PV Elite

PV Elite
User's Guide

Version 2012 (V14)

November 2011

DICAS-PE-200108B

Copyright
Copyright 1985-2011 Intergraph Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Including software, file formats, and audiovisual displays; may be used pursuant to applicable software license agreement;
contains confidential and proprietary information of Intergraph and/or third parties which is protected by copyright law, trade
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Intergraph Corporation.
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252.227-7014 and the rights of the Government are as specified at DFARS 227.7202-3.
Unpublished - rights reserved under the copyright laws of the United States.
Intergraph Corporation
P.O. Box 240000
Huntsville, AL 35813
Terms of Use
Use of this software product is subject to the End User License Agreement ("EULA") delivered with this software product unless
the licensee has a valid signed license for this software product with Intergraph Corporation. If the licensee has a valid si gned
license for this software product with Intergraph Corporation, the valid signed license shall take precedence and govern the use
of this software product. Subject to the terms contained within the applicable license agreement, Intergraph Corporation gives
licensee permission to print a reasonable number of copies of the documentation as defined in the applicable license agreement
and delivered with the software product for licensee's internal, non-commercial use. The documentation may not be printed for
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The information and the software discussed in this document are subject to change without notice and are subject to applicable
technical product descriptions. Intergraph Corporation is not responsible for any error that may appear in this document.
The software discussed in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the
terms of this license. No responsibility is assumed by Intergraph for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not
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Intergraph is not responsible for the accuracy of delivered data including, but not limited to, catalog, reference and symbol data.
Users should verify for themselves that the data is accurate and suitable for their project work.
Trademarks
Intergraph, the Intergraph logo, PDS, SmartPlant, FrameWorks, I -Convert, I-Export, I-Sketch, SmartMarine, IntelliShip, INtools,
ISOGEN, MARIAN, SmartSketch, SPOOLGEN, SupportManager, SupportModeler, COADE, CAESAR II, CADWorx, PV Elite,
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and product names are trademarks of their respective owners.

PV Elite User's Guide 3

Contents
What's New in PV Elite 2012 and CodeCalc 2012 ................................................................................. 7
PV Elite Overview................................................................................................................................... 9
What Distinguishes PV Elite From our Competitors? ........................................................................ 10
What Can Be Designed? ................................................................................................................. 10
Installation............................................................................................................................................ 11
Before You Begin PV Elite Installation.............................................................................................. 12
Installing PV Elite from the Product Media........................................................................................ 13
License Types ........................................................................................................................... 15
Installing PV Elite in Silent Mode ...................................................................................................... 15
Installing PV Elite on a Network ....................................................................................................... 17
Verifying the Installed Product Program Structure ............................................................................ 18
PV Elite Workflows .............................................................................................................................. 19
PV Elite Quick Start ......................................................................................................................... 19
Defining the Basic Vessel .......................................................................................................... 20
Building a Heat Exchanger ........................................................................................................ 21
The Input Processor ........................................................................................................................ 29
Other Input Processors .............................................................................................................. 30
Adding Details ........................................................................................................................... 33
Specifying Global Data - Loads and Design Constraints............................................................. 33
Error Checking .......................................................................................................................... 36
Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Performing the Analysis ............................................................................................................. 37
Design and Analysis of Vessel Details ....................................................................................... 38
Analyzing Individual Vessel Components Details ....................................................................... 40
Output Review and Report Generation ............................................................................................. 43
Recording the Model - Plotting the Vessel Image ............................................................................. 45
DXF File Generation Option ............................................................................................................. 47
Setting Up the Required Parameters ......................................................................................... 48
DXF File Generated by PV Elite During Runtime........................................................................ 49
Menus ................................................................................................................................................... 51
File Menu ........................................................................................................................................ 51
New .......................................................................................................................................... 52
Open ......................................................................................................................................... 52
Save.......................................................................................................................................... 52
Save As..................................................................................................................................... 52
Export ....................................................................................................................................... 52
Import........................................................................................................................................ 53
Print .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Print Preview ............................................................................................................................. 53
Print Setup ................................................................................................................................ 53
Print in Color ............................................................................................................................. 53
Exit ............................................................................................................................................ 53
Contents

4 PV Elite User's Guide

Input Menu ...................................................................................................................................... 54
Component Analysis Data ......................................................................................................... 54
Display the List Dialog ............................................................................................................... 55
View Menu....................................................................................................................................... 57
Model in 3D ............................................................................................................................... 57
Details Menu ................................................................................................................................... 59
Add a Detail............................................................................................................................... 60
Modify a Detail .......................................................................................................................... 61
Common Detail Parameters....................................................................................................... 61
Stiffening Ring ........................................................................................................................... 63
Nozzle ....................................................................................................................................... 66
Weight ..................................................................................................................................... 106
Force and Moment .................................................................................................................. 108
Platform................................................................................................................................... 109
Packing ................................................................................................................................... 112
Saddle ..................................................................................................................................... 114
Tray ........................................................................................................................................ 121
Lug .......................................................................................................................................... 122
Legs ........................................................................................................................................ 125
Liquid ...................................................................................................................................... 130
Insulation................................................................................................................................. 133
Lining ...................................................................................................................................... 134
Halfpipe Jacket ........................................................................................................................ 135
Tubesheet ............................................................................................................................... 138
Layout Pattern Tab ............................................................................................................................ 161
Generic Clip ............................................................................................................................ 176
Lifting Lug Data ....................................................................................................................... 180
ASME Appendix 9 Jacket ........................................................................................................ 183
Auxiliary Menu ............................................................................................................................... 192
Analyze Menu ................................................................................................................................ 193
Analyze ................................................................................................................................... 193
Error Check Only ..................................................................................................................... 193
Output Menu.................................................................................................................................. 193
Review Reports ....................................................................................................................... 194
Tools Menu.................................................................................................................................... 195
Configuration ........................................................................................................................... 195
Change Units .......................................................................................................................... 202
Create / Review Units .............................................................................................................. 202
Calculator ................................................................................................................................ 216
ASME Form Information .......................................................................................................... 216
Ligament Scratch Pad ............................................................................................................. 217
3D Menu........................................................................................................................................ 220
Diagnostics Menu .......................................................................................................................... 221
Esl Menu ....................................................................................................................................... 221
Phone Update ......................................................................................................................... 221
Enter Re-Authorization Codes ................................................................................................. 222
Help Menu ..................................................................................................................................... 222
Toolbars ............................................................................................................................................. 225
Standard Toolbar ........................................................................................................................... 225
Element Toolbar ............................................................................................................................ 226
Contents


Details Toolbar .............................................................................................................................. 227
Input Toolbar ................................................................................................................................. 228
Utilities Toolbar .............................................................................................................................. 228
Auxiliary Toolbar ............................................................................................................................ 229
Analyze Toolbar............................................................................................................................. 230
Units/Code Toolbar ........................................................................................................................ 230
3D Graphics Toolbar ...................................................................................................................... 230
Vessel Data (General Input Tab) ........................................................................................................ 233
Element Data (General Input Tab) ................................................................................................. 234
Additional Element Data (General Input Tab) ................................................................................. 243
Elliptical (Additional Element Data) .......................................................................................... 243
Torispherical (Additional Element Data) ................................................................................... 244
Spherical (Additional Element Data) ........................................................................................ 244
Conical (Additional Element Data) ........................................................................................... 245
Welded Flat (Additional Element Data) .................................................................................... 247
Body Flange (Additional Element Data) ................................................................................... 249
Skirt (Additional Element Data) ................................................................................................ 272
References .................................................................................................................................... 294
Report Headings (Heading Tab) ........................................................................................................ 295
Design/Analysis Constraints (Design Constraints Tab)................................................................... 297
Design Data (Design Constraints Tab) ........................................................................................... 297
Datum Line Options Dialog Box ............................................................................................... 303
Design Modification (Design Constraints Tab) ................................................................................ 303
Load Cases (Load Cases Tab)........................................................................................................... 305
Stress Combination Load Cases (Load Cases Tab) ....................................................................... 306
Equipment Installation and Miscellaneous Options Dialog Box ................................................. 309
Nozzle Design Options (Load Cases Tab)...................................................................................... 312
Wind Loads (Wind Data Tab) ............................................................................................................. 315
ASCE-93 Wind Data ...................................................................................................................... 316
ASCE-95, ASCE-98/02/05/IBC-03, and IBC 2006 Wind Data ......................................................... 317
UBC Wind Data ............................................................................................................................. 319
NBC-95 and NBC-2005 Wind Data ................................................................................................ 320
IS-875 Wind Data .......................................................................................................................... 321
BS6399-97 Wind Data ................................................................................................................... 323
Mexico 1993 Wind Data ................................................................................................................. 325
Mexico 1993 En Espaol ......................................................................................................... 329
As/Nz 1170:2002 Wind Data .......................................................................................................... 334
Euro Code Wind Data .................................................................................................................... 340
Brazil NBR 6123 Wind Data ........................................................................................................... 343
China GB 50009 Wind Data ........................................................................................................... 346
EN-2005 Wind Data ....................................................................................................................... 348
User-Defined Wind Data ................................................................................................................ 349
Seismic Loads (Seismic Data Tab).................................................................................................... 351
ASCE-88 Seismic Data .................................................................................................................. 353
Contents


UBC 1994 Seismic Data ................................................................................................................ 355
NBC 1995 Seismic Data ................................................................................................................ 356
IS-1893 SCM Seismic Data ........................................................................................................... 358
IS-1893 RSM Seismic Data ........................................................................................................... 359
UBC 1997 Seismic Data ................................................................................................................ 362
G Loading Seismic Data ................................................................................................................ 366
ASCE 7-98, ASCE 7-02/05, IBC 2000, IBC 2003, and IBC 2006 Seismic Data ............................... 367
Res. Spectrum Seismic Data ......................................................................................................... 370
Mexico Sismo Seismic Data ........................................................................................................... 374
Mexico Sismo En Espaol ....................................................................................................... 374
China GB 50011 Seismic Data....................................................................................................... 376
AS/NZ 1170.4 Seismic Data .......................................................................................................... 377
NBC 2005 Seismic Data ................................................................................................................ 379
PDVSA Seismic Data..................................................................................................................... 381
PDVSA En Espaol ................................................................................................................. 385
Chile NCh2369 Seismic Data ......................................................................................................... 391
Chile NCh2369 En Espaol ..................................................................................................... 393
PV Elite Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 399
Calculating and Displaying Vessel Analysis Results ....................................................................... 399
Optional Steps ............................................................................................................................... 404
Nozzle Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 405
Material Dialog Boxes ........................................................................................................................ 407
Material Database Dialog Box ........................................................................................................ 407
Material Properties Dialog Box ....................................................................................................... 433
Vessel Example Problems ................................................................................................................. 445
Keyboard and Mouse Commands ..................................................................................................... 447
Index ................................................................................................................................................... 449


Below is a listing of the new features in the 2012 version of PV Elite and CodeCalc. New
features and improvements come directly from your comments as well as updates to the 2011
version which are rolled into this version.
Code Updates and Analysis Changes In PV Elite
ASME Section VIII Division 1 and Division 2 2011a new Code updates are incorporated.
The updates include:
Using the operating bolt load per UHX.
Removal of calculations per UG-32(b).
ASME Appendix 4.1, ElH Support Plates is included.
The nozzle analysis in Division 2 was modified.
The Fatigue curves in Division 2 have been modified and Division 1 curve has been
removed.
Flange ratings are now the same for 'large' and 'small' diameter ANSI flanges.
ASME VIII-2 Code changes have been implemented.
Updates to ASME Division 1 Material Databases (Tables 1A and 1B).
Updates to ASME Division 2 Material Databases (Tables 5A and 5B).
Did Updates to ASME Yield Stress database.
PD:5500:2009 Code changes are implemented.
Implementation of ASME item BC 09-1910 (Division 1 using Division 2 formulas and
Division 1 allowables).
Internationalization in PV Elite
PV Elite includes the ASME pure-Metric Yield Stress database.
The Mexican Wind Code is updated to the 2008 version.
The ASCE 7-2010 Wind Code is implemented.
The ASCE 7-2010 Seismic Code is implemented.
The NBC 7-2010 Wind Code is implemented.
The NBC 7-2010 Seismsic Code is implemented.
MCE (Maximum Considered Earthquake) Analysis per India's IS-1893 is included.
Metric ANSI Flange ratings are included.
Productivity Enhancements in PV Elite
Highlighting of ASME VIII-1 note G5 materials.
Automatic insertion of flange groups/grades for all ASME Materials.
An option in ASME VIII-1 Nozzle analysis to not use areas in any of the welds.
The ASME metric databases can be the default at startup.
QA/Validation and Verification in PV Elite
The example problems in ASME publication PTB-3 (Division 2 problems solution manual)
are included.
Approximately 50 new QA problems are included in the benchmark solution set.
Code Updates and Analysis Changes in CodeCalc
What's New in PV Elite 2012 and
CodeCalc 2012
What's New in PV Elite 2012 and CodeCalc 2012


ASME Section VIII Division 1 and Division 2 2011a Code include:
ASME part UHX for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers (operating bolt load requirements)
is used.
Updated ASME Division 1 Material Databases (Tables 1A and 1B) is included.
Updated ASME Division 2 Material Databases (Table 5A and 5B) is included.
Updates to ASME Yield Stress database are included.


S E C T I O N 1
PV Elite is PC-based software consisting of nineteen modules for the design and analysis of
pressure vessels and heat exchangers, and assessment of fitness for service. The software
provides the mechanical engineer with easy-to-use, technically sound, well-documented reports.
The reports contain detailed calculations and supporting comments that speed and simplify the
task of vessel design, re-rating, or fitness for service. The popularity of PV Elite is a reflection of
Intergraph's expertise in programming and engineering, and dedication to service and quality.
Calculations in PV Elite are based on the latest editions of national codes such as the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, or industry standards such as the Zick analysis method for
horizontal drums. PV Elite offers exceptional ease of use that results in dramatic improvement in
efficiency for both design and re-rating.
PV Elite features include:
A graphical user interface allowing you to add model data while seeing the vessel elements
as they are added.
Horizontal and vertical vessels of cylinders, conical sections, and body flanges, as well as
elliptical, torispherical, hemispherical, conical, and flat heads.
Saddle supports for horizontal vessels.
Leg and skirt supports at any location for vertical vessels.
Extensive on-line help.
Dead weight calculation from vessel details such as nozzles, lugs, rings, trays, insulation,
packing, and lining.
Wall thickness calculations for internal and external pressure according to the rules of
ASME Section VIII Divisions 1 and 2, PD 5500, and EN-13445.
Stiffener ring evaluation for external pressure.
Wind and seismic data using the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) standard, the
Uniform Building Code (UBC), the National (Canadian) Building Code, India standards, as
well as British, Mexican, Australian, and European standards.
A user-defined unit system.
A complete examination of vessel structural loads, combining the effects of pressure, dead
weight, and live loads in the empty, operating, and hydrotest conditions.
Logic to automatically increase wall thickness to satisfy requirements for pressure and
structural loads, and introduce stiffener rings to address external pressure rules.
Structural load evaluation in terms of both tensile and compressive stress ratios to the
allowable limits.
Detailed analysis of nozzles, flanges, and base rings.
Material libraries for all three design standards.
Component libraries containing pipe diameter and wall thickness, ANSI B16.5 flange
pressure vs. temperature charts, and section properties for AISC, British, Indian, Japanese,
Korean, Australian and South African structural shapes.
Thorough and complete printed analysis reports, with definable headings on each page.
Comments and additions may be inserted at any point in the output.

PV Elite Overview
PV Elite Overview


What Distinguishes PV Elite From our Competitors?
Our staff of experienced pressure vessel engineers are involved in day-to-day software
development, software support, and training. This approach has produced software that closely
fits today's requirements of the pressure vessel industry. Data entry is simple and
straightforward through annotated input fields. PV Elite provides the widest range of modeling
and analysis capabilities without becoming too complicated for simple system analysis. You can
tailor PV Elite through default settings and customized databases. Comprehensive input
graphics confirm model construction before analysis is made. The software's interactive output
processor presents results on the monitor for quick review or sends complete reports to a file,
printer or Word document. PV Elite is an up-to-date package that not only uses standard
analysis guidelines, but also provides the latest recognized opinions for these analyses.
PV Elite is a field-proven engineering analysis program. It is a widely recognized product with a
large customer base and an excellent support and development record.

What Can Be Designed?
PV Elite can design and analyze:
General Vessels
Enables users to perform wall thickness design and analysis of any vessel for realistic
combinations of pressure, deadweight, nozzle, wind and seismic loads in accordance with
ASME Section VIII Division 1 rules, Division 2 rules, PD 5500, and EN-13445. These
calculations address minimum wall thickness for pressure and allowable longitudinal stress
(both tension and compression) in the vessel wall for the expected structural load combinations.
Complete Vertical Vessels
Enables users to define vessels supported by skirts, legs or lugs for complete dead load and live
load analysis. Stacked vessels with liquid are also addressed. Enables users to specify
Hydrotest conditions for either vertical or horizontal test positions. Vessel MAWP includes
hydrostatic head and ANSI B16.5 flange pressure limitations.
Complete Horizontal Vessels
Enables stress analysis of horizontal drums on saddle supports using the method of L. P. Zick.
Results include stresses at the saddles, the midpoint of the vessel and in the heads.


S E C T I O N 2
Prior to installing PV Elite, verify that your computer meets the required hardware and software
requirements. For more information, see Before You Begin PV Elite Installation (on page 12)
The PV Elite installation DVD contains the following options:
Install PV Elite- Launches the main installation process, which installs PV Elite, the HASP
drivers, and all associated documentation.
PV Elite Information - Opens the PV Elite Product Details page on the Intergraph CAS web
site.
ReadMe File - Opens a text file discussing the installation steps, the system requirements,
and the DVD contents.
License Agreement - Opens an RTF file containing the PV Elite License Agreement.
HASP Network Licensing Overview - Opens a DOC file containing a summary of the
Aladdin (SafeNet) HASP Licensing System.
HASP Trouble Shooting - Opens a DOC file containing troubleshooting procedures for
issues with HASP licensing.
DVD Content:
Browse the DVD - Displays the DVD contents in Windows Explorer.
Additional Products - Displays additional Intergraph CAS products.
Contact Intergraph - Displays contact information for Intergraph CAS Support.
Services:
Training - Opens the PV Elite Course Details page on the Intergraph CAS web site.
Support Forum - Opens the PV Elite Discussion Forum on the Intergraph CAS web site.

In This Section
Before You Begin PV Elite Installation ......................................... 12
Installing PV Elite from the Product Media ................................... 13
Installing PV Elite in Silent Mode ................................................. 15
Installing PV Elite on a Network .................................................. 17
Verifying the Installed Product Program Structure ....................... 18

Installation
Installation


Before You Begin PV Elite Installation
Review the following checklist to ensure your system meets the requirements to begin the PV
Elite installation.
Close all other software before running the PV Elite installer. Most unsuccessful installations
are caused by other software running at the same time as the installer.
Note that the product installation is a DVD. The product DVD is not readable in a CD drive.
Check the specific system and hardware requirements are met.
Intel Pentium processor (or equivalent)
Microsoft Windows (XP or higher) Operating System
512 Mbytes RAM (recommended)
100 Mbytes of disk space
CD-ROM Drive
1.5 GigaHertz CPU or better
PV Elite is designed for a screen with 1024x768 or higher resolution. All of the dialog
boxes might not fit on the screen at lower resolutions.
Installation


Installing PV Elite from the Product Media

Close all other software before running the PV Elite installer. Most unsuccessful installations
are caused by other software running at the same time as the installer.
The installation DVD is not readable in a CD drive.
1. Insert the Intergraph PV Elite DVD. If the DVD does not start automatically, double-click
CDSpawn.exe in the root folder of the DVD.
The PV Elite launch screen opens in your default internet browser.

2. Click Install PV Elite .
3. Click Next on the Welcome to the Installation Wizard for PV Elite screen.
4. On the License Agreement screen, carefully read the license agreement.
5. Click I accept the terms in the license agreement, and then click Next.
6. On the Customer Information page, enter information in the User Name, Organization,
and Serial number boxes. The serial number is provided to you by Intergraph CAS in your
product shipment.
Installation


7. On the Destination Folder page, review the default folder path. If needed, click Change
and select the folder location. Click Next.
8. On the Select License Type page, select the needed license type: network ESL, local ESL,
or SPLM license. For more information, see License Types.

9. On the Ready to Install the Application screen, click Install to begin installing the
software.
As the installation progresses, the status displays in a series of progress bars.If an ESL
license type was selected, the Aladdin device driver installation begins. Click OK on each
dialog box.
10. Click Finish to exit the installer.
11. In the Installer Information dialog box, click OK to restart the computer and complete the
installation.
You must restart your computer for PV Elite to run correctly.

Installation


License Types
PV Elite supports three types of licensing:
Local External Software Lock (ESL) - Hardware-based licensing using a green USB
dongle. A local ESL can be moved between computers (such as between desktops and
laptops).
Network External Software Lock (ESL) - Hardware-based licensing using a red USB
dongle.
License manager - Software-based licensing using SmartPlant License Manager (SPLM).
Refer to the SmartPlant License Manager documentation for complete installation and
configuration instructions.
About External Software Lock (ESL) Keys
You received the appropriate key(s) for your installation in the PV Elite software package.
The External Software Lock (ESL) is the security protection method used by Intergraph. The
software cannot execute unless an appropriate ESL (greenor red USB key) is connected locally
to the PC, or to another computer or server in the network (red USB key).
The ESL contains the PV Elite licensing data, and other client-specific information. This
information includes the client company name and user ID number. Additional data may be
stored on the ESL depending on the specific program and the specific client.
There are two different ESL types, local and network. Both types of ESLs are intended to be
attached to the USB ports of the applicable computers. The appropriate ESL(s) are shipped
with your product according to the licensing type purchase.
Local ESLs provide the maximum flexibility in using the software, since these devices can
be moved between computers (for example, between desktops and laptops).
Network ESLs must be attached to the USB port of any machine on the network (this can be
a workstation or the file server). If the network ESL is attached to a workstation, the
workstation must be running and/or logged onto the network before anyone can use the
software.
The HASP drivers for ESL usage can be found in the sub-directory ASSIDRV beneath the PV
Elite program directory. The documentation files in this sub-directory contain instructions for a
variety of networks and operating systems. Note that there are periodic updates to these ESL
drivers and they can be downloaded from the Intergraph ECustomer website.

Installing PV Elite in Silent Mode
You can use the Windows Installer to install and uninstall PV Elite using a command line instead
of the normal installer interface. You can then perform an unattended installation without dialog
boxes, such as when performing a network installation or a corporate repackaging. The
following command line arguments and parameters can be used with Windows Installer
(msiexec.exe) and the PV Elite setup (setup.exe) to perform a silent installation of the product.
1. Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
The Command Prompt screen opens.
2. Enter the drive letter where the PV Elite DVD is located. For example, type:
E:
3. Change the path to the PV Elite folder where Setup.exe is located on the DVD. For
example, type:
cd PVElite_2011
4. Enter the installation command:
Installation


For silent installation with English language and green ESL color, type:
Setup.exe /v"/qb INSTALL_SILENT="Yes" LANG="Eng" ESL_COLOR="Green""
For silent installation with Red ESL color and ESL installed locally, type:
Setup.exe /v"/qb INSTALL_SILENT="Yes" LANG="Eng" ESL_COLOR="Red"
ESL_ON_MACHINE="Yes""
For silent installation with SPLM, type:
Setup.exe /v"/qb INSTALL_SILENT="Yes" LANG="Eng" ESL_COLOR="SPLM"
SERIALNUMBER="<serial number>""
Arguments
/v - Pass msi commands
/qb - Silent installation with basic user interface
Parameters for Setup.exe
INSTALL_SILENT - Sets silent installation.
Yes - Installation is silent.
No - Normal installation dialog boxes appear.
LANG - The language to install.
Eng - English
Span - Spanish
Ger - German
Fren - French
SERIALNUMBER - The product serial number provided to you by Intergraph CAS.
ESL_COLOR - The ESL license type.
Red - Network ESL
Green - Local ESL
SPLM - SmartPlant License Manager (no ESL)
ESL_ON_MACHINE - Only used when ESL_COLOR is Red. Identifies the ESL location.
Yes - ESL is on the local machine.
No - ESL is on the server.
INSTALLDIR - The path to load the installation files.

The general format of the command is:
setup.exe /v"/qb PROPERTY_NAME="value" PROPERTY_NAME2="Value""
For a complete list of command line arguments for msiexec.exe, type the following in a
Command Prompt window: msiexec.exe /?
For a complete list of command line arguments for setup.exe, type the following in a
Command Prompt window: setup.exe /?

Installation


Installing PV Elite on a Network
PV Elite supports three types of licensing:
License manager - Software-based licensing using SmartPlant License Manager (SPLM).
Refer to the SmartPlant License Manager documentation for complete installation and
configuration instructions.
Local external software lock (ESL) - Hardware-based licensing using a green USB dongle. A
local ESL can be moved between computers (such as between desktops and laptops).
Network ESL - Hardware-based licensing using a red USB dongle.
Network ESL
A network ESL must be attached to the USB port of a computer on the network, such as a
workstation or a server. A server is a better location for this ESL because it is usually always
running. If the network ESL is attached to a workstation, the workstation must be running and/or
logged onto the network before anyone can use the software.
For a network ESL, you must load utility software on the computer where the ESL is installed.
The utility used depends on the type of network and whether the ESL is on a server or a
workstation. The installer and instructions for network ESL usage are found in the SetupESL
folder on the Intergraph PV Elite DVD.
There are advantages and disadvantages to using a network ESL. The main advantage is that
many users (up to the number of licenses) have access from a variety of computers, while the
ESL is on a single server. The main disadvantage is that you cannot move the ESL between
computers in order to take the software to a remote location.
A network and several local ESLs can be used on the same network because there
i1985-2011PV Elites no network-specific version of the software. It is recommended that only 70
to 80 percent of the licenses be assigned to a network ESL. Assign the remaining 20 to 30
percent of the licenses to local ESLs. The local ESLs can then be moved between computers to
run the software at remote locations.
Novell File Server ESL Installation
If the network ESL is located on a Novell file server, the driver HASPSERV.NLM is needed.
Copy this driver to the file server into the top level SYSTEM directory. Modify the system startup
file (AUTOEXEC.NCF) to include the command LOAD HASPSERV.
You can use SYSCON (or equivalent) with Supervisor rights to perform this modification.
Novell Workstation ESL Installation
If the network ESL is located on a workstation, the driver HASPSERV.EXE is needed. Copy this
driver to the workstation. The folder location on the workstation is not important, as long as the
driver can be located at startup. Place the HASPSERV command in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file of
the workstation, after the commands which load the network drivers.
The workstation does not need to be logged in, but it must always be up and running for
you to access the ESL and open PV Elite.
Windows Server Installation
For a Windows server installation, see Nethasp.pdf and ESL_RED.txt in the SetupESL folder of
the Intergraph PV Elite DVD.

Installation


Verifying the Installed Product Program Structure
A typical PV Elite hard disk configuration is structured as follows after PV Elite completes
installation:
PVELITE: Root Installation PV Elite directory
Project #1: Data files for Project #1
Project #2: Data files for Project #2
\SYSTEM: Program database & control files
\EXAMPLES: Sample input files
Most files in the data subdirectories are identified by a user-defined filename with a given
extension. The remaining files hold data controlling the software's operati on. These files and
their description follow:
jobname.pvdb PV Elite input file
jobname.PVU Form information results file
jobname.TAB Temporary results file
jobname.T80 Results file used by the output review processor
jobname.CCI Input file for component analysis
units.FIL User units file (relating user's units and program units)
*.BIN PV Elite Material Database
UMAT1.BIN Binary file holding the user-defined materials


S E C T I O N 3
This section focuses on the workflow of the fundamental PV Elite functions:
Input - Enter information required to define the vessel, its service requirements, and its
design guidelines.
Analysis - Translate the input data with design and analysis algorithms, apply the rules of
the appropriate code or standard, and generate results.
Output - Present a comprehensive final report of the results.
PV Elite Quick Start
Before starting PV Elite, most users collect the necessary data for the vessel design or analysis.
PV Elite breaks the vessel into an assemblage of individual elementsheads, shells, cones,
body flanges, and/or a skirtand the components on these elements. Vessels are defined one
element to the next - from bottom to top for vertical vessels and from left to right for horizontal
vessels. Collecting data to define these elements before starting the program is not required but
it will make the most efficient use of the designer's time. Typical input items include actual or
proposed values for vessel material, inside diameter, operating temperatures and pressures,
wind and seismic site data, nozzle and ring location to name a few. If necessary, the input
processor can be terminated at any time and restarted later if any missing data need be
collected. With the program's graphic display of the vessel input, it is easy to recall the current
state of an unfinished model or identify where data is missing or incomplete.
1. Start PV Elite by clicking the icon on the desktop or selecting the item from Start > All
Programs.
PV Elite starts with a Vessel Input screen for the job called "Untitled."

PV Elite Workflows
PV Elite Workflows


Defining the Basic Vessel
PV Elite displays the Element Basic Data, empty graphic areas, three toolbars (File Handling,
Elements, and Details), and a button bar. Disabled items cannot be used. You should build
vertical vessels from bottom to top and horizontal vessels from left to right. It is not necessary to
build an entire vessel if only the thickness for pressure is needed. The Element Basic Data must
be specified before the first element can be placed on the screen.
1. Start with the Inside Diameter, as both the Node Numbers and the Element Type are set
by using the Element toolbar.
2. After the Basic Data is entered, elements are quickly assembled one after another by
clicking the Element toolbar and making any changes to the Basic Data.
The complete vessel is created from the following elements (in their toolbar order):
Shell
Elliptical Head
Torispherical Head
Spherical Head
Cone
Welded Flat Head
ANSI/Bolted Flange
Skirt
If the vessel begins with a skirt element, it is a vertical vessel. Vertical vessels on legs and
horizontal vessels start with a head element.
If that first head element is improperly oriented for the vessel in mind (horizontal or
vertical), click Flip to correct the orientation.
After the second element is added, the vessel can no longer be flipped between horizontal and
vertical. Later, if heads, body flanges, or cone elements show incorrect orientation, click Flip to
fix the orientation.
From Nodes and To Nodes are automatically assigned by the software; they start with node 10
and are incremented by 10 throughout the model. The element data set at the beginning of the
session carries forward from one element to the next. Any data changes on the last element
carry forward onto any new elements that are added. The element data displayed belongs to the
highlighted element in the vessel image.
1. Use the mouse to change the highlighted and displayed element by clicking on the element
of interest.
Data may be updated one element at a time but there are more efficient ways to change an
item through several elements; for example, if the circumferential weld joint efficiency for the
skirt (from node 10 to 20) is set at 0.7. If this value was not changed to 1.0 on the bottom
head as it was created, this (incorrect) value is carried from one element to the next in the
Build Mode to the top of the vessel element (such as, From Node 50 and To Node 60). In
this situation, it is easiest to change the data on the bottom head element (20 to 30), and
then click Share to "share" this item through the elements in the list with From Node 30
through From Node 50. Certain data is automatically "shared". Inside diameter, for example
is automatically changed for all elements (stopping at cones) attached to the element where
the change occurs. Some changes to the element data do not immediately appear on the
vessel image.
2. To refresh the image, press F5. For more information, refer to the Quick Start guide
available on the Help menu.
PV Elite Workflows


Building a Heat Exchanger
This section provides the workflow to build a heat exchanger. Use the following steps as an
example of how to build a heat exchanger using PV Elite.
1. Launch PV Elite.
The General Input screen displays.
2. Select an ellipsoidal head by clicking the Ellipse Head icon. To build the heat exchanger in
the horizontal orientation, click Flip Orientation .
3. Enter the information for the head exactly as shown in the figure below.
The screen should then look exactly like this when you are finished with your input.

4. Check your input before you move on. Remember to click on the text in the left column and
then start typing. The cursor automatically moves to the right column for you to begin
typing. Pressing [F1] displays the corresponding help information for that input.
5. When you are finished typing all the data, press Enter twice.
6. Click the Cylinder icon to add a cylinder to the head.
PV Elite Workflows


The screen should then look exactly like this when you are finished with your input.

7. Click the Body Flange icon to add a body flange to the right hand end of the channel shell.
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8. After adding the flange, enter all the values exactly as shown below.

9. Click the Perform Flange Calculation icon.
The Flange dialog box displays.

You must correctly dimension the flange. To do this, change the flange as it appears to a 24
inch Class 150 flange, which will fit into the heat exchanger.
10. Click the Perform Flange Calculations box.
The Flange dialog box displays.
At the bottom of the new Flange dialog box you see a section that resembles this:

PV Elite Workflows


11. Select 150 as the Class, 24 for the Nom then click ANSI Dim Lookup.
The Flange screen is now set up for the 24 inch Class 150 dimensions and bolting.
12. Verify your screen looks like the following figure:

Up to this point, you have been using the normal PV Elite vessel building techniques for
non-heat exchanger pressure vessels. You are now ready to start modeling the heat
exchanger main elements, the tubesheets, tubes, and main shell that enclose the tube
bundle.
13. Click Tubesheet Analysis . The Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input dialog displays. You
will now construct an ASME Section UHX exchanger, which requires a large amount of input
data.

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14. Select Fixed for Tubesheet Analysis Method:

15. Click the Tubesheet Properties tab and enter the following information exactly as it
displays below. For Tubesheet Type, select b Fixed Tubesheet, shell integral,
extended as flange. Also click Tubesheet Extended as Flange?.

16. Click the Tube Data tab and enter the information as it displays below.

17. Enter the pressures and temperatures for theheat exchanger to complete the tubesheet and
tubes data.
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18. Click the Load Cases tab and enter the information shown below. You can enter multiple
combinations of pressures and temperatures for heat exchangers.

19. Click OK and the Data Input screen displays.
Look at the 3D model on your screen, and it should resemble this figure.

Notice that there is no cylindrical shell between the two tubesheets. PV Elite cannot
perform tubesheet analysis unless the shell is present because the thermal load from the
shell is needed to complete this analysis. You must add the shell between the tubesheets.
Before you do this, recall that that the tubes are 60 inches long in the Heat Exchanger
dialog. This is the distance between the tubesheets. So for a good match, the outer shell
must also be 60 inches long. Also note that there are only two rows of tubes displayed.
Because of the intensive nature of 3D graphics it is impractical to show hundreds of tubes.
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20. Click the Cylindrical Shell icon to add a cylindrical shell to our model. This shell is 60
inches or 5 feet long as discussed above. Verify your entries match those below:

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21. Now, go to Tubesheet dialog and select the shell elements:

22. All that remains is to add the body flange to the right end of the heat exchanger, then
another channel shell and the final right channel head. Before doing so, your model should
look like this.

23. For the remaining steps, add other details to the elements using the commands on the
Detail toolbar. You can add details such as saddle supports, nozzles, and loads.
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The Input Processor
Input is divided into basic elements such as heads, shells, and cones. A quick look at the default
PV Elite input screen (below) shows the data defining one element. Except for From Node and
To Node, the data is common to all vessel wall thickness calculations. The From Node and To
Node inputs are necessary to assemble the individual elements into the complete vessel and
are automatically assigned by PV Elite. A complete vessel is required if all dead and live loads
are to be included in the design or analysis. However, PV Elite will run wall thickness
calculations on elements without constructing the entire vessel.

The main PV Elite window has a main menu across the top, which controls navigation through
the processor. Commands such as File, Input, Analyze, Output, and Tools may be accessed
directly from this menu at any point in the processor. In a row directly below the main menu is a
series of toolbars and buttons specific to the current screen. In the screen above, the buttons
manipulate the elements (Insert, Delete, Update), specify unique data (Material, Share), or
change the view or input method (Zoom, Layout view). The three toolbars control the data file,
add elements and add details to the current element. These toolbars and buttons may be
relocated on the screen.
The body of the screen contains either two or three areas - a table of the Element Basic Data, a
table of the Element Additional Data (when required) and the graphic area which contains an
image of the current status of the entire vessel or the current element. A status bar displays
across the bottom of the screen and displays the element count, the position and orientation of
the current element, quick internal pressure calculations for the current element.
PV Elite Workflows


Most operations are obvious when using a mouse; point to the item and click the left mouse
button to open drop down menus from the menu line, activate the button commands, pick a tool
or move control to one of the screen areas. All buttons and toolbars have tool tips, which are
activated when the mouse rests on the button.
When users click in the data area(s), the Tab key moves the highlight (and control) through its
input cells. In most element data areas, Enter registers the data and will move the focus to the
next field. The exception is at combo boxes where clicking the arrow displays the available
choices. An example of a combo box is found on the Input screen shown on the previous page
where the element is chosen from a list of available types. Throughout the program, [F1]
displays help for the highlighted data item. Once familiar with these screen controls, a
combination of mouse and keystroke commands will provide the most efficient navigation
through the program.
Some of the data input in PV Elite is controlled through a data grid. To enter the data click the
mouse on the data text, such as Inside Diameter, and type the input value. The cursor will not
blink over the numeric/alphanumeric values until typing has begun. After the data is entered,
press Enter or Tab to proceed. Arrow keys can also be used to navigate between the input
fields.
The right mouse button is used to select vessel details on the vessel graphic. Combo
boxes have the down arrow button at the right end of the input cell.
When the graphics area of the Input screen is active, a few more keys are available. No special
highlight appears, but the string PgUp/PgDn/Home/End displays at the bottom graphics area.
This indicates that these keys are now active. The image in the graphics area shows the current
state of the input for the vessel model with its elements and the details on these elements. One
element is highlighted. This is the current element and the element data (Element Basic Data
and Element Additional Data) shown on the screen defines this element. By pressing PgUp or
PgDn, the highlight changes from one element to the next through the vessel. Press the Home
and End keys to move the highlight to the first and last elements in the vessel. Clicking the left
mouse button while selecting the element will also highlight it. After an element is highlighted,
detail information for that element may be accessed. With the mouse, click the right mouse
button for the existing detail image to display. To add details to the current element, click the
appropriate detail on the toolbar and enter the necessary data.
All input processors have the same control structure with mouse and keyboard commands.
Other Input Processors
The other menu items listed under Input indicate the other types of data that may be necessary
for an analysis.

Input Menu
PV Elite Workflows


Other than the Vessel Data there are four other categories of vessel input, which must be
addressed - Component Analysis Data, Report Headings, the Vessel Design or Analysis
guidelines, and live (Wind and Seismic) load definitions. These input topics are part of the
tabbed input data view. Please note that these tabs can be organized and moved. The
Design/Analysis Constraints data is important here as this is where the overall analysis for this
vessel is defined and controlled.
Finished thickness is a required input for each vessel element but users may allow the program
to increase the element thickness so that each element passes the requirements for internal
pressure, external pressure, the combined loads of pressure, dead and live loads. Remember
that the status bar lists internal pressure information about the current element including the
required thickness. A switch is also available to locate stiffener rings on the vessel to satisfy the
external pressure requirements.
The Component Analysis Data option allows users to enter data and analyze without building
a vessel. These are Intergraph's CodeCalc analysis modules, some of which are not
incorporated directly into PV Elite. CodeCalc, Intergraph's popular vessel component analysis
package is included in PV Elite through the Component Analysis menu option.
Users can launch the input data screens by clicking the tab associated with a specific item.
Notice the tabs at the bottom of the Design/Analysis Constraints screen shown below.

Report Headings Screen

PV Elite Workflows


Design/Analysis Constraints Screen

Wind Data Screen

Seismic Data Screen
PV Elite Workflows


Adding Details
With the elements defined, enough information exists to run through the pressure calculations
but the total vessel weight is not yet set. Much of this information is specified as element details.
Nozzles, insulation, operating fluid, platforms and the like are all entered as details on the
various elements. PV Elite calculates the weight of each of these items and account for them in
the various analyses. Details such as saddles, lugs and legs are also used to locate support
points on the vesselimportant data for load calculations.
Details can only be specified on the current element. To enter the first detail, highlight (make
current) the element, which will hold the detail and click the appropriate DETAIL button. Allowing
the cursor to rest on the toolbar button displays a tool tip definition of the button. Select the
detail and enter the data in the screen that follows. Use the Help button on the detail screen or
press [F1] to learn more about the requested data. Define all details necessary to develop the
proper total vessel load.

Specifying Global Data - Loads and Design Constraints
Although default values allow the analysis to proceed, other data should be set before the
analysis continues. These data are the required live loads and design constraints, and the
optional vessel identification and report headings. These data are accessed and entered
through the Input item on the Menu Bar. The pull-down menu under Input shows the Report
Headings, Design/Analysis Constraints, and Load Cases along with the vessel and
component analysis data. The heading input allows the specification of three lines of data, which
appears at the top of each page in the printed output. The heading data also includes title page
entry, which appears at the beginning of the input echo report.
Clicking the Design Constraints tab on the floating input data grid displays the design data.
Design Data includes vessel identification along with items that affect the design and analysis of
the vessel; items such as type of hydrostatic testing and degree of radiographic examination
appear here. It is important to note that this is where the design code is set - Division 1, Division
2, PD:5500 or EN 13445.
PV Elite Workflows


The Design Modification area holds four inputs that control the redesign of the vessel should the
user-entered wall thickness be insufficient for the analyzed loads. If a box is checked, the
software increase the element's wall thickness so that it meets or exceeds the requirements for
that load category. There are four boxes for three load types: one box for internal pressure, two
boxes for external pressure (either increase the wall thickness or locate stiffener rings along the
vessel to satisfy the buckling requirements), and one box for the variety of structural loads that
develop longitudinal stresses in the vessel wall. The software provides the option of rounding up
a required thickness to a nominal value (such as the next 1/16 inch or 1 mm). Use the
Configuration item from the Utility menu on the Menu bar.
The Load Case tab displays nineteen default structural load cases for the analysis. These
cases cover the extent of structural loads on the vessel wall. Each case contains a pressure
component (axial) 1, a weight component (both axial and bending), and a live load component
(bending). The axial stresses are combined with the bending stresses to produce a total stress
in the vessel wall. Both tensile and compressive stresses are compared to their allowable limits.
Refer to the table and screen image below for a definition of terms used in the Load Case input.
These pressure calculations should not be confused with those used for the wall thickness
requirements defined in ASME Section VIII and PD:5500. Here, internal and hydrostatic
pressures are used to calculate a longitudinal, tensile stress in the vessel wall and the external
pressure a similar compressive stress in the wall.
The fourth area, Nozzle Design Options, is used to set the overall pressure requirements for the
nozzles on this vessel and also to include the maximum allowable pressure - new and cold
(MAP nc) case in the nozzle checks. There is also a button on this screen named Installation |
Misc. Options. Clicking this button displays a screen that allows the user to specify where
certain vessel details will be added - either at the fabrication shop or in the field. This data is
used to properly set the detail weights for the empty and operating conditions.
Pressure Weight Live Load
NP - No Pressure EW - Empty Weight WI - Wind
IP - Internal Pressure OW - Operating Weight EQ - Earthquake
EP - External Pressure HW - Hydrostatic Weight HI - Wind at Hydrostatic Weight
conditions
HP - Hydrostatic Pressure CW - Empty Weight No CA HE - Earthquake at Hydrostatic
Weight conditions
VF - Vortex Shedding Filled
VO - Vortex Shedding Operating
VE - Vortex Shedding Empty
WE - Wind Bending Empty New and
Cold
WF - Wind Bend Filled New and Cold
CW - Axial Weight Stress New and
Cold
FS - Axial Stress, Seismic
PW - Axial Stress Wind
PV Elite Workflows


PV Elite Workflows


Wind and earthquake information can be entered by clicking the Wind Data or Seismic Data
tabs. PV Elite generates live loads based on the criteria established by one of many standards,
including the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the Uniform Building Code (UBC), the
(Canadian) National Building Code (NBC), and the Indian National Standard. Wind loads may
also be specified directly by the user as a wind pressure profile. PV Elite references these codes
for live loads only. ASME Section VIII or PD:5500 rules apply for all other calculations. The
screen below shows the data required for the default codes. PV Elite uses these criteria to set
the magnitude of the live load and bending moment on each element of the vessel.

After the element, detail, and global data is entered and checked, the model is ready for error
processing and analysis.
Error Checking
The input processor makes many data consistency checks during the input session. For
example, the processor creates an error message if you try to specify a nozzle 20 feet from the
bottom of a 10-foot shell element. Not all data can be confirmed on input. For that reason, a
general error processor is executed prior to the analysis. This error processor can be run in a
stand-alone mode as well. The error checker may be accessed from the Analyze menu. In
addition to the notes that are presented on the screen during error checking, these error
messages appear in the output report and are accessible through the output review processor.
As with all engineering and designing, the vessel analyst must use common sense to
insure the model is basically correct. This is a great advantage of the 3D graphics as it reveals
obvious errors.

PV Elite Workflows


Analysis
PV Elite can be used to confirm a safe design for a proposed or existing vessel. The program
also provides direct design capabilities with which the wall thickness of individual elements is
increased to meet the code requirements for internal and external pressure and longitudinal
stress from a variety of dead and live loads. Whether or not the program changes wall thickness
during the analysis is controlled through a Design/Analysis Constraint specification under
Design Modification. For more information see Design/Analysis Constraints. A simple analysis
run (no design) occurs when the flags for Select t for ... are all unchecked. If any of these boxes
are checked, the program will automatically increase the wall thickness until the constraint is
satisfied. The user's input in the resulting output report is automatically updated to reflect any
changes made during the analysis. In addition to wall thickness, a fourth flag can be set - Select
Stiffener Rings for External Pressure. In this case, rather than increasing the wall thickness,
stiffener rings are located along the vessel to satisfy the external pressure requirements. As with
the wall thickness changes, these stiffener rings are added to the model input for this analysis.
PV Elite analyzes each element to determine the required wall thickness for internal and
external pressure based on the Section VIII Division 1 rules, Division 2, PD:5500 or EN-13445
rules. The program then calculates the longitudinal stresses in the wall due to four categories of
vessel loads: pressure, deadweight, deadweight moments from vessel attachments or applied
loads, and moments due to the live loads - wind and earthquake. These four categories are set
for three different load conditions: empty, operating, and hydrotest. The sensible combination of
these various categories and conditions produce the default set of 19 load cases that are found
in the Design/Analysis Constraints processor. For each load case, PV Elite will calculate the
maximum longitudinal stress around the circumference of the elements and compare these
values to the allowable stress for the material, both tensile and compressive. If stresses in the
vessel wall exceed the design limits, PV Elite will proceed according to the design modification
settings in the input.
After the software finishes a pass through the analysis, a check is made for any program design
modifications. If PVElite changed any data, then the program automatically re-runs the complete
analysis to review the impact of the changes.
There are several additional analysis controls that should be reviewed here. These controls,
however, are more general in nature and are not defined for the individual job. Instead, these
seven computational control directives are set for all jobs executed in the Data sub-directory.
These controls are viewed and modified through the Tools menu item on the Main Menu. Click
Configuration to display the Setup Parameters dialog.

