The Elements of Poetry

A Poetry Review
Types of Poems 1. Lyric: subjective, reflective poetry with regular rhyme scheme and meter which revels the poets thoughts and feelings to create a single, unique impression. Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach William Blake The Lamb, The Tiger Emily Dickinson, Because I Could Not Stop for Death Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress Walt Whitman, Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking 2. Narrative: Nondramatic, objective verses with regular rhyme scheme are meter which relates a story or narrative. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan T.S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Wreck of the Deutschland Alfred. Lord Tennyson, Ulysses 3. Sonnet: a rigid 14-line verse form, with variable structure and rhyme scheme according to type: A. Shakespearean (English)- three quatrains and concluding couplet in iambic pentameter, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg or abba cddc effe gg. The Spenserian sonnet is a specialized form with linking rhyme abab bcbc cddc ee. Robert Lowell, Salem William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee? B. Italian (Petrarchan)- an octave and sestet, between which a break in thought occurs. The traditional rhyme scheme is abba abba cde (or in the sesetet, any varationof c, d, e) Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? John Milton, On His Blindness John Donne, Death, Be Not Proud 4. Ode: elaborate lyric verse which deals seriously with a dignified theme. John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind William Wordsworth, Ode: Intimations of Immoratality 5. Blank Verse: unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. Robert Frost, Birches John Milton, Paradise Lost Theodore Roethke, I Knew a Woman William Shakespeare, Macbeth Robert Frost, Mending Wall

6. Free Verse: Unrhymed lines without regular rhythm. Walt Whitman, The Last Invocation William Carlos Williams, Rains, The Dance Richard Wilbur, Juggler 7. Epic: a long, dignified narrative poem which gives the account of a hero important to his nation or race. Lord Byron, Don Juan John Milton, Paradise Lost Homer, The Iliad, The Odyssey 8. Dramatic Monologue: A lyric poem, in which the speaker tells an audience about a dramatic moment in his /her life and, in doing so, reveals his/her character. Robert Browning, My Last Duchess T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 9. . Elegy: A poem of lament, meditating on the death of an individual. W.H. Auden, In Memory of W.B. Yeats John Milton, Lycidas Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane Alfred Lord Tennyson, In Memoriam A.H.H 10. Ballad: Simple, narrative verse which tells a story to be sung or recited: the folk ballad is anonymously handed down, while the literary ballad has a single author. John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci Edward Arlington Robison, Richard Cory William Butler Yeats, The Fiddler of Dooney 11. Idyll: Lyric poetry describing the life of the shepherd in pastoral, bucolic, idealistic terms. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Idylls of the King William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper 12. Villanelle: A French verse form, strictly calculated to appear simple and spontaneous; five tercets and a final quatrain, rhyming aba aba aba aba aba abaa Lines 1, 6, 12, 18, and 3, 9, 15, 19 are refrain. Theodore Roethke, The walking Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 13. Light Verse: A general category of poetry written to entertain, such as lyric poetry, epigrams, and limericks. It can also have a serious side, as in parody or satire. Vachel Lindsay, The Congo Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky

14. Haiku: Japanese verse in three lines of five, seven, and five syllables, often depicting a delicate image. Matsuo, The lightning flashes! And slashing through the darkness, A night-herons screech. 15. Limerick: humorous nonsense-verse in five anapestic lines rhyming aabba, alines being trimeter and b-lines dimeter. Edward Lear, There was an old man at the Cape Who made himself garments of crape When asked Will they tear? He replied Here and there, But they keep such a beautiful shape! Meter Meter is poetrys rhythm, or its pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables Meter is measured in units of feet; the five basic kinds of metric feet are indicated below. Accent marks indicate stressed ( ) or unstressed () syllables. Type of Metric Foot Iambic Trochaic Anapestic Dactyllic Spondaic Metrical units are the building blocks of lines of verse; lines are named according to the number of feet they contain: Number of Metric Feet One foot Two feet Three feet Four feet Five feet Six feet Seven feet Eight feet Type of Line monometer dimeter trimeter tetrameter pentameter hexameter heptameter octometer (rare)

Scansion is the analyis of these mechanical elements within a poem to determine meter. Feet are marked off with slashes (/) and accented appropriately ( -stress. unstressed). Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death is scanned here: Bcase / could / nt stop / fr Dath H kid / ly stopped / fr me The Cr / rige held / bt just / or selves

