released by water for evaporation reduces the remaining water temperature Evaporation results in saturated air conditions and lowers the temperature of the water to a value close to wet bulb air temperature

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Types of Cooling Towers

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Crossflow Cooling Tower

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

10

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Counterflow Cooling Tower

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

11

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Cooling Tower Fill

Purposes of Tower Fills
Increases the water surface area for air contact Increases contact time

Main Types of Fill

Splash Fill Film Fill

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

Tower Fill

SM

12 12

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Fill Characteristics

SPLASH
EFFICIENCY Medium

FILM
High

DURABILITY FOULING

Medium Low

Low/Medium High

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

13

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Problems with Film Fill Easily fouled with microbio and solids Hard to clean once fouled Quick loss of efficiency

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

Tower Fill
SM

14

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Factors Affecting Cooling Tower Performance Wet bulb temperature Dry bulb temperature Plant (heat) load
Cooling water T

Cooling water flow

No of pump running

Air flow
Fan (tip, angle, motor; etc)

Cooling water distribution

Distribution system Fill cleanliness

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

15

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Wet Bulb Temperature Measurement

A measurement of the lowest temperature that can be achieved by evaporative cooling of a water wetted ventilated surface.

Sling Psychrometer

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

16

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Liquid to Gas Ratio

COLD WELL TEMPERATURE, OC

37 35 33 31

TYPICAL L/G
L/G = 2.0 L/G = 1.5
L/G < 1, TOWER OVERSIZED

PERFORMANCE CURVES

L/G = 1.0
29 27 25 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 WET BULB TEMPERATURE, OC

- TURN OFF FANS OR DOWNSIZE L/G > 2.5, TOWER UNDERSIZED AND WILL NOT PROVIDE LOW APPROACH TEMPERATURES

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

17

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Air Flow Issue

Air Recycling (Incorrect Tip)

Air flow is a critical component to ensuring the proper heat rejection from a cooling system Many cooling tower performance issues may well be airflow problems

ROTATION
Air In-leakage From Fan Shaft Fan Stall (Incorrect Pitch)

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

18 18

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

What is the Correct Way to Evaluate Cooling Tower Performance ? 1) CW temperature range (T) 2) Cooling tower heat load
M x Cp x T

3) CW supply temperature 4) Approach temperature 5) Evaporation rate

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air
SM

19

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Performance Monitoring Cooling Tower

GPSA Nomograph: (require T& wet bulb temperatures)

Performance Factor proportional to: L/G ratio (L = CW flow, G = air flow both in kg/hr) RR (or L) 1/(Fan Power)1/3 Performance Factor > design means performance deteriorated

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Heat Exchanger
Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air SM

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

21

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Why is This Important? A critical component of the cooling system

Affect efficiency Fouled exchangers also decrease throughput and capacity Leaking exchangers can force unscheduled shutdown

Also affect water treatment options

product selection and control limits

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM Water Distribution System

22 22

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Heat Exchanger What We Need to Know ? Type of heat exchangers Hydraulic, mechanical and metallurgical Mechanical stress to cooling water treatment Performance monitoring

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

23

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Type of Heat Exchangers There are several general types of heat exchangers: Shell-and-tube

Plate-and-frame

Spiral flow

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

24 24

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (Water in Tube) Most common heat exchanger type found in cooling water systems Typically has adequate velocity
Throttle and spatial relationship could create problem

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

25

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

A shell side heat exchanger offers challenges Low velocity High skin temperatures

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

26

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Mechanical Stresses Three main mechanical stress factors that impact the efficiency of heat transfer in heat exchanger are: 1)Cooling Water Velocity 2)Skin Temperature 3)Heat Flux

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

27 27

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Cooling Water Velocity Stress Range

Mild Stress Moderate Stress High Stress Severe Stress Minimal effect of reliability Needs to be considered Will typically be a problem Typically a problem > 1 m/s 0.6-1 m/s 0.3-0.6 m/s < 0.3 m/s