Performing the Analysis
The pull down menu under Analyze on the Menu Bar shows two options - Error Check Only
and Analyze. Use the Error Check Only option immediately after any questionable data is
entered.
Analyze automatically performs an Error Check before the analysis starts. Comments from an
Error Check may be examined through the Review function under Output on the Menu Bar
(discussed below).
Errors must be corrected before the analysis can proceed.
As the analysis proceeds, PV Elite displays the step or component being analyzed. If any
Design Modifications were set (such as Select Wall Thickness for Internal Pressure), PV Elite
resets the thickness to the necessary value and exports these increased thicknesses to all
output reports and in all other calculations. For example, if the user-entered wall thickness of 1/2
inch is insufficient for the load and the design flag is enabled, the program will calculate the
PV Elite Workflows


required thickness (for example, 5/8 inch) and replace the user-entered input value (1/2) in the
output report with the calculated required thickness (here, 5/8). The program does not change
the original model data. PV Elite will check the element wall thicknesses for the various pressure
cases (internal, external, and hydrostatic) and then assemble the axial and bending loads to
construct each load case defined in the Global Design data. PV Elite will also calculate the
longitudinal stress on both sides of the vessel (for example, both windward and leeward for
loads with wind) and compare the calculated stresses with the allowable stresses, both tensile
and compressive. PV Elite will display the windward or leeward side stress, which is closest by
ratio to the allowable limit, again either tension or compression.
After the analysis is complete, the Review processor displays the results of the analysis on the
screen.
Design and Analysis of Vessel Details
At this point in the analysis the vessel details have been defined only so that their weights could
be included in vessel calculations. With the structural analysis of the vessel complete and the
wall thickness set, vessel details can be evaluated.
To access the Input Processor for these vessel details, use the pull down menu under Input and
select Component Analysis Data. This will bring up the processor from which the component is
selected and defined.
Component Selection Screen from the Component Pull-down Menu:

PV Elite Workflows


WRC 107 Input Screen:

WRC 107 Results:

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Analyzing Individual Vessel Components Details
PV Elite provides for the analysis of a variety of vessel components that are not included in the
overall vessel analysis: Appendix Y Flanges, Floating Heads, Lifting Lug, Pipe & Pad, WRC 107
and 297, Thin Joints, Thick Joints, ASME Tubesheets, TEMA Tubesheets, Halfpipe Jackets,
Large Openings, and Rectangular Vessels. To enter the component data select Component
Analysis Data from the Input Menu. On the Component screen select a component type from
the Component Menu and build the input for the analysis. Each component, after it is entered,
may be analyzed and reviewed by selecting Analyze from the Tools Menu.

PV Elite Workflows


Component Analysis Menu

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Component Analysis Shell/Head Input Screen

Shell/Head Results

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Output Review and Report Generation
PV Elite output is stored in a binary data file having the same name as the input file but with the
extension of ".T80", which requires interpretation by a processor. In PV Elite this processor is
called Output. Output is invoked at the end of the analysis and may also be accessed directly
from the Output item on the Menu Bar. Review lists every report contained in the output from
input echo through stress reports. One or more reports are selected by highlighting their titles
through mouse clicks. Reports can be reviewed on the screen or sent to a printer or file by using
the appropriate toolbar button. Note that the screens are configurable and the default position
for the Report List is on the left side of the screen.
After the output file is created, it can be examined through the Review item under the Output
option from the Main Menu. Each analysis module creates its own report in the output file. The
reports of interest are selected with the mouse and can be sent to the screen, a printer or a file.
Most of the reports take the form of tables with the rows related to the elements and the
columns holding the values such as thickness, MAWP, and stress.

These are some reports available from PV Elite. Depending on the type, position, geometry
and configuration settings the list of reports will vary.
Step 0 Vessel Element Error Checking
Cover Cover Sheet
Title Title Page
Step 1 Vessel Input Echo
Step 2 XY Coordinate Calculations
Step 3 Internal Pressure Calculations
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Step 4 External Pressure Calculations
Step 5 Weight of Elements & Details
Step 6 ANSI Flange MAWP
Step 7 Natural Frequency Calculations
Step 8 Forces & Moments Applied to Vessel
Step 9 Wind Load Calculation
Step 10 Earthquake Load Calculation
Step 11 Wind and Earthquake Shear, Bending
Step 12 Wind Deflection
Step 13 Longitudinal Stress Constants
Step 14 Longitudinal Allowable Stresses
Step 15 Longitudinal Stresses Due to Load Components
Step 16 Stress Due to Combined Loads
Step 17 Basering Calculations
Step 18 Center of Gravity Calculation
Cone 1-N Conical Sections
Nozl 1-N Nozzle Calculations
Step 20 Nozzle Schedule
Step 21 Nozzle Summary
Step 22 Vessel Design Summary

PV Elite Workflows


Recording the Model - Plotting the Vessel Image
At any point during the input process a standard PCX file with the vessel image is available
through the Output item on the Menu Bar. This file can then be incorporated into reports or
printed directly (on all printers) through most Microsoft Windows packages with graphics
capabilities (such as Microsoft's Word for Windows or Paintbrush). Examples of the graphic
dump and screen dump appear below following the illustration of the pull-down menu under File.
Note that the 3D graphic can also be plotted. Click on the background of the 3D window before
pressing the print button.

The vessel graphic may also be sent directly to the printer by clicking Print on the File menu.
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Graphics to PCX
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DXF File Generation Option
As of Version 4.00 PV Elite provides an option to write out Data Interchange Files (3 all
together). This type of file is termed a DXF file. The DXF file is a text file that contains
commands for generating a 2D CAD drawing of the vessel. This drawing is on a one to one
scale and the border and text are scaled by the diameter conversion constant and the scale
factor generated by the program or typed in be the user. Many popular drawing programs such
as AutoCad and MicroStation read and process these files. The DXF files produced by PV
Elite are release 12 compatible. Any version of AutoCad including release 12 and after should
be able to read the DXF file.
Three files will be produced: the vessel drawing, the nozzle schedule, and the Bill of Material.
The files will be written in the directory where the input file for the vessel file is located. These
files are written at the end of the program's calculation execution. Please note that nearly every
individual has his/her own way of drafting. A conscious effort was made not to be too specific.
This approach allows the drafter to take the vessel drawing file and edit it as necessary.
PV Elite Workflows


Setting Up the Required Parameters
For PV Elite to generate these files, you must instruct it to do so by clicking Export to DXF File
on the Auxiliary toolbar. Optionally, you can use File > Export > Vessel Geometry to R12
DXF File to set this option. If the scale factor is not set, the DXF Options dialog appears
prompting for the scale factor and any other necessary options. These options should be
entered after the vessel has been completely modeled because the scaling factor is based on
the overall height and length of the vessel. It is best to check the scaling factor at the conclusion
of the data input and before the model is analyzed. The DXF Options are available on Tools >
Configuration > DXF Options tab.
Create a Default Border - Select to put a border around the drawing. The border style differs
based on the border size. You can create your own border styles. The borders are located in the
PV Elite\System folder. They are named ANSI_A.txt and so fourth. These text files are
essentially the core of ACAD Release 12 DXF files. See the user border creation section for
more information.
Create a Nozzle Schedule - Select to create a Nozzle Schedule. The nozzle schedule contains
information pertaining to the size and thickness of nozzles, their mark number and the necessity
of reinforcing.
Create a Bill of Material - Select to generate a Bill of Material for the major components of the
vessel, such as shells, heads, and conical sections.
OD Lines Shown Only - Normally the DXF file will contain ID as well as OD lines for the major
shell sections. If you do not want to see the ID lines, then check this box.
Show Dimensions - Select if you want tail dimensions for the major shell courses. The element
diameters and thicknesses are shown in the BOM.
Drawing Size - Select A, B, C or D. Each size has a different style.
Scale Factor - Enter the scale factor. We recommend letting the program select this value by
clicking Compute and Insert Scale Factor. We then recommend rounding up to the nearest
typical scale factor.

User Border Creation
In order to do the following, you must use Windows Explorer, AutoCad, and Notepad.
1. Start AutoCAD and open your border. The border should be ANSI standard dimensions 8
by 11 and so fourth scaled for the non-printable area of the paper.
2. After the border drawing is open, save it as a release 12 DXF file.
3. After the file has been saved it will be necessary to edit it with a text editor such as Notepad.
Because the main drawing will have a DXF header, it will be necessary to delete the one in
the border drawing. The DXF header ends on about line 960 with the word Entities. Delete
through this line.
4. Next delete the last four lines in the file. This is the end of file marker.
5. Save the file with a txt extension.
6. Next rename the file in the PV Elite\System folder that you will be replacing. We suggest
putting a new extension on it.
7. Save/Copy your border in the PV Elite\System folder and then rename it replacing our
default border. You should now have new ANSI_?.txt file in the PV Elite\System
subdirectory.
Review our border drawing text files before you start. Note that the border drawings must not
contain any block attributes. These are not supported in our current implementation.
PV Elite Workflows


DXF File Generated by PV Elite During Runtime
If you have a drawing tool on your computer that supports DXF files, PV Elite can invoke it
directly. On the Analyze toolbar, click the blue button. If the button is active, the DXF file for this
job was created during the last run. Clicking the button will submit the file to Windows, which will
launch your drawing tool. If the input is altered, the analysis must be run in order to generate a
new DXF file.

PV Elite Workflows



S E C T I O N 4
In This Section
File Menu.................................................................................... 51
Input Menu ................................................................................. 54
View Menu .................................................................................. 57
Details Menu............................................................................... 59
Auxiliary Menu ............................................................................ 192
Analyze Menu ............................................................................. 193
Output Menu ............................................................................... 193
Tools Menu ................................................................................. 195
3D Menu ..................................................................................... 220
Diagnostics Menu ....................................................................... 221
Esl Menu .................................................................................... 221
Help Menu .................................................................................. 222

File Menu
Controls general operations of PV Elite files. The following commands are available on the File
menu:
New (on page 52) Creates a new .pvi file.
Open (on page 52) Opens an existing .pvi file.
Save (on page 52) Saves the open .pvi file
Save As (on page 52) Saves the open .pvi file with a new name.
Export (on page 52) Exports the open .pvi file to a .pcx or .dxf file.
Import (on page 53) Not used in this release.
Print (on page 53) Prints the graphics in the open file.
Print Preview (on page 53) Displays the print on screen.
Print Setup (on page 53) Selects a printer and printer options.
Print in Color (on page 53) Prints in color when Print or Print Preview is clicked.
1,2,3,4,... Displays recently-opened files. Select a file to open
Exit (on page 53) Closes the software.

Menus
Menus


New
Click File > New or New on the Standard toolbar. Select a specification (ASME Section
VIII-Division 1, ASME Section VIII-Division 2, British Standard PD:5500, or EN-13445) and a
new PV Elite input (.pvi) file opens.

Open
Click File > Open or Open on the Standard toolbar. Select a file to open in the Open dialog
box.

Save
Click File > Save or Save on the Standard toolbar to save a file. When you save a file for
the first time, the Save As dialog box appears so that you can name the file.

Save As
Click File > Save As to save a save the open file with a different name .The Save As dialog box
appears.
Export
Select one of the following:
Graphic to PCX FIle - Click File > Export > Graphic to PCX File to send the vessel
graphics to a .PCX file. This file can be printed at a later date or added to other documents.
The .PCX file is created in the same folder and with the same name as the .PVI file.
Screen to PCX File - Click File > Export > Screen to PCX File to send a snapshot of the
entire screen to a .PCX file.The .PCX file is created in the same folder and with the same
name as the .PVI file.

Menus


Import
This command is not used in this release.

Print
Click File > Print or Print the Sketch on the Standard toolbar to print the vessel graphics.
Options are available for print range, number of copies, and other printing characteristics.
You must install and select a printer before you use this command. For more information,
see Windows Help.

Print Preview
Click File > Print Preview to display a sample of the vessel graphics as they appear when
printed.
The preview displays in the right pane, replacing the graphics view, with the following
commands at the top:
Print - Opens the Print dialog box.
Next Page - Previews the next printed page.
Prev Page - Previews the previous printed page.
One Page / Two Page - Toggles the display between one or two printed pages at a time.
Zoom In - Increases the display size of the printed page.
Zoom Out - Decreases the display size of the printed page.
Close - Closes the print preview and returns to the graphics view.

Print Setup
Click File > Print Setup to select a printer and printer options in the Print Setup dialog box.

Print in Color
Select to print in color when Print or Print Preview is clicked.

Exit
Closes the open file and exits the software. If you have changed data since the file was last
saved, or if you have not saved a new file, the Save As dialog box appears and the software
prompts you to save your changes.
Menus


Input Menu
Controls data for vessel elements. The following commands are available on the Input menu:
Vessel Data Enter data for a vessel element. For more information, see
Vessel Data (General Input Tab) (on page 233).
Report Headings Enter page heading text and cover sheet text for reports.
For more information, see Report Headings (Heading Tab)
(on page 295).
Design/Analysis
Constraints
Enter data such as pressures and temperatures, hydrotest
data, and wall thicknesses. For more information, see
Design/Analysis Constraints (Design Constraints Tab) (on
page 297).
Load Cases Enter stress combination and nozzle pressure load cases. For more
information, see Load Cases (Load Cases Tab) (on page 305).
Wind Loads Select a wind design code and enter data required by that code. For
more information, see Wind Loads (Wind Data Tab) (on page 315).
Seismic Loads Select a seismic design code and enter data required by that code.
For more information, see Seismic Loads (Seismic Data Tab) (on
page 351).
Component Analysis
Data
Opens CodeCalc software. For more information, see Component
Analysis Data (on page 54).
Display the List
Dialog
Opens the Detail Listing dialog box. For more information, see
Display the List Dialog (on page 55).

Component Analysis Data
Click Input > Component Analysis Data or Component Analysis on the Input toolbar to
open CodeCalc and perform analyses separate from the PV Elite model. You can perform
analyses such as local loads on nozzles and tubesheet calculations. For more information, see
CodeCalc Help.
Menus


Display the List Dialog
Opens the Detail Listing dialog box, where you add details for platforms, nozzles, weights,
packing, forces/moments, and pressure rings. You can also click List Dialog on the
Auxiliary toolbar.

The location of the detail can be specified from the datum position. Select the type of detail to
edit by clicking its tab. Enter the needed data for each row. Press + to add a row.
The software automatically assigns the value for From Node.
Description is a mandatory value. If it is not entered, the software ignores the row and the data
is lost.
All other data must be entered as required.
Rows of data can be duplicated from one row to the next. Click on the listing number of the item
to copy to highlight the row. Copy the row and paste it to a blank row. Change any data that
might be different for that detail.
Adjust detail elevations by - Enter a value to shift the position of all details by the specified
elevation distance. A negative value will move details down or left. A positive value moves
the details up or right. This option is useful when all of the details such as rings, nozzles, and
trays need to be adjusted by a specified amount. This may happen if an element is inserted
into the model after it has been completed and the detail elevations need to be kept
constant.
If the adjustment moves a detail (such as a tray) into an element (such as a body
flange), the software does not allow this, and the detail is lost and cannot be recovered.
Menus


But only for "From" nodes > or = - Enter the From Node number where you would like
the change in position to start. All details on this element and the following elements are
affected. A value of zero affects all elements.
Menus


View Menu
The following commands are available on the View menu:
Toolbars - Click to display or hide the toolbars. A check appears next to a toolbar when it is
displayed. The following toolbars are available:
Standard (see "Standard Toolbar" on page 225)
Element (see "Element Toolbar" on page 226)
Detail (see "Details Toolbar" on page 227)
Input (see "Input Toolbar" on page 228)
Utilities (see "Utilities Toolbar" on page 228)
Auxiliary (see "Auxiliary Toolbar" on page 229)
Analyze (see "Analyze Toolbar" on page 230)
Units/Code (see "Units/Code Toolbar" on page 230)
3D Graphics (see "3D Graphics Toolbar" on page 230)
Customize - Opens the Customize dialog box where you personalize toolbars and menus.
Status Bar - Click to display or hide the status bar at the bottom of the software wi ndow. A
check appears next to Status Bar when it is displayed. The status bar displays information
about the selected vessel element.

Split - Click to split the graphics view into two panes: a 2D view and a 3D view. Drag the mouse
left and right in the graphics view to the needed location of the split and click to set the split
location.

Model in 3D - Shows or hides 3D in the graphics view. You can also click Flip to 3D View
on the Auxiliary toolbar. For more information see Model in 3D (on page 57).

Model in 3D
Click View > Model in 3D or Flip to 3D View on the Auxiliary toolbar to show or hide 3D in
the graphics view.
The 3D viewer shows the actual vessel geometry in three dimensions. In addition to showing the
outer surfaces, the model can also be viewed in wire frame and hidden line mode. Different
shading modes such as flat shaded, Gourard and Phong are supported. Other operations, such
as panning, zooming and model rotation are also supported. You can also double-click on
various details to display that detail's dialog box.
Right-click anywhere on the 3D view to display a floating menu where several commands can
be executed. These same commands are also active from the 3D menu . The toolbar for
performing some basic operations appears on the right side of the software window. for more
information, see 3D Menu (on page 220).
The commands on the 3D Graphics toolbar are also available. For more information, see 3D
Graphics Toolbar (on page 230).
When in 3D viewing mode, the dialog box for a detail can be requested by double-clicking
on a detail. It may be necessary to first click Select by Click.


Details Menu
Controls data for vessel details. The following commands are available on the Details menu and
the Details toolbar.

Stiffening Ring - Add stiffening rings on the selected cylinder
element. For more information, see Stiffening Ring (on page 63).

Nozzle - Add nozzles on the selected cylinder or head element. For
more information, see Nozzle (on page 66).

Weight - Add piping and miscellaneous weight added to the selected
cylinder or head element. For more information, see Weight (on page
106).

Force and Moment - Add external forces and moments to the
selected cylinder or head element. For more information, see Force
and Moment (on page 108).

Platform - Add a platform to the selected element. For more
information, see Platform (on page 109).

Packing - Add packing to the selected element. For more information,
see Packing (on page 112).

Saddle - Add saddles to the selected horizontal cylinder element. For
more information, see Saddle (on page 114).

Tray - Add a set of equally spaced trays to the selected vertical
cylinder element. For more information, see Tray (on page 121).

Lug - Add support lugs to the selected vertical cylinder element. For
more information, see Lug (on page 122).

Legs - Add support legs to the selected vertical cylinder element. For
more information, see Legs (on page 125).

Liquid - Add liquid data to the selected element. For more information,
see Liquid (on page 130).

Insulation - Add insulation to the selected element. For more
information, see Insulation (on page 133).

Lining - Add lining to the selected element. For more information, see
Lining (on page 134).

Halfpipe Jacket - Add half pipe jackets to the selected cylinder
element. For more information, see Halfpipe Jacket (on page 135).

Tubesheet - Add a tubesheet to the selected element. For more
information, see Tubesheet (on page 138).

Generic Clip - Add a clip to the selected element. For more
information, see Generic Clip (on page 176).

Lifting Lug Data - Add lugs to the selected element. For more
information, see Lifting Lug Data (on page 180).
Menus


Add a Detail
Details are assigned to elements using the commands on the Details toolbar or the Details
menu:
1. Select an element in the graphics view.
2. Click the needed command on the Details toolbar or the Details menu.
The dialog box for the command displays.
3. Enter the needed information and click OK.
The detail is added to the element and displays in the graphics view.

Menus


Modify a Detail
To modify one or more existing details:
1. In the graphic view, click an element having the existing detail that you want to modify.
2. Click the needed command on the Details toolbar.
The dialog box for the command displays.
3. If there is only one detail, make the needed changes and click OK.
4. If there is more than one detail, click Previous or Go To Next to modify the needed detail.
In the graphic view, you can also right-click a detail on the selected element to directly
open the dialog box for the detail.

Common Detail Parameters
The following fields appear in the dialog box for most details.
From Node - Displays the From Node for the selected element. The From Node is the
software-generated node number describing the starting location of the element. The value
cannot be modified.
Distance from "From" Node - Enter the axial or longitudinal distance from the From Node to
the detail at the following locations:
Detail Location
Stiffening Ring Centerline of the first ring.
Nozzle Centerline of the nozzle.
If the nozzle is located in a head, then enter the distance from the head
centerline. This dimension should always be entered if it is not zero.

Weight Point at which the weight acts.
Force and Moment Point at which the force or moment acts.
Platform Bottom of the platform.
Packing Start of the packed section.
Menus


Detail Location
Saddle Vertical centerline of the saddle.

Tray Bottom of the lowest tray.

Lug Centroid of the lug attachment weld.
Legs Centroid of the leg attachment weld.
The software uses the value of Overall Length of Legs when
performing AISC unity checks.
Liquid Start of the liquid section.
Insulation Start of the insulated section.
Lining Start of the lined section.
Halfpipe Jacket The distance that the jacket starts from the circumferential seam of this
element. This value, in conjunction with Length Along Shell of Jacket
Section, is used to determine the weight of the jacket.
Menus


Detail Location
Tubesheet The distance from the shell to the outer face of the nearer tubesheet.

Generic Clip Center of the clip.
Lifting Lug For a vertical vessel, the centroid of the weld group. For example, the
base of the lug + 1/2 the weld distance (wl) on the side of the lug.
If the vessel is horizontal, enter the distance from the left end or tangent
of the vessel to the center of each of the two lugs.
Appendix 9 Jacket Bottom of the jacket.
Detail Description - Enter an alpha-numeric string to identify the detail. This must be a unique
value compared to all other detail descriptions on the vessel. A consistent naming convention is
recommended. For example, use the From Node number with an alphabetical extension
showing the detail type and the number of details, such as the following descriptions when 10 is
the From Node: 10 NOZ A, 10 INS, 10 RIN 1 of 12, or 10 Saddle A.

Stiffening Ring
Click Details > Stiffening Ring or Ring on the Details toolbar to add one or more stiffening
rings to the selected cylinder element.
The Stiffening Ring dialog box displays.
As stiffening ring data is entered, the software automatically calculates the required inertias,
except when the ring is at a cone-to-cylinder junction. For bar rings, the software sizes a new
ring based on a default thickness of 0.375 inches or the element value entered for Bar
thickness to use when designing new rings on the Equipment Installation and
Miscellaneous Options Dialog Box of the Load Cases tab.
The maximum length between stiffeners is shown on the Status Bar as Slen. A Slen
value of >>> means that this element does not require a reinforcing ring for external pressure
purposes.
Previous Ring - If you created more than one ring on the element, click to go back to the
previous ring .
Go To Next Ring - If you created more than one ring on the element, click to go to the next ring.
Add New Ring - Click to add a new ring to the shell or head element.
Delete - Deletes all data for the current ring.
Common Detail Parameters (on page 61)
Ring Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most of
the materials in ASME Code, Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B, and 3. Matl... allows a material to
Menus


be selected directly from the Material Database Dialog Box (on page 407). To modify the
material properties of the selected element, click to open the Material Properties Dialog Box
(on page 433). Doing so only changes the properties of this element for this analysis. It does not
modify the database.
Ring Location - Select the location of the ring. Select ID if the ring is on the inside diameter of
the cylinder. Select OD if the ring is on the outside diameter of the cylinder. OD is the most
common selection.
Ring Type - Select Bar Type for a flat bar stiffener ring. Select Section Type for a more
complex structural cross-section.
For Bar Type, click Check "Standard" Bars. The Bar Selection dialog box displays, where
you select the flat bar size, and enter values for Axial Thickness and Radial Width. Bar type
stiffeners have a simple rectangular cross section and the software calculates the ring properties
based on the width and thickness of the ring. Most stiffeners are bar type.
For Section Type, select a standard cross-section in Choose a Section or click Section
Calculator to create a custom fabricated section. You need the following properties for the
section: Moment of Inertia, Cross Sectional Area, and Distance to Ring Centroid. The
software provides these values for standard cross-sections. You must enter the values for a
custom section, as defined in the AISC Steel Construction Manual.
Inside Diameter - Enter the inside diameter of the stiffening ring. This value is usually equal to
the outside diameter of the vessel shell (when OD is selected for Ring Location), except for the
less common case of a stiffening ring on the inside of the vessel (when ID is selected for Ring
Location).This value is used both to calculate the weight of the ring and the stiffness of the ring
for external pressure purposes. This entry is only available when Bar Type is selected for Ring
Type.
Thickness - Enter the axial thickness of the stiffening ring. This value is used to calculate the
weight of the ring and the stiffness of the ring for external pressure purposes. This entry is only
available when Bar Type is selected for Ring Type.
Outside Diameter - Enter the outside diameter of the stiffening ring. This value is usually
greater than the outside diameter of the vessel shell (when OD is selected for Ring Location),
except for the less common case of a stiffening ring on the inside of the vessel (when ID is
selected for Ring Location).This value is used to calculate both the weight of the ring and the
stiffness of the ring for external pressure purposes. This entry is only available when Bar Type
is selected for Ring Type.
Structural Database - Select the structural specification database to use for cross-sections.
This entry is only available when Section Type is selected for Ring Type.
Moment of Inertia - Displays the moment of inertia of the stiffening ring about its neutral axis
from the specification selected for Structural Database, when a standard section is selected for
Choose a Section. If you created a custom section using Section Calculator, enter a value
according to the selected specification. The software uses this value to determine the adequacy
of the ring for external pressure calculations, and for conical calculations according to Appendix
1 of the ASME Code. This entry is only available when Section Type is selected for Ring Type.
Cross Sectional Area - Displays the cross sectional area of the stiffening ring from the
specification selected for Structural Database, when a standard section is selected for Choose
a Section. If you created a custom section using Section Calculator, enter a value according to
the selected specification. This entry is only available when Section Type is selected for Ring
Type.
Distance to Ring Centroid - Displays the distance from the surface of the shell to the ring
centroid from the specification selected for Structural Database, when a standard section is
selected for Choose a Section. If you created a custom section using Section Calculator,
Menus


enter a value according to the selected specification. This entry is only available when Section
Type is selected for Ring Type.
Section Ring Height - Displays the depth of the cross-section from the specification selected
for Structural Database, when a standard section is selected for Choose a Section. If you
created a custom section using Section Calculator, enter a value according to the selected
specification. This entry is only available when Section Type is selected for Ring Type.
Section Name - Displays the section name from the specification selected for Structural
Database, when a standard section is selected for Choose a Section. If you created a custom
section using Section Calculator, enter a name. This entry is only available when Section
Type is selected for Ring Type.
Choose a Section - Select a section type and a section size:

I - Beam
W Section

Channel

WT Section
MT Section
ST Section
(strong axis out)

Angle
(weak axis out)

Angle
(strong axis out)

Double Angle
(weak axis out)

Double Angle
(strong axis out)

WT Section
MT Section
ST Section
(weak axis out)
Ring Fillet Weld Leg Size - Enter the size of the leg of the ring fillet weld.
Ring Attachment Style - Select the type of fillet weld. Select Intermittent, Continuous, or
Both.
Number of Rings to Add - Enter the number of rings to place on the cylinder element.
Menus


Ring Spacing - Enter the ring spacing. The first ring is placed at the distance entered for
Distance from "From" Node. The rest of the rings are placed after the first ring by the Ring
Spacing increment. If you are adding one ring, a value is not needed.

Cone to Shell Junction Ring? - Select to attach the ring at the junction of the cone and
cylinder elements. In this case, the software does not design the ring for external pressure
considerations, but considers it for junction reinforcement according to App. 1-5 and 1-8 (Div. 1)
or AD 360.3 (Div. 2).

Nozzle
Click Details > Nozzle or Nozzle Input on the Details toolbar to add a nozzle to the
selected cylinder or head element.
The Nozzle Input/Analysis dialog box displays.
Nozzles add to the total dead weight of the vessel and are used to evaluate the maximum
allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the vessel and flange.
Previous Nozzle - If you created more than one nozzle on the element, click to go back to the
previous nozzle.
Go To Next Nozzle - If you created more than one nozzle on the element, click to go to the next
nozzle.
Add New Nozzle - Click to add a new nozzle to the shell or head element.
Delete - Deletes all data for the current nozzle.
Plot - Click to open the Nozzle Graphics dialog box. A cross-section view of the nozzle design
is shown.
Menus


Nozzle Attachment - Select the type of nozzle:

Inserted nozzle with reinforcing pad

Inserted nozzle without reinforcing pad

Abutting nozzle with reinforcing pad

Abutting nozzle without reinforcing pad

Heavy Barrel Type, HB

Type F connection
FVC Catalog - Select FVC Catalogue to select a nozzle from the Forged Vessel Connections
catalog. For more information about FVC, see http://www.forgedvesselconn.com/
(http://www.forgedvesselconn.com/).
Nominal Diameter - Select the nominal diameter that you need.
Flange Class - Select the pressure rating that you need.
Connection Type - Select the connection type that you need.
Overall Length Oal - Enter the length that you need from the surface of the vessel to the
flange face.
Nozzle does not have a "Nut Relief" - Select if the nozzle does not have a nut relief.
Select Now - Loads the FVC nozzle data from the catalog into the main Nozzle Input dialog
box.

Coupling Lookup - Select Coupling Lookup to find coupling properties for the nozzle. Select
the pressure rating and the diameter, and then click Select Now.
Just Like - Select to place another nozzle just like an existing nozzle.
Nozzle Description - Enter an alpha-numeric string to identify the detail. This must be a unique
When using ASME VIII - 1, a special directive is available for small nozzles. If the text
directive #SN is placed anywhere in the description, the software calculates the areas and
MAWP of this nozzle connection. This directive overrides the global directive set in Tools >
Configuration. It may be necessary to use this directive when required by UG-36. This
paragraph in the code defines a small nozzle.
Nozzle Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most
of the materials in ASME Code, Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B, and 3. Matl... allows a material
to be selected directly from the Material Database Dialog Box (on page 407). To modify the
Menus


Schedule - Specify the thickness of the nozzle by selecting the schedule of the nozzle neck
pipe. Acceptable schedules are:
SCH 5S
SCH 10
SCH 10S
SCH 20
SCH 30
SCH 40
SCH 40S
SCH 60
SCH 80
SCH 5S
SCH 10
SCH 10S
SCH 20
SCH 30
SCH 40
SCH 40S
SCH 60
SCH 80
SCH 80S
SCH 100
SCH 120
SCH 140
SCH 160
SCH STD
SCH X-STG
SCH XX-STG

DIN schedules are also available.
All schedules of pipe may not have a corresponding diameter associated. In this case, the
software displays an error stating the thickness of the nozzle was not found.
Specify the thickness of the nozzle by selecting the schedule of the nozzle neck pipe.
Acceptable schedules are:
SCH 5S
SCH 10
SCH 10S
SCH 20
SCH 30
SCH 40
SCH 40S
SCH 60
SCH 80
SCH 5S
SCH 10
SCH 10S
SCH 20
SCH 30
SCH 40
SCH 40S
SCH 60
SCH 80
SCH 80S
SCH 100
SCH 120
SCH 140
SCH 160
SCH STD
SCH X-STG
SCH XX-STG

Menus


Specify the thickness of the nozzle by selecting the schedule of the nozzle neck pipe.
Acceptable schedules are:
SCH 5S
SCH 10
SCH 10S
SCH 20
SCH 30
SCH 40
SCH 40S
SCH 60
SCH 80
SCH 5S
SCH 10
SCH 10S
SCH 20
SCH 30
SCH 40
SCH 40S
SCH 60
SCH 80
SCH 80S
SCH 100
SCH 120
SCH 140
SCH 160
SCH STD
SCH X-STG
SCH XX-STG

Diameter Enter the actual diameter of the nozzle when Actual is selected for Thickness Basis.
Enter the nominal diameter, or click to select a diameter when Nominal or Minimum is
selected for Thickness Basis. Values are given in English units and must be multiplied by the
diameter conversion constant so that the software arrives at the correct diameter when it
calculates the English value of the diameter. Valid English-unit nominal diameters range from
0.125 to 30.0 inches.
Dia. Basis - Select the type of diameter to use for the element. Select ID for the inside diameter.
Select OD for the outside diameter. ID and OD are available for ASME Division 1. Only OD is
available for ASME VIII-1.
The ASME code provides different equations for required thickness based on whether
the geometry is specified on ID or OD. By using the ID basis, the software computes a thinner
required thickness, Tr, for the nozzle, such as in high-pressure, thick-wall geometries.
Thickness Basis - Select the thickness basis:
Actual - The software uses the actual values entered for Diameter and Actual Thk. Select
this value if the nozzle is fabricated from plate.
Nominal - The software uses Diameter as the nominal diameter and looks up the actual
diameter. The software also looks up the nominal thickness based on the selection for
Schedule.
Minimum - The software uses Diameter as the nominal diameter and looks up the actual
Schedule. It then multiplies the nominal thickness by a factor of 0.875.
Corrosion All. - Enter the corrosion allowance. The software adjusts both the actual thickness
and the inside diameter for the corrosion allowance. For ASME VIII-1, if the nozzle has an
external corrosion allowance, add the external corrosion allowance to the internal corrosion
allowance and enter the total value.
Actual Thk - If you selected Actual for Thickness Basis, enter the minimum actual thickness
of the nozzle wall.
Menus


Is this nozzle connected to another nozzle? - Select this option if the nozzle is connected to
another nozzle.
Parent Nozzle - Select the parent nozzle for this nozzle.
Layout - Click to open the Nozzle Layout and Placement Dialog Box (on page 86) and set
the nozzle orientation independent of the coordinate system of the model.
Layout Angle
Enter the angle between the designated zero degree reference direction on the vessel drawing
and the centerline of the nozzle at the point where it is attached to the shell.
For a horizontal vessel, the zero degree line is at 12:00 (looking at a clock); 90 degrees is at
3:00. Entering these layout angles is important if the horizontal vessel has a liquid level and the
nozzles are being designed using Design P + Static Head, selected for Nozzle/Clip Design
Pressure Options on the Load Cases tab.
For a vertical vessel, the angle is more arbitrary. For purposes of rendering the graphics, the
assumption is that the zero degree line is at 3:00 and 90 degrees is 12:00.
The position of the zero degree reference direction (North, West or East) and the angular
rotation (clockwise or counterclockwise) are set in Tools > Configuration on the Set Default
Values tab:

If the new orientation is different from the orientation of the current model, the software asks to
update the model with the new settings. If the settings are updated, the weights and areas of
platforms must be recalculated:
Click List Dialog (see "Display the List Dialog" on page 55) . On the Detail Listing
dialog box, click the Platform tab so that platform data is visible. Click Platform Wind Area
and Platform Weight to recalculate.
Click Platform Input for each platform. Tab through the fields in the Platform dialog
box, causing the weight and area to be recalculated
The angular settings apply to nozzles, clips, legs, lifting lugs, support lugs, baserings,
platforms, weights and half-pipe jackets.
Menus


Examples
Default Orientation

Angle Position: North
Rotation Direction: Clockwise

Radial Nozzle - Select to specify a radial nozzle.

Angle or Lateral Nozzle - Select to specify an angled or lateral nozzle. Also enter a value for
Centerline Tilt Angle, and if needed for Cyl./Cone Offset Dimension L.
Menus


Centerline Tilt Angle
Enter the angle for a non-radial nozzle when Angle or Lateral Nozzle is selected.

Menus


Non-radial nozzles can be specified by entering the angle between the vessel and nozzle
centerlines and the offset from vessel centerline. This vessel-nozzle centerline angle can vary
from 0 to a limiting value depending upon specific geometry. For nozzles on top heads, this
value will generally range between 0 and 90 degrees. On bottom heads, this value would be
between 90 and 180 degrees:

The input specification for non-radial and non-hillside nozzles changed starting with
version 2008. The angle is measured between the centerline of the nozzle and the centerline of
the vessel. This value can be determined from an electronic drawing of the model.
Menus


Cyl./Cone Offset Dimension L
Enter an offset dimension from the vessel centerline for hillside nozzles (neither Radial Nozzle
or Centerline Tilt Angle are selected) and angled nozzles (Centerline Tilt Angle is selected).

Hillside nozzles and some tilted nozzles are subject to calculations to meet ASME area
requirements in both planes of reinforcement. In these cases, the software automatically checks
area requirements in both planes using the corresponding lengths of the nozzle opening. For
integral construction, the Code F correction factor of 0.5 is automatically applied in the hillside
direction. If the connection is pad reinforced, a value of 1.0 is used. The F factor is used to
account for the fact that the longitudinal stress is one-half of the hoop stress. The use of the F
factor is limited to nozzles located on cylindrical and conical sections under internal pressure.
Menus


Projection Outside - Enter the nozzle projection distance outward from the surface of the
vessel. The distance is usually to the attached flange or cover. This length is used for weight
calculations and for external pressure calculations.

Projection Inside - Enter the nozzle projection distance into the vessel. The software uses the
least of Projection Inside and Limits (Thickness) with no pad to calculate the area available in
the inward nozzle. Therefore, you may safely enter a large number such as six or twelve inches
if the nozzle continues into the vessel a long distance.
For some nozzle types such as those shown in ASME VIII-1 UW-16.1 sketch K, the inside
projection is the distance from the inside surface of the vessel to the inside edge of the nozzle.
This distance must be less than the shell thickness.
Limits (Diameter) - Enter the maximum diameter for material contributing to nozzle
reinforcement. For example:
Where two nozzles are close together and the reinforcements overlap.

A vessel seam for which you do not want to take an available area reduction.

Limits (Thickness) - Enter the maximum thickness for material contributing to nozzle
reinforcement. For example, where a studding pad or nozzle stub do not extend normal to the
vessel wall as far as the thickness limit of the nozzle calculation.
Menus


Overriding Weight - Enter a weight if the nozzle is significantly different from a standard weight
nozzle. The weight overrides the software-calculated weight that is based on other entered
values and internal tables of typical weights.
Pad or Hub Properties
Pad Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most of
Pad Diameter / Width - Enter the diameter of the pad. The diameter of the pad is the length
along the vessel shell, not the projected diameter around the nozzle.
Alternatively, you can enter in the width of the pad. The software then calculates the pad
diameter.

Pad Thickness - Enter the thickness of the pad. Any allowances for external corrosion should
be taken into account for the pad thickness.
Groove Weld Depth - Enter the total depth of the groove weld between the pad and the nozzle
neck. Most groove welds are full penetration welds. The depth of the weld is the same as the
thickness of the pad. If the pad is attached with a partial penetration weld, enter the depth of the
partial penetration. If the pad is attached with a fillet weld, enter zero.

Menus


Weld Leg at Pad OD - Enter the size of one leg of the fillet weld between the pad outside
diameter and the shell. If any part of this weld falls outside the diameter limit, only the part of the
weld inside the diameter limit is included in the available area.
For VIII-1 split pads, multiply A5 by 0.75 per UG-37(h)
Hub Thickness - Enter the thickness of the thicker part of the nozzle at the base. This value is
equal to (Nozzle OD at the base - Nozzle ID at the base)/2.

Hub Height - Enter the hub height. This value is equal to (overall length - nut relief height -
flange thickness - raised face dimension).
Bevel Height - Enter the bevel height.
Obtain ASME Bevel Angle - Obtain the ASME bevel Angle.

Nozzle Main Tab (Nozzle Input/Analysis Dialog Box)
Defines physical and weld parameters for the nozzle.
Previous Nozzle - If you created more than one nozzle on the element, click to go back to the
previous nozzle.
Go To Next Nozzle - If you created more than one nozzle on the element, click to go to the next
nozzle.
Add New Nozzle - Click to add a new nozzle to the shell or head element.
Delete - Deletes all data for the current nozzle.
Plot - Click to open the Nozzle Graphics dialog box. A cross-section view of the nozzle design
is shown.
Nozzle Attachment - Select the type of nozzle:

Inserted nozzle with reinforcing pad

Inserted nozzle without reinforcing pad

Abutting nozzle with reinforcing pad

Abutting nozzle without reinforcing pad
Menus


Heavy Barrel Type, HB

Type F connection
FVC Catalog - Select FVC Catalogue to select a nozzle from the Forged Vessel Connections
catalog. For more information about FVC, see http://www.forgedvesselconn.com/
(http://www.forgedvesselconn.com/).
Nominal Diameter - Select the nominal diameter that you need.
Flange Class - Select the pressure rating that you need.
Connection Type - Select the connection type that you need.
Overall Length Oal - Enter the length that you need from the surface of the vessel to the
flange face.
Nozzle does not have a "Nut Relief" - Select if the nozzle does not have a nut relief.
Select Now - Loads the FVC nozzle data from the catalog into the main Nozzle Input dialog
box.
Coupling Lookup - Select Coupling Lookup to find coupling properties for the nozzle. Select
the pressure rating and the diameter, and then click Select Now.
Just like - Select to place another nozzle just like an existing nozzle.
Nozzle Description - Enter an alpha-numeric string to identify the detail. This must be a unique
When using ASME VIII - 1, a special directive is available for small nozzles. If the text
directive #SN is placed anywhere in the description, the software calculates the areas and
MAWP of this nozzle connection. This directive overrides the global directive set in Tools >
Configuration. It may be necessary to use this directive when required by UG-36. This
paragraph in the code defines a small nozzle.
Nozzle Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most
Schedule - Specify the thickness of the nozzle by selecting the schedule of the nozzle neck
pipe. Acceptable schedules are:
Menus


SCH 5S
SCH 10
SCH 10S
SCH 20
SCH 30
SCH 40
SCH 40S
SCH 60
SCH 80
SCH 5S
SCH 10
SCH 10S
SCH 20
SCH 30
SCH 40
SCH 40S
SCH 60
SCH 80
SCH 80S
SCH 100
SCH 120
SCH 140
SCH 160
SCH STD
SCH X-STG
SCH XX-STG

Diameter - Enter the actual diameter of the nozzle when Actual is selected for Thickness
Basis. Enter the nominal diameter, or click to select a diameter when Nominal or Minimum
is selected for Thickness Basis. Values are given in English units and must be multiplied by the
diameter conversion constant so that the software arrives at the correct diameter when it
calculates the English value of the diameter. Valid English-unit nominal diameters range from
0.125 to 30.0 inches.
Dia. Basis - Select the type of diameter to use for the element. Select ID for the inside diameter.
Select OD for the outside diameter. ID and OD are available for ASME Division 1. Only OD is
available for ASME VIII-1.
Thickness Basis - Select the thickness basis:
Actual - The software uses the actual values entered for Diameter and Actual Thk. Select
this value if the nozzle is fabricated from plate.
Nominal - The software uses Diameter as the nominal diameter and looks up the actual
Schedule.
Minimum - The software uses Diameter as the nominal diameter and looks up the actual
Schedule. It then multiplies the nominal thickness by a factor of 0.875.
Corrosion All. - Enter the corrosion allowance. The software adjusts both the actual thickness
and the inside diameter for the corrosion allowance. For ASME VIII-1, if the nozzle has an
external corrosion allowance, add the external corrosion allowance to the internal corrosion
allowance and enter the total value.
Actual Thk - If you selected Actual for Thickness Basis, enter the minimum actual thickness
of the nozzle wall.
Nozzle Orientation (Nozzle Main Tab) (on page 80)
Pad or Hub Properties (Nozzle Main Tab) (on page 89)
Menus


Additional Weld Data (Nozzle Main Tab) (on page 91)
Miscellaneous (Nozzle Main Tab) (on page 92)

Nozzle Orientation (Nozzle Main Tab)
Defines orientation parameters for the nozzle.
Is this nozzle connected to another nozzle? - Select this option if the nozzle is connected to
another nozzle.
Parent Nozzle - Select the parent nozzle for this nozzle.
Offset Dimension L - Enter the axial distance from the From Node to the centerline of the
nozzle. If the nozzle is located in a head, then enter the distance from the head centerline. This
dimension should always be entered if it is not zero. This option is similar to Distance from
"From" Node and is available when the nozzle is on a head element.

Distance from Shell Surface - Enter the axial distance from the From Node to the centerline
of the nozzle. If the nozzle is located in a head, then enter the distance from the head centerline.
This dimension should always be entered if it is not zero. This option is similar to Distance from
"From" Node and is available when Is this nozzle connected to another nozzle? is selected.
Layout - Click to open the Nozzle Layout and Placement Dialog Box (on page 86) and set
the nozzle orientation independent of the coordinate system of the model.
Layout Angle
Enter the angle between the designated zero degree reference direction on the vessel drawing
and the centerline of the nozzle at the point where it is attached to the shell.
3:00. Entering these layout angles is important if the horizontal vessel has a liquid level and the
nozzles are being designed using Design P + Static Head, selected for Nozzle/Clip Design
Pressure Options on the Load Cases tab.
For a vertical vessel, the angle is more arbitrary. For purposes of rendering the graphics, the
assumption is that the zero degree line is at 3:00 and 90 degrees is 12:00.
Values tab:

Menus


The angular settings apply to nozzles, clips, legs, lifting lugs, support lugs, baserings,
Examples
Default Orientation


Menus


Radial Nozzle - Select to specify a radial nozzle.

Angle or Lateral Nozzle - Select to specify an angled or lateral nozzle. Also enter a value for
Centerline Tilt Angle, and if needed for Cyl./Cone Offset Dimension L.
Centerline Tilt Angle
Enter the angle for a non-radial nozzle when Angle or Lateral Nozzle is selected.

Non-radial nozzles can be specified by entering the angle between the vessel and nozzle
centerlines and the offset from vessel centerline. This vessel-nozzle centerline angle can vary
from 0 to a limiting value depending upon specific geometry. For nozzles on top heads, this
Menus


value will generally range between 0 and 90 degrees. On bottom heads, this value would be
between 90 and 180 degrees:

The input specification for non-radial and non-hillside nozzles changed starting with
version 2008. The angle is measured between the centerline of the nozzle and the centerline of
the vessel. This value can be determined from an electronic drawing of the model.
Cyl./Cone Offset Dimension L
Enter an offset dimension from the vessel centerline for hillside nozzles (neither Radial Nozzle
or Centerline Tilt Angle are selected) and angled nozzles (Centerline Tilt Angle is selected).
Menus


Hillside nozzles and some tilted nozzles are subject to calculations to meet ASME area
requirements in both planes of reinforcement. In these cases, the software automatically checks
area requirements in both planes using the corresponding lengths of the nozzle opening. For
integral construction, the Code F correction factor of 0.5 is automatically applied in the hillside
direction. If the connection is pad reinforced, a value of 1.0 is used. The F factor is used to
account for the fact that the longitudinal stress is one-half of the hoop stress. The use of the F
factor is limited to nozzles located on cylindrical and conical sections under internal pressure.
Projection Outside - Enter the nozzle projection distance outward from the surface of the
vessel. The distance is usually to the attached flange or cover. This length is used for weight
calculations and for external pressure calculations.
Menus


Projection Inside - Enter the nozzle projection distance into the vessel. The software uses the
least of Projection Inside and Limits (Thickness) with no pad to calculate the area available in
the inward nozzle. Therefore, you may safely enter a large number such as six or twelve inches
if the nozzle continues into the vessel a long distance.
For some nozzle types such as those shown in ASME VIII-1 UW-16.1 sketch K, the inside
projection is the distance from the inside surface of the vessel to the inside edge of the nozzle.
This distance must be less than the shell thickness.Limits (Diameter) - Enter the maximum
diameter for material contributing to nozzle reinforcement. For example:
Where two nozzles are close together and the reinforcements overlap.

A vessel seam for which you do not want to take an available area reduction.

Limits (Thickness) - Enter the maximum thickness for material contributing to nozzle
reinforcement. For example, where a studding pad or nozzle stub do not extend normal to the
vessel wall as far as the thickness limit of the nozzle calculation.
Overriding Weight - Enter a weight if the nozzle is significantly different from a standard weight
nozzle. The weight overrides the software-calculated weight that is based on other entered
values and internal tables of typical weights.
Menus


Nozzle Layout and Placement Dialog Box
Provides an alternative and more versatile method of nozzle orientation. You are not confined to
having nozzles point in the directions of the coordinate system axes of the model. For example,
when using the standard parameters (such as Offset Dimension L and Layout Angle) on the
Nozzle Input/Analysis dialog box, hillside nozzles may only point in the X, Y and Z directions:

When using the Layout command and the Nozzle Layout and Placement dialog box, a hillside
nozzle can point in any direction by using Reference Angle alpha instead of Layout Angle:

Nozzle Style - Select a nozzle orientation style:
Nozzle Style Cylinder Element Head Element
Radial Nozzle

Menus


Hillside Nozzle

Lateral Nozzle

Reference Angle alpha - Enter the angle of the line to use as reference for Nozzle Offset
Dimension L.
Nozzle Offset Dimension L - Enter the distance from the reference line to the centerline of the
nozzle. This option is not available for a radial or lateral nozzle.

