This document provides an overview of asphalt and asphalt concrete. It discusses the history and sources of asphalt, how it is processed and characterized. Asphalt is composed of large organic molecules and is classified based on properties like viscosity and flash point. The document also describes how asphalt concrete is made by mixing aggregates with asphalt binders and emulsions. Key properties like strength, flexibility and workability are discussed. Common applications include pavements, roofing and sealants. Distress modes like rutting and cracking are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of asphalt and asphalt concrete. It discusses the history and sources of asphalt, how it is processed and characterized. Asphalt is composed of large organic molecules and is classified based on properties like viscosity and flash point. The document also describes how asphalt concrete is made by mixing aggregates with asphalt binders and emulsions. Key properties like strength, flexibility and workability are discussed. Common applications include pavements, roofing and sealants. Distress modes like rutting and cracking are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of asphalt and asphalt concrete. It discusses the history and sources of asphalt, how it is processed and characterized. Asphalt is composed of large organic molecules and is classified based on properties like viscosity and flash point. The document also describes how asphalt concrete is made by mixing aggregates with asphalt binders and emulsions. Key properties like strength, flexibility and workability are discussed. Common applications include pavements, roofing and sealants. Distress modes like rutting and cracking are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of asphalt and asphalt concrete. It discusses the history and sources of asphalt, how it is processed and characterized. Asphalt is composed of large organic molecules and is classified based on properties like viscosity and flash point. The document also describes how asphalt concrete is made by mixing aggregates with asphalt binders and emulsions. Key properties like strength, flexibility and workability are discussed. Common applications include pavements, roofing and sealants. Distress modes like rutting and cracking are also summarized.
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Asphalt and Asphalt
Concrete Introduction Asphalt and Tar Material Engineered Asphalt Cements Hot-mixed asphalt Cutbacks Emulsions Properties of Asphalt History One of the oldest engineering materials asphaltos - sticky, firm - Greek jatu-krit - pitch creating - Latin: pixtumen Use: Sumerians (3000 B.C.) - building purposes Egyptians (2500 B.C.) - mumyia - mummy Biblical times (2500 - 1500 B.C.) Noahs ark - waterproofing Tower of Babel - mortar Paving Sources: Natural Asphalt Crude Oil Bitumen and Asphalt Bitumen: non-volatile hydrocarbon, soluble in carbon disulfide, very complex material structure Coal tar, asphalt (processed oil residue) Asphalt (combination of asphaltine, resin, oil) Asphaltine (C/H>0.8) Resin (0.8>C/H>0.6) Oil (C/H < 0.6) Specific Gravity = 0.95 1.05 Composition of Asphalt Cement
Large organic molecules of varying size and polarity
Carbon 80-87% Nitrogen 0-1% Hydrogen 9-11% Sulfur 0.5 -7% Oxygen 2-8% Heavy metals 0-0.5% Heavy metals play important role
Contribute to polarity
Molecular structure very complex
Asphaltenes - largest and most polar
Resins - intermediate, also polar
Oils - smallest, paraffin -like, non -polar
Colloidal model
Asphaltenes surrounded by resins
Oils continuous medium
Asphaltenes Resins Oils Refinery Operation FIELD STORAGE TANKS PUMPING STATION LIGHT DISTILLATE HEAVY DISTILLATE ASPHALT CEMENTS STORAGE TOWER DISTILLATION RESIDUAL CONDENSERS AND COOLERS TUBE HEATER MEDIUM DISTILLATE OIL WELL SOLVENTS GASOLENE JET FUEL LUBRICANTS HEATING OIL Lighter molecules vaporize Asphalt cement remains Residual varies in consistency Asphalt Characterization Flash Point: temperature at which a substance will ignite with a open flame Rolling Thin-Film Oven: indicator of the aging effect of short term high temperatures when producing ACC. Viscosity: rotational viscometer measures the viscosity at a standard temperature (135C) Complex Shear Modulus: dynamic shear rheometer Flexural Creep: bending beam rheometer measure creep stiffness Tensile Strength Engineered Asphalt Cement Hot mixed asphalt (pavements) Viscous semi-solid Flows for heating into liquid range Cutback asphalt Viscous liquid Cut with oil distillates Emulsion asphalt Viscous liquid Cut with water Emulsions Asphalt Binder Liquefied with Water -
Water - reduces viscosity
Emulsifier gives surface charge to asphalt droplets suspended
