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Equalization: Digital Communications USING MATLAB (SAMPLE ASSIGNMENT)

MatlabAssignmentExperts is a 4 year old firm operating in the niche field of MATLAB Assignments, Homeworks, Projects, Term Paper, Dissertation and Thesis. It is a leading Homework and assignment solution provider that specializes in MATLAB assignments. Our team of experts specializes in solving assignments using Math works’ MATLAB and Simulink software. Our objective is to ensure that all of your MATLAB homework is taken care of and we try and provide complete support for completion of MATLAB assignments. We have been providing help with assignments and been assisting students achieve high quality MATLAB assignments. We aim to ensure that the toughest of the MATLAB assignments are resolved with the support of our team of experts. Our trained and certified experts in MATLAB can assist you to complete all the steps of numerical problems requiring the usage of MATLAB and provide you with analysis as well as detailed solutions. Our online MATLAB homework and online MATLAB tutoring services aims at helping students perform better through involvement of experienced MATLAB experts. We can help you gain MATLAB assignment assistance from our experiences experts who can help you with MATLAB homework help. We help our clients obtain high quality assignments through our live MATLAB homework help services whenever they need assignment help. As MATLAB requires experience and understanding of the software, our team of experts go through intensive training and this can benefit you in a great way. Your academic success reflects our success and so our team of experts is completely dedicated to provide you with high quality and value adding MATLAB online homework services on a 24x7 basis. This can help you not only obtain better grades in MATLAB assignments but also help you learn more about solving MATLAB assignments by going through the step by step MATLAB solutions.

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792 views7 pages

Equalization: Digital Communications USING MATLAB (SAMPLE ASSIGNMENT)

MatlabAssignmentExperts is a 4 year old firm operating in the niche field of MATLAB Assignments, Homeworks, Projects, Term Paper, Dissertation and Thesis. It is a leading Homework and assignment solution provider that specializes in MATLAB assignments. Our team of experts specializes in solving assignments using Math works’ MATLAB and Simulink software. Our objective is to ensure that all of your MATLAB homework is taken care of and we try and provide complete support for completion of MATLAB assignments. We have been providing help with assignments and been assisting students achieve high quality MATLAB assignments. We aim to ensure that the toughest of the MATLAB assignments are resolved with the support of our team of experts. Our trained and certified experts in MATLAB can assist you to complete all the steps of numerical problems requiring the usage of MATLAB and provide you with analysis as well as detailed solutions. Our online MATLAB homework and online MATLAB tutoring services aims at helping students perform better through involvement of experienced MATLAB experts. We can help you gain MATLAB assignment assistance from our experiences experts who can help you with MATLAB homework help. We help our clients obtain high quality assignments through our live MATLAB homework help services whenever they need assignment help. As MATLAB requires experience and understanding of the software, our team of experts go through intensive training and this can benefit you in a great way. Your academic success reflects our success and so our team of experts is completely dedicated to provide you with high quality and value adding MATLAB online homework services on a 24x7 basis. This can help you not only obtain better grades in MATLAB assignments but also help you learn more about solving MATLAB assignments by going through the step by step MATLAB solutions.

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Digital Communications USING MATLAB (SAMPLE ASSIGNMENT)

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Equalization
This sample assignment shows how to apply adaptive filters to channel equalization in digital communications. Introduction Channel equalization is a simple way of mitigating the detrimental effects caused by a frequency-selective and/or dispersive communication link between sender and receiver. For this exmple, all signals are assumed to have a digital baseband representation. During the training phase of channel equalization, a digital signal s[n] that is known to both the transmitter and receiver is sent by the transmitter to the receiver. The received signal x[n] contains two signals: the signal s[n] filtered by the channel impulse response, and an unknown broadband noise signal v[n]. The goal is to filter x[n] to remove the inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by the dispersive channel and to minimize the effect of the additive noise v[n]. Ideally, the output signal would closely follow a delayed version of the transmitted signal s[n]. Transmitted Input Signal A digital signal carries information through its discrete structure. There are several common baseband signaling methods. We shall use a 16-QAM complex-valued symbol set, in which the input signal takes one of sixteen different values given by all possible combinations of {-3, -1, 1, 3} + j*{-3, -1, 1, 3}, where j = sqrt(-1). Let's generate a sequence of 5000 such symbols, where each one is equiprobable.

ntr = 5000; j = sqrt(-1); s = sign(randn(ntr,1)).*(2+sign(randn(ntr,1)))+... j*sign(randn(ntr,1)).*(2+sign(randn(ntr,1))); Hs = dsp.SignalSource(s,'SamplesPerFrame',1000); plot(s,'o'); axis([-4 4 -4 4]); axis('square'); xlabel('Re\{s(n)\}'); ylabel('Im\{s(n)\}');

title('Input signal constellation');

Transmission Channel The transmission channel is defined by the channel impulse response and the noise characteristics. We shall choose a particular channel that exhibits both frequency selectivity and dispersion. The noise variance is chosen so that the received signal-to-noise ratio is 30 dB.

b = exp(j*pi/5)*[0.2 0.7 0.9]; a = [1 -0.7 0.4];


% Transmission channel filter

channel = dsp.BiquadFilter('SOSMatrix',[b,a]);
% Impulse response

hFV = fvtool(channel,'Analysis','impulse','Color','White'); legend(hFV, 'Transmission channel');

% Frequency response

set(hFV, 'Analysis', 'freq')

Received Signal The received signal x[n] is generated by the transmitted signal s[n] filtered by the channel impulse response with additive noise v[n]. We shall assume a complex Gaussian noise signal for the additive noise.

sig = sqrt(1/16*(4*18+8*10+4*2))/sqrt(1000)*norm(impz(channel)); v = sig*(randn(ntr,1) + j*randn(ntr,1))/sqrt(2); x = step(channel,s) + v; Hx = dsp.SignalSource(x,'SamplesPerFrame',Hs.SamplesPerFrame); plot(x,'.'); xlabel('Re\{x[n]\}'); ylabel('Im\{x[n]\}'); axis([-40 40 -40 40]); axis('square'); title('Received signal x[n]'); set(gcf, 'Color', [1 1 1])

Training Signal The training signal is a shifted version of the original transmitted signal s[n]. This signal would be known to both the transmitter and receiver.

D = 10; Hd = dsp.Delay(D);
Trained Equalization To obtain the fastest convergence, we shall use the conventional version of a recursive least-squares estimator. Only the first 2000 samples are used for training. The output signal constellation shows clusters of values centered on the sixteen different symbol values--an indication that equalization has been achieved.

P0 = 100*eye(20); lam = 0.99; h = dsp.RLSFilter(20,'ForgettingFactor',lam,'InitialInverseCovariance',P0); hlog = dsp.SignalSink('BufferLength',2); % Store 2 frames (2000 samples) for k = 1:2 d = step(Hd,step(Hs)); Rx = step(Hx); [y,e] = step(h,Rx,d); step(hlog,e); plot(y,'.');

hold on xlabel('Re\{y[n]\}'); ylabel('Im\{y[n]\}'); axis([-5 5 -5 5]); axis('square'); title('Equalized signal y[n]'); set(gcf, 'Color', [1 1 1])
end

Training Error Plotting the squared magnitude of the error signal e[n], we see that convergence with the RLS algorithm is fast. It occurs in about 60 samples with the equalizer settings chosen.

hold off ntrain = 1:1000; semilogy(ntrain,abs(hlog.Buffer(ntrain)).^2); xlabel('Number of iterations'); ylabel('|e[n]|^2') title('Squared magnitude of the training errors'); set(gcf, 'Color', [1 1 1])

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