Menus


Nozzle "X" Dimension and Nozzle "Y" Dimension - For nozzles on heads, enter values for
Nozzle "X" Dimension and Nozzle "Y" Dimension to calculate Reference Angle alpha and
Nozzle Offset Dimension L from the X-Y coordinate location. Nozzle locations on heads are
often given in the X-Y coordinate system.

Projection Dimension "Proj" - For a radial or hillside nozzle, enter the projection from the
centerline of the cylinder to the end of the nozzle. The software calculates the projection ho.
For a nozzle on a cylinder:

For a nozzle on a head:

Menus


Hillside Nozzles
Hillside nozzles in heads are often arranged with flange faces level in the same plane. Due to
the curvature of the head, each nozzle has a different value for outside projection ho:

Because the value of Projection Dimension "Proj" is the same for each nozzle, this
arrangement is simple.
Click OK to save parameter values and return to the Nozzle Input/Analysis dialog box
with new orientation values displayed.
Pad or Hub Properties (Nozzle Main Tab)
Pad Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most of
Pad Diameter / Width - Enter the diameter of the pad. The diameter of the pad is the length
along the vessel shell, not the projected diameter around the nozzle.
Alternatively, you can enter in the width of the pad. The software then calculates the pad
diameter.

Pad Thickness - Enter the thickness of the pad. Any allowances for external corrosion should
be taken into account for the pad thickness.
Menus


Groove Weld Depth - Enter the total depth of the groove weld between the pad and the nozzle
neck. Most groove welds are full penetration welds. The depth of the weld is the same as the
thickness of the pad. If the pad is attached with a partial penetration weld, enter the depth of the
partial penetration. If the pad is attached with a fillet weld, enter zero.

Weld Leg at Pad OD - Enter the size of one leg of the fillet weld between the pad outside
diameter and the shell. If any part of this weld falls outside the diameter limit, only the part of the
weld inside the diameter limit is included in the available area.
For VIII-1 split pads, multiply A5 by 0.75 per UG-37(h) -
Hub Thickness - Enter the thickness of the thicker part of the nozzle at the base. This value is
equal to (Nozzle OD at the base - Nozzle ID at the base)/2.

Hub Height - Enter the hub height. This value is equal to (overall length - nut relief height -
flange thickness - raised face dimension).
Bevel Height - Enter the bevel height.
Obtain ASME Bevel Angle - Obtain the ASME bevel Angle.
Menus


Additional Weld Data (Nozzle Main Tab)
Nozzle to Pad/Shell Outside Fillet Weld Leg - Enter the size of one leg of the fillet weld
between the nozzle and the pad or the nozzle and the outside shell.

Nozzle to Shell Inside Fillet Weld Leg - Enter the size of one leg of the fillet weld between the
inward nozzle and the inside shell.
Nozzle to Shell Groove Weld Depth - Enter the total depth of the groove weld between the
nozzle and the vessel. Most groove welds are full penetration welds. The depth of the weld is
the same as the thickness of the pad. If the pad is attached with a partial penetration weld, enter
the depth of the partial penetration. If the pad is attached with a fillet weld, enter zero.
ASME VIII-1 Weld Type - Select an ASME VIII Division 1 weld type:
A, B, C, D, E, F-1, F-2, F-3, F-4, G, X-1, Y-1, Z-1 - For these weld detail sketches, according to
UW-16.1, the software does not perform the weld strength calculation. In these cases, the
code does not require weld strength/path calculations for full penetration groove welds for
pressure loadings.
I, J, K, L, X-2, Y-2, Z-2 - For these weld types, the software performs the additional weld size
calculations according to UW-16(d)(1).
None - The software performs the calculation regardless of the type of weld.
Some sketches such as UW-16.1 (K) or UG-40 (n) show that the nozzle does not completely
extend to the inner surface of the shell. If this is the appropriate sketch, please be sure to enter
the inside projection correctly.

Some sketches, such as UW-16.1 (K) or UG-40 (n), show that the nozzle does not
completely extend to the inner surface of the shell. In these cases, be sure to enter the
correct value for Projection Inside.
This entry only available when ASME Section VIII-Division 1 is selected for File > New (on
page 52).

Menus


Miscellaneous (Nozzle Main Tab)
Select how the area contributed by the shell or nozzle is handled. Some vessel design
specifications mandate that no credit be taken for the area contributed by the shell or nozzle.
A1 - Exclude the available area in the vessel wall.
A2 - Exclude available area in the nozzle wall.
A1 A2 - Exclude the available areas in both the vessel and nozzle walls.
ACWLD - Exclude the available area in the cover weld.
None - Include all areas.
Flange Class - Select the pressure rating class for the ANSI B16.5 or DIN flange, based on the
pressure rating class for the attached nozzle. Select 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, 2500, NP6,
NP10, NP24, NP40, NP63, NP100, or None.
Flange Grade
Select the flange material grade (group). Please note that there are certain advisories on the
use of certain material grades. Please review those cautionary notes in the ANSI B16.5 code.
ASME B16.5-2003 and ASME B16.5-1996 flange grades are available:
Table 1A List of Material Specifications (ASME B16.5-2003)
Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

1.1

C-Si
C-Mn-Si

C-Mn-Si-V
3 Ni
A 105
A 350 Gr. LF2

A 350 Gr. LF 6 Cl.1
A 350 Gr. LF3
A 216 Gr. WCB

A 515 Gr. 70
A 516 Gr. 70
A 537 Cl. 1

1.2

C-Mn-Si

C-Mn-Si-V
2Ni
3Ni

A 350 Gr. LF 6 Cl.2

A 316 Gr. WCC
A 352 Gr. LCC

A 352 Gr. LC2
A 352 Gr. LC3

A 203 Gr. B
A 203 Gr. E
1.3

C-Si
C-Mn-Si
2 Ni
3 Ni
C-Mo

A 352 Gr. LCB

A 217 Gr. WC1
A 352 Gr. LC1
A 515 Gr. 65
A 516 Gr. 65
A 203 Gr. A
A 203 Gr. D

1.4

C-Si
C-Mn-Si

A 350 Gr. LF1 Cl. 1

A 515 Gr. 60
A 516 Gr. 60
1.5

C-1/2Mo

A 182 Gr. F1

A 204 Gr. A
A 204 Gr. B
1.7

C-Mo
Ni-Cr-Mo
Ni-Cr-1Mo
A 182 Gr. F2

A 217 Gr. WC4
A 217 Gr. WC5

1.9

1Cr-Mo
1Cr-Mo-Si

A 182 Gr. F11 Cl.2
A 217 Gr. WC6

A 387 Gr. 11 Cl.2
1.10 2Cr-1Mo A 182 Gr. F22 Cl.3 A 217 Gr. WC9 A 387 Gr. 22 Cl.2
1.11 Cr-Mo A 204 Gr. C
Menus


Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

1.13

5Cr-Mo

A 182 Gr. F5a
A 217 Gr. C5

1.14 9Cr-1Mo A 182 Gr. F9 A 217 Gr. C12
1.15 9Cr-1Mo-V A 182 Gr. F91 A 217 Gr. C12A A 387 Gr. 91 Cl.2
1.17

1Cr-Mo
5Cr-Mo
A 182 Gr. F12 Cl.2
A 182 Gr. F5

2.1

18Cr-8Ni

A 182 Gr. F304
A 182 Gr. F304H
A 351 Gr. CF3
A 351 Gr. CF8
A 240 Gr. 304
A 240 Gr. 304H
2.2

16Cr-12Ni-2Mo

18Cr-13Ni-3Mo
19Cr-10Ni-3Mo
A 182 Gr. F316
A 182 Gr. F316H
A 182 Gr. F317

A 351 Gr. CF3M
A 351 Gr. CF8M

A 351 Gr. CG8M
A 240 Gr. 316
A 240 Gr. 316H
A 240 Gr. 317
2.3

18Cr-8Ni
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo
A 182 Gr. F304L
A 182 Gr. F316L

A 240 Gr. 304L
A 240 Gr. 316L
2.4

18Cr-10Ni-Ti

A 182 Gr. F321
A 182 Gr. F321H

A 240 Gr. 321
A 240 Gr. 321H
2.5

18Cr-10Ni-Cb

A 182 Gr. F347
A 182 Gr. F347H
A 182 Gr. F348
A 182 Gr. F348H

A 240 Gr. 347
A 240 Gr. 347H
A 240 Gr. 348
A 240 Gr. 348H
2.6 23Cr-12Ni A 240 Gr. 309H
2.7 25Cr-20Ni A 182 Gr. F310 A 240 Gr. 310H
2.8

20Cr-18Ni-6Mo
22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-N
25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-N
24Cr-10Ni-4Mo-V
25Cr-5Ni-2Mo-3Cu
25Cr-7Ni-3.5Mo-W-Cb
25Cr-7Ni-3.5Mo-N-Cu-W
A 182 Gr. F44
A 182 Gr. F51
A 182 Gr. F53

A 351 Gr. CK3McuN

A 351 Gr. CE8MN
A 351 Gr. CD4Mcu
A 351 Gr. CD3MWCuN

A 240 Gr. S31254
A 240 Gr. S31803
A 240 Gr. S32750

A 240 Gr. S32760
2.9

23Cr-12Ni
25Cr-20Ni

A 240 Gr. 309S
A 240 Gr. 310S
2.10

25Cr-12Ni

A 351 Gr. CH8
A 351 Gr. CH20

2.11 18Cr-10Ni-Cb A 351 Gr. CF8C
2.12 25Cr-20Ni A 351 Gr. CK20
3.1 35Ni-35Fe-10Cr-Cb B 462 Gr. N08020 B 463 Gr. N08020
3.2 99.0Ni B 160 Gr. N02200 B 162 Gr. N02200
3.3 99.0Ni-Low C B 160 Gr. N02201 B 162 Gr. N02201
3.4

67Ni-30Cu
67Ni-30Cu-S
B 564 Gr. N04400
B 164 Gr. N04405

B 127 Gr. N04400

3.5 72Ni-15Cr-8Fe B 564 Gr. N06600 B 168 Gr. N06600
3.6 33Ni-42Fe-21Cr B 564 Gr. N08800 B 409 Gr. N08800
3.7
65Ni-28Mo-2Fe
64Ni-29.5Mo-2Cr-2Fe-Mn-W
B 462 Gr. N10665
B 462 Gr. N10675

B 333 Gr. N10665
B 333 Gr. N10675
Menus


Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

3.8

54Ni-16Mo-15Cr
60Ni-22Cr-9Mo-3.5Cb
62Ni-28Mo-5Fe
70Ni-16Mo-7Cr-5Fe
61Ni-16Mo-16Cr
42Ni-21.5Cr-3Mo-2.3Cu
55Ni-21Cr-13.5Mo
55Ni-23Cr-16Mo-1.6Cu
B 564 Gr. N10276
B 564 Gr. N06625
B 335 Gr. N10001
B 573 Gr. N10003
B 574 Gr. N06455
B 564 Gr. N08825
B 462 Gr. N06022
B 462 Gr. N06200

B 575 Gr. N10276
B 443 Gr. N06625
B 333 Gr. N10001
B 434 Gr. N10003
B 575 Gr. N06455
B 424 Gr. N08825
B 575 Gr. N06022
B 575 Gr. N06200
3.9 47Ni-22Cr-9Mo-I8Fe B 572 Gr. N06002 B 435 Gr. N06002
3.10 25Ni-46Fe-21Cr-5Mo B 672 Gr. N08700 B 599 Gr. N08700
3.11 44Fe-25Ni-21Cr-Mo B 649 Gr. N08904 B 625 Gr. N08904
3.12

26Ni-43Fe-22Cr-5Mo
47Ni-22Cr-20Fe-7Mo
46Fe-24Ni-21Cr-6Mo-Cu-N
B 621 Gr. N08320
B 581 Gr. N06985
B 462 Gr. N08367

A 351 Gr. CN3MN
B 620 Gr. N08320
B 582 Gr. N06985
B 688 Gr. N08367
3.13

49Ni-25Cr-18Fe-6Mo
Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu-Low C
B 581 Gr. N06975
B 462 Gr. N08031

B 582 Gr. N06975
B 625 Gr. N08031
3.14

47Ni-22Cr-19Fe-6Mo
40Ni-29Cr-15Fe-5Mo
B 581 Gr. N06007
B 462 Gr. N06030

B 582 Gr. N06007
B 582 Gr. N06030
3.15 33Ni-42Fe-21Cr B 564 Gr. N08810 B 409 Gr. N08810
3.16 35Ni-19Cr-1Si B 511 Gr. N08330 B 536 Gr. N08330
3.17 29Ni-20.5Cr-3.5Cu-2.5Mo A 351 Gr. CN7M
Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

1.1

C-Si
C-Mn-Si
C-Mn-Si-V
A 105
A 350 Gr. LF2
A 350 Gr. LF 6 Cl.1
A 216 Gr. WCB
A 216 Gr. WCC

A 515 Gr. 70
A 516 Gr. 70
A 537 Cl. 1
1.2

C-Mn-Si
C-Mn-Si-V
21/2Ni
31/2Ni
A 350 Gr. LF 6 Cl.2

A 350 Gr. LF3

A 352 Gr. LCC
A 352 Gr. LC2
A 352 Gr. LC3

A 203 Gr. B
A 203 Gr. E

1.3

C-Si
C-Mn-Si
21/2Ni
31/2Ni

A 352 Gr. LCB

A 515 Gr. 65
A 516 Gr. 65
A 203 Gr. A
A 203 Gr. D
1.4

C-Si
C-Mn-Si
A 350 Gr. LF1 Cl. 1

A 515 Gr. 60
A 516 Gr. 60
1.5

C-1/2Mo

A 182 Gr. F1

A 217 Gr. WC1
A 352 Gr. LC1

A 204 Gr. A
A 204 Gr. B
A 204 Gr. C
1.7

C-1/2Mo
1/2Cr-1/2Mo
Ni-1/2Cr-1/2Mo
3/4Ni-3/4Cr-1Mo
A 182 Gr. F2

A 217 Gr. WC4
A 217 Gr. WC5

1.9

1Cr-1/2Mo
11/4Cr-1/2Mo
11/4Cr-1/2Mo-Si
A 182 Gr. F12 Cl.2
A 182 Gr. F11 Cl.2

A 217 Gr. WC6

A 387 Gr. 11 Cl.2

Menus


Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

1.10 21/4Cr-1Mo A 182 Gr. F22 Cl.3 A 217 Gr. WC9 A 387 Gr. 22 Cl.2
1.13

5Cr-1/2Mo

A 182 Gr. F5
A 182 Gr. F5a
A 217 Gr. C5

1.14 9Cr-1Mo A 182 Gr. F9 A 217 Gr. C12
2.1

18Cr-8Ni

A 182 Gr. F304
A 182 Gr. F304H
A 351 Gr. CF3
A 351 Gr. CF8
A 240 Gr. 304
A 240 Gr. 304H
2.2

16Cr-12Ni-2Mo
18Cr-13Ni-3Mo
19Cr-10Ni-3Mo
A 182 Gr. F316
A 182 Gr. F316H

A 351 Gr. CF3M
A 351 Gr. CF8M
A 351 Gr. CG8M
A 240 Gr. 316
A 240 Gr. 316H
A 240 Gr. 317
2.3

18Cr-8Ni
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo
A 182 Gr. F304L
A 182 Gr. F316L

A 240 Gr. 304L
A 240 Gr. 316L
2.4

18Cr-10Ni-Ti

A 182 Gr. F321
A 182 Gr. F321H

A 240 Gr. 321
A 240 Gr. 321H
2.5

18Cr-10Ni-Cb

A 182 Gr. F347
A 182 Gr. F347H
A 182 Gr. F348
A 182 Gr. F348H
A 351 Gr. CF8C

A 240 Gr. 347
A 240 Gr. 347H
A 240 Gr. 348
A 240 Gr. 348H
2.6

25Cr-12Ni
23Cr-12Ni

A 351 Gr. CH8
A 351 Gr. CH20

A 240 Gr. 309S
A 240 Gr. 309H

2.7

25Cr-20Ni

A 182 Gr. F310

A 351 Gr. CK20

A 240 Gr. 310S
A 240 Gr. 310H
2.8

20Cr-18Ni-6Mo
22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-N
25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-N
24Cr-10Ni-4Mo-V
25Cr-5Ni-2Mo-3Cu
25Cr-7Ni-3.5Mo-W-Cb
A 182 Gr. F44
A 182 Gr. F51
A 182 Gr. F53
A 182 Gr. F55

A 351 Gr. CK3McuN
A 351 Gr. CE8MN
A 351 Gr. CD4Mcu
A 351 Gr. CD3MWCuN

A 240 Gr. S31254
A 240 Gr. S31803
A 240 Gr. S32750
A 240 Gr. S32760

3.2 99.0Ni B 160 Gr. N02200 B 162 Gr. N02200
3.3 99.0Ni-Low C B 160 Gr. N02201 B 162 Gr. N02201
3.4

67Ni-30Cu
67Ni-30Cu-S
B 564 Gr. N04400
B 164 Gr. N04405

B 127 Gr. N04400

3.5 72Ni-15Cr-8Fe B 564 Gr. N06600 B 168 Gr. N06600
3.6 33Ni-42Fe-21Cr B 564 Gr. N08800 B 409 Gr. N08800
3.7 65Ni-28Mo-2Fe B 335 Gr. N10665 B 333 Gr. N10665
3.8

54Ni-16Mo-15Cr
60Ni-22Cr-9Mo-3.5Cb
62Ni-28Mo-5Fe
70Ni-16Mo-7Cr-5Fe
61Ni-16Mo-16Cr
42Ni-21.5Cr-3Mo-2.3Cu
B 564 Gr. N10276
B 564 Gr. N06625
B 335 Gr. N10001
B 573 Gr. N10003
B 574 Gr. N06455
B 564 Gr. N08825

B 575 Gr. N10276
B 443 Gr. N06625
B 333 Gr. N10001
B 434 Gr. N10003
B 575 Gr. N06455
B 424 Gr. N08825
Menus


Flange Material - Enter the name of the material. This software contains a database with most
of the materials in ASME Code, Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B, and 3. Alternatively, you can
click Matl... to select a material directly from the Material Database dialog box.
Flange Type - Select the flange type: Weld Neck, Long WN, Lap Joint, Slip On, Socket
Weld, Threaded, Studding Outlet, FFWn, FFSo, FFThrd, RTJWn, Clpg-Thrd, Clpg-Sw, or
None. This value is not used in the analysis, but is printed in reports.
Neglect Areas - Select how the area contributed by the shell or nozzle is handled. Some vessel
design specifications mandate that no credit be taken for the area contributed by the shell or
nozzle. Select one of the following:
A1 - Exclude the available area in the vessel wall.
A2 - Exclude available area in the nozzle wall.
A1 A2 - Exclude the available areas in both the vessel and nozzle walls.
ACWLD - Exclude the available area in the cover weld.
None - Include all areas.
Tapped Hole Area Loss
Enter the area S to exclude when holes are tapped into studding outlets and other similar
connection elements. The traditional industry standard is to increase the area required by the
tapped hole area loss. Values for tapped area loss are shown in the table below, adapted from
the Pressure Vessel Design Manual:
ds (in) S (in
2
)
5/8 1.280
3/4 1.840
7/8 2.500
1 3.280
1 1/8 4.150
1 1/4 5.120
1 3/8 6.200
1 1/2 7.380
1 5/8 8.660
1 3/4 10.05
1 7/8 11.55
2 13.10
2 1/4 16.60
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Nozzle Eff. - Enter the seam efficiency of the nozzle groove welds. For nozzle wall thickness
calculations, the seam efficiency is always 1.0. For more information see the definition of E in
the ASME Code, paragraph UG-37, and Interpretation VIII-89-171 of the A-90 addenda.
Shell Eff. - Enter the joint efficiency of the shell seam. The seam efficiency is used in "area
available" calculations to reduce the area available in the shell. For shell wall thickness
calculations, the seam efficiency is always 1.0. The software accounts for the case where the
nozzle passes through a weld by asking for the joint efficiency of the weld.
C Factor - Enter the PD-5500 C factor used in nozzle compensation calculations. This factor
accounts for the possibility of external loads. When external loads are negligible, the C factor
should not be more than 1.1. When the nozzle is connected to a piping system, where forces
and moments are considered, the C factor should not be greater than 1.0. For vessels operating
in the creep range, C should be less than or equal to 1.
Local Shell Thk. - If your vessel has insert plates, enter the thickness of the plate. Use this
value for vessels having insert plates that are thicker than the surrounding shell. This value is
greater than the course thickness of the shell. If the area immediately adjacent to the opening is
Menus


corroded to a greater degree or locally thinner than the rest of the shell, enter the thinner value.
The greater of this value and the element thickness is used in nozzle reinforcement calculations.
User Tr - Enter the minimum required shell thickness tr, the actual thickness of the shell or head
minus the corrosion allowance. For some vessel designs, the nozzle reinforcement is governed
by bending and normal stresses in the local shell area. Under special conditions, project
requirements specify that full area replacement for nozzle reinforcement is required. This value
replaces the value that the software normally calculates for the required thickness based on
internal or external pressure.
Optionally, for vertical vessels, select Consider External Loads for Nozzle Tr in the
Nozzle Design Options section of the Load Cases tab. The software determines the maximum
thickness based on the highest stress ratio and uses that value for tr if it governs over the
required thickness based on internal or external pressure.
Blind Attached? - Select if there is a blind on the nozzle flange. This is used only to determine
the weight of the nozzle. There is no structural effect.
Manway/Acs Ope? - Select if this is a manway, access, or inspection opening to bypass the
UG-45 minimum nozzle neck thickness requirement. In these cases, paragraph UG-45 states
that the minimum thickness requirement according to UG-45 is not required. This option is not
used for PD-5500.
Fatigue Calc?
Select to perform a fatigue analysis of the nozzle-to-shell weld. Along with specification of
Weld Class for PD5500 and EN13445 models, the number and magnitude of fatigue pressure
stress cycles must be specified in Fatigue Analysis on the Load Cases tab.
The table below provides descriptions for ASME VIII-2 2007 and later fatigue curves.
Table Name Description
Table 3.F.1
Coefficients for Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4xx, High Alloy Steels and High Tensile
Strength Steels for Temperatures not Exceeding 700F (371C) UTS less than or equal
to 80ksi (552MPa)
Table 3.F.2
Coefficients for Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4xx, High Alloy Steels and High Tensile
Strength Steels for Temperatures not Exceeding 700F (371C) UTS (115-130ksi)
(793-892MPa)
Table 3.F.3
Coefficients for Series 3xx High Alloy Steels, Nickel Chromium Alloy, and Nickel
Copper Alloys for Temperatures not Exceeding 800F (427C) where Sa > 28.2 ksi
(195 MPa)
Table 3.F.4
Coefficients for Series 3xx High Alloy Steels, Nickel Chromium Alloy, and Nickel
Copper Alloys for Temperatures not Exceeding 800F (427C) where Sa less than or
equal to 28.2 ksi (195 MPa)
Table 3.F.5
Coefficients for Wrought 70 Copper-Nickel for Temperatures not Exceeding 700F
(371C) Sigmays = 18 ksi (134 MPa)
Table 3.F.6
Table 3.F.7
Table 3.F.8
Coefficients for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Iron, Alloys X,G,C-4, and C-276 for
Temperatures not Exceeding 800F (427C)
Table 3.F.9 Coefficients for High Strength Bolting for Temperatures not Exceeding 700F (371C)
Menus


Weld Class - Select a weld class when Fatigue Calc? is selected. The weld classes,
descriptions, and illustrations are found in PD:5500 Annex C. Class C is the least severe, while
Class W is the most severe. This entry is only available for PD 5500 and EN 13445 models.
Piping Attached -
Quick Results - Click to see a report of nozzle results.

Local Stress Analysis (WRC 107, 297 or Annex G) Tab (Nozzle
Input/Analysis Dialog Box)
Defines loading information for nozzle stress analysis. Local loads are entered for stress
analysis according to the British code PD:5500. Local or global loads are entered for stress
analysis according to the WRC 107 and WRC 297 bulletins. The software also checks global
loads against ASME VIII-2 allowables. Loads are categorized as sustained, expansion, and
occasional.
Calculation Method - Select the needed analysis method. The appropriate force and moment
fields are available for the selected method. Select PD:5500, WRC 107, WRC 297, or No Calc.
When you change the method, the software automatically converts entered loads into the
respective coordinate systems used by each method.
Load Convention System - Select Local to defined loads locally with respect to the vessel and
the nozzle, having the benefit of being independent of the orientation of the vessel. Select
Global to use the global coordinate system. This entry is only available when WRC 107 is
selected for Calculation Method.
Quick Results - Click to see a report of local stress analysis quick results.
Nozzle Load Table - Click to open and edit a Microsoft Office Excel workbook with standard
nozzle loads that can be imported into the software. You can modify the nozzle loads for Project
A and AS1210 projects in this file. These loads are typically listed in the specifications of many
engineering companies. After the needed nozzle loads are entered in the workbook, then these
loads can be imported and applied to a nozzle depending upon its size and rating. This saves
time and reduces chances of error. A default sample workbook is provided.
Loading - Click to select the loading project from the Excel load table workbook. Select
Project A Loadings or AS1210 Loadings.
CAESAR II - Click to import nozzle loads from a CAESAR II .C2 file. This command is only
available when Local is selected for Load Convention System and when CAESAR II is
installed. CAESAR II is a separately-purchased Intergraph product.
Node # - Enter the node number of the nozzle used in CAESAR II.
Computed Stress Intensities/Ratios at the Nozzle Edge and Pad Edge - Displays the
calculated stress intensities and stress ratios for Vessel at Nozzle Edge, Vessel at Pad Edge,
and In Nozzle at Vessel. For example:

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PD:5500 Annex G Analysis (on page 100)
WRC 107 Analysis - Local Load Convention (on page 101)
WRC 107 Analysis - Global Load Convention (on page 103)
WRC 297 Analysis (on page 104)

PD:5500 Annex G Analysis
Enter values for the following options when PD:5500 is selected for Calculation Method. The
software calculates stresses in cylindrical or spherical geometries with or without reinforcing
pads. Only stresses for round hollow nozzle geometries are calculated.
The example in PD:5500 Annex W does not calculate the membrane stress at
attachment edge; you must manually check the membrane stress when selecting the wall
thickness. In addition, the membrane stress calculated at the attachment edge, according to
Annex G, contains intensified stresses due to the presence of the hole.
Loads
Sustained loads (weight+pressure+forces) are used.
The following force/moment convention is used for PD:5500, Annex G:

Fr - Radial Force
Fc - Shear Force
Fl - Shear Force
Mc - Moment, Fl axis
Ml - Moment, Fc axis
Mt - Torsional moment
Length "L" - Enter in the length of the vessel. For vessels without stiffeners or cones this is the
entire vessel length including heads. This value is used along with Tangent Offset Distance to
calculate the equivalent length for off center loading.
Tangent Offset Distance - Enter in the distance of the centerline of the nozzle from the left
tangent line or appropriate line of support. This value is used in conjunction with the Length "L"
to calculate the equivalent length for off center loading.
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Allowable Stress Intensity Factors at Nozzle Edge
Factor for Membrane Stresses - Enter the stress intensity factor. This factor is multiplied by
the allowable stress f to obtain the allowable stress for the maximum membrane stress intensity.
These stresses are in rows 32, 33 and 34 in the printout samples in PD 5500 Annex W. This
factor normally has a value of 1.2 or lower at the edge of the reinforcement pad.

This factor is higher than Factor for Memb Stresses at pad edge.
This entry is only available when Print Membrane Stress at Nozzle Edge is selected.
Factor for Membrane + Bend Stresses - Enter the stress intensity factor. This factor is
multiplied by the allowable stress f to obtain the allowable stress for the maximum membrane
plus bending stress intensity. These stresses are in rows 27, 28 and 29 in the printout samples
in PD 5500 Annex G. This factor normally has a value of 2.25 or lower. At the pad edge, this
factor is normally 2.0.
Print Membrane Stress at Nozzle Edge - Select to calculate membrane stress at the
attachment junction. You must also enter a value for Factor for Membrane Stresses.
Allowable Stress Intensity Factors at Pad Edge
Factor for Memb Stresses - Enter the stress intensity factor. This factor is multiplied by the
allowable stress f to obtain the allowable stress for the maximum membrane stress intensity.
These stresses are in rows 32, 33 and 34 in the printout samples in PD 5500 Annex W. This
entry normally has a value of 1.2 or lower at the edge of the reinforcement pad.
Factor for Memb + Bend Stresses - Enter the stress intensity factor. This factor is multiplied by
the allowable stress f to obtain the allowable stress for the maximum membrane plus bending
stress intensity. These stresses are in rows 27, 28 and 29 in the printout samples in PD 5500
Annex G. At the nozzle edge, this factor normally has a value of 2.25 or lower. At the pad edge,
this factor is normally 2.0.

WRC 107 Analysis - Local Load Convention
Enter values for the following options when WRC 107 is selected for Calculation Method and
Local is selected for Load Convention System. Local has the benefit of being independent of
the orientation of the vessel. The software calculates stresses for sustained, expansion, and
occasional loads and compares stress intensities to allowables.
You can enter values in the following load sets:
Sustained - (SUS) Primary loads, typically weight + pressure + forces.
Expansion - (EXP) Secondary thermal expansion loads.
Occasional - (OCC) Irregularly occurring loads such as wind loads, seismic loads, and
water hammer.
Menus


The following WRC 107 force/moment convention is used for a cylindrical vessel:

P - Radial Force
Vc - Circ. Shear Force
Vl - Long. Shear Force
Mc - Circ. Moment
Ml - Long. Moment
Mt - Torsional Moment

The following WRC 107 force/moment convention is used for a spherical vessel:

P - Radial Force
V2 - Shear Force, D to C
V1 - Shear Force, B to A
M1 - Moment, B axis
M2 - Moment, C axis
Occasional Press Difference - Enter the difference between the peak pressure of the system
and the system design pressure. The value is always positive or zero. This value is
superimposed onto the system design pressure to evaluate the primary membrane stress due to
occasional loads. The additional thrust load due to this pressure difference is accounted for in
the nozzle radial loading if you also select Include Pressure Thrust.
Include Pressure Thrust - Select to include the pressure thrust force (P*A) in the nozzle axial
load. For more information on pressure thrust, see the July 2001 COADE Newsletter
http://www.coade.com/newsletters/jul01.pdf.
Use Division 2 Stress Indices - Select to include the pressure stress indices described in
ASME Sec. VIII Div. 2 Table AD-560.7. This value should only be used to perform a fatigue
analysis. Check ASME VIII Div.2 paragraph AD-160 s to see if the fatigue effect needs to be
considered. These factors are used for estimating the peak stress intensity due to internal
pressure.

Peak stress intensity due to external loads is included in the analysis by selecting Use Kn
and Kb (to find SCF). For normal (elastic) analysis, do not select this option or Use Kn and
Kb (to find SCF).
The software does not perform the complete fatigue analysis of Section VIII Div.2 Appendix
4 and 5 rules. Instead, the value of peak stress intensity is reported for fatigue effect
comparison. For more information, see the June 2000 COADE newsletter
http://www.coade.com/newsletters/jun00.pdf.
Menus


Use WRC 368 - Select to compute pressure stresses in the shell and nozzle according to WRC
368. WRC 368 provides a method for calculating stresses in a cylinder-to-cylinder intersection
(such as cylinder-to-nozzle) due to internal pressure and pressure thrust loading.

Using WRC 368 with WRC 107/297 is not accurate for calculating the combined stress from
pressure and external loads. So, this option is only available when the attachment type is
round and when no external loads are specified.
For more information on WRC 368 and pressure thrust, see Modeling of Internal Pressure
and Thrust Loads on Nozzles Using WRC-368 in the July 2001 COADE Newsletter
Use Kn and Kb (to find SCF) - Select to include the WRC 107 Appendix B stress concentration
factors (Kn and Kb) in a fatigue analysis. This value should only be used to perform a fatigue
considered. Also enter the needed value for Fillet Radius Nozzle or Fillet Radius Pad.

Peak stress intensity due to internal pressure is included in the analysis by selecting
Include Pressure Stress Indices per Div. 2?.
For normal (elastic) analysis, do not select this option or Use Division 2 Stress Indices.
comparison. For more information, see WRC-107 Elastic Analysis v/s Fatigue Analysis in the
June 2000 COADE newsletter http://www.coade.com/newsletters/jun00.pdf.
Fillet Radius Nozzle - Enter the fillet radius between the nozzle and the vessel shell. The
software uses this value to calculate the stress concentration factors Kn and Kb according to
Appendix B of the WRC 107 bulletin. A value of 0 sets Kn and Kb to 1.0.
Fillet Radius Pad - Enter the fillet radius between the pad and the vessel shell. The software
uses this value to calculate the stress concentration factors Kn and Kb for the vessel/pad
intersection, according to Appendix B of the WRC 107 bulletin. A value of 0 sets Kn and Kb to
1.0.

WRC 107 Analysis - Global Load Convention
Enter values for the following options when WRC 107 is selected for Calculation Method and
Global is selected for Load Convention System. Global has the benefit of using the global
coordinate system also used by other analyses. When you toggle between the global and local
convention systems, the software converts the loads. Options for the global load convention are
the same as for WRC 107 Analysis - Local Load Convention (on page 101), except as
described below.
Direction Cosines - Displays the direction cosines as described below. You do not usually
need to change these values.
Menus


The following global convention system is used for a cylindrical vessel:

The vessel direction is +Y direction
The nozzle direction is +X direction
(towards the vessel)
Direction cosines of the vessel are:
VX - 0
VY - 1
VZ - 0
Direction cosines of the vessel are:
NX - 1
NY - 0
NZ - 0
The following global convention system is used for a spherical vessel:

The direction of a spherical vessel is
from points B to A
The software uses these direction vectors to transfer the global forces and moments from the
global convention into the traditional WRC107 convention.
WRC 297 Analysis
Enter values for the following options when WRC 297 is selected for Calculation Method. The
software calculates stresses in cylindrical nozzles attached to cylindrical shells.
Menus


Loads
Sustained loads (weight+pressure+forces) are used.
The following force/moment convention is used for WRC 297:

P - Radial Force
M1 - Moment, B axis
M2 - Moment, C axis
Stress Concentration Factors
Shell Stress Concentration Factor - Enter a value, typically between 1 and 3, for stress
concentration due to weld quality and dimensions in the immediate vicinity of the weld. The
stress concentration factor:
Accounts for peak stresses - local stress risers in the immediate vicinity of vessel welds due
to factors such as sharp corners and lack of fillet weld radii. Peak stresses are considered in
fatigue analysis.
Applies to the stress calculations in the vessel and the nozzle on both the inside and the
outside of the vessel.
Is used in pressure stress calculations in the vessel on both the inside and outside of the
vessel.
Nozzle Stress Concentration Factor - Enter a value, typically between 1 and 3, for stress
concentration due to weld quality and dimensions in the immediate vicinity of the weld. The
stress concentration factor:
Accounts for peak stresses - local stress risers in the immediate vicinity of vessel welds due
to factors such as sharp corners and lack of fillet weld radii. Peak stresses are considered in
fatigue analysis.
Applies to the stress calculations in the vessel and the nozzle on both the inside and the
outside of the vessel.
Is not used in pressure stress calculations.
Include Pressure Thrust - Select to include the pressure thrust force (P*A) in the nozzle axial
load. For more information on pressure thrust, see the July 2001 COADE Newsletter
Use Division 2 Stress Indices - Select to include the pressure stress indices described in
ASME Sec. VIII Div. 2 Table AD-560.7. This value should only be used to perform a fatigue
considered. These factors are used for estimating the peak stress intensity due to internal
pressure.

Peak stress intensity due to external loads is included in the analysis by selecting Use Kn
and Kb (to find SCF). For normal (elastic) analysis, do not select this option or Use Kn and
Kb (to find SCF).
Menus


comparison. For more information, see the June 2000 COADE newsletter
http://www.coade.com/newsletters/jun00.pdf.
Weight
Click Details > Weight or Weight/Piping Input on the Details toolbar to add piping and
miscellaneous weight to the selected cylinder or head element. The Weight/Piping Input dialog
box appears.
This is weight that cannot be accounted for in other commands. The weight is a static mass, not
an applied force, but affects the natural frequency of the vessel and axial stress calculations.
Piping weight is modeled here. The area and mass of the piping are considered in the same
manner as a weight.
Previous Weight - If you created more than one weight on the element, click to go back to the
previous weight.
Go To Next Weight - If you created more than one weight on the element, click to go to the next
weight.
Add New Weight - Click to add a new weight to the shell or head element.
Delete - Deletes all data for the current weight.
Layout Angle - Enter the angle between the designated zero degree reference direction on the
vessel drawing and the centerline of the weight at the point where it is attached to the shell.
3:00. For a vertical vessel, the angle is more arbitrary. For purposes of rendering the graphics,
the assumption is that the zero degree line is at 3:00 and 90 degrees is 12:00.
Values tab:

The angular settings apply to nozzles, clips, legs, lifting lugs, support lugs, base rings,
Menus


Examples
Default Orientation


Offset from Element Centerline - Enter the distance of this weight from the centerline of
vessel. The value is multiplied by the weight to obtain a moment that used in stress calculations.
For horizontal vessels, the weight is added to the saddle loads and this value is not used.
Miscellaneous Weight - Enter the weight for items such as: an attached motor or other
equipment, internal piping, or external structural elements. This value is also used for seismic
analysis.
Select the Active Cases for this Weight/Mass -
Is this a Welded Internal? - Select if the weight is for an item that is welded to the vessel
during shop construction. The weight is then added to the fabricated total weight, other weights
that are functions of the fabricated total weight, and the empty total weight.
Menus


Area of External Weight/Piping/Equipment -
Piping Detail - Select Is this a Piping Detail? to include the weight and moment of overhead
pipelines on vertical pressure vessels. Define the area and weight of the piping with the
following options:
Pipe Lookup - Click to open the Seamless Pipe Selection dialog box and select values
from the piping database for Pipe Schedule and Nominal Pipe Diameter.
Pipe Outer Diameter - Displays the OD for the pipe selected in Pipe Lookup. You can also
manually enter a value.
Pipe Thickness - Displays the nominal thickness for the pipe selected in Pipe Lookup. You
can also manually enter a value.
Fluid Specific Gravity - Enter the specific gravity of the contained fluid. This value is
usually 1.0.
Insulation Thickness - If the pipe is insulated, enter the thickness of the insulation. If there
is no insulation, enter 0.
Insulation Density - Enter the density of the pipe insulation to calculate the weight of the
insulation and the moment effect.
Compute Weight and Area - Click to calculate the pipe weight and area based on the
entered values.
After weights and offsets are entered, the software calculates the overturning moment due to the
eccentricity of the piping. In most designs, the piping is supported by means of braces and clips
at specified intervals. The element on which the piping weight is added takes the applied load.
If piping is specified on a top head, the software attempts to graphically connect the
piping to the center-most nozzle.
Force and Moment
Click Details > Force and Moment or Force/Moment Input on the Details toolbar to add
external forces and moments to the selected cylinder or head element. The Force/Moment
dialog box appears. In most cases these are operating loads imposed on the vessel, such as
piping loads on nozzles.
Previous For/Mom - If you created more than one force/moment set on the element, click to go
back to the previous set.
Go To Next For/Mom - If you created more than one force/moment set on the element, click to
go to the next set.
Add New For/Mom - Click to add a new force/moment set to the shell or head element.
Delete - Deletes all data for the current force/moment set.
Applied Forces - Enter the force in each needed direction. For X, positive is from left to right.
For Y, positive is upward. For Z, positive is towards you. Forces perpendicular to the vessel are
resolved into a single vector and applied with live load to create the worst load combination.
Unlike Weight, applied forces are not included in seismic analysis because force does not have
mass.
You should generally enter negative Y forces (downward) because these increase the
loads on the saddles and other supports.
Applied Moments - Enter the moment about each needed axis. For X, positive is from left to
right. For Y, positive is upward. For Z, positive is towards you.
Compute Stresses Due to Applied Loads - Select one or both of the following:
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Compute Longitudinal Stresses BW normally added to the Wind Case - Forces and
moments act during wind analysis.
Compute Longitudinal Stresses BS normally added to the Seismic Case - Forces and
moments act during seismic analysis.
You must select at least one option.
Force/Moment Combination Method - Select the method for resolving forces and moments
about the support point:
SRSS - All forces and moments act in the same direction. The software takes the absolute
value of the entered loads to determine the overall effect on the structure. This method,
while not technically correct, yields a conservative result for bending stresses and support
calculations.
Algebraic - Forces and moments act in their positive or negative directions. Loads that
oppose each other tend to cancel out. If you have an accurate account of the external forces
and moments, due to load conditions such as piping reactions, this option provides more
accurate and less conservative results. The software sums the forces and moments in both
the X and Z planes for vertical vessels. The greater of the two moments is used in
calculations of the stresses and moments at the support.

Platform
Click Details > Platform or Platform Input on the Details toolbar to add a platform to the
selected element. The Platform dialog box appears.
Previous - If you created more than one platform on the element, click to go back to the
previous platform.
Next Platform - If you created more than one platform on the element, click to go to the next
platform.
Add Platform - Click to add a new platform to the shell or head element.
Delete - Deletes all data for the current platform.
Non-Circular Platform? - Select if the platform is not circular. This option is selected by default
for platforms that cannot be circular, such as on a horizontal cylinder.
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Layout Angle - For a non-circular platform, enter the rotation angle through the centerline of the
platform. For example, on a non-circular top head platform:

Platform Start Angle - For a circular platform, enter the angle between the designated zero
degree line of the vessel and the start angle of the platform.

Platform End Angle - For a circular platform, enter the angle between the designated zero
degree line of the vessel and the ending angle of the platform.
Platform Railing Weight - Enter the weight of the platform railing in units of weight/length. This
value is used as part of calculating the weight of the platform.
Platform Grating Weight - Enter the weight of the platform deck grating or plate in units of
weight/area. This value is used as part of calculating the weight of the platform. To use standard
weights, click and select Open Lattice Grating or Checkered Floor Plate.
Platform Width - Enter the radial width of the platform. This dimension is used to calculate the
weight of the platform in conjunction with Platform Railing Weight and Platform Grating
Weight.
Platform Height - Enter the height from the bottom of the platform to the top rail. Usually this
distance is to be no less that 42 inches. This dimension is used to calculate the wind area of the
platform in conjunction with Platform Width, Clearance, and Force Coefficient Cf.
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Offset from End - For a non-circular top head platform, enter the offset as shown below. The
software uses the offset to calculate the distance to the center of the platform. This is then used
as the offset dimension to calculate the eccentric moment for the platform. This value is used in
a .DXF drawing of the vessel when Export (on page 52) is used.

Clearance - For circular platforms, enter the distance between the inside edge of the platform
and the outside surface of the cylindrical shell. The platform clearance is used to calculate the
wind area of the platform.

For a circular top head platform, enter 0.
Platform Length (Non-Length) - For a non-circular top head platform, enter the long dimension
of the platform.
Force Coefficient Cf - Enter the platform force coefficient Cf. This coefficient may be specified
in a wind load computation standard, such as Table 6-9 of ASCE7-95. The value is typically
between 1.2 and 1.8. This factor is used to calculate the wind area of the platform in conjunction
with the Platform Height, Platform Width, and Clearance.
Platform Wind Area - Enter the tributary wind area of the platform. This value is typically the
greatest span of the platform perpendicular to the vessel multiplied by a nominal platform height
of between 12 and 36 inches on the hand rails and other equipment on the platform.
To change the platform wind area calculation method, click Installation | Misc. Options on the
Load Cases Tab (see "Stress Combination Load Cases (Load Cases Tab)" on page 306) of
the main window. The methods are:
1. The height times the width times the force coefficient (conservative).
2. One-half of the floor plate area times the force coefficient.
3. The height times the width times the force coefficient divided by three.
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4. The projected area of the platform times the force coefficient divided by three. This option
yields the same results as option 3 for platforms that have a sweep angle of greater than
180.
Control Options - Select one or more of these options:
Do not include platform in analysis - Select to remove platform data from analysis.
User computes and enters the platform area - Select to manually enter a value in
Platform Wind Area and override software platform area calculations.
User computes and enters the platform weight - Select to manually enter a value in Platform
and Ladder Weight and override software platform weight calculations.
Ladder Layout Angle - Enter the angle between the designated zero degree line of the vessel
and the centerline of the ladder.
Ladder Start Elevation - Enter the start elevation of the ladder. This value and Ladder Stop
Elevation are used to determine the overall length of the ladder. The software assumes that the
top of the ladder is attached to the platform.
Ladder Stop Elevation - Enter the stop elevation of the ladder. This value and Ladder Start
Elevation are used to determine the overall length of the ladder. The software assumes that the
top of the ladder is attached to the platform.
Ladder Unit Weight - Enter the unit weight of the ladder in units of weight/length. For example,
in English units this is typically the weight of a one-foot ladder section. The software does not
differentiate between a caged and a non-caged ladder, so the total weight of a ladder and cage
must be included in this value. The total ladder and platform weight at the platform elevation is
used in the calculations.
Is this a Caged Ladder? - Select if the ladder has a cage.
Platform and Ladder Weight - Enter the total weight of the platform, ladders and associated
hardware.This overrides weight calculated automatically by the software.
Packing
Click Details > Packing or Packing Input on the Details toolbar to add packing data to the
selected element. The Packing dialog box appears.
Previous Packing - If you created more than one set of packing data on the element, click to go
back to the previous set.
Go To Next Packing - If you created more than one set of packing data on the element, click to
go to the next set.
Add New Packing - Click to add a new set of packing data to the shell or head element.
Delete - Deletes all data for the current set of packing data.
Height of Packed Section - Enter the height of the packed section along the element. This
value is used to calculate the weight of the packed section. For seismic calculations, the weight
center of the packed section is taken at half this height. In the rare case of a packed horizontal
vessel, the value is the length of the packed section.
Full - If the element is fully filled with packing material, click to calculate the values of Distance
from "From"Node and Height of Packed Section.
Density of Packing
Enter the density of the packing. The following table list typical densities in lbs/ft
3
:
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Size (in.) Density (lb/ft
3
) Size (in.) Density (lb/ft
3
)
Ceramic Raschig Ring Carbon Raschig Ring
1/4 60.0 1/4 46.0
3/8 61.0 1/2 27.0
1/2 55.0 3/4 34.0
5/8 56.0 1 27.0
3/4 50.0 1 1/4 31.0
1 42.0 1 1/2 34.0
1 1/4 46.0 2 27.0
1 1/2 46.0 3 23.0
2 41.0
Carbon Steel Pall Ring
3 37.0 5/8 37.0
4 36.0 1 30.0
Carbon Steel Raschig Ring
1 1/2 26.0
1/4 133.0 2 24.0
3/8 94.0
Plastic Pall Ring
1/2 75.0 5/8 7.25
5/8 62.0 1 5.50
3/4 52.0 1 1/2 4.75
1 39.0 2 4.50
1 1/2 42.0 3 4.50
2 37.0
3 25.0

Packing in place during the field hydrotest? - Select this option if the packing will be in place
when the field hydrotest is performed.
Percent Volume Hold Up - Enter a percentage value between 0 and 100 for the amount of
liquid that the packing retains. Using this value and Liquid Specific Gravity, the software
calculates the weight of liquid trapped in the packing and adds the weight to the operating
weight of the vessel.
Liquid Specific Gravity - Enter the specific gravity of the liquid trapped in the packing. For
more information, see Liquid Density (see "Liquid" on page 130). Using this value and
Percent Volume Hold Up, the software calculates the weight of liquid trapped in the packing
and adds the weight to the operating weight of the vessel.
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Saddle
Click Details > Saddle or Saddle Input on the Details toolbar to add a saddle to the
selected horizontal cylinder element. The Saddle dialog box appears.
The size and location of the saddles are important for Zick calculations of local stresses on
horizontal vessels with saddle supports. For proper Zick analysis, only two saddles may be
defined; they do not have to be symmetrically placed about the center axis of the vessel. If no
saddles are defined, dead load and live load calculations are not performed.
Previous Saddle - If you created more than one saddle on the element, click to go back to the
previous saddle.
Go To Next Saddle - If you created more than one saddle on the element, click to go to the next
saddle.
Add New Saddle - Click to add a new saddle to the shell element.
Delete - Deletes all data for the current saddle.
Add Saddle Ring - Click to open the Stiffening Ring dialog box to add a ring to the saddle. For
more information, see Stiffening Ring.
Select Saddle - Click to open the Saddle Properties dialog box, and select a standard saddle
(from SaddleData.txt,found in the PV Elite System folder).
Same as First - Click to copy all data from the first saddle to the current saddle.
Saddle Width - Enter the width of the saddle support. This value does not include any wear pad
on the vessel side, and is used primarily for the Zick analysis of horizontal vessels on saddle
supports.

