I. Power Quality and Harmonics

I. POWER QUALITY AND HARMONICS 1.1. Introduction ion, control and environmental aspects.
issues of upmost importance in electric power system area. m renewable sources as hydraulic, wind, solar, biogas etc. l is decreased and distributed to the load centers.
Power system comprises generators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines and the loads. It can be represented by R, L, C networks.
magnitude and frequency from the rated values and the deviation of the waveform from a pure sinusoid. cy, unbalances in 3-phase systems can be defined as power quality problems.
-linear circuit components (saturated transformer) or non-linear loads (Rectifier)
Power Quality Problems Cont. Power quality problems
1.2.1 Disturbances A disturbance is a temporary deviation from a steady-state waveform caused by the faults of brief duration or by sudden changes in power systems. Voltage Dips (Voltage Sags) : A voltage dip is a sudden reduction (between 10% and 90%) of the voltage lasting for 0.5 cycle to several seconds. Dips with durations of less than a half cycle are regarded as transients. Switching operations and the flow of heavy currents (energization of large loads which require high starting currents) are the basic sources of voltage dips. Their effects are: extinction of discharge lamps, incorrect operation of control devices, speed variation of motors, tripping of contactors, communication failure in line commutated inverters
Brief Interruptions (brief outages): A brief interruption can be considered as a voltage dip with 100% magnitude lasting at least one period. Blown fuses and breaker tripping are the basic sources of brief outages.
Brief Voltage Increases (swells): They are brief increases in r.m.s. Voltages. Non-symmetric short circuits and load rejections are the basic sources of voltage swells. They can upset electric controls and motor drives, they can cause extra stresses upon sensitive computer components and shorten their lives.
Transients: Voltage disturbances shorter than sags and swells are called as transients. Switching transients resulting from switching operations in the network. Impulse transients are the results of atmospheric phenomena and their duration is less than switching transients.
Voltage Notches They are periodic transients occurring as a result of the phase to phase short circuits caused by the commutation process in AC-DC converters. They may upset electronic equipments and damage inductive components. Voltage notches can also be classified as voltage distortions.
Frequency Changes Temporary frequency increases and decreases are generally caused by switching operations if the regulators are not good enough to hold the frequency.
1.2.2 Unbalances An unbalance is a situation in which either the voltages of a three phase system are not equal in magnitude or the phase differences between them are not 120 degrees or both. The degree of unbalance is usually defined by the proportion of negative or zero sequence component to the positive-sequence component. They are caused by unbalanced loadings and single phase loads. It may also be the result of blown fuses in one phase of a three-phase capacitor banks.
1.2.3 Distortion (Harmonics)
Waveform distortion is defined as a steady-state deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency. It is an indication of harmonics, which are sinusoidal signals having frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency at which the system is designed to operate.
The frequencies those are not the integer multiples of the fundamental frequency are termed interharmonics. Both the harmonic and the interharmonic distortion are generally caused by the equipment having non-linear voltage-current characteristics. Noise, defined as unwanted electrical signals with broadband spectral content lower than 200 kHz is also another kind of distortions. They are generally generated by PE devices, control circuits, arcing equipment etc. The main effects of harmonics are : - Additional thermal losses in capacitors, transformers and rotating machines - Insulation stress because of increased voltage, - Additional losses - Telephone interference - Maloperation of control devices, mains signaling systems and protective relays.
Main solutions to keep the harmonic distortion within the recommended levels are: - The use of high pulse rectification - Passive filter - Active filters and conditioners The harmonic sources can be grouped into three main categories with respect to their origin, size and predictivibility - Small and predictable : Single phase converter fed power supplies, gas discharge lamps. - Large and random : Arc furnaces - Large and predictable : Large power converters.
1.2.4 Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker Voltage fluctuation is defined repetitive (systematic) variations of the voltage envelope or random variations in the magnitude of the supply voltage. The magnitudes of these variations do not usually exceed 10% of the nominal supply voltage. However, small magnitude changes occurring at particular frequencies can give rise to an effect called lamp flicker. Actually, voltage fluctuation is an electromagnetic phenomenon while flicker is an undesirable result of the voltage fluctuation in some loads. The defining characteristics of voltage fluctuations are: disturbance);
nsequential effects (such as flicker) of voltage changes associated with the disturbances.
Voltage fluctuations can be classified into three-broad categories: nes, rolling mills and mine winders are of this type.
ncy of the variation of the light stimulus lies between a few hertz and the fusion frequency of images. Flicker varies person to person and depends on many factors. Flicker is essentially a measure of how annoying the fluctuation in luminance is to the human eye.
1.3 Fundamentals of Harmonics
In an ideal power system, electrical energy is supplied at a single and constant frequency and at specified voltage levels of constant magnitude. The problem of voltage and frequency deviations and the means of keeping them under control are the concerns of conventional power system analysis. The problem of waveform distortion is the problem of this course. Waveform distortion is an indication of existence of harmonic frequency frequencies. Actually, it is not a new phenomenon. Harmonics have existed in power systems for many years. The recent growing concern on the subject is because of : -linear power electronic devices seeking higher system reliability and effectiveness,
The deviation from perfect sinusoid is generally expresssed in terms of harmonic components. The cause of harmonics can simply be stated as the existence of non-linear components loads). Linear loads are those in which voltage and current signals follow one another very closely, such as the voltage drop that develops across a constant resistance, which varies as a direct function of the current that passes through it.
used to attenuate harmonics, Tuning reactors in harmonic filters in harmonic filters

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I. POWER QUALITY AND HARMONICS 1.1. Introduction ion, control and environmental aspects.

-linear circuit components (saturated transformer) or non-linear loads (Rectifier)

Power Quality Problems Cont. Power quality problems

1.2.3 Distortion (Harmonics)

1.3 Fundamentals of Harmonics

used to attenuate harmonics, Tuning reactors in harmonic filters in harmonic filters

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