in water medium
Anionic
Negative charge
Alkaline (Basic) aggregate
Good with limestones (positive charge)
Cationic
Positive charge
Acidic aggregate
Good with silica gravels (negative charge)
Consistency controlled by amount of water
Stability controlled by choicer of emulsifier
Environmentally correct Water Asphalt Binder Properties of Asphalt Cement Adhesion: property to connect dissimilar materials Cohesion: property to connect similar materials 3M scotch tape is adhesive, not cohesive Silly putty is cohesive, not adhesive Asphalt is adhesive and cohesive Flow properties Consistency: measure of fluidity at a given temperature Absolute Viscosity, poises Kinetic Viscosity, centistokes Penetration: empirical measure of ease to penetration Penetration of 1 mm diameter needle. | | s Pa poises rate shear stress shear - = = 1 . 0 _ _ u ( ) 3 / viscosity Absolute cm g density = Performance-Graded Asphalt Binders Maximum Temperature (C) Minimum Temperature (C) PG 46 -34 -40 -46 PG 52 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 PG 58 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 PG 64 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 PG 70 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 PG 76 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 PG 82 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 As an example, a PG 64-28 is acceptable for use in a climatic region where the maximum temperature is 64C and the minimum temperature is -28C. Selection of Grading Temperatures Temperature -28 -22 -16 64 70 76 82 Given that the minimum measured air temperature for a site is -21C and the maximum 7-day average temperature is 73C, which PG grade should be used for this site. Here, use PG 76-22. Pavement Temperature Air Temperature Maximum 7-day (Running Average) Alternative Grading System Grade Viscosity Abs., Poises Kinetic, cStokes Penetration Flash Point C AC-2.5 250 125 220 163 AC-5 500 175 140 177 AC-10 1000 250 80 219 AC-20 2000 300 60 232 AC-30 3000 350 50 232 AC-40 4000 400 40 232 Asphalt and Asphalt Concrete Asphalt Concrete Aggregates Properties Pavements Mixture Design Asphalt Concrete Aggregates clean and dry aggregates are necessary for adhesion (no dust, no water) interlocking nature creates internal friction which is important to the long-term properties of the asphalt concrete. angular shape aggregates 50-80% with 2 angular faces ACC: Importance of Aggregate Asphalt cement has no strength at temperatures > 60C Stability of pavements in hot weather is due to internal friction in the aggregates -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Temperature, C M o d u l u s ,
P a Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Mixtures of aggregate and asphalt cement binder about 95% aggregate by weight about 75% aggregate by volume ideally, 3-5% air voids Asphalt Concrete Flexibility high binder content low viscosity binder Short-term Loadings elastic properties of binder-aggregate matrix Asphalt Concrete Long-term Durability fluid properties of binder dry clean aggregates water causes stripping strong porous angular stone durable aggregates (LA abrasion) Asphalt Concrete Workability: Ease in which material is handled and laid and compacted. poor compaction leads to deformation and the permeability of water and air. temperature affects workability Strength high viscosity binder crushed stone aggregates (interlock) Pavement Section ACC Surface ACC Base Granular Subbase Subgrade Asphalt Pavement Distress -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Temperature, C C o n s i s t e n c y Cracking Rutting Traffic Associated Fatigue Asphalt Concrete Applications Roofing, slurry composition shingles Sealants waterproofing for foundations, etc electrical insulation Asphalt Concrete Applications Pavements Hot Mixed Asphalt Cement (asphaltine, resin) Emulsions (repairs, small jobs) moist or dry aggregates hot or cold applications no fuel or solvents anionic or cationic Asphalt Concrete Applications Cutbacks (on the way out) RC - flash point in 27C hard base (hot regions) MC - safer softer base (cold regions) SC - Road Oils rural roads, sealants Primary Distress Modes HMA Pavements Rutting Rutting Fatigue Cracking Fatigue Cracking 5 - 15 m Thermal Cracking Moisture Damage? Temperature is critical Temperature Regimes where Distress Predominates -25 75 50 25 0 Approximate Temperature,
C C o n s i s t e n c y Low-temperature thermal Shrinkage cracking Intermediate-temperature traffic-associated fatigue High-temperature rutting Plexiglas Salt Water Taffy Molasses THE END By Avneesh Koonjul Avinash Nair Gaurav Raj Maya Mohan Kovid Kalesh Harsh Aggarwal Prateek Draik Joseph Sebastian