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Centerline Dimension B - Enter the distance from the base of the saddle to the centerline of
the vessel, referred to as dimension B in some pressure vessel texts. This value is used to
determine additional saddle loads due to wind or seismic events.

Saddle Contact Angle - Enter the angle between the two contact points ("horns") of the saddle,
measured from the axial center of the vessel. This value typically ranges from 120.0 to 150.0.
Wear Plate Width - Enter the width of the wear plate between the vessel and the saddle
support. This value is used primarily for the Zick analysis of horizontal vessels on saddle
supports.
Wear Plate Thickness - Enter the thickness of the wear plate between the vessels and the
saddle support. This value is used primarily for the Zick analysis of horizontal vessels on saddle
supports..
Wear Plate Contact Angle - Enter the angle contained from one edge of the wear plate to the
other edge, measured from the axial center of the vessel. Typically this value is approximately
130.
Wear Plate and Shell Matls are the same? - Select if the wear plate and shell materials are
the same.
Height of Section Ring - If a custom fabricated composite (usually T type) stiffener is used over
the saddle supports, enter the height from the shell surface to the top of the stiffener. This value
will be used to compute the stress at the tip of the stiffener. If a horizontal vessel does not have
stiffeners over the saddle supports, enter 0. If you selected a stiffener from the AISC structural
steel database in the Stiffening Ring dialog box, enter 0. In this case, the software gets the ring
height from the AISC database.
Friction Coefficient Mu - Enter the coefficient of friction m
u
between the base of the saddle and
the supporting foundation, piers or structure. A frictionless surface has a m
u
value of 0. Other
typical values are in the range of 0.3 to 0.5. The software uses this value to determine the
counteracting force caused by thermal expansion and the dead weight of the vessel on the
saddle support. This is essentially a resistive force bending the saddle. The generated force is
proportional to m
u
times the normal force.
Moment Factor, Ftr - Enter the moment factor for calculating the saddle reaction force due to
the wind or earthquake transverse load. The recommended value is 3.
The value of 6 is conservative in that it assumes that the maximum edge load is uniform across
the entire base, when realistically it occurs only at the edge. A more accurate method converts
this triangular loading into a more realistic uniform load, leading to the value of 3. The following
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figure shows an end view of a horizontal vessel with a transverse load, simulating wind/seismic
loading:

The saddle reaction load Fst (or Fwt for wind) due to the transverse load Ft is:
Fst (or Fwt) = (Saddle Moment Factor) * Ft * B / E

Saddle Dimension a - Enter the distance between the centerline of the saddle support and the
tangent line of the nearest head. This dimension is labeled A in most pressure vessel texts.

Dimension E at base - Enter the dimension of the baseplate that is less than the distance in
contact with the supporting surface. This entry is optional.
Circ Eff. over Saddle - Enter the circumferential efficiency in the plane of the saddle.
When you create a shell by welding the ends together, there is a longitudinal weld. If that weld is
at the saddle, there are bending moment stress.
Circ Eff. over Midspan - Enter circumferential efficiency at the mid-span.
When you create a shell by welding the ends together, there is a longitudinal weld. If that weld is
between saddles, there are bending moment stress.
Perform Saddle Check? (Saddle Dialog Box) (on page 117)
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Perform Anchor Bolts Calculations? (Saddle Dialog Box) (on page 118)
Optional Moments for ASME Saddle Analysis (Saddle Dialog Box) (on page 120)

Perform Saddle Check? (Saddle Dialog Box)
Select to add rib, web, and baseplate data, and perform a structural analysis of the saddle.
Saddle Allowable Stress - Enter the saddle allowable stress. Alternatively, click Matl... to
select a material directly from the Material Database (see "Material Database Dialog Box" on
page 407) dialog box.
Material Yield Stress - Enter the yield stress for the saddles at their design temperature.
Alternatively, click Matl... to select a material directly from the Material Database (see "Material
Database Dialog Box" on page 407) dialog box.
E for Plates - Enter the modulus of elasticity E for the saddle material.
Baseplate Length - Enter the long dimension of the baseplate in the direction of the vessel
diameter.

Baseplate Thickness - Enter the thickness of the baseplate.
Baseplate Width - Enter the short dimension (the width) of the baseplate.

Number of Ribs - Enter the number of ribs on one saddle, running parallel to the long axis of
the vessel.
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Rib Thickness - Enter the thickness of the rib supports.
Web Thickness - Enter the thickness of the web. The web is the vertical plate between the
baseplate and the wear plate, to which the ribs are attached.

Height of Center Web - Enter the distance from the bottom of the center rib to the top plus the
thickness of the shell.
Web Location - Select the web location relative to the saddle baseplate and wear plate. Select
Center, Side - Left, or Side - Right.

Perform Anchor Bolts Calculations? (Saddle Dialog Box)
Select to add anchor bolt data, and perform anchor bolt and baseplate calculations. Enter values
for the options below.
PV Elite performs anchor bolt calculations for horizontal vessel saddle supports and skirt
and leg baseplate supports. This analysis determines the uplift on the saddle supports due to
the external loads on the vessel. Loadings include defined forces and moments and wind and
seismic loads. If the vessel is in uplift, the required area of the bolts is determined. More
information on this analysis is found in the Pressure Vessel Design Manual by Dennis R. Moss,
1997 and later editions. In addition to calculation of the required bolt area, this method also
calculates the required thickness of the baseplate due to the applied bolt load. In some cases
the bolt load controls the thickness of the saddle baseplate.
Saddle Bolted to Steel Foundation? - Select if the saddles are welded to a steel substructure.
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Number of Bolts - Enter the total number of bolts to be used on the baseplate. The bolts are
assumed to be at the edge of the baseplate along the short side.

Num of Bolts in Tension - Enter the number of bolts in tension, generally the total number of
bolts divided by two.
Edge Distance - Enter the distance from the edge of the baseplate to the centerline of the bolts.
Bolt Corrosion Allowance - Enter the bolt corrosion allowance (BCA). If the bolt corrosion
allowance specified is a "total", then divide it by two; otherwise this calculation will be overly
conservative. When dealing with bolt corrosion, the following equation is used to calculate the
equivalent bolt OD and corresponding reduced area of the bolt:
BOD = ( BLTAREA * 4.0 / [ )
1/2
- 2.0 * BCA
Bolt Material - Enter the bolt material. Alternatively, click Matl... to select a material directly
from the Material Database (see "Material Database Dialog Box" on page 407) dialog box.
Bolt Allowable Stress - Enter the allowable stress of the bolt. If you select a material directly
from the Material Database dialog box for Bolt Material, the software provides the allowable
stress at ambient temperature. If you need the allowable at an elevated temperature (such as for
an insulated vessel), then you must enter the allowable stress at that temperature.
Thread Series - Enter the thread series identifier:
TEMA - 8 thread series, adapted from the TEMA Standard
TEMA Metric
UNC - Unified National Course Threads, adapted from Mark's Handbook
BS 3643
SABS 1700
User Defined Root Area - Also enter a value for the root area of a single bolt in Bolt Root
Area. This information can be obtained from a standard engineering handbook.
Nominal Bolt Diameter - Select the nominal bolt diameter. In general this value ranges from
1/2 inch to 4 inches.
Bolt Root Area - For nonstandard or metric bolts, enter the root cross-sectional area of the bolt.
If you have entered a value for Bolt Corrosion Allowance, the software modifies the area of
the bolt using the equation described above.

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Optional Moments for ASME Saddle Analysis (Saddle Dialog
Box)
According to definitions in ASME VIII-2 4.15.6 enter values for the following optional moments:
Moment M1 - Net-section maximum, maximum longitudinal bending moment at the saddle
support. The moment is negative when it results in a tensile stress at the top of the shell.
Moment M2 - Net-section maximum, maximum longitudinal bending moment between the
saddle support. The moment is negative when it results in a tensile stress at the top of the shell.
The saddle analysis used in PV Elite can be either the method outlined in ASME VIII-2
paragraph 4.15.3 or PD 5500 Annex G. Both of these analyses are based on the original
method outlined in the September 1951 Paper by L.P. Zick, "Stresses in Large Horizontal
Cylindrical Pressure Vessels on Two Saddle Supports." This paper first appeared in the The
Welding Journal Research Supplement. The basis of the analysis is a typical pressure vessel
with ellipsoidal, torispherical or hemispherical heads at either end and cylindrical sections in the
middle. The two saddle supports are assumed to be equidistant from the ends. With these
assumptions, the bending moments between the saddles and over the saddles can be
calculated.
Unfortunately, the geometry of many vessels and exchangers do not fall in line with these
assumptions. As a result, the analysis of these vessels may produce moments that are not
correct with regard to the original Zick formulas. The software allows the optional input of
Moment M1 and Moment M2, as defined in ASME VIII-2 4.15.3, for both the operating and
hydrotest conditions. If Moment M1 and Moment M2 are zero, moments are calculated based
on the design information provided in the Saddle dialog. If Moment M1 and Moment M2 are
non-zero, these moment values are used, overriding the calculated moments. Moment M1 and
Moment M2 can be positive or negative.
According to ASME VIII-2, paragraph 4.15.3.2, the moments are calculated for equidistant
saddles with a 0.25L. If the relationship between a and L is not maintained, the moments
should be calculated using an appropriate engineering beam type analysis method (such as
shear and moment diagrams). From ASME VIII-2 4.15.6:
a - Distance from the axis of the saddle support to the tangent line on the curve for a dished
head or to the inner face of a flat cover or tubesheet.
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L - Length of the cylindrical shell measured from the tangent line for a vessel with dished
ends or from the inner face to inner face for vessels with flat covers or tubesheets.

These overriding moments are only used in Division 2 saddle analysis and not PD:5500
saddle analysis.
Tray
Click Details > Tray or Tray Input on the Details toolbar to add a set of equally spaced
trays with a set liquid height to the selected element on a vertical vessel. The Tray dialog box
appears.
Previous Tray Group - If you created more than one tray set on the element, click to go back to
the previous set.
Go To Next Tray Set - If you created more than one tray set on the element, click to go to the
next set.
Add New Tray Set - Click to add a new tray set to the element.
Delete - Deletes all data for the current tray set.

Number of Trays - Enter the number of trays on the element.
Tray Spacing - Enter the vertical distance between trays.
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Tray Weight Per Unit Area - Enter the unit weight of each tray in the set. Do not enter the total
weight, because the software multiplies the unit weight by the cross-sectional area of the
element.
Support Ring and Bolting Bar Weight -
Height of Liquid on Tray - Enter the height of the liquid on each tray.
Density of Liquid on Tray - Enter the density of the liquid on each tray. For more information,
see Liquid Density (see "Liquid" on page 130).

Lug
Click Details > Lug or Lug Input on the Details toolbar to add support lugs to the selected
element on a vertical vessel. The Support Lug dialog box appears. If no skirt or legs are
defined for a vertical vessel, the lowest set of lugs are used as the vessel support point for dead
load and live load calculations.
Delete - Deletes all data for the lug.

Lug Type - Select the type of geometry for the support lug:

Simple geometry with gussets

Gusseted geometry with top plate

Gusseted geometry with continuous top encirclement ring

Lug Start Angle - Enter the angle between the designated zero degree line of the vessel and
the start angle of the lug.
Lug Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most of
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Number of Lugs - Enter the number of support lugs around the periphery of the vessel at this
location.
Dist. from OD to Lug MidPt (dlug) - Enter the radial distance from the wall of the vessel to the
midpoint where the lug attaches to the structural steel.
Weight of One Lug - Enter the actual weight of one support lug. The software does not gather
enough information to do the detailed calculation of the support lug weight.
Force Bearing Width (wfb) - Enter the width of the structure that is in contact with the bottom
lug support plate.
Radial Width of Bottom Ring (wpl) - Enter the distance that the bottom support plate extends
from the OD of the vessel. This value must be greater than or equal to Mean Width of Gussets
(wgp).
Effective Force Bearing Length (lpl) - For lug types with a bottom plate and no continuous
rings (Simple geometry with no gussets and gusseted geometry with top plate in Lug Type),
enter the distance between gussets plus two times the gusset plate thickness.
For lug types with continuous top and bottom rings (Gusseted geometry with continuous top
encirclement ring in Lug Type), enter the length of the bottom plate located on a support:

Thickness of Bottom Ring (tpl) - Enter the thickness of the bottom support plate.
Distance Between Gussets (dgp) - Enter the distance between the inside surfaces of the
gusset plates.
Mean Width of Gussets (wgp) - Enter the mean gusset width, defined as the gusset width at
the top plus the gusset width at the bottom divided by two. The software uses this value to
calculate the actual stresses in the gusset plates.
Height of Gussets (tgp) - Enter the height of one gusset.
Thickness of Gussets (tgp) - Enter the thickness of the gusset plate.
Radial Width of Top Ring (wtp) - Enter the radial dimension from the OD of the shell to the
edge of the plate. This value should be less than or equal to Mean Width of Gussets (wgp).
Circumferential Width of Top Ring (cwp) -
Thickness of Top Ring (ttp) - Enter the thickness of the top support plate ring that sits above
the gussets.
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Perform WRC 107 Calculation - Select to perform the WRC 107 local stress analysis on a
reinforcing pad for the lug. The software calculates the stresses at the edge of the attachment
and the edge of the pad. Enter values for the width, length, and thickness options.

Bolt Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most of
Type of Threads - Enter the thread series identifier:
TEMA Metric
BS 3643
SABS 1700
User Root Area - Also enter a value for the root area of a single bolt in Bolt Root Area.
This information can be obtained from a standard engineering handbook.
Nominal Bolt Diameter - Select the nominal bolt diameter. In general this value ranges from
1/2 inch to 4 inches.
Bolt Root Area - When User Root Area is selected for Type of Threads, enter the root
cross-sectional area of the bolt.

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Legs
Click Details > Legs or Leg Input on the Details toolbar to add support legs to the selected
element. The Leg dialog box appears. Legs may be created for a vertical vessel without a skirt
element.
Leg Input Parameters Tab (Leg Dialog Box) (on page 125)
Base Plate Parameters Tab (Leg Dialog Box) (on page 128)
Leg Input Parameters Tab (Leg Dialog Box)
Defines parameters for the legs and leg pads.
Delete - Deletes all data for the legs.
Leg Centerline Diameter - Enter the distance between the centerlines of two legs on opposing
sides of the vessel. If there are an odd number of legs (therefore, no two legs are opposing),
then enter the diameter of a circle drawn through the centerlines of the legs. Alternatively, click
Compute Centerline Diameter to calculate the value.
Leg Orientation - Select the orientation of the leg cross-section with respect to the centerline.
Select:
Strong Axis - The strong axis is perpendicular to the vessel.
Weak Axis - The weak axis is perpendicular to the vessel.
Diagonal - The strong axis is diagonal to the vessel.

Number of Legs - Enter the number of legs. You must create at least three legs.
Overall Length of Legs - Enter the distance from the ground to the attachment point of the leg
on the vessel.
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Effective Leg Length "L" - Enter the effective leg length L, defined as the free length of the leg
that is subject to bending. This is the value that is used in the AISC formula kl/r. This value
cannot be explicitly calculated because there are numerous configurations of legs. If the value is
zero, the software conservatively uses the overall leg length as the effective leg length in the
calculation.

Leg Database - Select the structural specification database to use for leg cross-sections.
Section Identifier - Enter a section name in the format of the specification selected in Leg
Database, or click LookUp to open the Select a Leg Shape dialog box and select a section
from the database.

L - Equal angle

L - Unequal angle

B/D - Double angles with
large or small sides back
to back

C/HP/M/MC/S -
Channels and other
miscellaneous channels

W - Wide Flanges

ST - Structural Tees
Leg Yield Stress - Enter the yield stress for the legs. Alternatively, click to select a material
directly from the Yield Stress Selection dialog box.
Effective End Condition "K" - Enter the effective end condition K. For pressure vessel legs, a
value of 1.0 or 1.5 is commonly used.
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End Condition Theoretical K Recommended K
Fixed - Fixed 0.5 0.65
Fixed - Pinned 0.7 0.80
Fixed - Trans 1.0 1.20
Pinned - Pinned 1.0 1.00
Fixed - Rotates 2.0 2.10
Pinned - Rotates 2.0 2.00
Leg Start Angle - Enter the angle between the designated zero degree line of the vessel and
the start angle of the first leg.
Occasional Load Factor - Enter a factor for irregularly occurring loads. The default value is
1.333.
Perform WRC 107 Analysis - Select to perform the WRC 107 local stress analysis on a
reinforcing pad between a leg and the vessel. The software calculates the stresses at the edge
of the attachment and the edge of the pad.

Pad Width - Enter the pad width as measured along the circumferential direction of the vessel.
The pad width must be greater than attachment width.
Pad Length - Enter the length of the pad as measured along the long axis of the vessel.
Pad Thickness - Enter the thickness of the pad.
Compute Centerline Diameter - Click to calculate the value for Leg Centerline Diameter
based on the element OD, Number of Legs, the cross-section selected for Section Identifier,
and the Pad Thickness for Perform WRC 107 Analysis.
Are the Legs Cross Braced? - Select if the legs are diagonally braced. Bracing the legs
reduces bending and increases the axial load in the legs.
Are these Pipe Legs? - Select to analyze pipe legs. Also enter values for Pipe Leg Inside
Diameter and Pipe Leg Outside Diameter.
Pipe Leg Inside Diameter - Enter the corroded pipe inside diameter. Alternatively, click to
open the Seamless Pipe Selection dialog box, and select a pipe schedule and nominal
diameter.
Pipe Leg Outside Diameter - Enter the corroded pipe outside diameter. Alternatively, click
to open the Seamless Pipe Selection dialog box, and select a pipe schedule and nominal
diameter.
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This value must be greater than Pipe Leg Inside Diameter. The software uses these
values to calculate moment of inertia, section modulus and radius of gyration for the legs. These
values are used in the AISC unity check and natural frequency calculations.
Vessel Translates during Occasional Load? - Select to calculate a more conservative
longitudinal moment when Perform WRC 107 Analysis is also selected.
Employ Directional Check for W and C Types -

Base Plate Parameters Tab (Leg Dialog Box)
Defines parameters for the leg base plates.
Perform Baseplate Analysis? - Select to place a baseplate on the bottom of each leg and
analyze baseplate, bolt, and foundation loads and enter values for the options below. The
software assumes the leg is attached symmetrically on the baseplate.

Length, B - Enter the length along the bolt side.
Width, D - Enter the width.
Thickness - Enter the thickness of the baseplate.
Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most of the
materials in ASME Code, Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B, and 3. Matl... allows a material to be
selected directly from the Material Database Dialog Box (on page 407). To modify the material
properties of the selected element, click to open the Material Properties Dialog Box (on
page 433). Doing so only changes the properties of this element for this analysis. It does not
Thread Series - Enter the thread series identifier:
TEMA Metric
BS 3643
SABS 1700
User Root Area - Also enter a value for the root area of a single bolt in Root Area. This
information can be obtained from a standard engineering handbook.
Nominal Diameter - Click and select the nominal bolt diameter from the bolt table selected
for Thread Series. If you have a bolt that is outside of the bolt table ranges, enter the nominal
size and select User Root Area in Thread Series.
For TEMA and UNC bolts, the available bolt diameters are:
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Bolt Size
(inches)
Bolt Root Area
(cm.^2) (in.^2)
0.500 1.27 0.126
0.625 1.5875 0.202
0.750 1.9050 0.302
0.875 2.22225 0.419
1.000 2.54000 0.551
1.125 2.85750 0.728
1.250 3.17500 0.929
1.375 3.49250 1.155
1.500 3.81000 1.405
1.625 4.12750 1.680
1.750 4.44500 1.980
1.875 4.76250 2.304
2.000 5.08000 2.652
2.250 5.71500 3.423
2.500 6.35000 4.292
2.750 6.98500 5.259
3.000 7.62000 6.324
3.250 8.25500 7.487
3.500 8.89000 8.749
3.750 9.52500 10.108
4.000 10.1600 11.566
This information is adapted from Jawad and Farr, Structural Analysis and Design of
Process Equipment, pg 425.
Corrosion Allowance - Enter the bolt corrosion allowance. The software uses this value to
corrode the radius of the root area and calculate a corroded root stress area based on the
nominal bolt size and bolt table. This area is then used in the remainder of the bolt load/stress
calculations.
The software calculates the required area of the bolt. If the bolt corrosion allowance is greater
than zero, the software adds the corrosion allowance and recalculates the diameter based on
the new required area:
Corroded Bolt Root Diameter = (4 * New Bolt Area/Pi)
1/2
- 2 * Bolt Corrosion
Allowance
Number per Baseplate - Enter the number of bolts per baseplate. In most cases, this should be
an even number, but for angle legs, the value can be 1.The software assumes that the bolts are
located along Length, B. The required size of the bolt and the baseplate thickness are looked
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up from a table in the Pressure Vessel Design Manual and Pressure Vessel Handbook. There
are no calculations for one bolt.
Number in Tension - Enter the number of bolts in tension under wind, earthquake, and
horizontal loads, defined as the number of bolts along one Length, B side (three bolts in the
examples above). If these load cases are not needed, no value is required.
Distance from Edge to Bolt - Enter the dimension z from the edge of the leg to the centerline
of the bolts, measures along the Width, D side.
Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most of the
materials in ASME Code, Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B, and 3. Matl... allows a material to be
selected directly from the Material Database Dialog Box (on page 407). To modify the material
properties of the selected element, click to open the Material Properties Dialog Box (on
page 433). Doing so only changes the properties of this element for this analysis. It does not
Root Area - When User Root Area is selected for Thread Series, enter the root cross-sectional
area of the bolt.
Nominal Compressive Strength - Enter the following for the concrete to which the base is
bolted:
F'
c
- The nominal ultimate compressive stress of the concrete. This value is F'
c
in Jawad
and Farr or FPC in Meygesy. A typical entry is 3000 psi.
F
c
- The allowable compressive stress of the concrete
n - The steel-to-concrete modulus of elasticity ratio, E
plates
/E
c
.
Average Values of Properties of Concrete Mixes (adapted from Brownell and Young)
Water Content
(US Gallons per 94 lb
Sack of Cement)

f'
c

28-day Ultimate
Compressive
Strength (psi)
f
c

Allowable Compressive
Strength = 0.45*f'c
(psi)
n
Modular Ratio
(E
s
/E
c
)

7.5 2000 800 15
6.75 2500 1000 12
6 3000 1200 10
5 3750 1400 8
According to Jawad and Farr, Ec is equal to 57000 multiplied by the square root of f'
c

psi.The modulus of elasticity of steel is assumed to be 30 x 10
6
.

Liquid
Click Details > Liquid or Liquid Input on the Details toolbar to add liquid data to the
element. The Liquid dialog box appears. Normally, Liquid is used on the bottom head of
the vessel. Each element is then filled with the appropriate amount of liquid. It is best to model
the entire vessel before adding liquid data.
Delete - Deletes all data for the liquid.
Full - Click to calculate the values of Distance from "From" Node and the value of Height in
this Element, assuming that the element is completely filled with the defined liquid.
Fill Elements Now - Click to fill the vessel to the level specified by Height from Datum. If the
height is greater than the vessel height, the vessel is completely filled. The software assigns
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detail ID values using the Liquid Density (see "Liquid" on page 130). To use this command
effectively, all elements in the vessel model should be created first.
Liquid Density
Enter the density or specific gravity of the liquid. Typical specific gravities and densities are
shown below. The densities should be converted if you use another units system.
Name Specific Gravity Density (lb/ft3)
Ethane 0.3564 22.23
Propane 0.5077 31.66
N-butane 0.5844 36.44
Iso-butane 0.5631 35.11
N-Pentane 0.6310 39.35
Iso-Pentane 0.6247 38.96
N-hexane 0.6640 41.41
2-methypentane 0.6579 41.03
3-methylpentane 0.6689 41.71
2,2-dimethylbutane 0.6540 40.78
N-heptane 0.6882 42.92
2-methylheptane 0.6830 42.59
2,2-dimethylpentane 0.6782 42.29
1,1-dimethylcyclopentane 0.7592 47.34
N-octane 0.7068 44.08
Cyclopentane 0.7504 46.79
Methylcyclopentane 0.7536 46.99
Cyclohexane 0.7834 48.85
Methylcyclohexane 0.7740 48.27
Benzene 0.8844 55.15
Toluene 0.8718 54.37
Alcohol 0.7900 49.26
Ammonia 0.8900 55.50
Benzine 0.6900 43.03
Gasoline 0.7000 43.65
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Kerosene 0.8000 49.89
Mineral Oil 0.9200 57.37
Petroleum Oil 0.8200 51.14
Water 1.0 62.4

Height in this Element - Enter the height or length of the liquid on this element. This value is
used only to calculate the weight of the liquid section. For seismic calculations, the weight center
of the liquid section is taken at half this height. The value is also used to calculate the operating
pressure at all points below the liquid.
Height from Datum - Enter the height or length of the liquid from the datum line to the operating
or design level. Normally, Liquid is used on the bottom head of the vessel. Each element is
then filled with the appropriate amount of liquid. It is best to model the entire vessel before
adding liquid data. If a value is entered that is greater than the height of the vessel, the software
completely fills the vessel.

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Insulation
Click Details > Insulation or Insulation Input on the Details toolbar to add insulation to the
element. The Insulation dialog box appears.
Delete - Deletes all insulation data.
Full - Click to calculate the values of Distance from "From" Node and the value of Height/Length
of Insulation, assuming that the element is fully covered by the defined insulation.
All - Click to cover the entire vessel with insulation, The software assigns detail ID values using
the defined insulation values. To use this command effectively, all elements in the vessel model
should be created first.
Height/Length of Insulation - Enter the height or length of the insulation on the element. This
value is used only to calculate the weight of the insulation. For seismic calculations, the weight
center of the insulated section is taken at half this height. If you have a insulation on a horizontal
vessel, the value is the length of the insulated section.
The only software distinction between insulation and lining is that insulation is on the OD
of the element, while lining is on the ID of the element. Use Insulation to add OD
fireproofing, and Lining to add ID fireproofing.
Thickness of Insulation - Enter the thickness of the insulation or fireproofing.
Density of Insulation - Enter the density of the insulation, such as the following typical
densities:
Material Type

Density
(lbs/ft
3
)
Calcium Silicate 22.5
Foam Glass 16.0
Mineral Wool 14.0
Glass Fiber 11.0
Asbestos 30.0
Careytemp 18.0
Kaylo 10 22.0
Perlite / Celo-temp 1500 23.0
Polyurethane 4.0
Styrofoam 3.0
Type of Insulation - Enter a description for the type of insulation.

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Lining
Click Details > Lining or Lining Input on the Details toolbar to add lining to the element.
The Lining dialog box appears.
Delete - Deletes all lining data.
Full - Click to calculate the values of Distance from "From" Node and the value of
Height/Length of Lining, assuming that the element is fully covered by the defined lining.
Height/Length of Lining - Enter the height or length of the lining on this element. This value is
used only to calculate the weight of the lined section. For seismic calculations the weight center
of the lined section will be taken at half this height. If you have a lining in a horizontal vessel, the
value is the length of the lined section.
The only software distinction between insulation and lining is that insulation is on the OD
of the element, while lining is on the ID of the element. Use Insulation to add OD
fireproofing, and Lining to add ID fireproofing.
Thickness of Lining - Enter the thickness of the lining or fireproofing.
Density of Lining - Enter the density of the insulation, lining, or packing, such as the following
typical lining densities:
Material Type

Density
(lbs/ft
3
)
Alumina Brick 170.0
Fire Clay 130.0
High Alumina 130.0
Kaolin 135.0
Magnesite 180.0
Silica 110.0
Insulating Fire Brick 40.0
Concrete 140.0
Cement 100.0
Also see Density of Insulation (see "Insulation" on page 133).

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Halfpipe Jacket
Click Details > Halfpipe Jacket or Half Pipe Jacket on the Details toolbar to add half-pipe
jackets to the shell on the selected cylinder element, according to ASME Code, Section VIII,
Division 1, Appendix EE. The Half Pipe Jacket Input dialog box appears.
Half pipe jackets are commonly made by rolling and forming flat bar in a specific radius and
helical curvature that matches that of the parent shell course. These jackets are used to heat or
cool the contents inside of the vessel. For vessels that are under cyclic service, it is advised that
the jacket be attached by both a fillet and full penetration groove weld.

PV Elite performs required thickness and maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP)
calculations for cylindrical shells with half-pipe jackets attached. The analysis is based on the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph EE-1, Appendix
EE. The analysis is only valid for the cylindrical geometries shown in Figure EE-4.

Additionally, only nominal pipe sizes from 2 to 4 can be used. Although there are no charts for
sizes 2.5 and 3.5, the software accepts these sizes and performs iterations between the given
charts. If the half-pipe is a nonstandard pipe size, or has a formed radius, the actual radius is
used in the calculations.
The software takes full account of corrosion allowance. Actual thickness values and corrosion
allowances are entered, and the software adjusts thicknesses and diameters when making
calculations for the corroded condition.
Delete - Deletes all jacket data.
Quick Results - Click to see a quick report of half pipe jacket analysis results.
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Length Along Shell of Jacket Section - Enter the distance that the jacket extends along the
length of the shell section. This value cannot be greater than the specified length of the shell
course.

Pitch Spacing - Enter the distance between centers of adjacent half-pipes.
Shell Corrosion Allowance in Jacket - Enter the internal corrosion allowance of the half-pipe
jacket.
Start Angle -
Jacket Design Temperature - Enter the design temperature of the jacket.
Jacket Design Pressure - Enter the design pressure of the fluid inside the jacket.
Jacket Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most
Pipe - Click to open the Seamless Pipe Selection dialog box and select values from the piping
database for Jacket Corrosion Allowance and Minimum Jacket Thickness.
Jacket Corrosion Allowance - Displays the corrosion allowance for the pipe that you selected
in Pipe. You can also manually enter a value.
Minimum Jacket Thickness - Displays the thickness for the pipe that you selected in Pipe. You
can also manually enter a value.
Inside Radius of Formed Jacket - Enter a value for a jacket formed from bar or plate. This
value is only used if Formed Radius Type is selected for Nominal Pipe Size.
Nominal Pipe Size - Select the nominal pipe size of the jacket. Select 2 inch, 3 inch, or 4 inch
to use sizes recognized by Appendix EE. Select 2.5 inch or 3.5 inch to interpolate from
Appendix EE graphs. Select Formed Radius Type for a non-standard jacket, and also enter a
value for Inside Radius of Formed Jacket.
Contents Specific Gravity - Enter the specific gravity of any fluid contained within the jacket.
Enter the density or specific gravity of the liquid. Typical specific gravities and densities are
shown below. The densities should be converted if you use another units system.
Name Specific Gravity Density (lb/ft3)
Ethane 0.3564 22.23
Propane 0.5077 31.66
N-butane 0.5844 36.44
Iso-butane 0.5631 35.11
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N-Pentane 0.6310 39.35
Iso-Pentane 0.6247 38.96
N-hexane 0.6640 41.41
2-methypentane 0.6579 41.03
3-methylpentane 0.6689 41.71
N-heptane 0.6882 42.92
1,1-dimethylcyclopentane 0.7592 47.34
N-octane 0.7068 44.08
Cyclopentane 0.7504 46.79
Methylcyclopentane 0.7536 46.99
Cyclohexane 0.7834 48.85
Methylcyclohexane 0.7740 48.27
Benzene 0.8844 55.15
Toluene 0.8718 54.37
Alcohol 0.7900 49.26
Ammonia 0.8900 55.50
Benzine 0.6900 43.03
Gasoline 0.7000 43.65
Kerosene 0.8000 49.89
Mineral Oil 0.9200 57.37
Petroleum Oil 0.8200 51.14
Water 1.0 62.4

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Tubesheet
Click Details > Tubesheet or Tubesheet Analysis on the Details toolbar to add a heat
exchange tubesheet to the element. The Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input dialog box
appears.
To build and analyze shell and tube heat exchangers with PV Elite, it is important to understand
the modeling techniques involved:
First, define and design the pressure envelope or exterior components of the exchanger
first, including all covers, flanges and cylinders. Verify that the design pressures and
temperatures are correctly specified.
Tubesheets are frequently paired to cylinders or flanges. Click on the front end flange
element just to the left of the tubesheet for proper definition, then click Tubesheet
Analysis to define the assembly. Enter data on each tab of the Heat Exchanger Tubesheet
Input dialog box. The software dynamically adds or removes tabs depending on the type of
exchanger selected. For example, an exchanger with a floating head requires more input
and displays more tabs than a U-tube type exchanger.
Tubesheets that are either completely integral or integral on the channel side are attached
to the channel cylinder. These tubesheets must have a value for Distance from "From"
Node to define the length of that cylinder because they start at the end of the channel
cylinder.
Verify that the 3D graphic looks like the needed geometry. Use the transparency feature to
see inside of the exchanger. The software does not draw all tubes to improve performance.
Examples are located in the PV Elite installation folder.
Delete - Deletes all tubesheet data.
HTRI In - Select to open an .dbo HTRI output file.
See also
Tubesheet Type and Design Code Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box) (on page
139)
Tubesheet Properties Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box) (on page 143)
Tube Data Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box) (on page 150)
Expansion Joint Data Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box) (on page 162)
Load Cases Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box) (on page 166)
Floating TubeSheet Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box) (on page 169)
Spherical Cover/Backing Ring Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box) (on page 172)

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Tubesheet Type and Design Code Tab (Heat Exchanger
Tubesheet Input Dialog Box)
General Exchanger Data
Tubesheet Analysis Method - Displays the standard to use for analysis:
TEMA - Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
ASME UHX - ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Section UHX
PD 5500 (British Code) - British Pressure Vessel Code, Section 3.9, Flat Heat Exchanger
Tubesheets
EN-13445 ( for U-tube heat exchangers only)
Exchanger Type - Select the type of heat exchanger
U-Tube has only one tubesheet. The tubes are bent in the form of a "U". The bundle can
removed for maintenance, but the inside of the tube is harder to clean because of the bend.

Fixed has two tubesheets that are fixed at each end of the exchanger and are connected to
each other via straight tubes. Both the tubesheets are stationary, so differential thermal
expansion can develop between the shell and the tubes. An expansion joint is sometimes
required to absorb the thermal growth.

Floating has one tubesheet that is fixed (stationary) and one that is free to move. Because
one tubesheet "floats", any differential thermal expansion between the shell and tubes is
absorbed. This category of exchangers are the most versatile and also the costliest. Tubes
can also be cleaned easily compared to U-tube exchangers.

Expansion Joint Type (if any) - Select the expansion joint type.
No Joint - The exchanger type has no expansion joint type.
Thin Bellows Type - The joint is comprised of a thin bellows that is very flexible and has
low stiffness. Analysis is performed according to ASME Appendix 26 for thin bellows
expansion joint type.
Thick Joint Type (Flanged and Flued) - The joint is comprised of a number of shell
elements that are added together to form the expansion joint. A thick joint is stiffer than the
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thin joint and its stiffness must be taken into account. Analysis is performed according to
Appendix 5 guidelines, TEMA or Kopp & Sayre Method.
Click Vacuum Pressures and Report Options for this Load Case to open the Report
Print Options dialog box, then select Print Intermediate Results for Expansion Joint
Calculations.
ASME or EN-13445
Floating Exchanger Type - Select the type of floating exchanger, as defined in part UHX of the
ASME code:
Exchanger with an Immersed Floating Head

Exchanger with an Externally Sealed Floating Head

Exchanger with an Internally Sealed Floating Head

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Tubesheet/Shell Junction Stress Reduction Option - Select the option used to reduce the
possible over stress at the junction of the tubesheet and the integral cylinder. If the U-tube
tubesheet is welded to the shell then the integral cylinder is the shell cylinder and if the
tubesheet is welded to the channel then it is the channel cylinder. The U-tube stress reduction
options are displayed below:
Increase Tubesheet Thickness
Increase Integral Cylinder Thickness - Increase for the shell, or channel, or both.
Increase Cylinder and Tubesheet Thickness - Increase for both the tubesheet and the
integral cylinder.
Perform Elastic-Plastic Calculation - Performing the elastic-plastic calculation at that
junction is recommended if all prerequisites are satisfied. For example, the equipment is not
operating in the temperature creep range where time-dependent properties affect material
allowables.
TEMA
TEMA Exchanger Notation - For a TEMA analysis, select a value for each of the three options.
The order of the options is:

1 - Front End
2 - Shell Type
3 - Rear End
The nomenclature for each option is according to the conventions in TEMA page 2, figure N-1.2:
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Front End Shell Type Rear End

TEMA Exchanger Class - For a TEMA analysis, select one of the classes of exchangers, R, C,
or B. The class is determined by the severity of service and is discussed in the TEMA code,
paragraph RCB-1.1. The calculation method is the same for all classes, but each class has its
own design restrictions. Verify the correct class to use for your application.
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Tubesheet Properties Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input
Dialog Box)
Description - Enter an alpha-numeric string to identify the detail. This must be a unique value
compared to all other detail descriptions on the vessel. A consistent naming convention is
Element From Node - Displays the From Node for the selected element.
Dist. from "From" Node - Enter the distance from the shell to the outer face of the nearer
tubesheet.

Tubesheet Type - Select the type of tubesheet to analyze, according to ASME classifications.
The available selections change depending on the Exchanger Type selected on the Tubesheet
Type and Design Code tab.
Fixed tubesheet exchangers are subject to loads arising from differential thermal expansion
between the tubes and the shell. They have stationary tubesheets on both sides. Fixed
tubesheet exchangers are classified by ASME UHX:
Configurations Description
A Tubesheet integral with both shell and channel
B
Tubesheet integral with shell, gasketed with channel, with tubesheet
extended as a flange
C
Tubesheet integral with shell, gasketed with channel, with tubesheet not
D Tubesheet gasketed with both shell and channel
U-Tube exchangers are classified either as integral with the shell, channel, both, or
gasketed on both sides, according to ASME UHX

A Tubesheet integral with both shell and channel
B
Tubesheet integral with shell, gasketed with channel, with tubesheet
C
Tubesheet integral with shell, gasketed with channel, with tubesheet not
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D Tubesheet gasketed with both shell and channel
E
Tubesheet integral with channel, gasketed with shell, with tubesheet
F
Tubesheet integral with channel, gasketed with shell, with tubesheet not
Floating tubesheet exchangers have a stationary tubesheet and a floating tubesheet,
according to ASME UHX classifications:

A Tubesheet integral
B Tubesheet gasketed and extended as a flange
C Tubesheet gasketed and not extended as a flange
D Tubesheet internally sealed
Some ASME UHX Tubesheet configurations are shown below:
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Tubesheet is integral with the shell and is gasketed on the channel side and is not extending
as a flange

Tubesheet is integral with the shell and is gasketed on the channel side and is extending as
a flange

Tubesheet is gasketed on both the shell and the channel sides and is not extended as a
flange. In an alternative arrangement the tubesheet is extending as a flange.
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Tubesheet is integral with both the shell and the channel. This is a fixed tubesheet
exchanger, as a flanged and flued expansion joint is used to reduced the differential thermal
expansion, between the tubes and the shell.

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The following tubesheet attachment types are used:

Outside Diameter - Enter the outside diameter of the tubesheet.
Tubesheet Thickness - Enter the tubesheet thickness in a uncorroded condition. If it is a
re-rate, then the actual measured thickness is typically used.
Corr. Allow. Shell Side / Channel Side - Enter the corrosion allowance on the shell side (the
inner face of the tubesheet), and the corrosion allowance on the channel side (the outer face of
the tubesheet facing the channel side).
Depth of Groove in Tubesheet (if any) - Enter the depth of a groove in the tubesheet, used to
locate the channel partition plate and its gasket. If there is no groove, such as in a single pass
exchanger, this value is 0.

Weld Leg at Back of Tubesheet (if any) - If the tubesheet is welded to shell and/or channel,
then enter the fillet weld length at the back of the tubesheet.
Tubesheet Assembly is Down/Left? - Select if a horizontal U-tube exchanger is modeled with
the tube bundle facing left and the tubesheet on the right or for a vertical U-tube exchanger.
Tubesheet Extended as Flange? - Select if the tubesheet is extended as a flange, so that it is
subject to the bolt load from the mating flange.
Thickness of Extended Portion - When Tubesheet Extended as Flange? is selected, enter
the thickness of the portion of the tubesheet that is extended for bolting.
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Tfr/T Ratio for U-Tubesheets (optional) - When Tubesheet Extended as Flange? is
selected, enter the ratio of the required thickness of the tubesheet flanged extension to the
tubesheet, if reducing the required thickness of the flanged extension is required. The ratio
should be less than 1.0 and more than 0.2. The default value is 1.0. This value is used in TEMA
RCB 7.1342 for U-tube tubesheet exchangers. This entry is optional.
Bolt Load Transferred to Tubesheet? - When Tubesheet Extended as Flange? is selected,
also select this option if the bolt load is transferred to the tubesheet,extended as the flange. Do
not select this option if the tubesheet is gasketed with both the shell and channel flanges.
Otherwise, the tubesheet can still be extended, but the bolt load is not transferred to the
tubesheet extension. Carefully consider all possible cases, such as the hydrotest. When this
option is not selected, the required thickness of tubesheet extension is not calculated.
UnTubed Lane Area - Enter the total area of all the untubed lanes on the tubesheet. If there is
no pass partition lane then the value is 0. This value is only needed for ASME code analysis. In
a single pass exchanger, this area is UL1 * Do:

The area is UL1 * Do
The maximum limiting value of is 4*Do*p.
Do - Equivalent diameter of outer limit circle
p - Tube pitch
UL1 - Distance between innermost tube hole
centers (width of pass partition lane)

Backing Ring Thickness - Enter the actual thickness of the backing ring. This value is needed
when a tubesheet is clamped and gasketed on one side by a backing ring or device. For
doubly-split rings, this is the thickness of each piece:

Backing Ring ID / OD - Enter the inside and the outside diameters of the backing ring.
G Dimension for Backing Ring - Enter the effective diameter G, defined as the mid point of the
contact between the backing flange and the tubesheet. When a tubesheet is clamped and
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gasketed on one side by a backing ring or device, the effective diameter of the gasket between
the backing ring and the tubesheet is needed.

Is There a Shell Band? - Select if there is a shell band. The shell might have thicker courses at
either end, called shell bands. Shell bands give added strength to the shell to tubesheet region:

Shell Thickness Adjacent to Tubesheet - Enter the thickness of the shell bands ts1.
Shell Band Corrosion Allowance - Enter the corrosion allowance for the shell band.
Shell Band Length Adjacent to Tubesheet, Front End L1 - Enter the front end length l1 for
the shell band.
Shell Band Length Adjacent to Tubesheet, Rear End L1' - Enter the rear end length l1' for
the shell band.
Also specify the shell band material on the Load Cases tab.
How are Tubesheets Clamped - Select the method of clamping for a fixed or a floating
tubesheet, as defined by PD 5500, Figure 3.9-6:
Stationary Tubesheet Floating Tubesheet
Simply Supported Simply Supported
Simply Supported Clamped
Clamped Simply Supported
Clamped Clamped

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If either shell or channel is welded
to a U-tubesheet, then:
The U-tubesheet is simply
supported if:

The U-tubesheet is clamped if:

Backing Ring (Tubesheet Properties Tab)
ASME Part UHX Specific (Tubesheet Properties Tab)
PD 5500 (Tubesheet Properties Tab)
Tube Data Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box)
Number of Holes / Pattern - Enter the total number of tube holes drilled in one of the
tubesheets. Also select the hole pattern: Square, or Triangular. The code expects the holes to
be fairly evenly spaced over the entire area of the tubesheet without large areas that are not
drilled.

For a square rotated pattern, select Square. For a triangular rotated pattern, select
Triangular.
Wall Thickness / Corrosion Allowance - Enter the wall thickness of the exchanger tubes, and
the corrosion allowance to which the tubes are subjected. Typical tube thicknesses are below:
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Tube O.D.
inches
(mm)
B.W.G.
gage
Thickness
inches
Thickness
mm
1/4

(6.35)
22 0.028 0.711
24 0.022 0.559
26 0.018 0.457
27 0.016 0.406
3/8

(9.53)
18 0.049 1.245
20 0.035 0.889
22 0.028 0.711
24 0.022 0.559
1/2

(12.7)
16 0.065 1.651
18 0.049 1.245
20 0.035 0.889
22 0.028 0.711
5/8

(15.88)
12 0.109 2.769
13 0.095 2.413
14 0.083 2.108
15 0.072 1.829
16 0.065 1.651
17 0.058 1.473
18 0.049 1.245
19 0.042 1.067
20 0.035 0.889
3/4

(19.05)
10 0.134 3.404
11 0.120 3.048
12 0.109 2.769
13 0.095 2.413
14 0.083 2.108
15 0.072 1.829
16 0.065 1.651
17 0.058 1.473
18 0.049 1.245
20 0.035 0.889
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Tube O.D.
inches
(mm)
B.W.G.
gage
Thickness
inches
Thickness
mm
7/8

(22.23)
10 0.134 3.404
11 0.120 3.048
12 0.109 2.769
13 0.095 2.413
14 0.083 2.108
15 0.072 1.829
16 0.065 1.651
17 0.058 1.473
18 0.049 1.245
20 0.035 0.889
1

(25.4)
8 0.165 4.191
10 0.134 3.404
11 0.120 3.048
12 0.109 2.769
13 0.095 2.413
14 0.083 2.108
15 0.072 1.829
16 0.065 1.651
18 0.049 1.245
20 0.035 0.889
1-1/4

(31.75)
7 0.180 4.572
8 0.165 4.191
10 0.134 3.404
11 0.120 3.048
12 0.109 2.769
13 0.095 2.413
14 0.083 2.108
16 0.065 1.651
18 0.049 1.245
20 0.035 0.889
1-1/2

10 0.134 3.404
12 0.109 2.769
Menus


Tube O.D.
inches
(mm)
B.W.G.
gage
Thickness
inches
Thickness
mm
(38.10)
14 0.083 2.108
16 0.065 1.651
2

(50.8)
11 0.120 3.048
12 0.109 2.769
13 0.095 2.413
14 0.083 2.108
2-1/2

(63.5)
10 0.134 3.404
12 0.109 2.769
14 0.083 2.108
3

(76.2)
10 0.134 3.404
12 0.109 2.769
14 0.083 2.108
2-1/2

(63.5)
10 0.134 3.404
12 0.109 2.769
14 0.083 2.108
3

(76.2)
10 0.134 3.404
12 0.109 2.769
14 0.083 2.108
Outside Diameter / Pitch - Enter the outside diameter and the pitch of the tubes. The tube pitch
is the distance between the centers of the adjacent tubes.
Length of Expanded Portion of Tube - Enter the length of tube that is expanded into the
tubesheet hole. This value may not exceed the full thickness of the tubesheet to avoid failure of
the tube at the inner tubesheet face and is usually 80% to 90% of the tubesheet thickness.