Scale and fouling deposition is more prone to occur at low velocity Lower flow rate, lower turbulence that can lead to static thicker film of water at metal surfaces reduces heat transfer Lower velocity = higher skin temperature

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

28 28

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Heat Flux Stress Range

Mild Stress Moderate Stress High Stress Severe Stress Minimal effect of reliability Needs to be considered Will typically be a problem Typically a problem < 7.5 kW/m2 7.5-25 kW/m2 25-40 kW/m2 > 40 kW/m2

High heat flux will lead to high skin temperature Typically v 3.15 15.8 kW/ M2 v 15.8 31.5 kW/ M2 v 31.5 63.1 kW/M2

: mild steel : alloy : copper or stainless steel

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

29 29

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Skin Temperature Stress Range

Mild Stress Moderate Stress High Stress Severe Stress Minimal effect of reliability Needs to be considered Will typically be a problem Typically a problem < 500C 50 - 600C 60 - 700C > 700C

Reasons:
Corrosion rates ~double for each 10C increase in metal temperature Scaling tendencies become much more pronounced at high temperature Film boiling may occur as skin temperature Some treatment chemicals break down at high temperature

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

30 30

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Other Important Mechanical Factors 1) Spatial Relationship 2) Metallurgy

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

31 31

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Spatial Relationship and CW Distribution

108C

146C

115C

128C 116C

101J Coolers 2nd 1st 3rd

124C

101JC 127C

2002JC

Primary Cooling Water Header Secondary Cooling Water Header

Tertiary Cooling Water Header Cooling Water Return Header

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

32

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Metallurgy
Copper alloys
High thermal conductivity Sensitive to ammonia and oxidant Need film forming inhibitor

Titanium
Self passivating metal Extremely brittle with very thin walls Leaks common (especially during initial commissioning and startup) ANY mechanical impingement can cause leaks

Ammonia Grooving

Stainless Steel
Self passivating metal Subject to chloride stress corrosion Must ensure cooling water chloride level remains within limits Under-deposit corrosion, MIC issues

Under Deposit Corrosion / MIC

Pitting / MIC
Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air
SM

33

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Chloride and Stainless Steel

PLANT DATA Duty Area U Heat Flux Velocity T CW in T CW Out Process In Process Out CALCULATIO N T Skin Max T Skin 3,286,000 Btu/hr 424 ft2 Btu/hr.ft2 91.2 .C 7750 Btu/hr.ft2 6.111 ft/s 91 F 100 F 637 F 300 F

106.34 F 41.3 C 146 F 62 C

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

34

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Importance of Heat Exchanger Monitoring Prevent the loss of cooling

Predict Onset of Problems Potential Surprises - scaled exchanger Loss of production

Useful to troubleshoot problems

Methodology using appropriate data Documentation

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

35 35

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Heat Exchanger Monitoring Approach Temperature

Generally could represent HE performance Approach = T Process Exit (air) T Cooling Water Inlet
(counter current)

Others: C Factor, U Value, Fouling Factor; etc

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

36

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

37

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Cooling Water Operation What We Need to Know ? Basic mass balance calculation Cycle management Operational stress factor

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

38

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Cooling Tower Mass Balance

Drift Evaporation

Windage

Windage

Makeup

Cycled Water Leaks

Blowdown Loss
39 39

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Blowdown to Reduce Cycles

1000 ml 150 umhos

500 ml 150 umhos

Cycles = 125/100 = 1.25 Cycles

500 ml 150 umhos

500 ml 100 umhos

1000 ml 125 umhos

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

40

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Blow Down and Cycle

Blow down portion of the water ejected or drained from a system to control solids in cooling water Cycle number of times that dissolved minerals in cooling water are allowed to concentrate. Cycle is controlled by blowdown Cycle = Dissolved Solids Concentration in Cooling Water Dissolved Solids Concentration in M-Up In general, the cycle of concentration allowed depends on both the level of solids in the make-up and the level of solids that can be tolerated in cooling water

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

41

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Basic Cooling Tower Calculations