And Im / mortal / it. The feet in these lines are iambic. The first and third lines have four feet and can be identified as iambic tetrameter. The second and fourth lines, with three feet each, are iambic trimeter. Therefore, the basic meter is iambic tetrameter. Meter feet make up lines, which make up stanzas. A stanza is to a poem what a paragraph is to a narrative or essay. Stanzas are identified by the number of lines they contain: Number of lines Type of Stanza 2 Couplet 3 Tercet 4 Quatrain 5 Cinquain 6 Sestet 7 Septet 8 Octet (Octave) 9 X-lined stanza (or more) Other Metric Terms Amphibrach: a foot with unstressed, stressed, unstressed syllables ( ) Chicago. Anacrusis: an extra unaccented syllable at the beginning of a line before the regular meter begins. Mine/ b th right/ f th white/ letin (Emily Dickenson) Amphimacer: a foot with stressed, unstressed, stressed syllables (): ttitude Catalexis: an extra unaccented syllable at the ending of a line after the regular meter ends (opposite of anacrusis). Ill tll / yu hw / the sn / rse (Emily Dickenson) Caesura: a pause in the meter or rhythm of a line. Flood-tide below me! I see you face to face! (Walt Whitman: Crossing Brooklyn Ferry) Eniambement: a run-on line, continuing into the next without a grammatical break. Green rustlings, more-than-regal charities Drift Coolly from that tower of whispered light. (Hart Crane: Royal Palm) Rhyme 1. Rime: old spelling of rhyme, which is the repetition of like sounds at regular intervals, employed in versification, the writing of verse. 2. End Rhyme: rhyme occurring at the ends of verse lines; most common rhyme form I was angry with my friend I told my wrath, my wrath did end. (William Blake, A Poison Tree)

3. Internal Rhyme: rhyme contained within a line of verse. The splendour falls on castle walls And snowy summits old in story: The long light shakes across the lakes And the wild cataract leaps in glory. (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Blow, Bungle, Blow) 4. Rhyme Scheme: pattern of rhymes with a unit of verse; in analysis, each end rhyme-sound is represented by a letter. Take, O take those lips away, -- a That so sweetly were forsworn; --b And those eyes, the break of day; --a Lights that do mislead the mourn; --b But my kisses bring again, bring again; --c Seals of love, but seald in vain, seald in vain; --c (William Shakespeare, Take, O Take Those Lips Away) 5. Masculine Rhyme: rhyme in which only the last, accented syllable of the rhyming words correspond exactly in sound; most common kind od end rhyme. She walks in beauty like the night Of cloudless slimes and starry skies; And all thats best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. (Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty) 6. Feminine Rhyme: rhyme in which two consecutive syllables of the rhyming words correspond, the first syllable carrying the accent; double rhyme. Trembling, hoping, lingering, flying, O the pain, the bliss of dying! (Alexander Pope, Vital Spark of Heavenly Flame) 7. Half Rhyme (Slant Rhyme): imperfect, approximate rhyme. In the mustard seed sun, By full tilt river and switchback sea Where the cormorants scud, In his house on stilts high among beaks (Dylan Thomas, Poem on His Birthday) 8. Assonance: repetition of two or more vowel sounds within a line. Burnt the fire of thine eyes (William Blake, The Tiger) And I do smile, such cordial light

(Emily Dickenson, My Life Had Stood, A loaded Gun) 9. Consonance: repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a line. And all is seared with trade; bleared smeared with toil; And wears mans smudge and shares mens smell: the soil (Gerard Manly Hopkins, Gods Grandeur) Love, all alike, no season knows, nor clime, Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time. (John Donne, The Sun Rising) 10. Alliteration: the repetition of one or more initial sounds, usually consonants, in words within a line. Bright black-eyed creature, brushed with brown. (Robert Frost, To a Moth Seen in Winter) He Clasps the crag with crooked hands (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle) 11. Onomatopoeia: the use of a word whose sound suggests its meaning. The buss saw snarled and rattled in the yard (Robert Frost, Out, Out) Veering and wheeling free in the open (Carl Sandburg, The Harbor) 12. Euphony: the use of compatible, inharmonious sounds in the close conjunction for effect: opposite or euphony. Or my scrofulous French novel One grey paper with blunt type! Simply glance at it. You grovel Hand and foot in Belials gripe; (Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister) But when loud surges lash the sounding shore (Alexander Pope, Sound and Sense) Poetic Devices and Figurative Language 1. Metaphor: a figure of speech which makes a direct comparison of two unlike objects by identification or substitution. All the worlds a stage (William Shakespeare, As You Like It) Death is the broom I take in my hands To sweep the world clean. (Langston Hughes, War) 2. Simile: a direct comparison of two unlike objects, using like or as.