Menus


Radius to Outermost Tube Hole Center - Enter the distance from the center of the tubesheet
to the centerline of the tube furthest away.

Distance Between Innermost Tube Centers - Enter the maximum distance between the tube
innermost centers when a partition plate is installed, because the innermost lanes of tubes may
be further apart than the general tube pitch in the remainder of the tubesheet. This is the
maximum distance between the tube innermost centers. If there is no partition plate, this value is
0.

Straight Tube Length - Enter the straight length of the tubes, based on the selection for
Straight Tube Length Measured Between.
Menus


Straight Tube Length Measured Between - Select the method of tube length measurement.
Select Inner Faces or Outer Faces.

Perimeter of Tube Layout (if needed) - Enter the total linear length of the outermost tubes.
This value is only required if the software is calculating the punching shear stress. Otherwise,
the value is 0.

Area of Tube Layout (if needed) - Enter the area defined by the tube layout, including all the
tubes in the tube bundle.

Tube Layout Assistant - Opens the Tube Layout Assistant (on page 160) utility. This utility
helps you determine the number of tubes that will fit in a layout configuration for a heat
exchanger tubesheet.
Menus


Import Layout Results - Imports results saved in the Tube Layout Assistant, and fills in
values for basic tube data from the results.
Max. Dist. from Tubesheet to 1st Tube Support - Enter the maximum distance between two
tube supports. Supports, often called baffles, are along the heat exchanger, and are in addition
to the tube support provided by each of the tubesheets. The software uses the maximum
unsupported length to determine the buckling stress in the tubes. Carefully examine the design
of the exchanger, and enter the maximum possible unsupported length. For the example below,
a is the distance between a baffle and a tubesheet, while c, d, and e are the distances between
baffles.

Max. Dist. bet. 2 Tube Supports - Enter the maximum distance form the tubesheet to the first
tube support (baffle). This is the maximum of the a distances shown above.
End Condition k - Enter the tube end condition value k, as defined in the TEMA, ASME, and
PD 5500 codes. Each code uses different values, so verify that you use a value for the code
defined for your model.
Condition

'k' Value
TEMA / ASME PD 5500
Between two tubesheets 0.60 0.50
Between tubesheet and baffle 0.80 0.707
Between two baffles 1.00 1.00
Max Unsupported Len SL - Enter l x k as the effective buckling length of the tubes between
supports.
Tube Hole Diameter, dh - Enter the diameter of the holes drilled in the tubesheet. The tube
hole diameter should be slightly larger than the outside diameter of the tube. This provides a
clearance that is closed as the tube is expanded in the hole.

Menus


Number of Grooves in Hole - Enter the number of grooves machined into the tube hole.

Fillet Weld Leg Size (if any) - Enter the fillet weld size, if used when the tube is welded to the
tubesheet, as defined in ASME VIII Div 1, UW-20. The weld may be fillet-only, groove-only, or
both, as shown below.
Groove Weld Leg Size (if any) - Enter the groove weld size, if used when the tube is welded to
the tubesheet, as defined in ASME VIII Div 1, UW-20. The weld may be fillet-only, groove-only,
or both, as shown below.

Design Strength (not for fixed TS types) - Enter the design strength axial load Fd, according
to ASME Code paragraph UW-20. This value is used to determine the minimum acceptable
fillet/groove weld size that connects the tube to the tubesheet. The design strength should not
be greater than the tube strength (Ft), defined as Ht(do - t)Sa.

Because U-tube tubesheet exchangers do not experience differential thermal expansion
between the tubes and the shell, the axial load on the tubes can not be easily calculated.
You can specify your own value for the actual load (required design strength) for U-tube
exchangers. This value is optional for fixed and floating tubesheet exchangers.
Menus


For partial strength tube-to-tubesheet welds on fixed/floating tubesheet exchangers, the
higher of the actual tube-to-tubesheet load and the entered design strength is used to size
the welds.
For full strength tube-to-tubesheet welds on fixed/floating tubesheet exchangers, the tube
strength (Ft) is used to size the welds.
Tube Weld Joint Type - Select the type of tube/tubesheet weld, as defined in ASME UW-20:
Full Strength - The design strength is equal to or greater than the maximum allowable axial
tube strength.
Partial Strength - Design strength is based on the actual tube-tubesheet axial load.
Seal/No Weld - The weld is used to seal and has no strength value, so no calculations are
performed.
Tube Joint Type - Select the weld joint type, as defined by TEMA and ASME using ASME
Section VIII, Division 1 Table A-2, Efficiencies and Joint Types:
Joint
Type

Description

Fr.(test)

Fr.(no test)
a Welded only, a >= 1.4t 1.00 .80
b Welded only, t <= a < 1.4 t .70 .55
b-1 Welded only, a < t .70 ...
c Brazed, examined 1.00 .80
d Brazed, not fully examined 0.50 .40
e Welded, a>=1.4t, expanded 1.00 .80
f
Welded, a<1.4t, expanded, enhanced with 2 or more
grooves
.95 .75
g Welded, a<1.4t, expanded, enhanced with 1 groove .85 .65
h welded a 1.4t, expanded, not enhanced (no grooves) .70 .50
i Expanded, enhanced with 2 or more grooves .90 .70
j Expanded, enhanced with single groove .80 .65
k Expanded, not enhanced (no grooves) .60 .50
For PD 5500, select the weld joint type as defined by Table 3.9-3, Efficiencies and Joint Types:
Joint
Type

Description

Fr.(1)
a Welded with min throat thk. >= tube thk. .80
b Welded with min throat thk. < tube thk. .55
c Expanded and welded with min throat thk. >= tube thk. .80
d Expanded and welded with min throat thk. < tube thk. .55
e Expanded only .50
f Explosion expanded/welded .80
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Select the weld joint type, as defined by TEMA and ASME using ASME Section VIII, Division 1
Table A-2, Efficiencies and Joint Types:
Joint
Type

Description

Fr.(test)

Fr.(no test)
a Welded only, a >= 1.4t 1.00 .80
b Welded only, t <= a < 1.4 t .70 .55
b-1 Welded only, a < t .70 ...
c Brazed, examined 1.00 .80
d Brazed, not fully examined 0.50 .40
e Welded, a>=1.4t, expanded 1.00 .80
f
Welded, a<1.4t, expanded, enhanced with 2 or more
grooves
.95 .75
g Welded, a<1.4t, expanded, enhanced with 1 groove .85 .65
h welded a 1.4t, expanded, not enhanced (no grooves) .70 .50
i Expanded, enhanced with 2 or more grooves .90 .70
j Expanded, enhanced with single groove .80 .65
k Expanded, not enhanced (no grooves) .60 .50
For PD 5500, select the weld joint type as defined by Table 3.9-3, Efficiencies and Joint Types:
Joint
Type

Description

Fr.(1)
a Welded with min throat thk. >= tube thk. .80
b Welded with min throat thk. < tube thk. .55
c Expanded and welded with min throat thk. >= tube thk. .80
d Expanded and welded with min throat thk. < tube thk. .55
e Expanded only .50
f Explosion expanded/welded .80
Allowable Joint Load Method - Select the joint allowable load method:
ASME APP. A Applicable for fixed and floating tubesheet heat exchangers, covering
many types of tube-tubesheet joints, such as welded, brazed and expanded. The British
code PD 5500 method for determining the tube-tubesheet joint allowable is similar to this
method.
ASME UW-20 Applicable for full strength and partial strength tube-tubesheet welds.
None

Is Tube-Tubesheet Jt. Tested? - Select if the tube/tubesheet joint is tested and qualified for
ASME. Tested joints get an increase in their strength value.
ASME Tube Jt. Reliability Factor - Displays the reliability factor value after a value for Tube
Joint Type is selected.
Menus


Tube Expansion, Po - Enter the pressure (Po) exerted on the outside of the tube after it has
expanded. This value is only required for a Tube Joint Type of i, j, and k.

Differential Thermal Expansion, Pt - Enter the interface pressure (Pt) between the tube and
the tubesheet due to differential thermal growth. This value is only required for a Tube Joint
Type of i, j, and k.
The ASME code provides neither formulas to calculate Po and Pt pressures nor
indicate analytical or experimental methods to establish them. If you do not have good method
to establish values of interface pressures then enter 0. This tells the software to ignore the
effects of interface pressures on the joint allowable. If you enter 1 as an approximation for both
of these pressures, then the joint allowable doubles.
Is This a Welded Tube (Not Seamless)? - Select if the tubes are of welded construction.
Specific Gravity of the Operating Liquid in the Tubes - Enter the specific gravity of the fluid
in the tube channel side.

Tube Layout Assistant
The Tube Layout Assistant utility helps you determine the number of tubes that will fit in a
layout configuration for a heat exchanger tubesheet. The utility is available from:
The Tube Data tab of the Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input dialog box, opened from
Tubesheet Analysis in PV Elite.
TSLayout.exe, found in the [Product Directory]\COADE\PVElite\ folder.
Menus


The distance from the center of the tubesheet to the outermost tube center and the total number
of tubes is calculated. As you change options on the Layout Pattern tab, the layout graphics
dynamically update in the right panel. For example:

The outermost tube center distance is used in tubesheet stress analysis.
Tie rods that are located in tube positions are not considered.
Layout files are saved with the .tsd extension. You can import a layout file into PV Elite.
Layout Pattern Tab
Units - Select Imperial (in) or Metric (mm). You can switch units at any time.
Partitions
Partition Layout - Select the partition plate layout within the shell:
- Horizontal partitions only. With this layout, Number of Horizontal Partitions can have
values from 0 to 8.
for a tubesheet with no partitions, select this option and set Number of Horizontal
Partitions to 0.
- Horizontal partitions with an interior vertical partition. With this layout, Number of
Horizontal Partitions can have values from 2 to 8.
- Horizontal partitions with a full vertical partition. With this layout, Number of Horizontal
Partitions can have values from 2 to 8.
Number of Horizontal Partitions - Type or select the number of horizontal partitions.
Partition Thickness - Type the thickness of the partition plates.
Partition Clearance - Type the clearance distance between tubes and the partition plates.
Symmetrical (Mirror) Layout - Select for a symmetrical tube layout.
Menus


Tubes
Tube Pattern - Select the needed tube pattern. Select Square, Square Rotated, Triangular, or
Triangular Rotated.
Tube Boundary (OTL) - Enter the outer tube limit (OTL) diameter of the shell. Tubes cannot be
placed beyond the OTL. The
Tube Outer Diameter - Enter the un-corroded outside diameter of each tube.
Tube Pitch - Enter the distance between tube centers.

Nozzle
Nozzle Clearance (Top, Bottom, Left, Right) - Enter the dimension that a nozzle projects
inside the surface of the exchanger shell. Note that all dimensions can be specified. This
allows for side and vertical entry nozzles.
Nozzle Clearance (Top) - Enter the distance that a nozzle projects vertically and from the top of
the surface of the exchanger shell.
Nozzle Clearance (Bottom) - Enter the distance that a nozzle projects vertically and from the
bottom of the surface of the exchanger shell.
Nozzle Clearance (Left) - Enter the distance that a nozzle projects horizontally and from the left
of the surface of the exchanger shell.
Nozzle Clearance (Right) - Enter the distance that a nozzle projects horizontally and from the
right of the surface of the exchanger shell.
Shell
Shell Inside Diameter - Enter the inside diameter of the shell.

Expansion Joint Data Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input
Dialog Box)
Expansion joints are selected in Expansion Joint Type (if any) on the Tubesheet Type and
Design Code tab. Two types are available:
Menus


Thin Joint is comprised of a thin bellows that is very flexible and has a low stiffness. Below are
examples designed according to ASME Appendix 26:

Thick Joint or Flanged/Flued Expansion Joint is comprised of a number of shell elements that
are added together to form the joint. A thick joint is stiffer than the thin joint, and its stiffness
must be taken into account. Below are typical combinations of flexible shell elements for a thick
expansion joint, showing one-half of a convolution and using TEMA nomenclature:

Perform App. 26 Stress and Life Cycle Calculations for the Bellows? - Select if Thin
Bellows Type is selected for Expansion Joint Type (if any) on the Tubesheet Type and
Design Code tab. Then click >> to define the thin joint according to ASME Appendix 26
analysis. For more information, see Thin Joint Options (on page 165).
Number of Flexible Shell Elements - Enter the number of flexible shell elements for a thick
joint. One convolution has two flexible shell elements:

Menus


Dist. from "From" Node - Enter the axial or longitudinal distance from the From Node to the
start of the expansion joint:

Design Option - Select Existing to enter the stiffness characteristics of the expansion joint.
Use this option if you do not want to analyze the expansion joint itself but are just specifying its
spring rate to be used in the tubesheet calculations. For example, you are purchasing the
expansion joint from the manufacturer, who has already analyzed the joint. Select Analyze to
calculate the stiffness characteristics (spring rate) and the stresses in the joint.
Set Defaults - Click to set the dimension starting points for the expansion joint design.
Enter values for the following options to define thick joint characteristics:

Expansion Joint ID
Expansion Joint OD
Wall thickness (te)
Corrosion Allowance
Knuckle Offset Dimension Inside (fa)
Knuckle Offset Dimension Outside (fb)
Knuckle Radius Inside (ra)
Knuckle Radius Outside (rb)
Shell Cylinder Length (Li)
Thick Expansion Joint Calculation Method - Select TEMA or Kopp and Sayre.
Desired Cycle Life - Enter the number of cycles needed for the life of the expansion joint.
User Input Spring Rate Corroded - Enter a value for thin joints and for thick joints when
Existing is selected for Design Option.
User Input Spring Rate Uncorroded - Enter a value for thin joints and thick joints when
Existing is selected for Design Option.
Enter values for the following options to define outer cylinder characteristics:
Menus


Is there an Outer Cylinder?
Outer Cylinder Material
Outer Cylinder Thickness (to)
Outer Cylinder Corrosion Allowance
Outer Cylinder Length (lo)
Outer Cylinder Design Temperature

Thin Joint Options
Thin expansion joints are analyzed according to ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 26 of
the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Life cycle and stress analysis is performed.
Enter values for the dimensions corresponding to your joint shape:
Dimension Description Sketch
Af
Cross sectional metal area
of one reinforcing fastener

U-Shaped Unreinforced Bellows
Db
Inside diameter of bellows
convolution
Dm
Mean diameter of bellows
convolution
Dr
Cross sectional Diameter
of the reinforcing ring
Lc
Bellows collar length. For
the toroidal bellows, Lc is
determined by dividing the
collar cross section area
with the collar thickness.

U-Shaped Reinforced Bellows
Lf
Effective length of one
reinforcing fastener
Lt End tangent length
Lw
Distance between toroidal
bellows attachment welds
q Convolution pitch
r
Mean radius of toroidal
bellows convolution

t
Bellow nominal thickness
Menus


of one ply Toroidal Bellows
tc Collar thickness
w Convolution Depth
delta Q - Enter the differential thermal expansion between the tubes and shell divided by the
number of convolutions. If this value is 0, it is calculated during the analysis. If you are
evaluating this joint by clicking Quick Results , you need to calculate delta Q and enter that
value. In this case, resetting the value to 0 before exiting the dialog box is recommended. A
non-zero positive value will be used by the software regardless of what was actually computed
for delta Q. This entry is optional.

Load Cases Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box)
Specifying load cases in addition to the design case enables PV Elite to perform calculations for
different combinations of pressures and temperatures, ensuring that all the possible conditions
are considered. Examples of additional cases are: shut-down, start-up, and upset. For each load
case, values can be entered as needed for:
Shell - The shell between the tubesheets.
Channel - The channel at the ends of the exchanger.
Tubes - The exchanger tubes.
Tubesheet - The tubesheet. For fixed and floating tubesheets, it is one of the pair.
Shell Band - The thicker shell courses at either end of the main shell next to tubesheet.
Enter 0 for any options that are not needed.
Number of cases to process - Select the number of load cases to run. You can specify up to
eight different load cases.
Active Load Case - Click the up and down arrows to cycle through the load cases.
For each active load case, enter values as needed for the following:
Case Description - Enter a description.
Vacuum Pressures and Report Options for this Load Case - Click to open the Report Print
Options Dialog Box (on page 168).
Design Pressure - Enter the design pressures for the shell side and for the channel side.
Design Temperature - Enter the design temperatures for the shell, channel, tubes, and
tubesheet.
Specify Operating Temperatures (UHX) - For ASME UHX, select, and then enter the
operating temperatures for the shell, channel, tubes, and tubesheet. UHX-13.4(b) Elastic moduli,
yield strengths, and allowable stresses are taken at design temperatures. For cases involving
thermal loading (loading cases 4, 5, 6, and 7), you can use the operating temperatures instead
of the design temperatures (see UG-20).
Material - Enter the name of the material for tubes, tubesheet and, shell bands. This software
contains a database with most of the materials in ASME Code, Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B,
and 3. Alternatively, use Database Lookup and Properties.
Mean Metal Temperature Along Length - Enter the actual metal temperature for the shell and
tubes.
Metal Temperature at Tubesheet Rim - Enter the actual temperature of metal at the outer rim
of the tubesheet, where the tubes are in the outer rows, for the shell, channel, and tubesheet.
Menus


Database Lookup and Properties - Click Tubes, Tubesheet, and Shell Band to select a
material for each directly from the Material Database Dialog Box (on page 407). The selection
is then entered into Material. To modify the material properties, click to open the Material
Properties Dialog Box (on page 433). Doing so only changes the properties for this analysis. It
does not modify the database.
Exchanger subject to cyclic or dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations?
(see UHX-13.8) - Select to calculate for the effect of radial thermal expansion adjacent to the
tubesheet, according to UHX 13.8 (fixed tubesheet heat exchangers) or UHX 14.6 (floating
tubesheet heat exchangers).
Modulus of Elasticity
User-Defined Values - Select to enter your own modulus of elasticity values, overriding the
material properties from the design code selected for analyzing the exchanger.
Modulus at Temperature - Enter the modulus of elasticity at the design temperature.
Modulus at Mean Metal Temp Along Length - Enter the modulus of elasticity at the actual
metal temperature.
Modulus at Mean Metal Temperature - Enter the modulus of elasticity for the actual metal
temperature at the channel.
Modulus at Ambient Temperature - Enter the modulus of elasticity at ambient temperature.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (alpha values)
User-Defined Values - Select to enter your own coefficient of thermal expansion values,
overriding the material properties from the design code selected for analyzing the exchanger.
Alpha at Mean Metal Temp Along Length - Enter the actual metal temperature for the shell,
tubes, and shell band.
Alpha at Metal Temp at Tubesheet Rim - Enter the actual temperature of metal at the outer
rim of the tubesheet where the tubes are in the outer rows.
Differential Pressure Design? - Select to perform the analysis only for the difference between
the shell side pressure and the tube side pressure.
Differential Design Pressure - Enter the differential pressure when Differential Pressure
Design? is selected. If you do not enter a value, the software uses the effective pressures
dictated by the code. this entry is optional.
Is the Exchanger Operating in the Creep Range (skip EP, use 3S for Sps)? - Select if the
exchanger is operating in high-temperature creep range. This option only applies if the method
used to analyze the heat exchanger is ASME.
Expansion Joint Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database
with most of the materials in ASME Code, Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B, and 3. Matl... allows
a material to be selected directly from the Material Database Dialog Box (on page 407). To
modify the material properties of the selected element, click to open the Material Properties
Dialog Box (on page 433). Doing so only changes the properties of this element for this
analysis. It does not modify the database.
Menus


Report Print Options Dialog Box
Sets options for analysis result reports of each load case.
Select the following as needed:
For ASME fixed/stat. tubesheets, print intermediate results in tabular form
Print intermediate results for expansion joint calculations
For TEMA and PD:5500 run multiple load cases - Runs the following load cases for fixed
tubesheets:
Load
Case #
Load Case Description
Corroded Uncorroded
1 Fvs + Pt - Th + Ca Fvs + Pt - Th - Ca
2 Ps + Fvt - Th + Ca Ps + Fvt - Th - Ca
3 Ps + Pt - Th + Ca Ps + Pt - Th - Ca
4 Fvs + Fvt + Th + Ca Fvs + Fvt + Th - Ca
5 Fvs + Pt + Th + Ca Fvs + Pt + Th - Ca
6 Ps + Fvt + Th + Ca Ps + Fvt + Th - Ca
7 Ps + Pt + Th + Ca Ps + Pt + Th - Ca
8 Fvs + Fvt - Th + Ca Fvs + Fvt - Th - Ca
Shell-side / Channel-side Vacuum Pressures - Enter positive values. For example, for full
atmospheric vacuum condition enter a value of 15.0 psig. If no value is entered, then 0 psi is
used.
Set detailed printout options for the currently selected load case - When you want to see
detailed equations and intermediate calculations in the results, select the corroded and
uncorroded load cases. For all other load cases, the software generates summarized, tabular
results.
For ASME tubesheets, the following load cases are run for fixed and floating tubesheet
exchangers:
Load
Case #
Corroded Uncorroded
4 Fvs + Fvt + Th + Ca Fvs + Fvt + Th - Ca
5 Fvs + Pt + Th + Ca Fvs + Pt + Th - Ca
6 Ps + Fvt + Th + Ca Ps + Fvt + Th - Ca
7 Ps + Pt + Th + Ca Ps + Pt + Th - Ca
For ASME stationary tubesheet configuration "d" and ASME floating tubesheet configurations
"B", "C" and "D", the design is based only on load cases 1, 2 and 3.
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The following load cases are performed for ASME U-tube tubesheet exchangers:
Load
Case #
Corroded Uncorroded
For all ASME exchangers, if vacuum pressures are specified, then an additional load case is
run:
Load
Case #
Corroded Uncorroded
8 Fvs + Fvt - Th + Ca Fvs + Fvt - Th - Ca
Additionally, if Differential Pressure Design? is selected on the Load Cases tab, then only
certain load cases are run.

Fvt, Fvs - User-defined Shell-side and Tube-side vacuum pressures or 0.0.
Ps, Pt - Shell-side and Tube-side Design Pressures.
Th - With or Without Thermal Expansion.
Ca - With or Without Corrosion Allowance.
Floating TubeSheet Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input
Dialog Box)
Description - Enter the description for the floating tubesheet. The description appears on the
final report.
Floating Tubesheet Type - Select the type of floating tubesheet to analyze, according to ASME
UHX:
(a) Floating tubesheet, integral
(b) Floating tubesheet, gasketed, extended as flange
(c) Floating tubesheet, gasketed, no extended, w/backing device
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(d) Floating tubesheet, internal sealed

Outside Diameter - Enter the outside diameter of the tubesheet.
Tubesheet Thickness - Enter the tubesheet thickness in uncorroded condition. If it is a re-rate,
then the actual measured thickness is typically used.
Corr. Allow. Shell Side / Channel Side - Enter the corrosion allowance on the shell side (the
inner face of the tubesheet), and the corrosion allowance on the channel side (the outer face of
the tubesheet facing the channel side).
Depth of Groove in Tubesheet (if any) - Enter the depth of a groove in the tubesheet, used to
locate the channel partition plate and its gasket. If there is no groove for example in a single
pass exchanger, this value is 0.

Tubesheet Extended as Flange? - Select if the tubesheet is extended as a flange, so that it is
subject to the bolt load from the mating flange.
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Thickness of Extended Portion - When Tubesheet Extended as Flange? is selected, enter
the thickness of the portion of the tubesheet that is extended for bolting.

Bolt Load Transferred to Tubesheet? - When Tubesheet Extended as Flange? is selected,
also select this option if the bolt load is transferred to the tubesheet,extended as the flange. Do
not select if the tubesheet is gasketed with both the shell and channel flanges. Otherwise, the
tubesheet can still be extended, but the bolt load is not transferred to the tubesheet extension.
Carefully consider all possible cases, such the hydrotest. When this option is not selected, the
required thickness of tubesheet extension is not calculated.
Integral Channel Properties for ASME Floating Configuration A
These properties are needed for floating heat exchangers with the floating tubesheet welded to
head.
Channel Thickness tc
Channel Design Temperature
Channel Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with
most of the materials in ASME Code, Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B, and 3. Matl... allows a
material to be selected directly from the Material Database Dialog Box (on page 407). To
modify the material properties of the selected element, click to open the Material
Properties Dialog Box (on page 433). Doing so only changes the properties of this element
for this analysis. It does not modify the database.
In ASME UHX nomenclature this is Configuration A:
Exchanger with an Immersed Floating Head:

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Exchanger with an Externally Sealed Floating Head:

Exchanger with an Internally Sealed Floating Head:

Spherical Cover/Backing Ring Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet
Input Dialog Box)
Description - Enter the description for the spherical cover. The description appears on your
final report.
Design Temperature - Enter the design temperature for each head. This temperature is used to
interpolate the material allowable tables and external pressure curves.
Type of Floating Head (ASME App. 1-6) - Select the type of floating head or spherically dished
cover, corresponding to Figure 1-6 of ASME, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 1:
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b - Solid thick head, spherically
dished.
c - Thin dished head,
continuous across flange face.
d - Spherical cap welded to
flange ID.
None
d is the most common
type of head used for heat
exchanger floating heads.
Click to open the Flange and Gasket Information dialog box. Enter flange, gasket,
and bolt data for the select floating head type.
Flange Thickness (tf) - Enter the through thickness of the flange. For type c spherical caps,
this includes the thickness of the head.
Inside Crown Radius (L) - Enter the inside crown radius, usually roughly equal to the flange ID.
This value may be any dimension greater than the inside radius of the flange.
Head Thickness (t) - Enter the minimum thickness of the actual plate used to build the floating
head or spherical cap, or the minimum thickness measured for an existing floating head or
spherical cap.
Head Internal Corrosion Allowance - Enter the corrosion allowance on the concave side of the
head. The software adjusts the thickness and the diameter for the evaluation of allowable
pressure. The allowance is also added to the required thicknesses. Some common corrosion
allowances are:
0.0625 - 1/16"
0.1250 - 1/8"
0.2500 - 1/4"
Head External Corrosion Allowance - The software adjusts the thickness and the diameter for
the evaluation of allowable pressure. The allowance is also added to the required thicknesses.
Slotted Flange? - Select if the flange has slotted bolt holes for quick opening. A slotted flange
has bolt holes extending radially to the outer edge of the flange. The software automatically
adjusts for this condition; you do not have to change the flange outside diameter.
Full Face Gasket Option - Select Program Selects, Full Face Gasket, or Not a Full Face. A
full face gasket extends from the ID to the OD of the flange, enclosing the bolt holes. These
gaskets are usually soft materials, such as rubber or an elastomer, so that the bolt stresses do
not go too high during gasket seating. The software adjusts the flange analysis and the design
formulas to account for the full face gasket.
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Head Material Name - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with
Flange Material Name - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with

Floating Head Factors (Spherical Cover/Backing Ring Tab)
Compute "F" even if the pressure is 0 - Select to calculate the factor F in the floating head
even when the internal pressure is zero. F is a direct function of the internal pressure. If the
internal pressure is 0, then F is equal to 0. However, a conservative interpretation of the code
always calculates F regardless of the case being analyzed. Typically, the flange-bolt-up case is
in question because there is no internal pressure when bolting up the unit, so this option is not
selected. Select this option only for a conservative calculation.
Distance from Flange Centroid to Head Centerline (hr) - Enter the distance hr from the
flange centroid to the intersection of the head centerline and the flange. Enter the value in the
corroded condition. The value is positive if it is above the flange centroid, and negative if it is
below the flange centroid. This distance is used in the code calculation but not when Perform
Soehren's Calc is selected (where Q is used). See the illustration below.

Distance from Flange Top to Flange/Head Intersection - Enter the distance from the top of
the floating head flange to the intersection of the dished head and the flange in the uncorroded
condition, and then click Compute. The software considers the corrosion allowance, calculates
hr in the corroded condition, and place its value in Distance from Flange Centroid to Head
Centerline (hr). Other than for this purpose, this value is not used by the software.
Compute - If Distance from Flange Top to Flange/Head Intersection is known, you can enter
it (in the uncorroded condition) and click Compute. The software considers the corrosion
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allowance, calculates hr in the corroded condition, and places its value in Distance from
Flange Centroid to Head Centerline (hr).
Perform Soehren's Calc - Select to perform Soehren's calculation, a more detailed analysis of
the interaction between the spherical cap and the flange. The stresses calculated are frequently
acceptable for heads or flanges that are slightly less thick than required by the normal code
rules.This analysis can only be done for type d floating heads. Par. 1-6(h) of the code allows this
type of analysis.
Dim Q - Enter the distance Q from the flange bolting face to the intersection of the attached
head inside diameter and the flange. Q is used in the Soehren's calculation, but not in the code
calculation (where hr is used). See the illustration above.
Backing Ring Data (Spherical Cover/Backing Ring Tab)
Is There a Backing Ring? - Select if a backing ring is used. A backing ring is a second flange
used to sandwich the tubesheet of a floating head heat exchanger.
Backing Ring Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with
Backing Ring Inside Diameter - Enter the inside diameter of the backing ring. This value is
usually slightly larger than the inside diameter of the flange.
Backing Ring Outside Diameter - Enter the outside diameter of the backing ring. This value is
usually slightly larger than the inside diameter of the flange.
Backing Ring Thickness - Enter the actual through thickness of the backing ring.For doubly
split rings (when 2 is selected for Number of Splits in Backing Ring), this is the thickness of
each piece.
Number of Splits in Backing Ring - Select the number of splits in the ring, if any, for
loose-type flanges. Select 0, 1, or 2. Split flanges are typically ring-type flanges. A split is used
when the flange must be completely removable from the vessel.
Ring with a single split:
When the flange is split into two pieces by a single split, the split is along the diameter, and
the design bending moment for the flange is multiplied by 2.0.

Ring with a double split:
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A ring with two splits has two stacked rings, with each half split along the diameter. The
software analyzes each ring ias if it were a solid flange (without splits) using 0.75 times the
design bending moment. Backing Ring Thickness is the thickness of each piece. The
thickness of the total ring is twice this value. The pair of rings are assembled so that the
splits in one ring are at 90 from the splits in the other ring.

TEMA RCB-5.141 shows different styles of backing devices. Styles A and D have a split
ring, but the moment used to design them is not increased. When you have one of these styles,
enter zero as the number of splits to get the same effect in CodeCalc (available by clicking
Component Analysis ).

Generic Clip
Click Details > Generic Clip or Add a Clip on the Details toolbar to add a clip to the
vessel.
The Generic Clip Local Stress Analysis per WRC 107 dialog box displays.
In the dialog, enter clip support information on cylinders as well as elliptical, torispherical and
spherical heads. Clips are used to carry load, such as from piping, ladders, and platforms.
These loads, along with pressures, cause local stress at the clip support location. WRC 107 is
used to calculate the local stresses and compare them to allowables.
Sustained, expansion and occasional loads on the clip must be determined from a separate
analysis and entered. Clips supporting piping generally have loads in all categories, while
platform clips generally have only sustained and occasional loads.

From Node - Displays the From Node for the selected element.
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Description of Clip - Enter an alpha-numeric string to identify the detail. This must be a unique
Distance from "From" Node - Enter the distance from the From Node to the center of the clip.
vessel drawing and the centerline of the clip at the point where it is attached to the shell,
following the same conventions used for a nozzle. For more information, see Layout Angle.
Is the Clip Circular? - Select if the clip has a circular cross-section.
Clip Parameters
Circumferential Length (C11) - Enter the length that the clip extends around the circumference
of the cylinder element. For spherical head elements that can be analyzed using this method,
the clip must be square in cross-section.
Longitudinal Length (C22) - Enter the length that the clip extends along the length of the
cylinder element. For spherical head elements that can be analyzed using this method, the clip
must be square in cross-section.
Thickness - Enter the distance that the pad extends radially from the shell surface or reinforcing
pad. The thickness is not used to calculate stresses, but is used to calculate the weight and
draw the 3D image.
When Is the Clip Circular? is selected, the clip parameters are Clip Outside Diameter,
Clip Outside Projection, and Wall Thickness.
Pad Parameters
Reinforcing pad used? - Select if there is a pad under the clip.
Circumferential Length (C11p) - Enter the length that the pad extends around the
circumference of the cylinder element. For spherical head elements that can be analyzed using
this method, the pad must be square in cross-section.
Longitudinal Length (C22p) - Enter the length that the pad extends along the length of the
cylinder element. For spherical head elements that can be analyzed using this method, the pad
must be square in cross-section.
Thickness - Enter the distance that the pad extends radially from the shell surface. The
thickness is not used to calculate stresses, but is used to calculate the weight and draw the 3D
image.
When Is the Clip Circular? is selected, the pad parameters are Pad Diameter and
Thickness.
Fatigue Parameters
Use Kn and Kb - Select to use the Kn and Kb parameters, based on the fillet radius for the clip
or pad and used for fatigue analysis.
Clip Fillet Radius - Enter the clip fillet weld radius. See Appendix B in the WRC 107 bulletin for
illustrations and more information.
Pad Fillet radius - Enter the pad fillet weld radius. See Appendix B in the WRC 107 bulletin for
illustrations and more information.
Local Attachment Loads at the Shell Surface
You can enter values in the following load sets:
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Sustained - (SUS) Primary loads, typically weight + pressure + forces.
Expansion - (EXP) Secondary, self-limiting thermal expansion loads.
Occasional - (OCC) Irregularly occurring, short-term loads, such as wind loads, seismic
loads, and water hammer.
These local loads are used to analyze the stresses at the base of the clip in the shell. They are
not used by the software to produce a global bending moment over the entire vessel cross
section (Use Force and Moment to do this). The positive orientation of the loads is shown
below. These loads are generally calculated, given as defaults or calculated by a stress analysis
program such as CAESAR II.
The following force/moment convention is used for a square or circular clip on a cylindrical
element:

P - Radial Force
Vc - Circ. Shear Force
Vl - Long. Shear Force
Mc - Circ. Moment
Ml - Long. Moment
Mt - Torsional Moment

The following force/moment convention is used for a square or circular clip on a spherical
vessel:
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P - Radial Force
M1 - Moment, B axis
M2 - Moment, C axis
Previous - If you created more than one clip on the element, click to go back to the previous
clip.
Go To Next Clip - If you created more than one clip on the element, click to go to the next clip.
Add New Clip- Click to add a new clip to the element.
Delete - Deletes all data for the current clip.

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Lifting Lug Data
Click Details > Lifting Lug Data or Add Lifting Lugs on the Details toolbar to add lugs to
the selected element.
The Lifting Lug dialog box displays.
You can create:
Flat-type lugs on vertical vessels, generally place near the top head.

Perpendicular, ear-type lugs for horizontal vessels.

The software calculates the reactions on each lug, the stresses in each lug, and the stress in the
welds.
Delete - Deletes all data for the lug.
vessel drawing and the centerline of the lug at the point where it is attached to the shell,
following the same conventions used for a nozzle. For more information, see Layout Angle on
the Nozzle Main Tab (see "Nozzle Orientation (Nozzle Main Tab)" on page 80).
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Lug Contact Width (w) - For a flat lug, enter the width of the lug at the base. For a
perpendicular lug, enter the longer length of the lug along the surface.
Diameter of Hole in Lug (dh) - Enter the diameter of the hole cut or drilled into most lifting lugs.
Radius of Semi-circular Arc (r) - Enter the radius of the semi-circular part of the lifting lug
where the hole is located. This is typically circular on flat lugs and semi-circular on perpendicular
lugs.
Height from Bottom to Center of Hole (h) - Enter the distance along the axis of the vessel
from the center of hole to the bottom of the lug.
Offset from Vessel OD to Center of Hole (off) - Enter the distance from the center of the hole
to base of the lifting lug. For perpendicular lugs this is to the vessel OD. If the orientation is flat
this is 1/2 the thickness of the lug.
Lug Fillet Weld Size (tf) - Enter the fillet weld leg size. For stress analysis of the welds, the leg
dimension is converted into the throat dimension.
Length of Weld Along Side of Lifting Lug (wl) - Enter the length of the long welds on the side
of the lifting lug. The software multiplies this value by two when determining the weld area.
Length of Weld Along Bottom of Lifting Lug (wb) - Enter the length of the short weld. This is
usually the bottom weld.
Collar Thickness (tc) - If the lug has a collar, enter the thickness. The thickness is measured
from the outside surface of the lug to the edge of the collar.
Collar Diameter (dc) - Enter the diameter of the collar. This value is mainly used for
documentation.
Lug Thickness (t) - Enter thickness of the lifting lug plate.
Lug Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most of
Sling Angle from Horizontal - Enter the sling angle in degrees:

Occasional Load Factor - Enter an occasional load factor, used in many construction codes to
increase the allowable stress for an event that is considered occasional in nature. Such
occasional loads are wind, seismic, and the lifting of a vessel. The occasional load factor is
multiplied by other terms in the allowable stress equation to get the overall all owable. If you do
not want to use this value, enter 1.
Impact Factor - Enter the impact factor to account for lifting a vessel when it may be pulled
quickly with sudden force. This value typically ranges from 1.5 to 2.0, although values as high as
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3.0 may be entered. The software multiplies the lifting loads by the impact factor. The theoretical
maximum value for this value is 2.0.

Number of Lugs in Group - Enter the number of lugs in this group:
For a horizontal vessel, there is typically one lifting lug on each side of the vessel. The
number of lugs in a group is 1. If there are two lugs on each end (such as for a large
vessels), the value is 2.

For a vertical vessel, there are typically two flat lugs located near the top of the vessel. The
number of lugs in a group is 2. A value of 1 for a vertical vessel should never be used.
Additional Normal Force (Fn) or Tangential Force on Lug - Enter an additional normal force
acting on the lifting lug. This force is typically acting when there is no spreader bar used in the
lifting procedure. For a horizontal vessel, enter the tangential force acting on the lug.
The normal or tangential force causes weak axis bending on the lug. Even a moderate force can
cause a high bending stress. This is to be avoided. If there is an additional force, enter the value
for each lug. The software applies the impact factor to this value.
-
Pad Parameters and Lug Style (Lifting Lug Dialog Box)
Is there a pad? - Select if there is a pad under the lug.
Circumferential Width (wpb) - Enter the width of the pad along the circumference of the
vessel.
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Longitudinal Length (wpl) - Enter the length of the pad along the long axis of the vessel.
Pad Thickness (thkp) - Enter the thickness of the pad plate.
Pad Fillet Weld Size (tfp) - Enter the weld leg length for the pad fillet weld.
Is the lug slotted? - Select if the lifting lug is slotted.
Slot Radius (rs) - Enter the slot radius.
Slot Weld Height (swh) - Enter the slot weld height along the axis of the vessel from the center
of slot hole to the bottom of the lug.

ASME Appendix 9 Jacket
Enter the welded joint efficiency, as defined in ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Table UW-12. For
the weld on a Type 1 jacket (welded from both sides or with a removable backing strip), use the
following efficiencies:
Full radiography: 1.00
Spot x-ray: 0.85
No radiography: 0.70
Dist. from 'From' Node to Jacket Bottom -Enter the distance from the From node to the
bottom of the jacket.
Jacket Description -Enter a description for the jacket.
Jacket Length L - Enter the length of the jacket along the cylinder element.
Is this a Vapor / Distribution Belt (cut outs in shell)? - Select if the jacket is a vapor belt or
distribution belt.
Select Jacket Figure (Fig. 9-2) - Displays the Type 1 jacket configuration. Other jacket
configurations in ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 9, Fig 9-2 are not supported.

Jacket Longitudinal Efficiency - Enter the welded joint efficiency, as defined in ASME Section
VIII, Division 1, Table UW-12. For the weld on a Type 1 jacket (welded from both sides or with a
removable backing strip), use the following efficiencies:
Full radiography: 1.00
Spot x-ray: 0.85
No radiography: 0.70

Jacket Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most
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Design Temperature, Internal - Enter the design temperature for internal pressure. Available
when Is this a Vapor / Distribution Belt (cut outs in shell)? is not selected.
Design Temperature, External - Enter the design temperature for external pressure. Available
Jacket Pressure, Internal - Enter the design pressure for internal pressure analysis. Available
Jacket Pressure, External - Enter the design pressure for external pressure analysis. Available
Jacket Thickness - Enter the jacket thickness.
Jacket Corrosion Allowance - Enter the thickness of the corrosion allowance for the jacket.
Jacket Length for External Pressure - Enter the length of the jacket to use for external
pressure calculations.
Jacket Inside Diameter - Enter the inside diameter of the jacket.
Specific Gravity of Contents - Enter the specific gravity of any fluid contained within the jacket.
This value is usually 1.0.
Half Apex Angle - When Type (b-2), Type (c), or Type (k) is selected for Select Closure Type
(fig. 9-5), enter the half apex angle u
max
(or theta max). For example:

For more information, see ASME Section VIII, Division 1, paragraph UG-33, Figure UG-33.1 for
half apex angles on typical geometries.
For most internal pressure calculations, the half apex angle should not be greater than
30, though the software calculates results for up to 60. For external pressure calculations, the
angle must not be greater than 60.When Type (b-2), Type (c), or Type (k) is selected for
Select Closure Type (fig. 9-5), enter the half apex angle u
max

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max

max

max

angle must not be greater than 60.
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Select Closure Type (Fig. 9-5) - Select one of the following closure types, according to Fig. 9-5
of Appendix 9:
Type (a)9

Type (b-1)

Type (b-2)

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Type (b-3)

Type (c)

Type (d-1)

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Type (d-2)

Type (e-1)

Type (e-2)

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Type (f-1)

Type (f-2)

Type (f-3)

Type (g-1)

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Type (g-2)

Type (g-3)

Type (g-4)

Type (g-5)

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Type (g-6)

Type (h, i-1(a))

Type (h, i-1(b))

Type (h, i-2)

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Type (k)

Closure Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with most
Closure Thickness - Thickness of the plate used for the closure.
Total Corrosion Allowance - Enter the thickness of the corrosion allowance for the closure.

Auxiliary Menu
The following commands are available on the Auxiliary menu:
Pipe Property Lookup - Use this dialog to select piping properties for the Shell, Nozzle, or Leg
from the currently selected piping database. Please note that the Deduct Mill Tolerance from
Thickness? has no effect on nozzles or pipe legs.
Write Foundation 3D File - Selecting this function creates a Foundation 3D file after the model
is analyzed.
Seamless Pipe Selection Dialog Box
Pipe Schedule - Select the pipe schedule from the drop-down menu.
Nominal Pipe Diameter - This value automatically gets populated once the pipe schedule is
selected. This value can then be modified if needed.
Deduct Mill Tolerance from Thickness? - Check this box if you want to deduct the mill
tolerance from the thickness.
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Analyze Menu
The following commands are available on the Analyze menu:
Analyze (on page 193) - Analyzes the vessel.
Error Check Only (on page 193) - Looks for errors in the vessel input data.

Analyze
1. Click Analyze > Analyze or Analyze on the Analyze toolbar to run error checking. If no
errors are found, run the analysis.
The Output dialog box displays.
2. Click reports in the Report List to see results of the analysis.

Error Check Only
1. Click Analyze > Error Check Only or Error Check on the Analyze toolbar to run error
checking only without running the analysis.
2. Click Warnings and Errors in the Report List to see results of the error check.
Output Menu
The following commands are available on the Output menu:
Review Reports (on page 194) - Opens the Output dialog box.
Review the DXF File - Opens the .dxf file of the model in any software installed on your
computer system that is capable of viewing .dxf-formatted files.
Review the Access Database - Opens the output database in Microsoft Access.

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Review Reports
Click Output > Review Reports or Review on the Analyze toolbar.
Click reports in the Report List to see results of the analysis. For example:

Create Word Document - Create Microsoft Word document of the selected report.
You can create a custom header template for reports exported to Word:
1. Start Word and create a document that contains only a Header Section with your
company-specific information.
2. Save the file with the name of header.doc in the PV Elite\System directory
When the data is exported to Word, the custom header is inserted into the document.
Create ASME Form - Creates an ASME U-1 form for the vessel by creating a Microsoft
Excel workbook and running a macro that populates worksheet fields with the calculated results
from the .pvu analysis results file. This form is copied from the master template form that is
found in the PV Elite\System directory.
After the form is opened in Excel, the results data can be transferred into the form by clicking
Import Latest Results (an Excel macro) at the top of the worksheet.
Because this is an Excel macro, ensure that macros are allowed to load.
If the analysis is run repeatedly, click Import Latest Results again. This overlays the latest
results into the spreadsheet. If you have typed non-imported material (like the Inspector's
name), this data is not overwritten.
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All information in the form must be correct and match the vessel. Please check the
data carefully before submitting the form to the National Board or appropriate authorities. Some
form information, such as the drawing number, position, and manufacturer is available by
clicking Tools > ASME Form Information and opening the Additional Vessel Information
dialog box. For more information, see ASME Form Information (on page 216).
Report Up - Select a report and click to move the report up the list.
Report Down - Select a report and click to move the report down the list.

Tools Menu
The following utility commands are available on the Tools menu:
Configuration (on page 195) - Set configuration options for this analysis.
Change Units (on page 202) - Select a new units file.
Create/Review Units - Review the current units file, or create a new units file.
Units Conversion Viewer -
Edit/Add Materials (on page 204) - Edit a materials database.
Calculator (on page 216) - Open the Windows Calculator.
Re-Number Nodes -
Flip Model Orientation -
Place Stiffening Rings -
ASME Form Information (on page 216) - Create ASME U-1 form.
Ligament Scratch Pad (on page 217) - Calculate ligament efficiencies for tube spacing.