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

42 42

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Holding Time Index (HTI) HTI is indicate the time required to reduce the chemical added to the system to 50% of its original concentration HTI = 0.693 x Holding Volume Blowdown Rate It is important to select the right chemical program

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

43

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Operational Stresses Variation of operational and control parameters cause stress in cooling water systems. The key examples of operational stresses as follows 1)Variation of cycle 2)Variation of pH 3)Variation of HTI

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

44 44

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Variation of Cycle
Mild Stress Moderate Stress High Stress Severe Stress Minimal effect of reliability Needs to be considered Will typically be a problem Typically a problem <20% 20-50% 50-80% > 80%

% Out of Spec Low High Total 17.7% 5.3% 23.0%

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

45

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Variation of pH
Mild Stress Moderate Stress High Stress Severe Stress Minimal effect of reliability Needs to be considered Will typically be a problem Typically a problem + 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.6

Control Parameter pH

Lower Spec 7.50

Upper Spec 8.00

Statistical Calculations LCL Mean UCL 7.16 7.72 8.28

STD 0.19

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

46

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Variation of HTI
Mild Stress Moderate Stress High Stress Severe Stress Minimal effect of reliability Needs to be considered Will typically be a problem Typically a problem < 40 hrs 40 - 100 hrs 100 - 200 hrs > 200 hrs

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

47

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Cycle and pH Operating Window

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

48

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Cycle Management

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

49

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

50

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Main Problems in Cooling Water Operation Related to Water Treatment

There are basically four inter-related problems in the operation of a cooling water system as depicted by the Cooling Water Treatment Triangle below. Each problem affects and is affected by the other problems.

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

51

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Corrosion
A natural process converting processed metals to their native states Factors affecting:
- Water chemistry - Physical environment (temperature, velocity, hydrodynamic) - Dissolved gases - Halogen or other oxidizers - Deposit

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

52

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Scale
A dense, adherent layer of minerals tightly bound to itself and to metal surface Factors influences
- pH - Minerals concentration (Ca, Mg, SiO2, Alkalinity;etc) - Temperature

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

53

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Fouling
Deposits that formed from material suspended in water (clay, silt, iron, manganese, microbiological) Factors affecting
Suspended solids concentration Hydraulic and flow velocity Spatial relationship Scale, corrosion and microbiological

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

54

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Microbio Fouling
The most prevalent problems in industrial cooling water systems A good control of microbial growth is essential if we are to control the other water chemistry problems Factors affecting:
Suspended solids Contaminants (organics, ammonia, phosphate; etc) Physical factor (velocity and hydrodynamic) pH

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

55

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

General Methods for Corrosion Inhibition Use Corrosion Resistant Materials Apply Inert Barrier or Coating Use Cathodic Protection Adjustments to Water Chemistry Application of Corrosion Inhibitors

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

56

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Corrosion Inhibitors Cathodic & Anodic

Cathodic inhibition
Prevents the transfer of electrons prevent the reduction of oxygen.

Anodic inhibition
prevents the dissolution of the base metal, iron.

Combinations of both anodic and cathodic inhibitors generally provide the best protection. These combinations are called synergistic because the combination provides lower corrosion rates than either inhibitor could alone,

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

57

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Saturation Index as a Tool for Scale Control

SYSTEM DESIGN

WATER CHEMISTRY

pH

TEMPERATURE

SATURATION INDEX

PROGRAM DESIGN

VARY CYCLE

VARY pH

VARY TEMPERATURE

VARY CHEMISTRY

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

58

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Saturation Index Reference Chart

Moderate High Stress Stress Calcite 6 80 140 Aragonite 7 80 140 Anhydrite 1.2 3 4 Gypsum 1.2 4 6 Tricalcium Phosphate 50 1000 1500 Hydoxyapetite Insufficent Data Insufficent Data Insufficent Data Flourite Insufficent Data Insufficent Data Insufficent Data Silica 1.1 1.2 1.5 Brucite 1.1 1.2 1.5 Magnesium Silicate 6 7 8 Iron Use of SI not indicative of iron fouling problems Mineral Scale Mild Stress