The holy time is quiet as a nun (William Wordsworth, On the Beach at Calais) And like a thunderbolt he falls (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle) 3. Conceit: and extended metaphor comparing two unlike objects with powerful effect. (It owes its roots to elaborate analogies in Petrarch and to the Metaphysical poets, particularly Donne.) If they be two, they are two so As stiff twin compasses are two; Thy soul, the fixd foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if th other do. (John Donne, A Valediction Forbidding Mourning) 4. Personification: a figure of speech in which objects and animals have human qualities. When it comes, the landscape listens, Shadows hold their breath. (Emily Dickenson, A Certain Slant of Light) Into the jaws of Death Into the mouth of hell. (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade) 5. Apostrophe: an address to a person or personified object not present. Little Lamb, who made thee? (William Blake, The Lamb) O loss of sight, of thee I most complain! (John Milton, Samson Agonistes) 6. Metonymy: the substitution of a word which relates to the object or person to be named in place of the name itself. The serpent that did sting thy fathers life. Now wears his crown. (William Shakespeare. Hamlet) A spotted shaft is seen (snake) (Emily Dickenson, A Narrow Fellow in the Grass) 7. Synecdoche: a figure of speech in which a part represents the whole object or idea. Not a hair perished (person) (William Shakespeare. The Tempest)

And all mankind the haunted nigh Had sought their household fire (homes) (Thomas Hardy, The Darkling Thrush) 8. Hyperbole: gross exaggeration for effect: overstatement. Love you ten years before the Flood. And you should, if you please, refuse Till the conversation of the Jews. (Andrew Marvell, To his coy Mistress) Our hands were firmly cemented. (John Donne, The Ecstasy) 9. Litotes: a form of understatement in which the negative of an antonym is used to achieve emphasis and intensity. He accused himself, at bottom and not unveraciously, of a fantastic, a demoralized sympathy with her. (Henry James, The Pupil) 10. Irony: the contrast between actual meaning and the suggestion of another meaning. a. Verbal- meaning one thing and saying another. Next to of course a god America I love you (e.e. cummings) b. dramatic- two levels of meaning- which the speaker says and what he/she means, and what the speaker says and the author means. I stood upon a high place, And saw, below, many devils Running, leaping, And carousing in sin. One looked up grinning And said, Comrade! Brother! (Stephen Crane, I Stood Upon a High Place) c. Situational- when the reality of a situation differs from the anticipated or intended effect: when something unexpected occure. What rough beast, its hour come round at last Slouches toward Bethlehem to be born? (William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming) 11. Symbolism: the use of one object to suggest another, hidden object or idea. In Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken, the fork in the road represents a major decision in life, each road a separate way of life.

In Alexander Popes The Rape of the Lock, Cupids flames symbolizes love. In Gerard Manley Hopkinss The Caged Skylark, a dare-gale skylark scanted in a dull cage symbolizes the human spirit contained within the domains of society. 12. Imagery: the use of words to represent things, actions, or ideas by sensory description Night after night Her purple traffic Strews the land with Opal BalesMerchantmen- poise upon HorizonsDip- and vanish like Orioles! (Emily Dickenson, This Is the Land Where Sunset Washes) And the May month flaps its glad green leaves like wings (Thomas Hardy, Afterwards) He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lands, Ringed with the azure world, he stands. The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle) 13. Paradox: a statement which appears self-contradictory, but underlines basis of truth. Elected silence, sing to me. (Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Habit of Perfection) Were her first years the Golden Age; thats true, But now shes gold oft-tried and never-new. (John Donne, The Autumnal) 14. Oxymoron: contradictory terms brought together to express a paradox strong effect. Beautiful tyrant! fiend angelical! Dove-feathered raven! Wolfish-ravening lamb! (William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet) All things counter, original, spare, strange; Whatever is fickle, freckled (who knows how?) With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change: Praise him.

(Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty) 15. Allusion: a reference to an outside fact, event, or other source. World-famous golden-thighed Pythagoras Fingered upon a fiddle-stick or strings What a star sang and careless Muses heard (Pythagoras-Greek mathematician; Muses-mythological goddesses beauty and music) (William butler Yeats, Among School Children) In Breughels great painting. The Kermess, The dancers go round. They go round and around (William Carlos Williams, The Dance) Aspects of Poetry 1. Tone: the authors attitude toward his/her audience and subject 2. Theme: the authors major idea or meaning 3. Dramatic Situation: the circumstances of the speaker Because of the complex nature of each of these aspects of poetry, we will Explore them in greater depth, first as separate concepts, then as interrelated two poems. Gerard Manley Hopkinss Gods Grandeur and William Wordsworths The Worlds Is Too Much with Us. Tone In real life, you can easily discern the tone of someones spoken words. On a sunny, cloudless day, a friend might say, what a beautiful day, and you easily Sense the sincerity of the remark. But if it is rainy, cold, and gray and your friend exclaims, what a beautiful day, you can just easily recognize the sarcasm in the statement.