Configuration
Click Tools > Configuration or Set Configuration Parameters on the Auxiliary toolbar to
set job-specific parameters in the Configuration dialog box. Many parameters affect the
analysis results. Always review the configuration at the start of a new job.
Job Specific Setup Parameters Tab (Configuration Dialog) (on page 195)
Job Specific Setup Parameters Tab (Configuration Dialog)
Print Water Volume in Gallons - Select to print out the element volume in gallons, instead of
the default Volume cubic diameter unit. This command is independent of the selected units
system.
Round Thickness to Nearest Nominal Size - Select to round thicknesses to the nearest 1/16
of an inch (if you are in English units) or the nearest 1mm (if you are in SI or MM units). The
software increases the thickness of an element if you so specify in Design/Analysis
Constraints and the element thickness is inadequate.
Print Equations and Substitutions - Select to print formulas and substitutions for internal and
external pressure calculations in analysis reports.
Increase Blind Flange Thickness for Reinforcement - Select to bypass reinforcement of a
single opening of a flat end connection, according to Section VIII Division 1, paragraph
UG-39(d)(2). This effectively increases the required thickness of the blind flange cover. This
option can only be used if there is only one nozzle located in the blind flange.
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Print Flange Calcs for External Pressure - Select to always print external pressure
calculations on flanges in addition to the default internal pressure calculations. When this option
is not selected, the software does not print external pressure calculations unless the required
thickness generated by the external pressure exceeds the thickness generated by the internal
pressure.
Do not use the bolt correction factor for flange design - Select to avoid using the TEMA bolt
space correction factor in the design of heat exchanger flanges and tubesheets, like
Taylor-Forge. The use of the correction factor is very standard in industry and is used in other
pressure vessel design codes, such as PD-5500. When the actual bolt spacing exceeds the
allowable bolt spacing, the correction factor is multiplied by the moment to design a thicker
flange. In these cases, do not select this option.
ASME Section VIII does not specifically address this subject. For a pure flange design according
to Appendix 2, there is no bolt spacing correction factor. In this case, select this option.
Use ASME Code Case 2260/2261 - Select to use modified equations to calculate the required
thickness of elliptical/torispherical heads, as defined in ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Code
Case 2260, May 20, 1998, Alternate Design Rules for Ellipsoidal and Torispherical Formed
Heads. A thinner head is typically designed with these rules.
Use Eigen Solver - Select to use an Eigen solver for natural frequency calculations.
The natural frequency of a structure can be calculated using more than one method. When this
option is not selected, the traditional method is to use the analysis technique of Freese or
Rayleigh-Ritz. For a skirt-supported free standing vessel, this method provides acceptable
results. When the support configuration is not a skirt/base type, such as legs, lugs or
intermediate skirt, this method may not provide accurate results. By default, this option is
selected and the Eigen solver is used.
The natural frequency Eigen solver uses numerical methods to solve the general equation of
motion. Namely, the software solves the following matrix problem:
[[K] - w
2
[M]]{a} = {0}
which for the general case is a set of n homogeneous (right-hand side equal to zero) algebraic
system of linear equations with n unknown displacements a
i
and an unknown parameter w
2
.
This is known as an Eigen problem. This iterative solution, for which not all a
i
= 0, requires that
the determinant of the matrix factor of {a} be equal to zero, in this case:
abs([[K] - w
2
[M]) = 0
After building stiffness [K] and mass [M] matrices of the model with appropriate boundary
conditions (such as, anchors at skirts, bottom of legs, and at support lugs), the software can
extract modes that are meaningful in the solution of the dynamics problem, particularly the
modal response spectrum analysis. Using this generic-frequency Eigen solution method, the
software can accurately extract modes of vibration for models that do not fit neatly into the
cantilever beam model required for the Freese integration method. The natural frequency of the
vessel is used in several of the wind and seismic codes.
If the selected earthquake code uses response spectrum, the software automatically
uses the Eigen Solver, even if this option is not selected.
Use Pre-99 Addenda (Division 1 only) - Select if you are re-rating an older vessel to the
pre-99 ASME addenda, and would like to use the older material allowables. As of January 2000,
the 1999 addenda of ASME Division 1, Section 2, Part D is mandatory. The revision includes
changes to the material properties of many materials, such as increases of allowable stresses in
some ranges. By default, this option is not selected and the higher allowable stress database is
used.
Select this option before any vessel modeling occurs. For an existing file, you must
access the material database for each existing element to update material properties. Other
design codes are not affected.
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Use 2004 A-06 Addenda for Division 2 - Select if the model is ASME Section VIII< Division 2,
to use the older code rules in the analysis.
Select prior to entering any vessel data.
For ASME VIII, Shell Head Joints are Tapered - Select if the shell to head junction is tapered
as shown in the figure (ASME VIII-1 Figure UW-13.1).

For ASME VIII-1, Use Table G instead of exact equation for "A" - PV Elite can determine the
strain factor A used in ASME VIII-1 for external pressure calculations by either:
Formula
Table G in Section II Part D
Both selections yield a nearly identical result in most cases. However, PV Elite runs faster when
using the formula option. The default is to use the data from Table G.
No MDMT Calculations - Select to use the MDMT check in the analysis.
No MAWP Calculations - Select to use the MAWP check in the analysis.
Use Bolt Load Instead of Bolt Area Times Bolt Stress - Select to use the calculated value of
the bolt load instead of the bolt area times its allowable stress in the design of annular
baserings. This leads to a less conservative basering/bolting/chair cap thickness calculation.
Use Flange Bolt Stress Ratio for ASME VIII-1 Hydro - Select to allow specific control of the
use of the bolt stress ratio for calculated custom (Appendix 2) flanges.The software considers
the stress ratio in bolts of flanges that are designed according to Appendix 2 for hydrotests
UG-99 and UG-100. ASME Interpretation VIII-1-83-260 allows this. Flanges that are not
calculated (ANSI flanges) are not allowed this exemption.
Syntax Highlighting in Output Reports - Select to highlight failures and problem areas in data
reports.
No Extended ASCII Characters in Output - Select to replace extended ASCII characters with
multiple characters of the same value in equations. For example, is replaced with 1/2. Some
non-English versions of Windows do not display these characters correctly.
Metric Output is in Consistent Units - Select to allow the software to change units so that they
are displayed consistently. For example, units of stress may be displayed in MPa and pressure
in Bar. For coherent output these units should be the same.
Use Code Case 2286
Select to use Code Case 2286-1, a set of alternative rules for determining allowable external
pressure and compressive stresses for cylinders, cones, spheres, and formed heads. This code
case is applicable for ASME Section VIII Divisions 1 and 2. In the current ASME code rules,
there are no provisions for computation of allowables when external pressure acts with bending
and other compressive loads simultaneously.
These rules were first published in the late 1990's and reaffirmed on January 1, 2004. Review
the code case before selecting this option. The following sections are covered in PV Elite:
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2.2 Stress Reduction Factors
3.1 External Pressure
3.2 Uniform Axial Compression
3.2.1 Local Buckling
3.2.2 Column Buckling
3.3 Axial Compression due to Bending Moment
3.4 Shear (Allowable in Plane Shear Stress)
4.1.1 Allowable Circumferential Compression Stresses for Cones
4.1.3 Cone-Cylinder Junction Rings
4.2.1 Allowable Longitudinal and Bending Stresses for Cones
4.2.2 Unstiffened Cone-Cylinder Junctions
4.2.3 Cone-Cylinder Junction Rings
4.3.1 Allowable in Plane Shear Stress for Cones
5.1.1 Allowables for Uniform Axial Compression and Hoop Compression
5.1.2 Allowables for Uniform Axial Compression and Hoop Compression (Column Buckling)
5.2 Allowables for Axial Compression due to Bending Moment and Hoop Compression
5.3 Allowables for Hoop Compression and Shear
5.4 Allowables for Uniform Axial Compression, Axial Compression due to Bending Moment,
Shear in the presence of Hoop Compression
5.4.1 Local Buckling (Section 5.4)
5.4.2 Column Buckling (Section 5.4)
5.5 Allowables for Uniform Axial Compression, Axial Compression due to Bending Moment,
Shear in the absence of Hoop Compression
5.5.1 Local Buckling (Section 5.5)
5.5.2 Column Buckling (Section 5.5)
6.0 Sizing of Rings
6.1 Sizing of Small Rings
6.4 Local Stiffener Geometry Requirements
8.1.1 Spherical Shell with Equal Biaxial Stresses
Does the use of 2286 guarantee thinner required thicknesses and lower stresses due to
combined loading?
No, it does not. The results are a function of the geometry. However, the results for allowable
external pressure are generally higher than those computed using the typical UG-28 external
pressure methods.
What happens during the analysis when this option is selected?
The software follows several steps in determining values that are needed during the 2286
calculations. One of these steps is to determine the lengths, such as LB1 and LB2. These are
the distances between major lines of support, such as heads, body flanges and conical sections.
The software does not distinguish large rings that act as bulkheads, according to paragraph
6.1(b). For cones, Line of Support Options in Vessel Data must be set to Both Ends a Line
of Support. The ASME Steel Stack option in Design/Analysis Constraints is not compatible
with this option and is also ignored if both are checked.
The first calculations that appear for 2286 are in the External Pressure Calculations report,
with the calculation of the allowable pressure at the given thickness. After completing this step,
the software iterates to determine the required thickness for the given external pressure. If the
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element is a cylinder, the maximum length between stiffeners is calculated. These results are
displayed in the summary at the end of the External Pressure Calculations report. Because
Factor A and Factor B are not applicable, they are set to "No Calc".
After completing the external pressure calculations, the software calculates individual stresses
for each stress category and summarize them in the Stress Due to Combined Loads report.
The allowable stresses are calculated for the combined loads (including external pressure).
Unity checks according to 5.4 and 5.5 are made. The software also compares direct axial, shear
and bending stresses to their respective allowables. If any of these are higher than the
combined unity check, the maximum value is reported as the Unity Check.
A supplemental table in the Stress Due to Combined Loads report displays the results of
c
, L
and the calculated allowable stresses for each element for each load case. In some cases, the
allowables may not be calculated, especially when there is no external pressure or when the
load is only tensile. Some elements, such as welded flat heads and flanges, are not applicable
and do not have any results. If this is the case, the printed stress value may read "No Calc" or
may be blank.
If there any conical transitions in the model, the software calculates the necessity of junction
rings and their requirements according to section 4.2.3. Cone-to-cylinder junction rings must
satisfy inertia requirements from equations (4-1) and (4-5). The net area of the junction must be
greater than or equal to the result of equation (4-4). The maximum distance from the
cone-cylinder junction is defined in paragraph 4.2.3. The distance is defined as, "The nearest
surface of the stiffening ring shall be located with a distance of T
r
or 1 in., whichever is greater
from the cone junction." T
r
is the contact or stem width of the ring.Because the software handles
arbitrary sections, the check value is one inch (25.4 mm). If the ring is farther than one inch from
the junction, it is ignored.
For ASME VIII-1, Compute "K" in corroded condition - The K value is the stress
concentration factor used in determining the required thickness of Elliptical Heads. If the
elliptical head has an internal corrosion allowance, the computed value of K decreases resulting
in a lower required thickness. If that is what you want, select this option.
Use ASME Code Case 2695 (Div 1 allowables using Div 2 Part 4.5) - ASME Code Case 2695
allows the use of ASME VIII-2 formulas in a Division 1 design. In addition, the allowable stress
values from Division 1 must also be used. Using the Code Case generally results in a more
economical design, especially in the area of head thickness and nozzle reinforcement. As when
using any Code Case, all of the restrictions must be understood so read the Code Case before
using this option.
Nozzle Analysis Directives
No Corrosion on Inside Welds - Select if inside nozzle welds do not corrode or you do not
wish to remove the corrosion allowance when computing the area. By default, the software
always corrodes the inner fillet weld when calculating the area available in the inside weld. The
default method is the most conservative because the area under the weld is corroded in
accordance with figure UG-37 of the ASME Code. This option is not valid when using PD:5500.
Use AD-540.2 sketch b and not sketch d for normal limit (pre 2007) - Select to use sketch
(b) for the calculation of the vertical nozzle thickness limit, according to ASME Section VIII,
Division 2, paragraph AD-540.2. Sketch (b) shows an integral connection with a smooth radius.
Sketch (d) shows a similar geometry with an alternative pad plate and fillet. By default, the
software uses sketch (d) to calculate the vertical thickness limit.
Compute Increased Nozzle Thickness - Select to calculate the minimum nozzle wall to
account for external loading. In many cases pressure vessels are designed and built long before
the piping system is attached to them. This means that the nozzle loadings are unknown. When
this option is selected, then the minimum nozzle thickness trn is maximum of :
trn = (.134, trn for internal pressure) <= Nps 18
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trn = (OD/150, trn for internal pressure) > Nps 18
Using this requirement in addition to UG-45 provides some additional metal to work with to
satisfy thermal bending stresses in the nozzle. You can also specify the minimum wall thickness
of the nozzle trn in Nozzle. If you do so, that vale overrides this calculation
These formulae are not in the ASME Code. They are used in industry.
Compute and Print Areas for Small Nozzles - Select to calculate the nozzle reinforcement
areas and MAWPs of small nozzles when the requirements of code paragraph UG-36 are met.
UG-36 discusses the requirement of performing area replacement calculations when small
nozzles are involved. Openings in vessels not subject to rapid fluctuations in pressure do not
require reinforcement other than that inherent in the construction under the following conditions :
3.5 inch finished opening in a shell or head 0.375 inches required thickness or less
2.375 inch finished opening in a shell or head greater than 0.375 inches required thickness
If your geometry meets this criteria and this option is not selected, then the nozzle reinforcement
areas and MAWPs are not calculated. If you require a single nozzle to be checked, place the
text #SN in the nozzle description to force the software to calculate the areas for the selected
small nozzle.
Compute Chord Length in Hillside Direction - Select to use the chord length to calculate the
included angle for hillside nozzle calculations. By default, the software uses the actual length of
removed material.
Compute Areas per PD 5500 3.5.4.9 - Select to perform the pressure times area calculations
according to PD 5000:2003, 3.5.4.9. The standard calculations according to design section 3
are always Calculated.
Nozzle opening MWAP is not restricted by the Shell (ASME) - When using ASME VIII-1
UG-37 for nozzle reinforcement, the MAWP of the opening is iteratively computed based on
several items including UG-45, UG-37 areas, and other considerations. The MAWP of the
opening is the minimum of the overall UG-37 calculation and the MAWP of the parent
component to which the nozzle is attached. In some cases, you might want to know the MAWP
of the junction without regard to the parents MAWP. If that is the case, select this option.
ASME MDMT Directives
Use the MAWP to Compute the MDMT - Select to use the MAWP for the vessel when
determining the required thickness to use in the temperature reduction calculation according to
UCS 66.1 (Div. 1), or Section 3.11.2.5 (Div. 2 2007 Edition or later). The MAWP also includes
MAWPs determined during nozzle calculations. If this option is not selected, the design pressure
on the element is used to determine the MDMT reduction for that element.

If the pressure specified on each element is the MAWP, do not select this option. Otherwise,
the temperature reduction is conservatively low.
For PD 5500, EN-13445, and Division 2 pre-2007, this option is ignored.
Do Not Use Nozzle MDMT Interpretation VIII-1-01-37 - Select to control the MDMT calculation
of the nozzle to shell junction, according to Section VIII, Division 1 (1998 Edition, 2000
Addenda), Figure UCS-66.l, Interpretation VIII-1-01-37, March 9, 2001. The interpreatation
states that if a nozzle neck with a nominal noncorroded thickness that is heavier than that of the
shell is attached to the shell with a corner joint, then the shell becomes the governing thickness
as defined in UCS-66(a)(1)(b). When evaluating the nozzle joint per UCS-66(b) of Section VIII,
Division 1, the tr and tn thicknesses are those of the shell.
Allowable Tower Deflection - Enter a value for the allowable vertical tower deflection, if the
default of 6 inches per 100 feet does not meet your design specification.
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Wind Shape Factor - Enter a value for the wind shape factor, if your design specification
requires a specific value that does not correspond to the software-calculated value. For
cylindrical structures, the value is typically 0.7.
Ope. Nat. Freq. (Hz) Optional - Enter a value for the operating natural frequency. This is
typically a value that you calculate separately when you want to use a method different than the
Rayleigh method used by the software. In general, the Rayleigh method is suitable for most
vessel designs, and you do not need to enter a value.
Empty Nat. Freq. (Hz) Optional - Enter a value for the empty natural frequency. This is typically
a value that you calculate separately when you want to use a method different than the Rayleigh
method used by the software. In general, the Rayleigh method is suitable for most vessel
designs, and you do not need to enter a value.
Test Nat. Freq. (Hz) Optional - Enter a value for the test natural frequency. This is typically a
value that you calculate separately when you want to use a method different than the Rayleigh
method used by the software. In general, the Rayleigh method is suitable for most vessel
designs, and you do not need to enter a value.
ASME VIII-1 Matl Database Year - Select the database the software uses for tables of
allowable stress versus temperature. This entry is only valid for Section VIII Division 1 and is not
available if Use Pre-99 Addenda (Division 1 only) is selected.
Select this option before entering other data.
Metric Constant Selection - ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 contains a number of
constants used for comparison in certain calculations. These values are presented in both
Imperial and Metric units. An example would be the minimum thickness per UG-16(b) of 1/16"
(1.5mm) or 3/32" (2.5mm). Note that the values in mm have been rounded. PV Elite can work
with either depending on the selection made in this pull down.
Imperial Use the Imperial constants
Metric Use the Metric constants
Determine at runtime Have PV Elite determine which value to use depending on the set
of currently selected units. For new files, the default is the Determine at Runtime.
Output Language - Select the language to use for the Input Echo report. Make this selection
before you analyze the model.

DXF Options Tab (Configuration Dialog)
Create a Default Border - Select to put a border around the drawing. The border style differs
based on the border size. You can create your own border styles. The borders are located in the
PV Elite\System folder. They are named ANSI_A.txt and so fourth. These text files are
essentially the core of ACAD Release 12 DXF files. See the user border creation section for
more information.
Create a Nozzle Schedule - Select to create a Nozzle Schedule. The nozzle schedule contains
information pertaining to the size and thickness of nozzles, their mark number and the necessity
of reinforcing.
Create a Bill of Material - Select to generate a Bill of Material for the major components of the
vessel, such as shells, heads, and conical sections.
OD Lines Shown Only - Normally the DXF file will contain ID as well as OD lines for the major
shell sections. If you do not want to see the ID lines, then check this box.
Show Dimensions - Select if you want tail dimensions for the major shell courses. The element
diameters and thicknesses are shown in the BOM.
Drawing Size - Select A, B, C or D. Each size has a different style.
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Scale Factor - Enter the scale factor. We recommend letting the program select this value by
clicking Compute and Insert Scale Factor. We then recommend rounding up to the nearest
typical scale factor.
Set Default Values Tab (Configuration Tab)
Sets the initial values for commonly used properties. PV Elite defaults fields using the values
that you define here. You can edit the default value during creation.

Change Units
Click Tools > Change Units to select a new units file and change the units system of the
current job. For example, if your current job is in English units and you would like to change the
units to millimeters, then use this option. After selecting a new units file, the current input values
are converted into that set of units. To get a set of reports in the new units, run Analyze (on
page 193) again.
Delivered units files have the .fil extension and are in the C:\Users\Public\Documents\Intergraph
CAS\PVELITE\2012\System folder. Many unit systems are delivered, such as English, MM, SI,
Inches, and Newtons. Unicode systems are delivered for use in China, Japan, Taiwan, and
Korea, where multibyte character sets are used.

Create / Review Units
Create/Review Units opens the MakeUnit utility.
The Make Unit utility allows you to create a new custom units file or edit an existing units file for
use with PV Elite or CodeCalc. The utility is available from:
Tools > Create/Review Units in PV Elite.
Create/Review Units on the Auxiliary toolbar in PV Elite.
Tools > Make Unit in CodeCalc.
MakeUnit.exe, found in the [Product Folder]\COADE\PVElite\ folder.
Delivered units files have the .fil extension and are in the C:\Users\Public\Documents\Intergraph
CAS\PVELITE\2012\System folder. Many unit systems are delivered, such as English, MM, SI,
Inches, and Newtons. Unicode systems are delivered for use in China, Japan, Taiwan, and
Korea, where multibyte character sets are used. You can save new units files to the system
folder or to another folder.

Use Tools > Configuration in PV Elite or CodeCalc to specify the units file to use at
startup.
Use Tools > Change Units in PV Elite, Units on the Units/Code toolbar in PV Elite, or
Tools > Set Unit in CodeCalc to select a new units file. The data in your job file is
immediately converted to the new units.
Units File Dialog Box (on page 203)

What do you want to do?
Create a new units file (on page 203)
Edit an existing units file (on page 203)

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Create a new units file
1. Click Create/Review Units in PV Elite or Tools > Make Unit in CodeCalc.
The Units File dialog box displays. Constant has a default value of 1 for each type of unit.
2. Do one of the following for each type of unit:
Select defined values for Constant or User Unit.
Type values for or Constant and User Unit.
3. Click Save and Exit.
The Save As dialog box displays.
4. Select a folder path and type a file name.
5. Click Save.
The Save As dialog box and the Units File dialog box close.
Edit an existing units file
1. Click Create/Review Units in PV Elite or Tools > Make Unit in CodeCalc.
The Units File dialog box displays.
2. Click Edit Existing.
The Open dialog box displays.
3. Select an existing .fil units file and click Open.
4. Change unit types as needed by doing one of the following:
Select defined values for Constant or User Unit.
Type values for or Constant and User Unit.
5. Click Save and Exit.
The Save As dialog box displays.
6. Select a folder path and type a file name. You can also use the same file name to replace
the open file with the new unit values.
7. Click Save.
The Save As and Units File dialog boxes close.

Units File Dialog Box
Specifies units and constants for a units file.
Name - Displays the type of unit, such as Length, Area, or Pressure.
System Unit - Displays the default system unit used as a multiplier for conversions, such as
feet, sq-inches, and psig.
Constant - Select a defined conversion constant used as a multiplier for conversions, or type
your own value.
User Unit - Select a defined unit for the conversion, or type your own unit.

If you select a defined Constant, the software changes User Unit to the correct unit. If you
select a defined User Unit, the software changes Constant to the correct value.
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If you type your own value for Constant and User Unit, you must manually ensure that the
combination provides the needed conversion.
Edit Existing - Open an existing units file for editing.
Save - Saves the units file.
Save and Exit - Saves the units file and closes the dialog box.
Cancel - Closes the dialog box without saving the units file.
Help - Opens the help.

Click Tools > Edit/Add Materials and click one of the following;
Edit ASME user material database
Edit PD:5500 user material database
Edit EN-13445 user material database
The Material Database Editor (on page 204) utility opens. You can edit existing material and
create new material in the selected material database. The new material does not affect the
current job. To change an element or detail to the new material, open the Material Database
Dialog Box (on page 407) for each element or detail.

Material Database Editor
The Material Database Editor utility allows you to add custom materials to a delivered ASME,
PD:5500, or EN-13445 material database for use with PV Elite or CodeCalc. For a YouTube
demonstration, visit: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEtIRO4PwCw. While the video is
centered around PV Elite, it works much the same way in CodeCalc.
The utility is available from:
Tools > Edit/Add Materials in PV Elite
Tools > Edit/Add Materials in CodeCalc
MatEdit.exe, found in the [Product Folder]\COADE\PVElite\ folder
When you use this utility, material database files with the .bin extension are created in the
[Product Folder]\COADE\PVElite\System Backup folder. These files contain only the custom
materials you have added. The custom materials can then be merged into the main material
databases.

The delivered databases contain allowed material for the current codes. You typically only
add custom material if you are required to use an outdated material, or need to add material
from a different code.
Have the appropriate code available when adding new material. You will enter code-based
material properties such as Chart Data, Material Band, and S Factor. The properties needed
vary with the database that you are editing.
Material Properties (on page 206)

What do you want to do?
Create a new custom material (on page 205)
Create a custom material based on an existing material (on page 205)

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Create a new custom material
1. Click Tools > Edit/Add Materials and select the ASME, PD:5500, or EN-13445 material
database.
2. Click Add a New Material .
A new row named New Material appears in the grid of the Material Database view in the
right pane.
3. In the Material Properties view in the left pane, type values for the new material.
As you type values, check the Stress vs. Temperature graph in the right pane.
Stress must not increase as temperature decreases.
4. Repeat these steps for each new material that you want to add.
5. Click Save to save the new material to a user database file.
6. Click Merge to add the user database to the material database of the software.
After merging, the custom material now appears at the bottom of the material database
list for any command using the material database in PV Elite or CodeCalc.
Create a custom material based on an existing material
1. Click Tools > Edit/Add Materials and select the ASME, PD:5500, or EN-13445 material
database.
2. Click Edit a Material .
The contents of the software database appear in the grid of the Material Database view in
the right pane.
3. Select a material for the Material Database grid.
4. Click Select Material and click Yes on the confirmation dialog box.
The copied material appears in a new row in the grid of the Material Database view.
5. In the Material Properties view in the left pane, type new values as needed.

You must change Material Name so that the name is unique in the user database and
in the material database after merging.
As you type values, check the Stress vs. Temperature graph in the right pane. Stress
must not increase as temperature decreases.
6. Click Save to save the new material to a user database file.
7. Click Merge to add the user database to the material database of the software.
After merging, the custom material now appears at the bottom of the material database
list for any command using the material database in PV Elite or CodeCalc.

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Material Properties
The following code-based values are typically used as material properties.
Material Name - Type an allowed external pressure chart name. The software uses the chart
name to calculate the B value for all external pressure and buckling calculations. If you type a
valid value for Material Name, the software will look into its database and determine the
external pressure chart name for this material and enter it into this cell. The program will also
determine this chart name when you select a material name from the material selection window.
The following are the allowed external pressure chart names:
Carbon Steel
CS-1 Carbon and Low Alloy Sy<30000
CS-2 Carbon and Low Alloy Sy>30000
CS-3 Carbon and Low Alloy Sy<38000
CS-4 SA-537
CS-5 SA-508, SA-533, SA-541
CS-6 SA-562 or SA-620

Heat-Treated Steel
HT-1 SA-517 and SA-592 A, E, and F
HT-2 SA-508 Cl. 4a, SA-543,B,C

Stainless Steel (High Alloy)
HA-1 Type 304
HA-2 Type 316, 321, 347, 309, 310, 430B
HA-3 Type 304L
HA-4 Type 316L, 317L
HA-5 Alloy S31500

Non-Ferrous Material
NFA-1 AL3003, O and H112
NFA-2 AL3003, H20
NFA-4 AL3004, H34
NFA-6 C62000 (Aluminum Bronze)
NFA-7 AL1060, O
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NFA-10 AL5456, O
NFA-12 AL6061, T6, T651, T6510 and T6511
NFA-13 AL6061, T4, T451, T4510 and T4511
NFC-1 Annealed Copper
NFC-2 Copper Silicon A and C
NFC-3 Annealed 90-10 Copper Nickel
NFC-4 Annealed 70-30 Copper Nickel
NFC-5 Welded Copper Iron Alloy Tube
NFC-6 SB-75 and SB-111 Copper Tube
NFN-1 Low Carbon Nickel
NFN-2 Ni
NFN-3 Ni Cu Alloy
NFN-4 Annealed Ni Cr Fe
NFN-5 Ni Mo Alloy B
NFN-6 Ni Mo Cr Fe
NFN-7 Ni Mo Cr Fe Cu
NFN-8 Ni Fe Cr Alloy 800
NFN-9 Ni Fe Cr Alloy 800H
NFN-10 Ni Moly Chrome Alloy N10276
NFN-11 Ni Cr Fe Mo Cu Alloys G and G-2
NFN-12 Cr Ni Fe Mo Cu Co, SB-462, 463, and
so on.
NFN-13 Ni Fe Cr Si Alloy 330
NFN-20 Ni Cr Mo Grade C-4
NFN-15 Ni Mo Alloy X
NFN-16 Ni Mo Alloy B2
NFN-17 Ni Cr Mo Co N06625 (Alloy 625)
NFN-18 Ni Mo Cr Fe Cu (Grade G3)
NFN-19 Ni Mo Cr Fe Cu (Grade G3, >3/4)
NFN-20 Work Hardened Nickel
NFT-1 Unalloyed Titanium, Grade 1
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NFT-2 Unalloyed Titanium, Grade 2
NFT-3 Titanium, Grade 1
NFZ-1 Zirconium, Alloy 702
NFZ-2 Zirconium, Alloy 705

Elastic Modulus Reference #
Reference
Number
Table

Description/UNS Number

1 TM-1 Carbon Steels with C<= 0.3%
2 TM-1 Carbon Steels with C> 0.3%
3 TM-1 Material Group A
4 TM-1 Material Group B
5 TM-1 Material Group C
6 TM-1 Material Group D
7 TM-1 Material Group E
8 TM-1 Material Group F
9 TM-1 Material Group G
10 TM-1 S13800
11 TM-1 S15500
12 TM-1 S45000
13 TM-1 S17400
14 TM-1 S17700
15 TM-1 S66286
16 TM-2 A03560
17 TM-2 A95083
18 TM-2 A95086
19 TM-2 A95456
20 TM-2 A24430
21 TM-2 A91060
22 TM-2 A91100
23 TM-2 A93003
24 TM-2 A93004
25 TM-2 A96061
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Reference
Number
Table


26 TM-2 A96063
27 TM-2 A92014
28 TM-2 A92024
29 TM-2 A95052
30 TM-2 A95154
31 TM-2 A95254
32 TM-2 A95454
33 TM-2 A95652
34 TM-3 C93700
35 TM-3 C83600
36 TM-3 C92200
37 TM-3 C92200
38 TM-3 C28000
39 TM-3 C28000
40 TM-3 C65500
41 TM-3 C66100
42 TM-3 C95200
43 TM-3 C95400
44 TM-3 C44300
45 TM-3 C44400
46 TM-3 C44500
47 TM-3 C64200
48 TM-3 C68700
49 TM-3 C10200
50 TM-3 C10400
51 TM-3 C10500
52 TM-3 C10700
53 TM-3 C11000
54 TM-3 C12000
55 TM-3 C12200
56 TM-3 C12300
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Reference
Number
Table


57 TM-3 C12500
58 TM-3 C14200
59 TM-3 C23000
60 TM-3 C61000
61 TM-3 C61400
62 TM-3 C65100
63 TM-3 C70400
64 TM-3 C19400
65 TM-3 C60800
66 TM-3 C63000
67 TM-3 C70600
68 TM-3 C97600
69 TM-3 C71000
70 TM-3 C71500
71 TM-4 N02200
72 TM-4 N02201
73 TM-4 N04400
74 TM-4 N04405
75 TM-4 N06002
76 TM-4 N06007
77 TM-4 N06022
78 TM-4 N06030
79 TM-4 N06045
80 TM-4 N06059
81 TM-4 N06230
82 TM-4 N06455
83 TM-4 N06600
84 TM-4 N06617
85 TM-4 N06625
86 TM-4 N06690
87 TM-4 N07718
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Reference
Number
Table


88 TM-4 N07750
89 TM-4 N08020
90 TM-4 N08031
91 TM-4 N08330
92 TM-4 N08800
93 TM-4 N08801
94 TM-4 N08810
95 TM-4 N08825
96 TM-4 N10001
97 TM-4 N10003
98 TM-4 N10242
99 TM-4 N10276
100 TM-4 N10629
101 TM-4 N10665
102 TM-4 N10675
103 TM-4 N12160
104 TM-4 R20033
105 TM-5 R50250
106 TM-5 R50400
107 TM-5 R50550
108 TM-5 R52400
109 TM-5 R56320
110 TM-5 R52250
111 TM-5 R53400
112 TM-5 R52402
113 TM-5 R52252
114 TM-5 R52404
115 TM-5 R52254
116 TM-5 R60702
117 TM-5 R60705
118 TM-1 12Cr-13Cr Group F
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Reference
Number
Table


119 TM-1 20+Cr Material Group G
220 TEMA Ni-Mo Alloy B
221 TEMA Tantalum
222 TEMA Tantalum with 2.5% Tungsten
223 TEMA 7 MO (S32900)
224 TEMA 7 MO PLUS (S32950)
225 TEMA 17-19 CR Stn Steel
226 TEMA AL-6XN Stn Steel (NO8367)
227 TEMA AL-29-4-2
228 TEMA SEA-CURE
229 TEMA 2205 (S31803)
230 TEMA 3RE60 (S31500)

Thermal Expansion Coefficient Reference #
Reference
Number
Table Description/UNS Number
1 TE-1 Carbon & Low Alloy Steels, Group 1
2 TE-1 Low Alloy Steels, Group 2
3 TE-1 5Cr-1Mo and 29Cr-7Ni-2Mo-N
Steels
4 TE-1 9Cr-1Mo
5 TE-1 5Ni-4Mo
6 TE-1 8Ni and 9Ni
7 TE-1 12Cr,13Cr and 13Cr-4Ni Steels
8 TE-1 15Cr and 17Cr Steels
9 TE-1 27Cr Steels
10 TE-1 Austenitic Group 3 Steels
11 TE-1 Austenitic Group 4 Steels
12 TE-1 Ductile Cast Iron
13 TE-1 17Cr-4Ni-4Cu, Condition 1075
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Reference
Number
15 TE-2 Aluminum Alloys
16 TE-3 Copper Alloys C1XXXX Series
17 TE-3 Bronze Alloys
18 TE-3 Brass Alloys
19 TE-3 70Cu-30Ni
20 TE-3 90Cu-10Ni
21 TE-4 N02200 and N02201
22 TE-4 N04400 and N04405
23 TE-4 N06002
24 TE-4 N06007
25 TE-4 N06022
26 TE-4 N06030
27 TE-4 N06045
28 TE-4 N06059
29 TE-4 N06230
30 TE-4 N06455
31 TE-4 N06600
32 TE-4 N06625
33 TE-4 N06690
34 TE-4 N07718
35 TE-4 N07750
36 TE-4 N08031
37 TE-4 N08330
38 TE-4 N08800,N08801,N08810,N08811
39 TE-4 N08825
40 TE-4 N10001
41 TE-4 N10003
42 TE-4 N10242
43 TE-4 N10276
44 TE-4 N10629
45 TE-4 N10665
Menus


Reference
Number
46 TE-4 N10675
47 TE-4 N12160
48 TE-4 R20033
49 TE-5 Titanium Gr 1,2,3,7,11,12,16 and 17
50 TE-5 Titanium Grade 9
51 TEMA 5Cr-1/2Mo
52 TEMA 7Cr-1/2Mo & 9Cr-1Mo
53 TEMA Ni-Mo (Alloy B)
54 TEMA Nickel (Alloy 200)
55 TEMA Copper-Silicon
56 TEMA Admiralty
57 TEMA Zirconium
58 TEMA Cr-Ni-Fe-Mo-Cu-Cb (Alloy 20Cb)
59 TEMA Tantalum
61 TEMA 17-19 CR (TP 439)
62 TEMA AL-6XN
63 TEMA 2205 (S31803)
64 TEMA 3RE60 (S31500)
65 TEMA 7 MO (S32900)
67 TEMA AL 29-4-2
68 TEMA SEA-CURE
69 TEMA 80-20 Cu-Ni (C71000)

Minimum Thickness (in.) - Type the minimum allowable thickness for the material. If the
material has no minimum thickness, type -1.
Maximum Thickness (in.) - Type the maximum allowable thickness for the material. If the
material has no maximum thickness, type -1.
Creep Temperature (F) - Type the temperature at which the material is governed by time
dependent properties.
MDMT Exemption Temperature (F) - When the material uses an impact tested product
specification, type the impact temperature. Otherwise, type 1.
Menus


Product Form
Type an integer that designates the product form of the material.
Form
Value
Product Form

1 Plate
2 Forgings
3 Seamless pipe
4 Welded pipe
5 Welded tube
6 Seamless tube
7 Bolting
8 Castings
9 Fittings
10 Seamless/welded pipe
11 Seamless/welded tube
12 reserved
13 Seamless pipe and tube
14 Pipe
15 Bar
16 Sheet
17 Tube
18 Forged pipe
19 Seamless/welded fitting
20 Drawn seamless tube
21 Condenser & heat exchanger tubes
22 Seamless extruded tube
23 Rod
24 Seamless and welded fittings
25 Welded fittings
26 Seamless fittings
27 Finned tube
28 Seamless U-bend tube
29 Welded condenser tube

Menus


Impact Reduction Temperature (F) - When the material is eligible for a -5F temperature
reduction according to UCS-66(g), type -5. Otherwise, type 0.
Material Band
The material band is used to determine the modulus of elasticity and coefficient of thermal
expansion for that type of material.
Material
Band
Basic Material Type/composition

M0 Carbon steel
M1 Carbon manganese steel
M2 Carbon molybdenum steel
M4 Low alloy MG Cr Mo V steel
M5 3.5Ni
M6 9Ni
M7 1-1.5Cr .5Mo
M8 .5Cr .5Mo .25V
M9 2.25Cr 1Mo
M10 5Cr .5Mo
M11 9Cr1Mo
M12 12Cr1Mo1V

Calculator
Click Tools > Calculator or Calculator on the Auxiliary toolbar to open the
Windows-supplied calculator utility. Use Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V to copy and paste values between the
calculator and PV Elite.
ASME Form Information
Click Tools > ASME Form Information to open the Additional Vessel Information dialog box,
enter additional information, and produce an ASME U-1 form for the vessel. After analysis, an
intermediate results file (.pvu) is created. This file is read by a Microsoft Excel macro when
Create ASME Form is clicked in Output > Review Reports., and the worksheet fields are
populated with the calculated results. For more information, see Review Reports (on page 194).
Menus


Ligament Scratch Pad
Click Tools > Ligament Scratch Pad or Compute Ligament Efficiencies on the Utilities
toolbar to open the Ligament Efficiency Scratch Pad utility, and calculate ASME VIII-1
UG-53.x or 4.10.x ligament efficiencies for tube spacing.
Ligament Efficiency Calculation per Figure - Select one of the following:
UG-53.1 or 4.10.1
UG-53.2 or 4.10.2
UG-53.3 or 4.10.3
UG-53.4 or 4.10.4
and Figure - When UG-53.4 or 4.10.4 is selected for Ligament Efficiency Calculation per
Figure, select one of the following as the secondary figure:
UG-53.5 or 4.10.5
UG-53.6 or 4.10.6
Diameter of Tube Holes (d), Longitudinal Pitch of Tube Holes (p), Unit Length of Ligament
(p1), Diagonal Pitch of tube Holes (p' or p*), Number of Tube Holes in Length p1 (n), and
Angle of Diagonal with Longitudinal line (theta) - Based on the selected ligament efficiency
figure, enter values for each dimension.
After all values are entered, the efficiencies are calculated and displayed as a percentage at the
bottom of the dialog box. If there is an error, it is also displayed.
All figures are shown below.
UG-53.1 or 4.10.1
FIG-53.1 Example of Tube Spacing with Pitch of Holes Equal in Every Row

Menus


UG-53.2 or 4.10.2
FIG-53.2 Example of Tube Spacing with Pitch of Holes Unequal in Every Second Row

UG-53.3 or 4.10.3
FIG-53.3 Example of Tube Spacing with Pitch of Holes Varying in Every Second and Third
Row

Menus


UG-53.4 or 4.10.4
FIG-53.4 Example of Tube Spacing with Pitch with Tube Holes on Diagonal Lines

UG-53.5
FIG-53.5 Diagram for Determining the Efficiency of Longitudinal and Diagonal Ligaments
Between Openings in Cylindrical Shells

Menus


UG-53.6
FIG-53.6 Diagram for Determining Equivalent Longitudinal Efficiency of Diagonal
Ligaments Between Openings in Cylindrical Shells

3D Menu
The 3D Menu contains commands that control the display of elements in the 3D graphics view.
Visibility - Select and clear the different options to display and hide that element in the 3D
graphics view. For example, you might want to hide the skirt to get a better view of a nozzle at
the bottom of a vessel. The elements are not deleted from the model, just hidden.
Render Mode - Select one of the rendering modes:
Wireframe - Shows lines and curves to show the object's borders and all its edges.
Flat Shaded - Shows the objects with shaded surfaces and smooth edges.
Gouraud Shaded - Shows the objects with shaded surfaces and smooth edges.
Hidden Line - Shows the objects using lines and curves to show the object's borders.
View Orthographic - Displays all objects the same relative size regardless of the distance from
the observer.
View Perspective - Specifies that the view should display the vessel using perspective
rendering. Perspective rendering is characterized by:
Objects being drawn smaller as their distance from the observer increases.
The size of object dimensions along the line of sight are smaller relative to to the dimensions
across the line of sight.
Delete Cutting Plane Grid - Removes a cutting plane from the view that you placed using the
Insert Cutting Plane command on the 3D Graphics Toolbar.
Options - Activates the Plot Properties dialog with which you can customize the colors of
elements in the display.
Fixed View - Turn on the fix the view.
Shadow - Turns the vessel shadow on and off.

Menus


Diagnostics Menu
The following commands are available on the Diagnostics menu:
Crc Check - Performs a cyclic redundancy check on each of the delivered software dlls and
checks that executable files are correctly copied to the hard drive of your computer. Use this
command if your software is behaving erratically.
Build Version Check - Checks the software build version of each executable file. See the
Intergraph web site www.coade.com/fpvelite.htm for the latest build information.
Esl Menu
The following commands are available on the Esl (External Software Lock) menu:
Show Data - Displays the encrypted data on your external software lock (ESL) key that allows
you to check the status of the device. The data can also be saved to a log file. This information
is useful for updating the software and for remaining current with your Intergraph license.
Phone Update (on page 221) or Generate Access Codes -Creates access codes needed to
update the ESL when a new version of the software has been released.
Enter Re-Authorization Codes (on page 222) - Allows ESL update codes to be entered.
Check HASP Driver Status - - See Admin Control Center
Install the HASP Device Driver - See Admin Control Center.
Admin Control Center - Displays all information related to the HASP Driver. The HASP Keys
tab shows all available keys, whether local or on the network. The Access Log tab displays all
instances of a license being used on the network keyin on the host computer.

Phone Update
In general, each time a new version of PV Elite is released, data on the ESL must be updated to
allow the new release to run properly. If the ESL is not updated, an error displays and software
commands may not be active.
After installing the new version, use this option to generate four access codes. Phone, email, or
fax the codes to Intergraph support. Updated codes are then provided that you enter using
Enter Re-Authorization Codes (on page 222) command.

The access codes constantly change.
The time and date on the computer must be correct.
Menus


Enter Re-Authorization Codes
Enter one or more sets of update codes, usually to allow access to the latest software version.
These codes can also change the client name, or change the last usage date.
Each set of codes received should be entered on a single line. Click OK to activate the new
codes.
Help Menu
The following commands are available on the Help menu:
Tip of the Day - Displays a tip about the software.
PV Elite Help Topics - Opens the PV Elite help.
View Documentation - Opens the printable PV Elite User's Guide, QA Manual, and QA
certificate.
PVElite Quick Start - Opens the printable PV Elite Quick Start.
Foundation 3D Help - Opens the help menu for all Foundation 3D related help topics.
Check for Updates - Checks your version of the software against the most current version. You
must be connected to the Internet for this option.
E-mail PV Elite Support - Creates an email with your system and software information. You
can type your support question and send to Intergraph Support. However, eCustomer is the best
method to reach Integraph support. eCustomer provides a comprehensive knowledge base of
information and allows Intergraph to track all customer queries, including bug reports, user
issues, and user-generated ideas for improvement of the software.
On-Line Registration - Registers this application. You must be connected to the Internet for
this option. Intergraph does not give email addresses to thir party solicitors. This information is
solely used to inform customers regarding updates and release of the software.
Desktop (online) Help - Starts an interactive help session with Intergraph Support. You must
be connected to the Internet for this option.
What's New in this Version - Displays new features for this version of the software.
About - Displays information about your software version. The version number displays in this
format: xx.xx.xx.xxxx.
To exit this screen, press <Esc>. The version number is very helpful when calling Intergraph
Support.

Menus



S E C T I O N 5
Standard - Provides file management commands, such as Open, Save, and Print. For more
information, see Standard Toolbar (on page 225).
Element - Provides commands for elements used to create a vessel, such as cylinders,
spheres, and cones. For more information, see Element Toolbar (on page 226).
Detail - Provides commands to add details to a vessel element, such as stiffeners, nozzles,
forces, moments, lining, half-pipe jackets, and tubesheets. For more information, see Detail
Toolbar (see "Details Toolbar" on page 227).
Input - Contains the Component Analysis command. For more information, see Component
Analysis Data (on page 54).
Utilities - Provides miscellaneous element commands, for functions such as insert, delete,
update, share, and flip. For more information, see Utilities Toolbar (on page 228).
Auxiliary - Provides miscellaneous model commands for functions such as manipulating of the
model, creating drawings, and viewing properties. For more information, see Auxiliary Toolbar
(on page 229).
Analyze - Provides commands for analyzing the model. For more information, see Analyze
Toolbar (on page 230).
Units/Code - Provides commands for changing units and the design code. For more
information, see Units/Code Toolbar (on page 230).

Standard Toolbar
The following commands are available on the Standard toolbar.

New (on page 52)

Open (on page 52)

Save (on page 52)

Print (on page 53)

Toolbars
Toolbars


Element Toolbar
Constructs vessel models. The following commands are available on the Element toolbar.

Cylinder - Cylindrical shell

Ellipse - Elliptical head

Torisphere - Torispherical head

Sphere - Spherical head or shell

Cone - Conical head or shell segment

Welded Flat Head

ANSI/Bolted Flange - Bolted body flange

Skirt - Skirt support with base ring
The software does not require the complete construction of a vessel for analysis. Individual
elements or groups of elements may be defined and partially analyzed. Only complete vessels
with proper supports can be analyzed for dead weight and live loads.
All elements, except Skirt, can be used to create either horizontal or vertical vessels.
Models for vertical vessels are built from bottom to top.
Models for horizontal vessels are built from left to right.
The vessel orientation is established with the first element. If starting with a skirt, it is a vertical
vessel. If starting with a head, the head can be "flipped" between a bottom head (vertical vessel)
and a left head (horizontal vessel) by clicking Flip Orientation on the Utilities toolbar. After
the second element is added to the model, the orientation is fixed. Skirts are the only vessel
supports that are modeled as elements. Other supports, such as legs and lugs for vertical
vessels and saddles, are modeled as details on the elements. For more information, see Details
Menu (on page 59).

Toolbars


Details Toolbar
Controls data for vessel details. The following commands are available on the Details menu and
the Details toolbar.

Stiffening Ring - Add stiffening rings on the selected cylinder element. For more
information, see Stiffening Ring (on page 63).

Nozzle - Add nozzles on the selected cylinder or head element. For more information,
see Nozzle (on page 66).

Weight - Add piping and miscellaneous weight added to the selected cylinder or head
element. For more information, see Weight (on page 106).

Force and Moment - Add external forces and moments to the selected cylinder or
head element. For more information, see Force and Moment (on page 108).

Platform - Add a platform to the selected element. For more information, see
Platform (on page 109).

Packing - Add packing to the selected element. For more information, see Packing
(on page 112).

Saddle - Add saddles to the selected horizontal cylinder element. For more
information, see Saddle (on page 114).

Tray - Add a set of equally spaced trays to the selected vertical cylinder element. For
more information, see Tray (on page 121).

Lug - Add support lugs to the selected vertical cylinder element. For more
information, see Lug (on page 122).

Legs - Add support legs to the selected vertical cylinder element. For more
information, see Legs (on page 125).

Liquid - Add liquid data to the selected element. For more information, see Liquid (on
page 130).

Insulation - Add insulation to the selected element. For more information, see
Insulation (on page 133).

Lining - Add lining to the selected element. For more information, see Lining (on
page 134).

Halfpipe Jacket - Add half pipe jackets to the selected cylinder element. For more
information, see Halfpipe Jacket (on page 135).

Tubesheet - Add a tubesheet to the selected element. For more information, see
Tubesheet (on page 138).

Generic Clip - Add a clip to the selected element. For more information, see Generic
Clip (on page 176).

Lifting Lug Data - Add lugs to the selected element. For more information, see
Lifting Lug Data (on page 180).

Toolbars


Input Toolbar
Used to start CodeCalc.

Click Input > Component Analysis Data or Component Analysis on
the Input toolbar to open CodeCalc and perform analyses separate from
the PV Elite model. You can perform analyses such as local loads on
nozzles and tubesheet calculations. For more information, see CodeCalc
Help.

Utilities Toolbar
Provides miscellaneous edit commands for functions such as insert, delete, update, and flip to
edit elements.
The following commands are available on the Utilities toolbar.

Insert Element - Insert an element before or after the current element.

Delete Element - Delete the currently selected element.

Propagate Element Diameter - Propagate element diameter to connected
elements.

Share Information - Share information between elements.

Flip Orientation - Flip the orientation of the current element.

Select Material - Select a material from the materials database.

