Java Language Programming

Basic Programming Elements

Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements

Content 1. Stand alone applications and mini-applications 2. Name and identifiers 3. Java program structure 4. Data types 5. Operators 6. Flow execution control

Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements

1. Stand alone applications and mini-applications

Mini- applications = applets stand alone application) = program that can be used independently. They have main() method
public static void main (String[] args)

launching the execution (run program) Java interpreter java numeProgram

Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements

Applet A Java program that extends Applet class. This class doesnt contain main method the program cannot be launched using Java interpreter. They are used in Web pages (via HTML file). Web server browser (ex. Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox).

Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements

2. Names and Identifiers

An identifier is a sequence of unlimited length of letters and digits where the first is compulsory a letter. They are string of characters representing names given to variable, classes or methods. They should differ from keywords (including null, false and true). Names are used for referring entities like packages, class types, interfaces, type members, parameters, local variables etc. The names can be: simple - ex.: xxx composed sequences of identifiers separated by ".". ex.: xxx.yyy.zzz
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abstract do import public try boolean double instanceof return void break else int short volatile byte extends interface static while case final long super catch finally native switch char float new synchronized class for null this const goto package throw continue if private throws default implements protected transient Keywords
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Ex.: java.awt.BorderLayout java.lang.System.out.println()

Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements

3. Java Program Structure

Lexical entities: comments keywords identifiers literals separators signs ({, }, [, ], ;, . and ,) used to separate lexical entities operators Variables Constants Expressions
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Instructions lexical units that describe what the program has to perform the instructions are separated by ;. Code block { instructions; }. packages subpackages

Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements

Source files Code source filename.java Compiler javac filename.class Package declaration: package NumePachet;

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Program example:
/** Program name * Comments */ public class NumeClasaPrincipala { /** * Metoda principala a aplicatiei * * Se pot transmite parametrii prin tabelul argumente */ public static void main (String[] args) { // Aici se adauga codul programului System.out.println("Salut! Merge programul!"); }//terminare metoda main }

de

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Compilation javac Running java NumeClasaprincipala

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4. Data Types
Type variabileName; Variable types in Java: reference - classes, interfaces, arrays (or null) and primitive data. Where are they used?

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Primitive data types

Type byte short int long char Significance Integer Integer cu semn Integer cu semn Dimension Minim 8 bii -128 16 bii -32768 -2147483648 63 -2 Characters 38 -3.40282347*10 Maxim +127 32767 2147483648 63 2 -1 Characters 38 3.40282347*10

32 bii Integer cu semn 64 bii Integer fr semn 16 bii Float point 32 bii float Virgul mobil n simpl precizie double Virgul mobil n 64 bii dubl precizie boolean Val. boolean 32 bii

1.79769313486231 1.7976931348623157 570*10308 308 0*10 false true

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Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements

Data can be: 1. numerical - integers: byte, short, int, long, char; 2. numerical - real: float, double. 3. boolean - logical 4. character - char. In Java are used for characters the standard Unicode (Wide Character) with 38.885 characters.

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String data1; String data2=sir de caractere; String data3=new String("alt sir");

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Data types declarations: byte varByte; // variabila de 8 biti short varShort; // variabila de 16 biti int varInt; // variabila de 32 biti long varLong; // variabila de 64 biti long varLong=1L; //atribuire long varLong=2l; float varFloat; // variabila de 32 biti double varDouble; // variabila de 64 biti char caracter; // variabila de un caracter char caracter = c; //declara variabila caracter si ii atribuie //valoarea c boolean val=true;

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Arrays: int Matrice1[]; // float Matrice2[][]; // Matrice2 mat=new float[3][4]; int[] matrice3=new int[5]; mat i matrice3 sunt date de tip referin (reference type). String[] str= {"unu", "doi", "trei"}; int[] tab= {1, 3, 5, 2, 34};