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

59

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Performance Comparison Scale Inhibitors

Capability Corrosion Inhibition CaCO3 SI CaSO4 Cl2 Stab Thermal Stability Note: 5 Best, 1 Worst AMP 2 105 734 2 3 PSO 5 80 483 5 5 HEDP 3 100 130 3 2 PBTC 1 180 257 5 5 PAPEMP 1 200+ 574+ 3 4

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

60

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Nalco Chemical Programs for Scale and Corrosion

PSO-Phosphate Stabilized Phosphate

pHreedom All organic

Alkaline Zinc

Under-saturated (corrosive)

Calcium Carbonate (Calcite)Saturation

Over-saturated (Scale)

Low pH Low Alkalinity High environmental impact

High pH High Alkalinity Least environmental impact

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

61

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Function of Dispersant
Prevent deposition commonly found minerals & inorganic particulates such as
Calcium phosphate Iron, Silt Zinc

Keep corrosion inhibitor soluble

To be able function the inhibitors must be dispersed in the water otherwise localized deposition will occur

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

62

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Performance Comparison Polymer Dispersant

Condition Bulk Temperature, 0C Velocity*, m/s Holding Time Index*, hr Calcium* (ppm) Iron (ppm) Aluminum (ppm) Conventional Dispersant Limit 57 0.6 72 750 2 0.5 High Stress Polymer Limit 82 0.3 168 1200 8 2

Note * Depend of corrosion inhibitor program

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

63

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Mechanism of Chemical Scale & Fouling Inhibitors

Scale Inhibitor Mechanisms
Treshold Inhibition & Crystal Modification Sequestration Scale conditioner (dispersant)

Fouling Inhibitor Mechanisms

Dispersant Surfactants

Calcium Phosphate Crystal

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

64

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Mechanism of Chemical Scale & Fouling Inhibitors

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

65

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Microbiological Control
The goal is not to STERILIZE the system, but to MANAGE microbial fouling to a level that minimizes mechanical, operational, and chemical problems at an acceptable cost.

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

66 66

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Bio-Control Practices in Recirculating Cooling Water

Oxidizers (are usually the primary biocide) Chemically oxidize organic components of the cell Effective against nearly all microorganisms Chlorine: as gas or bleach Bromine: as NaBr or other bromine donors Chlorine Dioxide

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

67 67

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Bio-Control Practices in Recirculating Cooling Water

Isothiazoline DBNPA

Non-Oxidizing biocides
Organic compounds, react with cell components

enyzm enyzm

Disrupt cell wall, metabolism, or reproduction Effective to control specific organisms

Algae control

amino

Biofouling control
Quat Glut

Pathogen control Improved Bio-Control / BioManage practices

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

68 68

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Bio-Control Practices in Recirculating Cooling Water

Biodispersant & Bio-detergents
Disperse deposited particles Improve the efficacy of biocides Foaming could limit its application Before addition of biodetergent

After addition of biodetergent

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

69 69

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Other Scale/Fouling Control Methods Mechanical

Providing more cooling water flow HE modification Air rumbling, reverse flow and ball cleaning Install side stream filter

Operational factor
Cycle management pH control

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

70

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Summary ASUs offers water treatment challenges

High skin temperatures Low flow Control capability Water chemistry Contamination Program limitations

Understanding the MOC enables a complete understanding of the system stresses that need to be addressed

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

71

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Summary M knowing the system

CT performance, H/E data, flows, temperatures, locations, etc. Determine potential trouble spots. Determine chemical program limitations.

O Operational variables
Control is very important for getting performance. Automation is best.

C Chemical variables
Scale and corrosion modeling with programs available. Determine control limits.

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

72

Obtained from EDMS, Approved Electronic Copy. [Printed 08 Jul . 2011]

Thank You!

Essential Expertise for Water, Energy and Air

SM

73