Zoom Mode - Zoom in and out of elements in 2D.

View Element - View 2D element plan or layout view.

Place Stiffening Rings - Erase and place stiffening rings on the model.

Compute Ligament Efficiencies - Calculates ASME VIII-1 UG-53.x or
4.10.x ligament efficiencies for tube spacing. For more information, see
Ligament Scratch Pad (on page 217).

Toolbars


Auxiliary Toolbar
The following commands are available from the Auxiliary Toolbar.

Pipe properties - Use this dialog to select piping properties for the Shell,
Nozzle, or Leg from the currently selected piping database. Please note
that the Deduct Mill Tolerance from Thickness? has no effect on
nozzles or pipe legs.

List dialog - Opens the Detail Listing dialog box. For more information,
see Display the List Dialog (on page 55).

Write Foundation 3D file - Selecting this function creates a Foundation
3D file after the model is analyzed. For more information, see
www.dimsoln.com.

Export to DXF file - Exports the vessel geometry to a Release 12 Data
Exchange File (CAD file). For more information, see DXF Options Tab
(Configuration Dialog) (on page 201).

Flip to 3D view - Switch between 3D and 2D view.

Rigging Results - View rigging results.

Create Database - Create database of input files.

Element Properties - Display list of element weights, volumes, and
surface areas.

Set Configuration Parameters - Set configuration parameters. For more
information, see Configuration (on page 195).

Create/Review Units - Create or review unit files. For more information,
see Create/Review Units.

Calculator - Opens the Windows calculator.

Switch Datum Input - Enable/Disable nozzle data entry from the datum
line.

Toolbars


Analyze Toolbar
The following commands are available on the Analyze toolbar.

Analyze - Analyze the vessel and produce reports and forms. For more
information, see Analyze (on page 193).

Error Check - Error check the vessel input. For more information, see Error
Check Only (on page 193).

Review - Review the vessel output from the last analysis. For more
information, see Review Reports (on page 194).
Review the DXF File - Review the DXF file using an applicable program.

Units/Code Toolbar
The following commands are available on the Units/Code toolbar.

Units - Selecting a units file converts all the properties in the model to that set of units. This can
also changed by Tools -> Change Units (on page 202).
Design Code - Determines which design code is used for analysis.

3D Graphics Toolbar
Listed below is an explanation of the buttons on the toolbar. By default, this toolbar displays
vertically on the right side of the 3D graphics window.

Pre-defined Views - Changes the current view to front, back, top, bottom, left, right view
or a standard isometric view.

Zoom Extents - Resizes the model so that it fits in the current window.

Zoom Window - Allows users to use the mouse to draw a window around the portion of
the model that you want to zoom in on. This is a rubber band zoom. Alternately, spin the
mouse wheel to zoom in and out.

Orbit - Allows users to rotate the model using the mouse. Click the right mouse button and
move the mouse to rotate the model.

Pan - Allows users to translate the model in the direction the mouse is dragged. Pressing
the mouse wheel and holding it down while moving the mouse will also pan the model.
Toolbars


Zoom Camera - Zooms in or out. Click this button, then press the left mouse button and
move the mouse diagonally across the screen to zoom in or out. Alternately, spin the
mouse wheel to zoom in and out.

Select by Window - Selects details that are inside a fence that you define.

Select By Click - Allows the selection of a detail for further manipulation.

Insert Cutting Plane - Inserts a cutting plane when you click this button and then click
anywhere in the window. You can then rotate the cutting plane after it has been initiated.
The rotating plane exposes the various layers of the vessel. The visibility of the cutting
plane can then be turned off after the view is set. To restore the model, right- click in the
3D window and choose Delete Cutting Plane.

Transparency - The main exterior shells of the model are transparent.

Show Nozzle List - Displays list of nozzles in a list box. The list allows a nozzle to be
located in the model for editing.

Options - Element and detail colors are supported using the Options selection. After
being set, the software recalls them in subsequent sessions. This option is also available
when you right-click on the model window and select Properties. The Options dialog box
displays as shown below. If any of the colors are changed, click Apply to update the new
color selections.


S E C T I O N 6
Click Input > Vessel Data to construct a vessel. The General Input tab appears on the left, and
a graphics view appears on the right. Use commands on the Element toolbar to build cylinders,
heads, and skirts for vertical or horizontal vessels. Use the Details toolbar to add items such as
nozzles, liquid, and platforms to the vessel. Click on a vessel element in the graphics view to
make it current, and edit data for the element on the General Input tab. Right-click a detail to
display its dialog box or click on the appropriate icon for that type of detail.

In This Section
Element Data (General Input Tab)............................................... 234
Additional Element Data (General Input Tab) .............................. 243
References ................................................................................. 294

Vessel Data (General Input Tab)


Element Data (General Input Tab)
All elements share a common set of parameters.
Element Description - Enter a description for the element. The description can be up to 48
characters in length and can consist of both letters and numbers. The description is used in
output reports. This entry is optional.
When descriptions are available, the software prints descriptions instead of node numbers.
Descriptions are also seen in 3D graphics when you click Flip to 3D View on the Auxiliary
toolbar.
This value is not a function of the selected vessel code (such as, PD:5500, EN or ASME).
From Node - Displays the software-generated node number describing the starting location of
the element. The From Node value for this element is also used to define starting locations for
details such as nozzles, insulation, and packing that are associated with this element.
The software defines a vertical vessel from bottom to top. If the vertical vessel is on skirt, the
first element is the skirt. If it is on legs or lugs, the first element is a head and the legs or lugs are
defined as details on the appropriate head or shell elements.

The software defines a horizontal vessel from left to right. The first element in a horizontal
vessel is usually a head, and the support saddles are defined as details on the appropriate shell
elements.
To Node - Displays the software-generated node number that describes the ending location of
the element. The To Node value is incremented by 10 above the From Node value. To Node is
From Node of the following element. For example, if the value of To Node for a head is 50, then
the value of From Node for the shell is 50.
Element Type - Displays the type of the element. You can change the type by selecting one of
the following from the list.
Cylinder - A cylindrical shell
Elliptical - An elliptical head
Torispherical - A Torispherical (F&D) head
Spherical - A spherical head
Conical - A conical head or shell segment
Welded Flat - CA welded flat head
Body Flange - A body flange or blind flange
Skirt - A skirt with an optional basering
If the element type is changed, all detail data, such as nozzles, are lost.


Diameter Basis - Select the type of diameter to use for the element. Select ID for the inside
diameter. Select OD for the outside diameter. ID and OD are available for ASME Division 1.
Only OD is available for ASME VIII-1.
Inside Diameter - Enter a value for the inside diameter of the element, when ID is selected for
Diameter Basis:
Cylinders - Enter the diameter of the cylinder.
Elliptical, torispherical and spherical heads - Enter the diameter of the straight flange.
Skirts - Enter the diameter at the top of the skirt.
Welded flat heads - Enter the large diameter of the flat head. The value is not a function of
the selected code (such as, PD:5500, EN or ASME).
This option is not available when either Body Flange or Conical is selected for Element
Type.
Outside Diameter - Enter a value for the outside diameter of the element, when OD is selected
for Diameter Basis:
Cylinders - Enter the diameter of the cylinder.
Elliptical, torispherical and spherical heads - Enter the diameter of the straight flange.
Skirts - Enter the diameter at the top of the skirt.
Welded flat heads - Enter the large diameter of the flat head. The value is not a function of
the selected code (such as, PD:5500, EN or ASME).
This option is not available when Body Flange or Conical are selected for Element
Type.
"From" End Diameter - Enter a value for the inside or outside diameter at the From Node end
of the cone, as needed by the selection for Diameter Basis. This option is only available when
Conical is selected for Element Type.
Flange ID - Enter a value for the inside of a flange element. This option is only available when
Body Flange is selected for Element Type
Body flanges - Enter the inside diameter of the body flange.
Blind flanges - Enter the inside diameter of the flange to which it is bolted. The inside
diameter of a blind flange is zero, but the software uses this value to sketch the graphics.
Cylinder Length - Enter the distance between From Node and To Node. For a cylindrical shell,
enter the length of the shell from seam to seam. This option is only available when Cylinder is
selected for Element Type.
Straight Flange Length - Enter the distance between From Node and To Node. For an
elliptical, torispherical, or spherical head, enter the length of the straight flange. The software
automatically includes the volume of the head and the depth of the head in calculations. This
option is only available when Elliptical, Torispherical, or Spherical are selected for Element
Type.
Overall Flange Length - Enter the distance between From Node and To Node.
For an integral weld neck type body flange, enter the through thickness of the flange including
the weld neck, if any. If the flange is a slip-on, lap joint or similar, the distance is the length of the
flange that protrudes past the shell to which it is attached. This value cannot be zero.


For a bolted blind flange, enter the thickness of the head/flange.

This option is only available when Body Flange is selected for Element Type.
Flat Head Thickness - Enter the distance between From Node and To Node. For a welded flat
head, enter the thickness of the head/flange.
This option is only available when Welded Flat is selected for Element Type.
Cone Length - Enter the distance between From Node and To Node.
For a conical head or shell segment, enter the length of the cone (including toriconical sections,
if any) from seam to seam.
For a conical bottom head that is skirt-supported, enter the distance from the top of the skirt to
the top of the conical head. You must also enter Cone Length in the Additional Element Data
section. That is the length used in volume calculations and external pressure calculations.
For a welded flat head or bolted blind flange, enter the thickness of the head/flange.
This option is only available when Conical is selected for Element Type.
Skirt Length - Enter the distance between From Node and To Node. For a skirt support, enter
the distance from the bottom of the base ring to the head tangent line. Because the software
does not add the basering thickness to the element length, including the basering thickness in
the skirt length provides the correct element elevations. This option is only available when Skirt
is selected for Element Type.
Finished Thickness - Enter the finished thickness of the element. This is Nominal Thickness
minus mill tolerance and thinning due to forming as described below..
For elliptical, torispherical and spherical heads, you may have to reduce the nominal thickness
of the plate to account for thinning of the head due to forming.
For cylindrical shells made from pipe, you must subtract the maximum possible mill
undertolerance from nominal pipe wall thickness. Use the pipe selection button to select
standard pipe and insert the thickness into this field.
For welded flat heads this is simply the thickness of the plate from which the head is made.
For a skirt, this is typically the nominal thickness minus any mill undertolerance, and any
thinning. For cylindrical skirts made from pipe, you will have to subtract the maximum possible
mill undertolerance from the nominal pipe wall thickness.
For a body flange, this is the thickness of the flange. The ASME, EN and PD:5500 codes depict
the thickness at the edge of the flange.


Do not include corrosion allowance. It is automatically subtracted from this thickness by
the software when values are included for Internal Corrosion Allowance and External
Corrosion Allowance.
Nominal Thickness - Enter the nominal (design) thickness of the element. For most
calculations, the software uses Finished Thickness to determine MAWP and other results.
However, when calculating element weight, it is theoretically more accurate to use the nominal
thickness before the element it is formed. This entry is optional. If left blank, the software uses
Finished Thickness to determine weight.
Normally, this value would only be applicable to formed heads, but the software allows this entry
on all elements for greatest flexibility. When using Nominal Thickness to compute a result, the
software always takes the greatest of the finished and nominal thicknesses. If the software
designs the thickness, you are responsible for adjusting the value of nominal thickness before
final calculations are made.

In May 2008, a change was made regarding the calculation of the inside diameter of a
cylinder whose Diameter Basis is OD. In this case, the cylinder ID (usually pipe) is
calculated as the nominal OD - 2(Nominal wall thickness). This change affects only nozzle
reinforcement calculations. If the diameter basis for the shell is specified as ID, there is no
change.
Use of Nominal Thickness applies to the selected vessel code (such as, PD:5500, EN or
ASME).
Internal Corrosion Allowance - Enter the internal corrosion allowance for this element. Each
dimension of the element (diameters and thicknesses) is modified by the corrosion allowance.
Some elements in jacketed vessels may have both an internal and External Corrosion
Allowance.
Use of Internal Corrosion Allowance applies to the selected vessel code (such as,
PD:5500, EN-13445 or ASME).
External Corrosion Allowance - Enter the external corrosion allowance for this element. Most
vessels do not have an external corrosion allowance specification, but some, such as jacketed
vessels, need the consideration of an external corrosion allowance.
If an external corrosion allowance is specified, the software changes the dimension as needed.
For example, the OD of a cylinder would be reduced by two times the external corrosion
allowance for the external pressure calculation. For flanges, the large and small end hub
dimensions are corroded in addition to the flange thickness. The external corrosion allowance is
added to the final required thickness of the element.
Use of External Corrosion Allowance applies to the selected vessel code (such as,
PD:5500, EN-13445 or ASME).
Wind Diameter Multiplier - Enter the wind load diameter multiplier. The value is multiplied by
the element outside diameter in order to determine the overall diameter to be used in wind load
calculations. The element outside diameter includes insulation.
When using a number greater than one, carefully account for the tributary area of external
attachments such as nozzles, piping, or ladders. The typical multiplier used to determine wind
load diameter is 1.2. Thus if the actual element OD is 50 inches, the overall wind load diameter
for this element would be 50 * 1.2 = 60 inches.


The value of the wind load multiplier can be as low as 0. If a value of zero is used, then there will
be no wind load on the element. This feature is useful when sections of vessels are not exposed
to the wind.

If the element contains a platform, use Platform Input . The software automatically
accounts for the load on the platform due to the wind pressure at the elevation of the
platform. Wind Diameter Multiplier does not need to account for the platform.
Use of Wind Diameter Multiplier applies to the selected vessel code (such as, PD:5500,
EN-13445 or ASME)
Material Name - Enter the name of the material for this element. The software contains a
database with most of materials in ASME Code, Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B, 5A and 5B. In
addition, material for PD 5500 and En-13445 are included.

Alternatively, you can click Select Material on the Utilities toolbar to select a material
directly from the Material Database Dialog Box (on page 407).
To modify the material properties of the selected element, click to open the Material
Properties Dialog Box (on page 433). Doing so only changes the properties of this element for
this analysis. It does not modify the database.
Longitudinal Seam Efficiency - Enter the efficiency of the welded joint for a shell section with
welded longitudinal seams. This is the efficiency of the longitudinal seam in a cylindrical shell or
any seam in a spherical shell. Elliptical and torispherical heads are typically seamless but may
require a stress reduction which may be entered as a joint efficiency. Refer to Section VIII, Div.
1, Table UW-12 (below) for help in determining this value. If you know the paragraph reference
from UW-12, click to open the Degree of Radiographic Examination and PWHT dialog
box and select the radiography and heat treatment for the joint. The longitudinal and
circumferential joint efficiencies are then automatically selected by the software.
The joint efficiency in this (and all other) ASME code formulas is a measure of the inspection
quality on the weld seam. In general, weld seams that receive full radiography have a joint
efficiency of 1.0. Weld seams that receive spot radiography have a joint efficiency of 0.85. Weld
seams that receive no radiography have a joint efficiency of 0.7. Seamless components usually
have a joint efficiency of 1.0.
In addition to the basic rules described previously, the code requires that no two seams in the
same vessel differ in joint efficiency by more than one category of radiography. For example, if
circumferential seams receive no radiography (E = 0.7), then longitudinal seams have a
maximum E of 0.85, even if they receive full radiography. In practice, circumferential seams,
which are usually less highly stressed, may be spot radiographed (E = 0.85), while longitudinal
seams are fully radiographed. This results in the same metal thickness at some savings in
inspection costs.
For PD5500 and Section VIII Div. II (pre-2007) this value is not used by the software except for
skirt-to-shell welds. If Division II, 2007 edition or later is used, the joint efficiency will be 1 or 0.85
depending on the joint category, type of weld, and the extent of NDE. See section 4.3 and table
7.2 in Division 2 for more information.
Circumferential Seam Efficiency - Enter the efficiency of the welded joint for a shell section
with welded circumferential seams. This is the efficiency of the circumferential seam in a
cylindrical shell or any seam in a spherical shell. Elliptical and torispherical heads are typically
seamless but may require a stress reduction which may be entered as a joint efficiency. Refer to
Section VIII, Div. 1, Table UW-12 (below) for help in determining this value. If you know the
paragraph reference from UW-12, click to open the Degree of Radiographic Examination


and PWHT dialog box and select the radiography and heat treatment for the joint. The
longitudinal and circumferential joint efficiencies are then automatically selected by the software.
The joint efficiency in this (and all other) ASME code formulas is a measure of the inspection
quality on the weld seam. In general, weld seams that receive full radiography have a joint
efficiency of 1.0. Weld seams that receive spot radiography have a joint efficiency of 0.85. Weld
seams that receive no radiography have a joint efficiency of 0.7. Seamless components usually
have a joint efficiency of 1.0.
In addition to the basic rules described above, the code requires that no two seams in the same
vessel differ in joint efficiency by more than one category of radiography. For example, if
circumferential seams receive no radiography (E = 0.7), then longitudinal seams have a
maximum E of 0.85, even if they receive full radiography. In practice, circumferential seams,
which are usually less highly stressed, may be spot radiographed (E = 0.85), while longitudinal
seams are fully radiographed. This results in the same metal thickness at some savings in
inspection costs.
For PD5500 and Section VIII Div. II (pre-2007) this value is not used by the software except for
skirt-to-shell welds. If Division II, 2007 edition or later is used, the joint efficiency will be 1 or 0.85
depending on the joint category, type of weld, and the extent of NDE. See section 4.3 and table
7.2 in Division 2 for more information.
Table I: MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE JOINT EFFICIENCIES FOR ARC AND GAS WELDED
JOINTS from Table UW-12

Degree of Radiographic Examination
Type
No.

Joint Description

Limitations

Weld Joint
Category
(a)
Full
2

(a)
Spot
3

(c)
None

(1)
Butt joints as attained by double
welding or by other means which
will obtain the same quality of
deposited weld metal on the inside
and outside weld surfaces to agree
with the requirements of UW-35.
Welds using metal backing strips
which remain in place are
excluded.
None
A, B, C, D 1.00 0.85 0.70
(2)
Single welded butt joint with
backing strip other than those
included under (1)
(a) None except in (b)
below
(b) Circumferential butt
joints with one plate
offset; see UW-13(b)(4)
and Fig. UW-13.1, sketch
(k)
A, B, C, D
A, B, C
0.90
0.90
0.80
0.80
0.65
0.65
(3)
Single welded butt joint without
use of backing strip.
Circumferential butt joints
only, not over 5/16" in. (16
mm) thick and not over 24
in. (610 mm) outside
diameter
A, B, C NA NA 0.60


Type
No.

Joint Description

Limitations

Weld Joint
Category
(a)
Full
2

(a)
Spot
3

(c)
None

(4)
Double full fillet lap joint (a) Longitudinal joints not
over 3/8 in. (10 mm) thick
(b) Circumferential joints
not over 5/8 in. (16 mm)
thick
A
B & C
6

NA NA 0.55
(5)
Single full fillet lap joints with plug
welds conforming to
UW-17
(a) Circumferential joints
4

for attachment of heads
not over 24 in. (610 mm)
outside diameter to shells
not over 1.2 in. (13 mm)
thick
(b) Circumferential joints
for the attachment to
shells of jackets not over
5/8 in. (16 mm) in nominal
thickness where the
distance from the center
of the plug weld to the
edge of the plate is not
less than 1 1/2 times the
diameter of the hole for
the plug
B NA NA 0.50
(6)
Single full fillet lap joints without
plug welds
(a) For the attachment of
heads convex to pressure
to shells not over 5/8 in.
(16 mm) required
thickness, only with use of
fillet weld in inside of the
shell; or
(b) for attachment of
heads having pressure on
either side, to shells not
over 24 in. (610 mm)
inside diameter and not
over 1/4 in. (6 mm)
required thickness with
fillet weld on outside of
head flange only
A, B
A, B
NA NA 0.45
(7)
Corner joints, f ull penetration,
partial penetration, and/of fillet
welded
As limited by Fig.
UW-13.2 and Fig
UW-16.1
C
7,
D
7
NA NA NA
(8)
Angle joints Design per U-2(g) for
Category B and C joints
B, C, D NA NA NA
Table Notes:
1 - The single factor shown for each combination of joint category and degree of radiographic
examination replaces both the stress reduction factor and the joint efficiency factor considerations
previously used in this Division
2 - See UW-12(a) and UW-51
3 - See UW-12(b) and UW-52


Type
No.

Joint Description

Limitations

Weld Joint
Category
(a)
Full
2

(a)
Spot
3

(c)
None

4 - Joints attaching hemispherical heads to shells are excluded
5 - E = 1.0 for butt joints in compression
6 - For Type No. 4 Category C joint, limitations not applicable for bolted flange connections.
7 - There is no joint efficiency E in the design formulas of this Division for Category C and D joints.
When needed, a value of E not greater than 1.00 may be used.

Element is Post Weld Heat Treated - Select on the Degree of Radiographic Examination
and PWHT dialog box if the element receives post-weld heat treatment. The code makes post
weld heat treatment mandatory under certain conditions, such as lethal contents [UW-2] and
thick materials [UCS-56]. In the case of carbon and low alloy steels (P1 to P10 materials)
operating at low temperatures, the code gives credit if post-weld heat treatment is performed
where it is not mandatory. Clause UCS-68 of the code discusses this in detail.
If the thickness ratio in Figure UCS-66.1 does not exceed 0.35, the code gives a temperature
reduction credit of 30 F (16.66 C). The software determines the MDMT as follows:
1. Determine the minimum design metal temperature (MDMT) from figure UCS-66 using, the
appropriate curve for the chosen material.
2. Determine the further reduction in temperature from figure UCS-66.1 where the calculated
thickness is less than the actual part thickness.
3. If the ratio as determined by figure UCS-66.1 is less than 0.35, then the MDMT may then be
reduced by a further 30 F (16.66 C).
For more information, see UW-2, UW-40. UCS-56, UCS-66 and UCS-68 of the code.
Impact Testing (UG-84 and UCS-66) - Under certain circumstances, the code makes
impact testing of materials and weld metal mandatory. This is the case when the design
temperature is lower than that determined using the code rules. The code provides rules in
UCS-66 for determining the minimum design metal temperature (MDMT) of any part of the
vessel. Where vessels are required to operate at a lower temperature than that calculated using
the UCS-66 rules, then the materials must be impact tested according to UG-84. If the required
energy levels are achieved for the impact test, then the vessel may be operated at the lower
temperature.
To include impact testing in your design, go to the Materials Name dialog box and check the
box under "Has this material been impact tested?"
Internal Pressure - Enter the design internal pressure for the element. This pressure need not
include any pressure due to liquid head, which is calculated automatically by the software when
liquid is defined on this element.
Temperature for Internal Pressure - Enter the design temperature for internal pressure. This
value is used as the metal design temperature for the element, especially in determining
allowable stress values.
When you edit material properties by selecting a new material name, the program uses this
temperature to determine the operating allowable stress value for the material. An exception is
stiffening rings. The allowable stress for stiffeners uses Temperature for External Pressure.


For PD:5500 and EN-13445, this value must never be less than Temperature for
External Pressure. The internal design temperature is the value that the software uses to
determine the allowable stress for the element.
External Pressure - Enter the design pressure for external pressure analysis. This must be a
positive value, such as 15 psig (0.103 MPa). If you enter a zero, the software determine the
External MAWP, not the required thickness due to external pressure. For a skirt, zero is the only
valid value, because there cannot be external pressure on a skirt.
External pressure definitions are the same for PD:5500, ASME and EN-13445. For example:
0 - No External Pressure
15 psig (0.1034 MPa) - Full Vacuum
0.3 psig - Partial Vacuum
If the element is an internal head, the external pressure equals the internal pressure on
the previous element. If a different value is entered, the software will run, but with a warning
message.
Temperature for External Pressure - Enter the design temperature for external pressure. This
value is used as the metal design temperature for external pressure calculations.The software
uses the external design temperature and External Pressure Chart Name on the Material
Properties Dialog Box (on page 433) to determine the allowable external pressure from the
material tables.
When the software uses the materials tables to determine the allowable axial compression for a
vessel, it uses the maximum of Temperature for Internal Pressure and Temperature for
External Pressure. Axial compression may act in combination with either internal or external
pressure unless Vary Compressive Allowable for Internal/External Cases is selected on the
Load Cases tab.

For Divisions 1 and 2, this value must not exceed the maximum allowed by the external
pressure charts in ASME Section II Part D.
For PD 5500 and EN-13445, this value is not used to look up values for the allowable stress
of the element. The internal temperature is used. If the vessel is a core or vacuum vessel
and there is no internal pressure, Temperature for Internal Pressure should be set to the
same value as Temperature for External Pressure.



Additional Element Data (General Input Tab)
Some element types require additional parameters.
Topics
Elliptical (Additional Element Data).............................................. 243
Torispherical (Additional Element Data) ...................................... 244
Spherical (Additional Element Data) ............................................ 244
Conical (Additional Element Data) ............................................... 245
Welded Flat (Additional Element Data) ........................................ 247
Body Flange (Additional Element Data) ....................................... 249
Skirt (Additional Element Data) ................................................... 272

Elliptical (Additional Element Data)
Defines additional data for elliptical head elements.
Head Factor - Enter the aspect ratio for the elliptical head. The aspect ratio is the ratio of the
major axis to the minor axis for the ellipse. For a standard 2:1 elliptical head the aspect ratio is
2.0.
Inside Head Depth - Enter the inside depth of the elliptical head. This value is for a new head
and does not include corrosion allowance. The software calculates the outer depth h, and use
this term to calculate the required thickness of the ellipse. This option is only available for the
PD:5500 code<AIT_DELETE_END> and when Elliptical is selected for Element
Type<AIT_DELETE_END>.

Sump Head - Select if the head is attached to the end of a nozzle. You must also select a
Parent Nozzle. All of the nozzles on the vessel must be defined before the sump head. The
best strategy is to completely define all other elements and details and then create the sump
head element last.
Parent Nozzle - Select the type of nozzle for the sump head. Select Inlet, Outlet, Shell Inlet, or
Shell Outlet. This option is only available when Sump Head is selected.



Torispherical (Additional Element Data)
Defines additional data for torispherical head elements.
Inside Crown Radius - Enter the crown radius L of the torispherical head. For a standard
ASME flanged and dished head, this is equal to the outside diameter of the shell. See the ASME
Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 1-4, figure 1-4(b). For PD:5500, this value is equal to
the outside diameter measured to the tangent between crown and knuckle, as shown in Figure
3.5.2.1.

Inside Knuckle Radius - Enter the knuckle radius r for the toroidal portion of the torispherical
head. For a standard ASME flanged and dished head, this is equal to six percent of the crown
radius. Allowable values range from six percent of the crown radius to 100 percent of the crown
radius (hemispherical head). See the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 1-4, figure
1-4(b).
head element last.

Spherical (Additional Element Data)
Defines additional data for spherical head elements.
head element last.


Conical (Additional Element Data)
Defines additional data for conical head or shell elements.

'To' End Inside Diameter or 'To' End Outside Diameter - Enter a value for the inside or
outside diameter of the cone at the To Node end, as needed by the selection for Diameter
Basis. For a conical head, either the From Node or the To Node has a diameter equal to zero
or two times the small end knuckle radius. This is not the diameter at the point where a knuckle
or flare intersects the conical section, but at the point where the knuckle or flare intersects the
cylindrical section.
Cone Length - Enter the seam-to-seam or design length of the cone along the axis of the
vessel. The software calculates the effective length of the cone for internal and external
pressure calculations.
For cones without a knuckle or flared section, you must enter the design length of the cone. For
cases where there is a knuckle or a flare, you must enter the seam-to seam-length. You can
optionally enter in the Half Apex Angle.
Half Apex Angle - Enter a value if both Cone Length (in the Element Data section) and Cone
Length (in the Additional Element Data section) are specified and you want to override the
angle calculated by the software. If 0 is entered or no value is entered, the software uses the
calculated value. This entry is optional.
Refer to the ASME code, Section VIII, Division 1, paragraph UG-33, figure UG-33.1 for a sketch
of the half apex angle for some typical geometries. For internal pressure calculations, the half
apex angle should not be greater than 30, though the software will give results for up to 60.
For external pressure calculations, the angle should not be greater than 60.
For cones without a knuckle, the software calculates discontinuity stresses according to the
analysis technique by H. Bednar. For cones whose half apex angles are not within those limits
prescribed by the code, this may help you decide if the geometry is acceptable. If the cone and
attached cylinders do not have a common centerline, it may be necessary to calculate the
greater of the angles and manually enter the value. For cones with a flare or knuckle, PV Elite
calculates the half apex angle with the given seam-to-seam cone length. The overall cone length
must include the knuckle dimensions.
Line of Support Options - Select a value to determine how the cone is taken as a line of
support for external pressure calculations, according to ASME code Section VIII Division 1,
Figure UG-28.1. Select one of the following:
Not a Line of Support - The external pressure length for the surrounding sections includes
the length of the cone.
Both Ends a Line of Support - The external design length L does not include the cone
length.
Small End a Line of Support - The cone length up to small end is included.


Large End a Line of Support - The cone length up to large end is included.
Based on the selection, it may not be necessary to perform moment of inertia calculations
according to Appendix 1-8 (End is not a line of support).The code also does not force you to
choose one option over the other; in some cases you may find that rings are not required at all.
Optimize the design by experimenting with the options.
Has Flare or Knuckle? - Select if the cone is toriconical and has a flare at the small end or a
knuckle at the large end. The Toricone Dialog Box (on page 246) opens. See ASME code,
Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph UG-33, Figure UG-33.1 for an illustration of a toriconical
section.
Is Concentric? - Select if the conical sections are concentric. Clear if the conical sections are
eccentric.Concentric sections are used in vertical geometries and eccentric conical sections are
used in kettle type reboilers.
Shell Section - Select if the cone is a typical transition between two cylinders. Clear if this is a
bottom or top conical head. This option applies to skirt-supported geometry.
Toricone Dialog Box
Defines knuckle data on a cone element. This dialog box opens when Has Flare or Knuckle? is
selected.

Inside Knuckle Radius (rL) - Enter the bend radius of the toroidal knuckle at the large end.
ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph UG-31(h) requires this radius to be no less than six
percent of the outside diameter of the head, nor less than three times the knuckle thickness.
For ASME Section VIII Division 2 vessels, also choose the type of curvature of the large end
knuckle: Hemispherical, (2:1) Elliptical, or Torispherical.
Knuckle Thickness - Enter the minimum thickness after forming the toroidal knuckle at the
large end.
Crown Radius - When Torispherical is selected as the large end knuckle curvature, enter the
radius of the torisphere crown. For standard geometry, click and the software calculates the
value. ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph UG-31(h) requires this radius to be no less than
six percent of the outside diameter of the head, nor less than three times the knuckle thickness.
Small end Knuckle Radius (rS) - Enter the bend radius of the toroidal knuckle at the smallend.
ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph UG-31(h) requires this radius to be no less than six
percent of the outside diameter of the head, nor less than three times the knuckle thickness.
Small End Knuckle Thickness - Enter the minimum thickness after forming the toroidal
knuckle at the small end.


Welded Flat (Additional Element Data)
Defines additional data for welded flat head elements.

Welded Flat Head Attachment Sketch - Select the flat head attachment sketch, according to
ASME code Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph UG-34, Figure UG-34. Select from the following:
(a) - Welded cover
(b-1) - Head welded to vessel with generous radius
(b-2) - Head welded to vessel with small radius
(c) - Lap welded or brazed construction
(d) - Integral flat circular heads
(e), (f), (g) - Plate welded inside vessel (check 0.33*m)
(h) - Plate welded to end of shell
(i) - Plate welded to end of shell (check 0.33*m)
(m), (n), (o) - Plate held in place by screwed ring
(q) - Plate screwed into small diameter vessel
(r), (s) - Plate held in place by beveled edge
The sketch is for welded covers, not bolted blind covers.
Attachment Factor - Enter the welded flat head attachment factor for the sketch selected in
Welded Flat Head Attachment Sketch, according to ASME code Section VIII, Division 1,
Paragraph UG-34, Figure UG-34. Some typical attachment factors are below:
(b-1) - 0.17 (Head welded to vessel with generous radius)
(b-2) - 0.20 (Head welded to vessel with small radius)
(c) - 0.20 (Lap welded or brazed construction)
(d) - 0.13 (Integral flat circular heads)
(e), (f), (g) - 0.20 (Plate welded inside vessel (check 0.33*m))
(h) - 0.33 (Plate welded to end of shell)
(i) - 0.20 (Plate welded to end of shell (check 0.33*m))
(j), (k) - 0.30 (Bolted flat heads (include bending moment))
(m), (n), (o) - 0.30 (Plate held in place by screwed ring))


(p) - 0.25 (Bolted flat head with full face gasket)
(q) - 0.75 (Plate screwed into small diameter vessel)
Consult Paragraph UG-34 before using these values.

For sketches involving m, the attachment factor (C) must be calculated and checked per the
Code. The software does not calculate m.
For PD 5500, the attachment factor (C) is calculated according to 3.5.5.3 for welded flat
ends. The attachment factor for welded flat heads is taken from figure 3.5-36 and is a
function of the (cylinder actual thickness)/(cylinder required thickness) ratio and the
pressure/allowable stress ratio. Enter the value from the figure 3.5-36 graph.
Non-Circular Small Diameter - Enter a value for the smaller dimension of a non-circular flat
head. The large diameter is entered in Inside Diameter in the Element Data section. The
software then calculates values such as required thickness using the formulas in the ASME
code, Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph UG-34. Enter a value of 0 if the flat head is circular.
App. 14 Large Central Opening - Select if there is a single, large, centrally-located opening
that creates a (hole diameter)/(head diameter) ratio greater than 0.5. This opens the Integral
Flat Head with a Large Centrally Located Opening Dialog Box. This option cannot be used
with Evaluate Uniform Patterned Holes?.
Evaluate Uniform Patterned Holes? - Select if there is a uniform series of holes in the flat
head cover. The software then calculates the required thickness due to the ligament created by
the hole pattern, according to ASME code Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph UG-39. When
selected, expand Evaluate Uniform Patterned Holes? and enter values for Opening
Diameter, Ligament Distance to Edge (U3), Opening Diameter (d2), Ligament Distance to
Edge (U5), and Pitch Distance (p).
This option cannot be used when App. 14 Large Central Opening is selected. Nozzles are also
not compatible and are not analyzed.

Integral Flat Head with a Large Centrally Located Opening
Dialog Box
Defines values for calculating stresses and determining the required thickness of a welded flat
cover with a large centrally located opening.

Opening Diameter Bn - Enter the diameter of the opening B
n
centrally located in the welded flat
head, as required by Appendix 14. The diameter should also be greater than 1/2 of the welded
flat head outside diameter. If your opening does not meet this criteria, do not use this analysis.


Shell Side Dimensions
Large End Hub Thk (g1s)
Small End Hub Thk (g0s)
Hub Length (hs)
The shell side dimensions must be entered in for the calculation
to occur. Without proper values of G
1s
, G
0s
and h
s
, the software
does not calculate the required thickness of the head. Like the
nozzle, the hub can be straight, and G
1s
equals G
0s
. The hub
length is entered as stated for nozzles.
Nozzle Side Dimensions
Large End Hub Thk (g1n)
Small End Hub Thk (g0n)
Hub Length (hn)
The nozzle side may or may not have a nozzle welded to the flat
head. If there is no nozzle, the dimensions G
1n
, G
0n
and the hub
length h
n
are zero. If there is a nozzle, you must enter the hub
dimensions as shown. For a straight neck, the hub dimensions
are the same. If the hub dimensions are the same, the hub length
is arbitrary, but cannot be zero. In this case one inch (25mm) is
recommended.

Body Flange (Additional Element Data)
Defines additional data for flange elements.

Perform Flange Calculation - Select to specify flange parameters and calculate the flange
design, such as required thickness, MAWP, and MAPnc, according to the applicable design
code. The Flange Dialog Box (on page 255) opens. This option is only available when Body
Flange is selected for Element Type.
Flange Weight - Enter the weight of the ANSI/ASME large diameter flange.
This option is only available when Body Flange is selected for Element Type and Perform
Flange Calculation is not selected.
Approximate Weight (lbs.) of API 605 Flanges, Class Series B (According to Taylor Forge
Cat. #571)
Nominal
Size (in.)
75

150

300

400

600

900

26 80 120 400 360 550 1050
28 85 140 450 450 650 1520


Nominal
Size (in.)
75

150

300

400

600

900

30 90 150 550 530 810 1820
32 105 170 685 635 950 2065
34 110 210 750 690 1205 2450
36 145 240 840 855 1340 2520
38 160 290 915 935 1470 3385
40 170 310 990 1090 1630 3620
42 185 345 1135 1190 2030 3960
44 230 370 1235 1375 2160 4300
46 245 435 1470 1525 2410 4640
48 270 480 1575 1790 2855 4980
50 290 520 1710 1950 3330
52 310 550 1840 2125 3560
54 340 620 1980 2565 3920
56 400 650 2595 2710 4280
58 430 780 2770 3230 4640
60 475 850 2870 3820 5000
Approximate Weight (lbs.) of MSS SP-44 Flanges, Class Series A (According to Taylor
Forge Cat. #571)
Nominal
Size (in.)
150 300 400 600 900
26 300 605 650 940 1525
28 345 745 785 1060 1810
30 400 870 905 1210 2120
32 505 1005 1065 1375 2545
34 540 1145 1200 1540 2970
36 640 1275 1340 1705 3395
38 720 695 935 1470 3385
40 775 840 1090 1630 3620
42 890 950 1190 2030 3960
44 990 1055 1375 2160 4300
46 1060 1235 1525 2410 4640


Nominal
Size (in.)
150 300 400 600 900
48 1185 1380 1790 2855 4980
50 1270 1530 1950 3330
52 1410 1660 2125 3560
54 1585 2050 2565 3920
56 1760 2155 2710 4280
58 1915 2270 3230 4640
60 2045 2470 3820 5000
ANSI/DIN Class - Select the flange class from the pull down list. The software then finds the
allowable pressure on the flange for both the operating and cold conditions. of the selected
class. This option is only available when Body Flange is selected for Element Type and
Perform Flange Calculation is not selected.
ANSI/DIN Grade - Select the nozzle flange material grade. In the ANSI code, grades are
assigned into groups.
There are advisories on the use of certain material grades. Review the cautionary
notes in the ANSI B16.5 code.
This option is only available when Body Flange is selected for Element Type and Perform
Flange Calculation is not selected.
The following flange grades are available:

Group Nominal Designation Forgings Castings Plates
1.1
C-Si
C-Mn-Si
C-Mn-Si-V
3Ni
C-Mn-Si

A 105
A 350 Gr.LF2
A 350 Gr. LF 6
Cl.1
A 350 Gr. LF3

A 216 Gr. WCB

A 216 Gr. WCC
A 352 Gr. LCC
A 515 Gr. 70
A 516 Gr. 70

A 537 Cl. 1

1.2
C-Mn-Si-V
2Ni
3Ni
C-Si
C-Mn-Si
A 350 Gr. LF 6
Cl.2

A 352 Gr. LC2
A 352 Gr. LC3
A 352 Gr. LCB

A 203 Gr. B
A 203 Gr. E
A 515 Gr. 65
A 516 Gr. 65
1.3
C-Mo

2Ni
3Ni

A 217 Gr. WC1
A 352 Gr. LC1

A 203 Gr. A
A 203 Gr. D


1.4
C-Si
C-Mn-Si

A 350 Gr. LF1 Cl.
1

A 515 Gr. 60
A 516 Gr. 60
1.5
C-Mo

C-Mo
A 182 Gr. F1

A 182 Gr. F2

A 204 Gr. A
A 204 Gr. B

1.7
Ni-Cr-Mo
Ni-Cr-1Mo

A 217 Gr. WC4
A 217 Gr. WC5

1.9
1Cr-Mo
1Cr-Mo-Si

A 182 Gr. F22
Cl.2
A 217 Gr. WC6

A 387 Gr. 11
Cl.2
1.11 Cr-Mo A 204 Gr. C
1.13 5Cr-Mo A 182 Gr. F5a A 217 Gr. C5
1.14 9Cr-1Mo A 182 Gr. F9 A 217 Gr. C12
1.17
1Cr-Mo
5Cr-Mo

2.1
18Cr-8Ni

16Cr-12Ni-2Mo
A 182 Gr. F304
A 182 Gr. F304H
A 182 Gr. F316
A 351 Gr. CF3
A 351 Gr. CF8
A 351 Gr. CF3M
A 240 Gr. 304
A 240 Gr. 304H
A 240 Gr. 316
2.2

18Cr-13Ni-3Mo
19Cr-10Ni-3Mo
A 182 Gr. F316H
A 182 Gr. F317

A 351 Gr. CF8M
A 351 Gr. CG8M

A 240 Gr. 316H
A 240 Gr. 317

2.3
18Cr-8Ni
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo
A 182 Gr. F304L
A 182 Gr. F316L

A 240 Gr. 304L
A 240 Gr. 316L
2.4
18Cr-10Ni-Ti

18Cr-10Ni-Cb
A 182 Gr. F321
A 182 Gr. F321H
A 182 Gr. F347

A 240 Gr. 321
A 240 Gr. 321H
A 240 Gr. 347
2.5
A 182 Gr. F347H
A 182 Gr. F348
A 182 Gr. F348H

A 240 Gr. 347H
A 240 Gr. 348
A 240 Gr. 348H


2.6 23Cr-12Ni A 240 Gr. 309H
2.7
25Cr-20Ni
20Cr-18Ni-6Mo
22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-N
25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-N
A 182 Gr. F310
A 182 Gr. F44
A 182 Gr. F51
A 182 Gr. F53

A 351 Gr.
CK3MCuN

A 240 Gr. 310H
A 240 Gr.
S31254
A 240 Gr.
S31803
A 240 Gr.
S32750
2.8
24Cr-10Ni-4Mo-V
25Cr-5Ni-2Mo-3Cu
25Cr-7Ni-3.5Mo-W-Cb

A 182 Gr. F55
A 351 Gr. CE8MN
A 351 Gr. CD4MCu
A 351 Gr.
CD3MWCuN

A 240 Gr.
S32760
2.9
23Cr-12Ni
25Cr-20Ni

A 240 Gr. 309S
A 240 Gr.310S
2.10
25Cr-12Ni

A 351 Gr. CH8
A 351 Gr. CH20

2.11 18Cr-10Ni-Cb A 351 Gr. CF8C
2.12 25Cr-20Ni A 351 Gr. CK20
3.1 35Ni-35Fe-20Cr-Cb B 462 Gr. N08020
B 463 Gr.
N08020
3.2 99.0Ni B 160 Gr. N02200
B 162 Gr.
N02200
3.3 99.0Ni-Low C B 160 Gr. N02201
B 162 Gr.
N02201
3.4
67Ni-30Cu
67Ni-30Cu-S
B 564 Gr. N04400
B 164 Gr. N04405

B 127 Gr.
N04400

3.5 72Ni-15Cr-8Fe B 564 Gr. N06600
B 168 Gr.
N06600
3.6 33Ni-42Fe-21Cr B 564 Gr. N08800
B 409 Gr.
N08800


3.7
65Ni-28Mo-2Fe
64Ni-29.5Mo-2Cr-2Fe-Mn
-W
54Ni-16Mo-15Cr
60Ni-22Cr-9Mo-3.5Cb
62Ni-28Mo-5Fe
B 462 Gr. N10665
B 462 Gr. N10675
B 564 Gr. N10276
B 564 Gr. N06625
B 335 Gr. N10001

B 333 Gr.
N10665
B 333 Gr.
N10675
B 575 Gr.
N10276
B 443 Gr.
N06625
B 333 Gr.
N10001
3.8
70Ni-16Mo-7Cr-5Fe
61Ni-16Mo-16Cr
42Ni-21.5Cr-3Mo-2.3Cu
55Ni-21Cr-13.5Mo
55Ni-23Cr-16Mo01.6Cu
B 573 Gr. N10003
B 574 Gr. 06455
B 564 Gr. N08825
B 462 Gr. N06022
B 462 Gr.N06200

B 434 Gr.
N10003
B 575 Gr.
N06455
B 424 Gr. 08825
B 575 Gr.
N06022
B 575 Gr.
N06200
3.9 47Ni-22Cr-9Mo-I8Fe B 572 Gr. N06002
B 435 Gr.
N06002
3.10 25Ni-46Fe-21Cr-5Mo B 672 Gr. N08700
B 599 Gr.
N08700
3.11
44Fe-25Ni-21Cr-Mo
26Ni-43Fe-22Cr-5Mo
B 649 Gr. N08904
B 621 Gr. N08320

B 625 Gr.
N08904
B 620 Gr.
N08320
3.12
47Ni-22Cr-20Fe-7Mo
46Fe-24Ni-21Cr-6Mo-Cu-
N
B 581 Gr. N06985
B 462 Gr. N08367

A 351 Gr. CN3MN
B 582 Gr.
N06985
B 688 Gr.
N08367
3.13
47Ni-22Cr-19Fe-6Mo
B 581 Gr. N06975
B 462 Gr. N08031

B 582 Gr.
N06975
B 625 Gr.
N08031
3.14
47Ni-22Cr-19Fe-6Mo
40Ni-29Cr-15Fe-5Mo
B 581 Gr. N06007
B 462 Gr. N06030

B 582 Gr.
N06007
B 582 Gr.
N06030
3.15 33Ni-42Fe-21Cr B 564 Gr. N08810
B 409 Gr.
N08810


3.16 35Ni-19Cr-1Si B 511 Gr. N08330
B 536 Gr.
N08330
3.17 29Ni-20.5Cr-3.5Cu-2.5Mo A 351 Gr. CN7M
Flange Type - Select the ANSI flange typle. Select Weld Neck, Slip On, or Blind. This option is
only available when Body Flange is selected for Element Type.
Nominal Size Lookup - Select a nominal flange diameter. The flange diameter, length, and
thickness are automatically updated. This value is not saved. This option is only available when
Body Flange is selected for Element Type.

Flange Dialog Box
Defines values for calculating actual and allowable stresses for all types of flanges according to
the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1, VIII-2; PD 5500; and EN-13445.
Select a Flange Type - Select the type of flange:
1 - Integral Weld Neck Flange
2 - Integral Slip on Flange
3 - Integral Ring Flange
4 - Loose Slip on Flange
5 - Loose Ring Flange
6 - Lap Joint Flange
7 - Bolted Blind Flange or TEMA channel Cover
8 - Reverse Geometry Weld Neck Flange
If the type 7 blind flange is selected, the modulus of elasticity at design temperature is
needed. By default the software uses the external pressure charts to retrieve this information.
Alternately, you can use the elasticity data supplied in the TEMA standard by typing in the
TEMA identifier in Flange ID. The TEMA identifier is a number that ranges between 16 and 50,
and depends on the composition of the flange material. Listings of the TEMA numbers can be
found in Tubesheet Type and Design Code Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box)
(on page 139).
Description - Enter an alphanumeric description for the item.
Flange ID - Enter the inside diameter of the flange. For integral-type flanges, this value is also
the inner pipe diameter. This value is referred to as B in the ASME code. Internal Corrosion
Allowance is used to adjust this value (two times the corrosion allowance is added to the
uncorroded value of Flange ID).
For blind flanges the value is 0.0.


For reverse flanges this is the B` dimension as shown in appendix 2 of the ASME Code.