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5. Operators
1. Assign operator - "=". add (+=) subtract (-=) multiplication (*=) divide (/=) modulo (%=) AND (&=) OR (|=) EXCLUSIVE OR (^=) int x=y=z=25; a = 3; // atribuie variabilei a valoarea 3
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a - = 5; // atribuie variabilei a rezultatul operaiei a 5. (scdere i atribuire) a * = 2; // atribuie variabilei a rezultatul operaiei a * 2. (nmulire i atribuire) a / = 5; // atribuie variabilei a rezultatul operaiei a / 5 2. Binary arithmetic operators: add (+) ex.: a+b subtract (-) ex.: a-b multiply (*) ex.: a*b divide (/) ex.: a/b modulo (%) ex.: a%b 3. Unary arithmetic operators: decrement (-) ex.: a-Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements
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 increment (+) ex.: a++ minus sign (-) plus sign (+) int x=3, y, z; y=++x; // x este incrementat inainte de atribuire z=y--; //intai se face atribuirea si apoi decrementarea z=-y; //atribuie valoarea lui y cu semn schimbat x=~y; //atribuie valoarea lui y cu complementare pe biti float f1=3.15, f2; f2=f1++; f3=++f1; f1=5.15, f2=3.15 i f3=5.15.
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Order: int < long < float < double 4. Relational operators: equal (==) different (!=) greater (>) smaller (<) greater or equal (>=) smaller or equal (<=)

type boolean (true or false).

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5. Logical operators: - conditional

and AND (&&) or OR (||) NOT (!) - AND (&) - OR (|) - XOR (^)

- boolean -

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6. Bit operators Operator = > < <= >= == != ! ~ ?: && || Operation Atribuire Mai mare dect Mai mic dect Mai mic sau egal cu Mai mare sau egal cu Egal cu Nu este egal cu Negaie logic Negaie logic pe bii Operatori condiional I (conditional AND) SAU (conditional OR) Example a=b a>b a<b a <= b a >= b a == b a != b !a ~a a ? expr1 : expr2 a && b a || b
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Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements

++ -+ * / % & | ^ << >> >>> +=

Incrementare Decrementare Adunare Scdere Multiplicare mprire Modulo I pe bii (bitwise AND) SAU pe bii (bitwise OR) SAU EXCLUSIV pe bii (XOR) Deplasare stnga Deplasare dreapta Deplasare dreapta cu umplere cu zero Atribuie rezultatul adunrii

a++ or ++a a-- or --a a+b a - b or -b a*b a/b a%b a&b a|b a^b a << b a >> b a >>> b a += b
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Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements

-= *= /= &= |= ^= %= <<= >>= >>>=

Atribuie rezultatul scderii Atribuie rezultatul nmulirii Atribuie rezultatul mpririi Atribuie rezultatul lui I pe bii Atribuie rezultatul lui SAU pe bii Atribuie rezultatul lui SAU EXCLUSIV pe bii Atribuie rezultatul lui modulo Atribuie rezultatul deplasrii la stnga Atribuie rezultatul deplasrii la dreapta Atribuie rezultatul deplasrii la dreapta cu umplere cu zero

a -= b a *= b a /= b a &= b a |= b a ^= b a %= b a <<= b a >>= b a >>>= b

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7. Concatenation operator for string of characters +. String s1=qwe; String s2=M; String s3; s3=s1+s2;

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6. Instructions for the control of execution

if, for, while, do while, switch, break and continue.

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if instructions
1) if (expresie_conditie) instructiune; 2) if (expresie) { instructiuni; } 3) if (expresie) instructiune else instructiune; 4) if (expresie) { instructiuni; } else { instructiuni; }
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5) test ? rezultat_adevarat : rezultat_false;

z = (x < y) ? x : y; if ((a==true) || (b==false)) { ....}

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switch switch (test) { case valoareUnu : rezultatUnu; break: case valoareDoi : rezultatDoi; break; case valoareTrei : rezultatTrei; break; .. default : rezultatImplicit; }

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for loop for (initialization; test; increment) instruction; or for (initialization; test; increment) { instructions; }

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for (int i=0; i<10; i++) { if (tab[i]==0) { System.out.println{Eroare:Impartire cu zero+ i); break; } else tabel[i]=tabel[i]/tab[i]; }

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while and do while while (condition) { corpulBuclei; } do { corpulBuclei; } while (condition);

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Example:
int contor=0; while (contor < 10) { System.out.println(In bucla: contor= + contor); contor++; } int i=1; do { System.out.println(In bucla: i= + i); i++; } while (i<=10);

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Instructions: break and continue label_1: while () { if () break label_1; continue; . }//end while

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