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T X U T: Intro To Strain

This document discusses concepts related to rheology including strain, creep compliance, recoverable compliance, and material functions. It defines strain for steady and unsteady shear flows. For creep compliance measurements, it describes how compliance is measured over short time intervals and summed to determine compliance over longer times. It also discusses recoverable compliance and how to determine the recoverable strain component. The document introduces several material functions used to characterize viscoelastic materials including the shear creep compliance, recoverable compliance, relaxation modulus, and normal stress relaxation moduli. It shows how these functions relate to viscosity and recoverable strain for different material models including Newtonian fluids and linear viscoelastic solids.

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Shawn Waltz
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26 views8 pages

T X U T: Intro To Strain

This document discusses concepts related to rheology including strain, creep compliance, recoverable compliance, and material functions. It defines strain for steady and unsteady shear flows. For creep compliance measurements, it describes how compliance is measured over short time intervals and summed to determine compliance over longer times. It also discusses recoverable compliance and how to determine the recoverable strain component. The document introduces several material functions used to characterize viscoelastic materials including the shear creep compliance, recoverable compliance, relaxation modulus, and normal stress relaxation moduli. It shows how these functions relate to viscosity and recoverable strain for different material models including Newtonian fluids and linear viscoelastic solids.

Uploaded by

Shawn Waltz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

1

0
2
1
21
) , 0 ( t
x
u
t =

For steady shear, with t


ref
=0:
(short time interval)
For a long time interval, we add up the strains over short time
intervals.
t t t
p p
=
+ 0 1 21
) , (
( )
0
1
0
0 1 21 21
) , ( ) , 0 ( t t N t t t
N
p
p p
= = =

=
+
Same, because flow is steady.
Intro to strain (continued)
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
For unsteady shear:
(short time interval)
For a long time interval, we add up the strains over short time
intervals.
t t t t
p p p
=
+ +
) ( ) , (
1 21 1 21

=
+ +
= =
1
0
1
0
1 21 1 21 2 1 21
) ( ) , ( ) , (
N
p
N
p
p p p
t t t t t t
t t
x
u
t t
p p p
=

=
+ +
) ( ) , (
1 21
2
1
1 21

Taking the limit as t goes to zero,
t d t t t t t
t
t
N
p
p
t
=
(

=
}

=
+

2
1
) ( ) ( lim ) , (
21
1
0
1 21
0
2 1 21

Strain at t
2
with
respect to fluid
configuration at t
1
in unsteady shear
flow.
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
2

<
=
0
0 0
) (
0
21
t
t
t

123
2 21
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

x t
v

Creep Shear Flow Material Functions


Kinematics:
Material Functions:
0
21
0
) , 0 (
) , (

t
t J
Shear creep
compliance
0
0
) (
) , (


t
t J
r
r
Recoverable
creep
compliance
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Material functions predicted for creep of a
Newtonian fluid
) (t J
t

1
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
remove
stress
3
Shear creep material functions
) , (
o
t J

creep t,
) , ' (
o
t R

t', recovery 0
0
constant slope =
1
) (

( )
o s
J

( )
o
R

2
t
2
t
Ultimate
recoil
function
Steady-state
compliance
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Shear Creep
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Figure 6.53, p. 210
Plazek; PS melt

<
=
0
0 0
) (
0
21
t
t
t

123
2 21
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

x t
v

0
21
0
) , 0 (
) , (

t
t J
ref ref
p
T
T T J
J

) (
=
Data have been
corrected for
vertical shift.
4
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Figures 6.54, 6.55, p. 211
Plazek; PS melt
Shear Creep - Recoverable Compliance
0
) ( ) (

t
t R t J + =

+ = t t t
r
) ( ) (
total
strain
recoverable
strain
non-
recoverable
strain
) (
1
1
0
0
21

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

dt
d
dt
dJ
state
steady
At long times the creep compliance J(t,
0
) becomes a straight line.
the slope at steady state is the
inverse of the steady viscosity
C t t J
dt
dJ
state
steady
state
steady
+ = =

) (
1
) (
) (
1

) (
0

s
J Steady-state compliance
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
5
Creep Recovery - after creep, stop pulling forward and allow the
flow to reverse
) , 0 ( ) , 0 ( ) (
21 2 21
t t t
r
=
Recoverable strain
Recoil strain
Strain at the end
of the forward
motion
Strain at the
end of the
recovery
0
0
) (
) , (


t
t J
r
r
Recoverable
creep
compliance
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Linear Viscoelastic
Creep

+ = t t t
r
) ( ) (
total
strain
recoverable
strain
non-
recoverable
strain
0
) ( ) (

t
t R t J + =
This is a way to get
R(t) without
measuring it
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
6
creep t,
) (t J
) ' (t R
o
s
o
J R
=

0
0
constant slope =
o

1
o
s
J
o
t

2
Shear creep material functions
Linear-viscoelastic limit
2
t
2
t
Ultimate
recoil
function
Steady-state
compliance
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Step Shear Strain Material Functions
0
0
constant
0
0
0
0
lim ) (

= =

<
<
=


t
t
t
t
Kinematics:
123
2
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

x t
v

Material Functions:
0
0 21
0
) , (
) , (

t
t G

( )
2
0
22 11
1

G
( )
2
0
33 22
2

G
Relaxation
modulus
First normal-stress
relaxation modulus
Second normal-
stress relaxation
modulus
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
7
What is the strain in this flow?
0
0
0
0
0
21 21
lim
0
0
0
0
lim
) ( ) , (
0

=
=

<
<
=
=
}
}
}




t d
t d
t
t
t
t d t t
t
t

The strain imposed is a constant


Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
0
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
1 10 100 1000 10000
time, s
G(t), Pa
<1.87
3.34
5.22
6.68
10
13.4
18.7
25.4
Step shear strain - strain dependence
Figure 6.57, p. 212
Einaga et al.; PS soln
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
8
Linear viscoelastic limit
) ( ) , ( lim
0
0 0
t G t G =

At small strains the


relaxation modulus is
independent of strain.
Damping function, h
) (
) , (
) (
0
0
t G
t G
h


The damping function
summarizes the non-linear
effects as a function of
strain amplitude.
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

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