Flange OD - Enter the outer diameter of the flange. This value is referred to as A in the ASME
code. If the flange is being corroded from the outside, be sure this is a corroded dimension.
Face ID - Enter the inner diameter of the flange face. The software uses the maximum of the
Face ID and Gasket ID to calculate the inner contact point of the gasket.
Face OD - Enter the outer diameter of the flange face. The software uses the minimum of Face
OD and the Gasket OD to calculate the outside flange contact point, but uses the maximum in
design when selecting the bolt circle. This is done so that the bolts do not interfere with the
gasket.
Gasket ID - Enter the inner diameter of the gasket. The software uses the maximum of the
Flange ID and the Gasket ID to calculate the inner contact point of the gasket.

Gasket OD - Enter the outer diameter of the gasket. The software uses the minimum of Flange
OD and Gasket OD to calculate the outside flange contact point, but uses the maximum in
design when selecting the bolt circle. This is done so that the bolts do not interfere with the
gasket.
Hub Dimensions (Flange Dialog Box) (on page 257)
Bolts (Flange Dialog Box) (on page 258)
Gasket (Flange Dialog Box) (on page 259)
Mating Flange (Flange Dialog Box) (on page 262)
Partition Gasket Properties (Flange Dialog Box) (on page 263)
Additional Flange Data (Flange Dialog Box) (on page 265)
For Non-Circular Covers (Flange Dialog Box) (on page 267)
ANSI/DIN Flange Dimension Lookup (Flange Dialog Box) (on page 267)


Hub Dimensions (Flange Dialog Box)
Thickness Large - Enter the thickness of the large end of the hub. This value is referred to as
G1 in the ASME code. The corrosion allowance is subtracted from this value. It is permissible for
the hub thickness at the large end to equal the hub thickness at the small end.
For flange geometry without hubs, this thickness may be entered as zero.

Thickness Small - Enter the thickness of the small end of the hub. This value is referred to as
G
o
in the ASME code. The corrosion allowance is subtracted from this value.
For weld neck flange types, this is the thickness of the shell at the end of the flange. For loose
slip on flanges without hubs, this is typically the thickness of the attached shell or the hub
dimensions can all be zero. For loose ring flanges with a hub, this is the thickness of the hub.
For optional loose ring flanges with hubs analyzed as integral, this is the thickness of the
attached shell. See ASME general note 2 of Figure 2-4 for more information.
If you are using PD 5500 or EN-13445, please check the code for correct input values.
Hub Length - Enter the hub length. This value is referred to as H in the ASME code.
For flange geometry without hubs, this length may be entered as zero. When analyzing an
optional type flange that is welded at the hub end, the hub length should be the leg of the weld,
and the thickness at the large end should include the thickness of the weld.
When you analyze a flange with no hub, such as a ring flange or a lap joint flange, you should
enter zero for the hub length, the small end of the hub, and the large end of the hub. However,
when you design a loose flange as a ring flange which has a fillet weld at the back, enter the
size of a leg of the fillet weld as the large end of the hub. This insures that the software designs
the bolt circle far enough away from the back of the flange to get a wrench around the nuts.



Bolts (Flange Dialog Box)
Bolt Circle Diameter - Enter the diameter of the bolt circle of the flange.

Thread Series - Select the thread series bolt table. Select TEMA, TEMA Metric, UNC, BS
3643, or SABS 1700 1996. If you have a bolt that is outside of the bolt table ranges, select User
Root Area and enter the nominal size in Nominal Bolt Diameter.
Nominal Bolt Diameter - Click and select the nominal bolt diameter from the bolt table
selected for Type of Threads. If you have a bolt that is outside of the bolt table ranges, enter
the nominal size and select User Root Area in Type of Threads.
Bolt Size
(inches)
Bolt Root Area
(cm.^2) (in.^2)
0.500 1.27 0.126
0.625 1.5875 0.202
0.750 1.9050 0.302
0.875 2.22225 0.419
1.000 2.54000 0.551
1.125 2.85750 0.728
1.250 3.17500 0.929
1.375 3.49250 1.155


Bolt Size
(inches)
Bolt Root Area
1.500 3.81000 1.405
1.625 4.12750 1.680
1.750 4.44500 1.980
1.875 4.76250 2.304
2.000 5.08000 2.652
2.250 5.71500 3.423
2.500 6.35000 4.292
2.750 6.98500 5.259
3.000 7.62000 6.324
3.250 8.25500 7.487
3.500 8.89000 8.749
3.750 9.52500 10.108
4.000 10.1600 11.566
Number of Bolts - Enter the number of bolts to be used in the flange analysis.
Root Area - For nonstandard bolts, enter the root cross-sectional area of the bolt.

Gasket (Flange Dialog Box)
Gasket Factor m | y - Enter values for the gasket material and contact facing. Enter the factor
ratio (m) and minimum stress (y). Alternatively, click to open the Select a Gasket dialog
box, and select a standard gasket material.
ASME Table 2-5.1 - Gasket List
Gasket Material
Gasket
Factor m
Min.
Stress y
Facing
Column
Self-energizing types ( O rings, metallic elastomer, and
other types considered as self-sealing )
0.00 0.00 II
Elastomers WO/ fabric or high %of asbestos fiber:
Below 75A Shore Durometer 0.50 0.0 II
75A or higher Shore Durometer 1.00 200.0 II
Asbestos with Suitable Binder
1/8" thick 2.00 1600.0 II


Gasket Material
Gasket
Factor m
Min.
Stress y
Facing
Column
1/16" thick 2.75 3700.0 II
1/32" thick 3.50 6500.0 II
Elastomers W/cotton fabric insert 1.25 400.0 II
Elastomers W/Asbestos fabric insert:
3 ply 2.25 2200.0 II
2 ply 2.50 2900.0 II
1 ply 2.75 3700.0 II
Vegetable fiber 1.75 1100.0 II
Spiral-wound, asbestos filled:
Carbon 2.50 10000.0 II
Stainless, Monel, Nickel alloys 3.00 10000.0 II
Corrugated Metal, Asbestos Ins. or corrugated metal, jacketed asbestos:
soft aluminum 2.50 2900.0 II
soft copper or brass 2.75 3700.0 II
iron or soft steel 3.00 4500.0 II
Monel or 4%-6% chrome 3.25 5500.0 II
SS/nickel base alloys 3.50 6500.0 II
Corrugated Metal:
Flat metal, jacketed asbestos filled:
Monel 3.50 8000.0 II
4%-6% chrome 3.75 9000.0 II
Grooved Metal:


Gasket Material
Gasket
Factor m
Min.
Stress y
Facing
Column
Solid flat metal:
soft aluminum 4.00 8800.0 I
soft copper or brass 4.75 13000.0 I
iron or soft steel 5.50 18000.0 I
Monel or 4%-6% chrome 6.00 21800.0 I
SS/nickel base alloys 6.50 26000.0 I
Ring Joint:
Monel or 4%-6% chrome 6.00 21800.0 I
SS refers to stainless steel
Sketch - Select the facing sketch number according to the following and using Table 2-5.2 of
the ASME code (see Gasket Factor m | y):
Facing
Sketch
Description

1a Flat finish faces
1b serrated finish faces
1c Raised nubbin-flat finish
1d Raised nubbin-serrated finish
2 1/64 inch nubbin
3 1/64 inch nubbin both sides
4 Large serration, one side
5 Large serration, both sides
6 Metallic O-ring type gasket
Column - Select the facing column according to ASME Table 2-5.1 - Gasket List.


Gasket Thickness - Enter the gasket thickness. This value is only required for facing sketches
1c and 1d (PV Elite equivalents 3 and 4). For more information, see Sketch.

Nubbin or RTJ Width - Enter the nubbin width. This value is only required for facing sketches
1c, 1d, 2 and 6 (PV Elite equivalents 3, 4, 5, and 9). For sketch 9, this is not a nubbin width, but
the contact width of the metallic ring. For more information, see Sketch.
Mating Flange (Flange Dialog Box)
Operating, Wm1 - Enter the bolt load from the mating flange for the operating case.
Seating, Wm2 - Enter the bolt load from the mating flange for the seating condition.
Design, W - Enter the design bolt load for the mating flange.

External Loads (Flange Dialog Box)
Axial Force - Enter the magnitude of the external axial force acting on the flange. Because the
axial load rotates the flange and causes stress in the hub, this value should always be positive.
Bending Moment - Enter the magnitude of the external bending moment acting on the flange.
This is typically the square root of the sum of the squares of moments that contribute to bending
(thus. the torsional moment would not be considered). The axial force and resolved moment
increase the design pressure on the flange. This is because only pressure and bolt loads cause
loads on flange. The ASME code does not consider the effect of bending and external forces on
flanges.



Partition Gasket Properties (Flange Dialog Box)
Length - Enter the length of the partition gasket. This is the cumulative length of all heat
exchanger pass partition gaskets associated with this flange.
If the flange does have a partition gasket, enter 0 for Length and Width.
Width - Enter the width of the pass partition gasket. Using Width, Sketch, Column, and
Gasket Factor m | y, the software calculates the effective seating width and the gasket loads
contributed by the partition gasket.
If the flange does have a partition gasket, enter 0 for Length and Width.
Sketch - Select the facing sketch number according to the following and using Table 2-5.2 of
the ASME code (see Gasket Factor m | y):
Facing
Sketch
Description

1a Flat finish faces
1b serrated finish faces
1c Raised nubbin-flat finish
1d Raised nubbin-serrated finish
2 1/64 inch nubbin
3 1/64 inch nubbin both sides
4 Large serration, one side
5 Large serration, both sides
6 Metallic O-ring type gasket
Column - Select the facing column according the table below:
ASME Table 2-5.1 - Gasket List
Gasket Material
Gasket
Factor m
Min.
Stress y
Facing
Column
Self-energizing types ( O rings, metallic elastomer, and
other types considered as self-sealing )
0.00 0.00 II
Elastomers WO/ fabric or high %of asbestos fiber:
Below 75A Shore Durometer 0.50 0.0 II
75A or higher Shore Durometer 1.00 200.0 II
Asbestos with Suitable Binder
1/8" thick 2.00 1600.0 II
1/16" thick 2.75 3700.0 II
1/32" thick 3.50 6500.0 II
Elastomers W/cotton fabric insert 1.25 400.0 II


Gasket Material
Gasket
Factor m
Min.
Stress y
Facing
Column
Elastomers W/Asbestos fabric insert:
3 ply 2.25 2200.0 II
2 ply 2.50 2900.0 II
1 ply 2.75 3700.0 II
Vegetable fiber 1.75 1100.0 II
Spiral-wound, asbestos filled:
Carbon 2.50 10000.0 II
Stainless, Monel, Nickel alloys 3.00 10000.0 II
Corrugated Metal, Asbestos Ins. or corrugated metal, jacketed asbestos:
Corrugated Metal:
Flat metal, jacketed asbestos filled:
Monel 3.50 8000.0 II
4%-6% chrome 3.75 9000.0 II
Grooved Metal:


Gasket Material
Gasket
Factor m
Min.
Stress y
Facing
Column
Solid flat metal:
soft aluminum 4.00 8800.0 I
soft copper or brass 4.75 13000.0 I
Monel or 4%-6% chrome 6.00 21800.0 I
Ring Joint:
Monel or 4%-6% chrome 6.00 21800.0 I
SS refers to stainless steel
Gasket Factor m | y - Enter values for the gasket material and contact facing. Enter the factor
ratio (m) and minimum stress (y). Alternatively, click to open the Select a Gasket dialog
box, and select a standard gasket material. See ASME Table 2-5.1 - Gasket List, above.

Additional Flange Data (Flange Dialog Box)
Base Required Thickness on Rigidity (ASME VIII-1)? - Select to calculate the flange rigidity
index for both the mating flange Operating, Wm1 and Seating, Wm2 (as it would normally). If
either rigidity index is greater than 1.0, the software iteratively adjusts the flange required
thickness until neither index is greater than 1.0. Using this method may prove useful for
designing flanges with the new higher allowable stresses (ASME 99 addenda and later),
because, as of November 1999, the code has not explicitly addressed the situation of using
higher allowables for flange design.
In some cases, stress considerations govern over rigidity, and the thickness is not
influenced by rigidity.
Include Corrosion in Flange Thickness Calculations? - Select to use the corrosion
allowance (as is usual) when calculating the final stresses on the flange.
Clear to calculate stresses without subtracting corrosion from the flange thickness, typically
producing a thinner flange that is not as highly stressed. The MAWP of the flange is also usually
slightly higher. Because this is not directly addressed by any code, agreement is usually
between the customer and the manufacturer.
Rigidity Calc. for Seating Case Uses Corroded Thickness? - Select to incorporate the
corroded thickness into the rigidity calculation, especially for cases of old pipe already corroded.
Are the Hub and Attached Shell Materials the Same? - Select to indicate that the flange
material is same as the attached shell material. The larger of the shell allowable and the flange


allowable stress are used to calculate the required small-end hub thickness for the attached
integral flange. Clear to consider only the flange allowable.
For some materials with relatively low yield strength (such as stainless steels), the ASME code
has established higher stress values. These higher stress values (indicated by the presence of
the note G5) can lead to higher deformation. As a result, these material allowables are not used
for applications where flange deformation can cause failure or leakage.
When the flange allowables are lower as compared to the attached shell (for the same material),
the small-end hub thickness is checked as a cylinder. The allowable stresses of the attached
shell should then be used. Otherwise, the required hub thickness may be greater than that of the
attached cylinder. If you want the higher shell allowables to be used, select Are the Hub and
Attached Shell Materials the Same?.
Calculate Cover Deflection (multi-pass unit)? - Select if the flange is a TEMA channel cover
(bolted blind flange). A separate thickness, deflection, and MAWP are calculated for channel
covers.
Allowable Cover Deflection - For TEMA channel covers, enter the maximum allowed
deflection at the center of the cover, as defined in TEMA paragraph RCB-9.21. For TEMA
covers with nominal diameters less than or equal to 24 inches, the allowed deflection should be
set to .03 inches. For larger sizes, the deflection should be limited to .125% of the nominal
diameter (nominal diameter / 800). If this field is left blank the appropriate allowable deflection
will be used. Alternatively, click to open the Compute Allowable Channel Cover
Deflection dialog box, and enter a value for Nominal Diameter of Attached Shell. The
software then calculates the allowable cover deflection.
Number of Splits in Ring - Enter the number of splits in the ring, if any, for loose-type flanges.
This value must be 0, 1, or 2. Typical split flanges are ring-type flanges. A split is used when the
flange must be completely removable from the vessel. If the flange is split into two pieces by a
single split, the design moment for the flange is multiplied by 2.0. If the flange consists of two
separate split rings, each ring is designed as if it were a solid flange (without splits) using 0.75
times the design moment. The pair of rings is assembled so that the splits in one ring are 90
from the splits in the other.
Weld Leg Back of Ring - Enter the length of the weld leg at the back of the ring. This value is
added to the inside diameter during the design of ring type flanges to determine the minimum
bolt circle.
Attached Shell Thickness - Enter the thickness of the shell attached to the flange
Lap Joint Contact Point ID - Enter the inner diameter of the flange/joint contact surface.
Lap Joint Contact Point OD - Enter the outer diameter of the flange/joint contact surface.



For Non-Circular Covers (Flange Dialog Box)
Diameter (Long Span) - Enter the head characteristic diameter, used to calculate the
non-circular flange correction factor Z for ASME blind flanges. This factor is defined in
paragraph UG-34 of the ASME code. This dimension is perpendicular to the short span
dimension.
For circular blind flanges, the short span and long span dimensions are the same.
Diameter (Short Span) - Enter the head characteristic short diameter, used to calculate the
non-circular flange correction factor Z for ASME blind flanges. This factor is defined in
paragraph UG-34 of the ASME code. This dimension is perpendicular to the long span
dimension. It is very important to enter this dimension correctly because it is used in the
tangential flange stress computation.
For circular blind flanges, the short span and long span dimensions are the same.
Perimeter Along Bolt Circle Centerline - Enter the perimeter L of the bolted head measured
along the centerline of the bolts. This value is needed for both noncircular and circular geometry.
For a circular head, enter the value of ( * bolt circle diameter). For non-circular heads this value
will have to be manually calculated and entered.

ANSI/DIN Flange Dimension Lookup (Flange Dialog Box)
Is this a Standard Flange (No calculation performed)? - Select to define the flange by using
ANSI/DIN standards.
Class - Select the ANSI/DIN flange class, which is based on the pressure rating.
Grade - Select the flange material grade (group). Please note that there are certain advisories
on the use of certain material grades. Please review those cautionary notes in the ANSI B16.5
code. ASME B16.5-2003 and ASME B16.5-1996 flange grades are available:
Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

1.1

C-Si
C-Mn-Si

C-Mn-Si-V
3 Ni
A 105
A 350 Gr. LF2

A 350 Gr. LF 6 Cl.1
A 350 Gr. LF3
A 216 Gr. WCB

A 515 Gr. 70
A 516 Gr. 70
A 537 Cl. 1

1.2

C-Mn-Si

C-Mn-Si-V
2Ni
3Ni

A 350 Gr. LF 6 Cl.2

A 316 Gr. WCC
A 352 Gr. LCC

A 352 Gr. LC2
A 352 Gr. LC3

A 203 Gr. B
A 203 Gr. E
1.3

C-Si
C-Mn-Si
2 Ni
3 Ni
C-Mo

A 352 Gr. LCB

A 217 Gr. WC1
A 352 Gr. LC1
A 515 Gr. 65
A 516 Gr. 65
A 203 Gr. A
A 203 Gr. D

1.4

C-Si
C-Mn-Si

A 350 Gr. LF1 Cl. 1

A 515 Gr. 60
A 516 Gr. 60


Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

1.5

C-1/2Mo

A 182 Gr. F1

A 204 Gr. A
A 204 Gr. B
1.7

C-Mo
Ni-Cr-Mo
Ni-Cr-1Mo
A 182 Gr. F2

A 217 Gr. WC4
A 217 Gr. WC5

1.9

1Cr-Mo
1Cr-Mo-Si

A 182 Gr. F11 Cl.2
A 217 Gr. WC6

A 387 Gr. 11 Cl.2
1.11 Cr-Mo A 204 Gr. C
1.13

5Cr-Mo

A 182 Gr. F5a
A 217 Gr. C5

1.14 9Cr-1Mo A 182 Gr. F9 A 217 Gr. C12
1.17

1Cr-Mo
5Cr-Mo
A 182 Gr. F12 Cl.2
A 182 Gr. F5

2.1

18Cr-8Ni

A 182 Gr. F304
A 182 Gr. F304H
A 351 Gr. CF3
A 351 Gr. CF8
A 240 Gr. 304
A 240 Gr. 304H
2.2

16Cr-12Ni-2Mo

18Cr-13Ni-3Mo
19Cr-10Ni-3Mo
A 182 Gr. F316
A 182 Gr. F316H
A 182 Gr. F317

A 351 Gr. CF3M
A 351 Gr. CF8M

A 351 Gr. CG8M
A 240 Gr. 316
A 240 Gr. 316H
A 240 Gr. 317
2.3

18Cr-8Ni
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo
A 182 Gr. F304L
A 182 Gr. F316L

A 240 Gr. 304L
A 240 Gr. 316L
2.4

18Cr-10Ni-Ti

A 182 Gr. F321
A 182 Gr. F321H

A 240 Gr. 321
A 240 Gr. 321H
2.5

18Cr-10Ni-Cb

A 182 Gr. F347
A 182 Gr. F347H
A 182 Gr. F348
A 182 Gr. F348H

A 240 Gr. 347
A 240 Gr. 347H
A 240 Gr. 348
A 240 Gr. 348H
2.6 23Cr-12Ni A 240 Gr. 309H
2.7 25Cr-20Ni A 182 Gr. F310 A 240 Gr. 310H
2.8

20Cr-18Ni-6Mo
22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-N
25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-N
24Cr-10Ni-4Mo-V
25Cr-5Ni-2Mo-3Cu
25Cr-7Ni-3.5Mo-W-Cb
A 182 Gr. F44
A 182 Gr. F51
A 182 Gr. F53

A 351 Gr. CK3McuN

A 351 Gr. CE8MN
A 351 Gr. CD4Mcu
A 351 Gr. CD3MWCuN

A 240 Gr. S31254
A 240 Gr. S31803
A 240 Gr. S32750

A 240 Gr. S32760
2.9

23Cr-12Ni
25Cr-20Ni

A 240 Gr. 309S
A 240 Gr. 310S
2.10

25Cr-12Ni

A 351 Gr. CH8
A 351 Gr. CH20

2.11 18Cr-10Ni-Cb A 351 Gr. CF8C
2.12 25Cr-20Ni A 351 Gr. CK20
3.2 99.0Ni B 160 Gr. N02200 B 162 Gr. N02200


Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

3.3 99.0Ni-Low C B 160 Gr. N02201 B 162 Gr. N02201
3.4

67Ni-30Cu
67Ni-30Cu-S
B 564 Gr. N04400
B 164 Gr. N04405

B 127 Gr. N04400

3.5 72Ni-15Cr-8Fe B 564 Gr. N06600 B 168 Gr. N06600
3.6 33Ni-42Fe-21Cr B 564 Gr. N08800 B 409 Gr. N08800
3.7
65Ni-28Mo-2Fe
64Ni-29.5Mo-2Cr-2Fe-Mn-W
B 462 Gr. N10665
B 462 Gr. N10675

B 333 Gr. N10665
B 333 Gr. N10675
3.8

54Ni-16Mo-15Cr
60Ni-22Cr-9Mo-3.5Cb
62Ni-28Mo-5Fe
70Ni-16Mo-7Cr-5Fe
61Ni-16Mo-16Cr
42Ni-21.5Cr-3Mo-2.3Cu
55Ni-21Cr-13.5Mo
55Ni-23Cr-16Mo-1.6Cu
B 564 Gr. N10276
B 564 Gr. N06625
B 335 Gr. N10001
B 573 Gr. N10003
B 574 Gr. N06455
B 564 Gr. N08825
B 462 Gr. N06022
B 462 Gr. N06200

B 575 Gr. N10276
B 443 Gr. N06625
B 333 Gr. N10001
B 434 Gr. N10003
B 575 Gr. N06455
B 424 Gr. N08825
B 575 Gr. N06022
B 575 Gr. N06200
3.9 47Ni-22Cr-9Mo-I8Fe B 572 Gr. N06002 B 435 Gr. N06002
3.10 25Ni-46Fe-21Cr-5Mo B 672 Gr. N08700 B 599 Gr. N08700
3.11 44Fe-25Ni-21Cr-Mo B 649 Gr. N08904 B 625 Gr. N08904
3.12

26Ni-43Fe-22Cr-5Mo
47Ni-22Cr-20Fe-7Mo
46Fe-24Ni-21Cr-6Mo-Cu-N
B 621 Gr. N08320
B 581 Gr. N06985
B 462 Gr. N08367

A 351 Gr. CN3MN
B 620 Gr. N08320
B 582 Gr. N06985
B 688 Gr. N08367
3.13

49Ni-25Cr-18Fe-6Mo
B 581 Gr. N06975
B 462 Gr. N08031

B 582 Gr. N06975
B 625 Gr. N08031
3.14

47Ni-22Cr-19Fe-6Mo
40Ni-29Cr-15Fe-5Mo
B 581 Gr. N06007
B 462 Gr. N06030

B 582 Gr. N06007
B 582 Gr. N06030
3.15 33Ni-42Fe-21Cr B 564 Gr. N08810 B 409 Gr. N08810
3.16 35Ni-19Cr-1Si B 511 Gr. N08330 B 536 Gr. N08330
3.17 29Ni-20.5Cr-3.5Cu-2.5Mo A 351 Gr. CN7M
Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

1.1

C-Si
C-Mn-Si
C-Mn-Si-V
A 105
A 350 Gr. LF2
A 350 Gr. LF 6 Cl.1
A 216 Gr. WCB
A 216 Gr. WCC

A 515 Gr. 70
A 516 Gr. 70
A 537 Cl. 1
1.2

C-Mn-Si
C-Mn-Si-V
21/2Ni
31/2Ni
A 350 Gr. LF 6 Cl.2

A 350 Gr. LF3

A 352 Gr. LCC
A 352 Gr. LC2
A 352 Gr. LC3

A 203 Gr. B
A 203 Gr. E

1.3

C-Si
C-Mn-Si
21/2Ni
31/2Ni

A 352 Gr. LCB

A 515 Gr. 65
A 516 Gr. 65
A 203 Gr. A
A 203 Gr. D
1.4

C-Si
C-Mn-Si
A 350 Gr. LF1 Cl. 1

A 515 Gr. 60
A 516 Gr. 60


Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

1.5

C-1/2Mo

A 182 Gr. F1

A 217 Gr. WC1
A 352 Gr. LC1

A 204 Gr. A
A 204 Gr. B
A 204 Gr. C
1.7

C-1/2Mo
1/2Cr-1/2Mo
Ni-1/2Cr-1/2Mo
3/4Ni-3/4Cr-1Mo
A 182 Gr. F2

A 217 Gr. WC4
A 217 Gr. WC5

1.9

1Cr-1/2Mo
11/4Cr-1/2Mo
11/4Cr-1/2Mo-Si
A 182 Gr. F12 Cl.2
A 182 Gr. F11 Cl.2

A 217 Gr. WC6

A 387 Gr. 11 Cl.2

1.10 21/4Cr-1Mo A 182 Gr. F22 Cl.3 A 217 Gr. WC9 A 387 Gr. 22 Cl.2
1.13

5Cr-1/2Mo

A 182 Gr. F5
A 182 Gr. F5a
A 217 Gr. C5

1.14 9Cr-1Mo A 182 Gr. F9 A 217 Gr. C12
2.1

18Cr-8Ni

A 182 Gr. F304
A 182 Gr. F304H
A 351 Gr. CF3
A 351 Gr. CF8
A 240 Gr. 304
A 240 Gr. 304H
2.2

16Cr-12Ni-2Mo
18Cr-13Ni-3Mo
19Cr-10Ni-3Mo
A 182 Gr. F316
A 182 Gr. F316H

A 351 Gr. CF3M
A 351 Gr. CF8M
A 351 Gr. CG8M
A 240 Gr. 316
A 240 Gr. 316H
A 240 Gr. 317
2.3

18Cr-8Ni
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo
A 182 Gr. F304L
A 182 Gr. F316L

A 240 Gr. 304L
A 240 Gr. 316L
2.4

18Cr-10Ni-Ti

A 182 Gr. F321
A 182 Gr. F321H

A 240 Gr. 321
A 240 Gr. 321H
2.5

18Cr-10Ni-Cb

A 182 Gr. F347
A 182 Gr. F347H
A 182 Gr. F348
A 182 Gr. F348H
A 351 Gr. CF8C

A 240 Gr. 347
A 240 Gr. 347H
A 240 Gr. 348
A 240 Gr. 348H
2.6

25Cr-12Ni
23Cr-12Ni

A 351 Gr. CH8
A 351 Gr. CH20

A 240 Gr. 309S
A 240 Gr. 309H

2.7

25Cr-20Ni

A 182 Gr. F310

A 351 Gr. CK20

A 240 Gr. 310S
A 240 Gr. 310H
2.8

20Cr-18Ni-6Mo
22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-N
25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-N
24Cr-10Ni-4Mo-V
25Cr-5Ni-2Mo-3Cu
25Cr-7Ni-3.5Mo-W-Cb
A 182 Gr. F44
A 182 Gr. F51
A 182 Gr. F53
A 182 Gr. F55

A 351 Gr. CK3McuN
A 351 Gr. CE8MN
A 351 Gr. CD4Mcu
A 351 Gr. CD3MWCuN

A 240 Gr. S31254
A 240 Gr. S31803
A 240 Gr. S32750
A 240 Gr. S32760

3.2 99.0Ni B 160 Gr. N02200 B 162 Gr. N02200
3.3 99.0Ni-Low C B 160 Gr. N02201 B 162 Gr. N02201
3.4

67Ni-30Cu
67Ni-30Cu-S
B 564 Gr. N04400
B 164 Gr. N04405

B 127 Gr. N04400

3.5 72Ni-15Cr-8Fe B 564 Gr. N06600 B 168 Gr. N06600
3.6 33Ni-42Fe-21Cr B 564 Gr. N08800 B 409 Gr. N08800


Material
Group
Nominal Designation

Forgings

Castings

Plates

3.7 65Ni-28Mo-2Fe B 335 Gr. N10665 B 333 Gr. N10665
3.8

54Ni-16Mo-15Cr
60Ni-22Cr-9Mo-3.5Cb
62Ni-28Mo-5Fe
70Ni-16Mo-7Cr-5Fe
61Ni-16Mo-16Cr
42Ni-21.5Cr-3Mo-2.3Cu
B 564 Gr. N10276
B 564 Gr. N06625
B 335 Gr. N10001
B 573 Gr. N10003
B 574 Gr. N06455
B 564 Gr. N08825

B 575 Gr. N10276
B 443 Gr. N06625
B 333 Gr. N10001
B 434 Gr. N10003
B 575 Gr. N06455
B 424 Gr. N08825

Nom - Select the nominal value for the flange inside diameter.
ANSI Series - Select the ANSI flange series. Select ANSI Series A for general-use flanges.
Select ANSI Series B for compact flanges.
Get Flange Dimensions Now! - Click to look up flange dimensions from ANSI/DIN tables
based on the selections for Is this a Standard Flange (No calculation performed)?, Class,
Grade, Nom, and ANSI Series. The flange thickness table value is shown in Flange
Thickness.
Click Quick Results to see a report of the flange dimensions.
Flange Thickness - This option is used in the following ways:
Displays standard flange thickness after Get Flange Dimensions Now is clicked.
Displays designed flange thickness after Design is clicked.
Enter a manual flange thickness.

Miscellaneous Information (Flange Dialog Box)
Use Full Bolt Load in Calc (Sa*Ab)? - Select to allow the full bolt load to be used on just the
area of the bolt itself, instead of Am+ Ab, which is the area of the bolt (Ab) plus the required bolt
area (Am). You use this option for allowable stress calculations.
Just Like - Select the node of an adjacent element to use the properties of that element. After
selecting, click Copy Now.
Copy Now - Click to copy the properties of an adjacent element selected in Just Like. The
Select Items to Copy dialog box opens. You then select the properties to copy.
Design - Click to design the flange based on all properties selected in the Flange dialog box.
Quick Results - Click to see a report of flange results.
Delete - Click to delete all data entered in the Flange dialog box, restore default flange values,
and close the dialog box.
OK - Click to save all data entered in the Flange dialog box and close the dialog box.
Cancel - Click to close the Flange dialog box without saving the entered data.
Plot - Click to open the Flange Graphics dialog box. A cross-section view of the flange design
is shown.



Skirt (Additional Element Data)
Defines additional data for a skirt support element with basering.

Skirt Diameter at Base - Enter the inside diameter at the bottom of the skirt. This value must be
larger than or equal to the inside diameter at the top of the skirt. This option is only available
when Skirt is selected for Element Type.
Perform Basering Analysis - If there is a basering on the skirt, select to specify basering
parameters and calculate the basering design. The Basering Dialog Box (on page 273) opens.
This option is only available when Skirt is selected for Element Type.
Evaluate Holes in Skirt - Select to specify skirt access opening parameters and analyze the
openings. Openings are analyzed when they are of reasonable size, are on tall towers, or are
under sizable wind/seismic loads. This option is only available when Skirt is selected for
Element Type.

This option opens the Skirt Access Openings Dialog Box (on page 292).
For more information, see, Skirt Opening Analysis Considerations.



Basering Dialog Box
This dialog box defines data for baserings on a skirt element. Basering analysis performs
thickness calculations and design for annular plate baserings, top rings, bolting, and gussets
found on skirts for vertical vessels. These calculations are performed using industry standard
calculation techniques. For more information, see Basering Analysis Considerations (on page
273).
The Brownell and Young Method - The Brownell and Young method of design calculates the
required thickness of the baseplate, the gussets, and the top plate or top ring. Brownell and
Young discuss this method in their book Process Equipment Design. Dennis R. Moss also
discusses it in the book Pressure Vessel Design Manual. This baseplate design method is
based on the neutral axis shift method and generally results in a thinner basering design than
the method discussed in Basering Analysis Considerations (on page 273).
Basering Design Data Tab (Basering Dialog Box) (on page 279)
Tailing Lug Data Tab (Basering Design Data Tab) (on page 285)

Basering Analysis Considerations
Thickness of a Basering under Compression - The equation for the thickness of the basering
is the equation for a simple cantilever beam. The beam is assumed to be supported at the skirt,
and loaded with a uniform load caused by the compression of the concrete due to the combined
weight of the vessel and bending moment on the down-wind / down-earthquake side of the
vessel.
Thickness of a cantilever, t:

Where
fc = Bearing stress on the concrete
l = Cantilever length of basering
s = Allowable bending stress of basering (typically 1.5 times the code allowable)
There are two commonly accepted methods of determining the stress from the vessel and
base-ring acting on the concrete. The simplified method calculates the compressive stress on
the concrete assuming that the neutral axis for the vessel is at the centerline.
Stress acting on the concrete, fc:

Where:
W = Weight of the vessel together with the basering
M = Maximum bending moment on vessel
A = Cross-sectional area of basering on foundation
c = Distance from the center of the basering to the outer edge of the basering


I = Moment of inertia of the basering on the foundation
However, when a steel skirt and basering are supported on a concrete foundation, the behavior
of the foundation is similar to that of a reinforced concrete beam. If there is a net bending
moment on the foundation, then the force upward on the bolts must be balanced by the force
downward on the concrete. Because these two materials have different elastic moduli, and
because the strain in the concrete cross section must be equal to the strain in the base ring at
any specific location, the neutral axis of the combined bolt/concrete cross section will be in the
direction of the concrete. Several authors, including Jawad and Farr (Structural Analysis and
Design of Process Equipment, pg 428 - 433) and Megyesy (Pressure Vessel Handbook, pg 70 -
73), have analyzed this phenomenon. The software uses the formulation of Singh and Soler
(Mechanical Design of Heat Exchangers and Pressure Vessel Components, pg 957 - 959). This
formulation seems to be the most readily adaptable to computerization, as there are no
tabulated constants. Singh and Soler provide the following description of their method:
In this case, the neutral axis is parallel to the Y-axis. The location of the neutral axis is identified
by the angle alpha. The object is to determine the peak concrete pressure (p) and the angle
alpha.
For narrow base plate rings, an approximate solution may be constructed using numerical
iteration. It is assumed that the concrete annulus under the base plate may be treated as a thin
ring of mean diameter c. Assuming that the foundation is linearly elastic and the base plate is
relatively rigid, Brownell and Young have developed an approximate solution which can be cast
in a form suitable for numerical solution. Let the total tensile stress area of all foundation bolts
be A. Within the limits of accuracy sought, it is permissible to replace the bolts with a thin shell of
thickness t and mean diameter equal to the bolt circle diameter c, such that:
Thickness, t:

Where:
A = Total cross-sectional area of all foundation bolts
P = Peak concrete pressure
l = Width of basering
c = Thin ring diameter
We assume that the discrete tensile bolt loads, acting around the ring, are replaced by a line
load, varying in intensity with the distance from the neutral plane.
Let n be the ratio of Young's moduli of the bolt material to that of the concrete; n normally varies
between 10 and 15. Assuming that the concrete can take only compression (non-adhesive
surface) and that the bolts are effective only in tension (untapped holes in the base plate), an
analysis, similar to that given above, yields the following results:



Where:
n = Ratio of elastic modulus of the bolt, Eb, to that of the concrete, Ec:

t
3
= Width of the basering, similar to the cantilever length, l, in Jawad and Farr's thickness
equation previously mentioned
c = Bolt circle diameter
r
1
- r
4
= Four constants based on the neutral axis angle and defined in Singh and Soler's
equations 20.3.12 through 20.3.17, not reproduced here.
These equations give the required seven non-linear equations to solve for seven unknowns,
namely p, c, o, and the ri (i = 1 - 4) parameters. The iterative solution starts with assumed
values of s and p, s
o
and p
o,
taken from an approximate analysis performed first. Then o is
determined using the above equation. Knowing o the dimensionless parameters r
1
, r
2,
r
3
, and r4
are computed. This enables computation of corrected values of p and s, named p
o
' and s
o
'). The
next iteration is started with s
1
and p
1
where we choose:

This process is continued until the errors ei and Ei at the iteration stage are within specified
tolerances --ei = Ei = 0.005 is a practical value,
Where:

After the new values of bolt stress and bearing pressure are calculated, the thickness of the
base ring is calculated again using the same formula given above for the approximate method.
Thickness of Basering under Tension - On the tensile side, if there is no top ring but there are
gussets, then there is a discrepancy on how to do the analysis. For example, while Megyesy
uses Table F (Pressure Vessel Handbook, pg 78) to calculate an equivalent bending moment,
Dennis R. Moss uses the same approach but does not give a table (Pressure Vessel Design
Manual, pg 126-129), and Jawad & Farr use a 'yield-line' theory (Structural Analysis and Design
of Process Equipment, pg 435-436). Since the Jawad and Farr equation for thickness, t, is both
accepted and explicit, the program uses their equation 12.13:
Thickness, t:


Where:
Bolt Load, Pt:

s
y
= Yield strength of the bolt
a = Distance between gussets
b = Width of base plate that is outside of skirt
l = Distance from skirt to bolt area
d = Diameter of bolt hole
Thickness of Top Ring under Tension - If there is a top ring or plate, its thickness is
calculated using a simple beam formula. Taking the plate to be a beam supported between two
gussets with a point load in the middle equal to the maximum bolt load, we derive the following
equation:
Thickness, t:

Where:
Allowable stress, s:

Bending moment, M:

Where:
Cg = Center of gravity, depending on the geometry of the plate
Bolt Load, Pt:


Section Modulus, Z:

Width of Section, Wt:

Required Thickness of Gussets in Tension - If there are gussets, they must be analyzed for
both tension and compression. The tensile stress, T, is the force divided by the area, where the
force is taken to be the allowable bolt stress times the bolt area, and the area of the gusset is
the thickness of the gusset, t
gusset
, times one half the width of the gusset, W
gusset
(because
gussets normally taper):

Where:

Required Thickness of Gussets in Compression - In compression (as a column) we must
iteratively calculate the required thickness. Taking the actual thickness as the starting point, we
perform the calculation in AISC 1.5.1.3. The radius of gyration for the gusset is taken as 0.289 t
per Megyesy's Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, page 404. The actual compression is
calculated as described above, and then compared to the allowed compression per AISC. The
thickness is then modified and another calculation performed until the actual and allowed
compressions are within one half of one percent of one another.
Basering Design - When you request a basering design, the software performs the following
additional calculations to determine the design geometry:
Selection of Number of Bolts
This selection is made on the basis of Megyesy's table in Pressure Vessel Handbook (Table
C, page 67). Above the diameter shown, the selection is made to keep the anchor bolt
spacing at about 24 inches.
Calculation of Load per Bolt
This calculation of load, Pb, per bolt:


Where:
W = Weight of vessel
N = Number of bolts
R = Radius of bolt area
M = Bending moment
Calculation of Required Area for Each Bolt
This is the load per bolt divided by the allowable stress:

Selection of the Bolt Size
The software has a table of bolt areas and selects the smallest bolt with area greater than
the area calculated above.
Selection of Preliminary Basering Geometry - The table of bolt areas also contains the
required clearances in order to successfully tighten the selected bolt (wrench clearances and
edge clearances). The software selects a preliminary basering geometry based on these
clearances. Values selected at this point are the bolt circle, base ring outside diameter, and
base ring inside diameter.
Analysis of Preliminary Basering Geometry - Using the methods described previously for the
analysis section, the software determines the approximate compressive stress in the concrete
for the preliminary geometry.
Selection of Final Basering Geometry - If the compressive stress calculated above is
acceptable, then the preliminary geometry becomes the final geometry. If not, then the bolt circle
and base ring diameters are scaled up to the point where the compressive stress are
acceptable. These become the final base ring geometry values.
Analysis of Basering Thicknesses - The analysis then continues through the thickness
calculation described above, determining required thicknesses for the basering, top ring, and
gussets.



Basering Design Data Tab (Basering Dialog Box)
Basering Type - Select the type of basering design:
- Simple basering (without gussets)
- Basering with gusset plates
- Basering with gussets and top plate
- Basering with gussets and continuous top ring
Set Default Dimensions - Set default dimensions for all properties in the Basering dialog box
based on the selected Basering Type.
Design Temperature - Enter the design temperature of basering. This value is used to
determine the allowable stress values. When you select a value for Basering Material, the
software uses this temperature to determine the operating allowable stress value for the
material.
Basering Design Option - Select a value to either analyze an existing basering or design a
new basering. Select Analyze, Design, Brn & Young Analyze, Brn & Young Design, or ADM
Analyze. When a design option is selected, the software may change Number of Bolts,
Nominal Bolt Diameter, Basering ID, and Basering OD.
Method for Thkness Calc - Select a method for basering thickness calculation:
Simplified or Steel on Steel - Use for baserings located on a steel substructure.
Neutral Axis Shifted - Use to design a thinner basering than the simplified method.
For a traditional basering on concrete, either method can be used.
E for Plates - If a basering with gussets is selected, enter the elastic modulus E, used to
determine the allowable stress for plates in compression according to AISC. This is a required
value. For most common steels, this value is 29 x 10
6
psi.
Sy for Plates - Enter the yield stress for the gusset plates at the design temperature of the
base. For tables of yield stress versus temperature, see the ASME Code, Section II, Part D.
Gusset Thickness - Enter the thickness of the gusset plates used for this basering. Any
allowances for corrosion should be considered.
Dist. Between Gussets - Enter the distance between the gussets. This dimension is used by
the software to calculate the bending moment in the top plate. After the bending moment and
bending stress are calculated, the software calculates the required thickness of the top plate.
Bottom Gusset Width - Enter the the average width of the bottom gusset plate.
Top Gusset Width - Enter the the average width of the top gusset plate.
Height of Gussets - Enter the gusset dimension from the basering to the top of the gusset
plate. The forces in the skirt are transmitted to the anchor bolts through the gussets.
Top Plate Thickness - Enter the plate thickness for a basering with a top ring. If a value greater
than 0.0 is entered, the software calculates the required thickness of the top plate. If no value is
entered, the software does not perform top ring thickness calculations.
Top Plate Width - Enter the plate width for a basering with a top ring. This value is usually
equal to the distance between the gusset plates plus two times the gusset plate thickness plus
any additional width beyond the gussets.


Radial Width of Top Plate - Enter the radial width if the basering has a top plate. This value is:
(top ring OD - top ring ID) / 2. This value must be entered and must be positive.
Bolt Hole Dia in Plate - Enter the diameter of the bolt hole that is in the plate.
Basering Information (Basering Design Data Tab) (on page 280)
Bolting Information (Basering Design Data Tab) (on page 280)
Miscellaneous Information (Basering Design Data Tab) (on page 282)
Basering Information (Basering Design Data Tab)
Basering Material - Enter the name of the material. The software contains a database with
Basering Thickness - Enter the actual thickness of basering, not including allowances for
corrosion or mill tolerance.
The software calculates the required basering thickness based on the selection in
Method for Thkness Calc. The value enter in this option is only used for comparison.
Basering ID - Enter the inside diameter of the basering. The value must be greater than 0 and
less than Bolt Circle Diameter and Basering OD. Enter a good approximation when Analyze
or Design is selected for Basering Design Option. If you select Design for Basering Design
Option, the software may change this value.
Basering OD - Enter the inside diameter of the basering. The value must be greater than Bolt
Circle Diameter and Basering ID. Enter a good approximation when Analyze or Design is
selected for Basering Design Option. If you select Design for Basering Design Option, the
software may change this value.
Bolt Circle Diameter - Enter the diameter of the bolt circle. This is the diameter passing
throught the center of each bolt on the basering. The value must be greater than Basering ID
and less than Basering OD. If you select Design for Basering Design Option, the software
may change this value.
Corrosion Allowance - If needed, enter an external corrosion allowance. This allowance is
added to Basering Thickness in the calculations.

Bolting Information (Basering Design Data Tab)
Type of Threads - Select the thread series bolt table. Select TEMA (8-thread series), UNC
(coarse threads, adapted from Mark's), BS 3642, or SABS 1700 1996. If you have a bolt that is
outside of the bolt table ranges, select User Root Area and enter the nominal size in Nominal
Bolt Diameter. This information can be obtained from a standard engineering handbook.
Nominal Bolt Diameter - Click and select the nominal bolt diameter from the bolt table
selected for Type of Threads. If you have a bolt that is outside of the bolt table ranges, enter
the nominal size and select User Root Area in Type of Threads.


Bolt Size
(inches)
Bolt Root Area
(cm.^2) (in.^2)
0.500 1.27 0.126
0.625 1.5875 0.202
0.750 1.9050 0.302
0.875 2.22225 0.419
1.000 2.54000 0.551
1.125 2.85750 0.728
1.250 3.17500 0.929
1.375 3.49250 1.155
1.500 3.81000 1.405
1.625 4.12750 1.680
1.750 4.44500 1.980
1.875 4.76250 2.304
2.000 5.08000 2.652
2.250 5.71500 3.423
2.500 6.35000 4.292
2.750 6.98500 5.259
3.000 7.62000 6.324
3.250 8.25500 7.487
3.500 8.89000 8.749
3.750 9.52500 10.108
4.000 10.1600 11.566
Number of Bolts - Enter the number of bolts required by the basering design. The number of
bolts can be between 4 and 120. If you select Design for Basering Design Option, the
software may change this value.
Bolts sizing is based on the maximum load per bolt in the operating case. The
computation of the load per bolt is referenced in Jawad and Farr, equation 12.3, pg 422.


Bolt C.A. (1/2 total) - Enter the bolt corrosion allowance. The software uses this value to
corrode the radius of the root area and calculate a corroded root stress area based on the
nominal bolt size and bolt table. This area is then used in the remainder of the bolt load/stress
calculations.
The software calculates the required area of the bolt. If the bolt corrosion allowance is greater
than zero, the software adds the corrosion allowance and recalculates the diameter based on
the new required area:
Corroded Bolt Root Diameter = (4 * New Bolt Area/Pi)
1/2
- 2 * Bolt Corrosion
Allowance
Bolt Root Area - Enter the root area of a single bolt if the basering design requires special
bolts.
This option is mutually exclusive from the selection for Basering Design Option. If Bolt
Root Area is available, the numbers from table 2 (UNC) are used. This value is used without
modification by the software, so you should consider any corrosion allowance.
Bolt Shear Allowable - The allowable shear stress acting on the bolt, incorporating the bolt
corrosion allowance.
Miscellaneous Information (Basering Design Data Tab)
Concrete Strength F'c/Fc <and> Modular Ratio Eplates/Ec - Enter the following for the
concrete to which the base is bolted:
F'
c
- The nominal ultimate compressive stress of the concrete. This value is F'
c
in Jawad
and Farr or FPC in Meygesy. A typical entry is 3000 psi.
F
c
- The allowable compressive stress of the concrete
n - The steel-to-concrete modulus of elasticity ratio, E
plates
/E
c
.
Average Values of Properties of Concrete Mixes (adapted from Brownell and Young)
Water Content
(US Gallons per 94 lb
Sack of Cement)

f'
c

28-day Ultimate
Compressive
Strength (psi)
f
c

Allowable Compressive
Strength = 0.45*f'c
(psi)
n
Modular Ratio
(E
s
/E
c
)

7.5 2000 800 15
6.75 2500 1000 12
6 3000 1200 10
5 3750 1400 8
According to Jawad and Farr, Ec is equal to 57000 multiplied by the square root of f'
c

psi.The modulus of elasticity of steel is assumed to be 30 x 10
6
.
Lug Start Angle - Reassign the reference angle for positioning the lugs.
Use EIL Spec? - Select to use the EIL standard for basering design. This standard gives
guidelines for selecting the number of bolts based on skirt diameter, as shown below:
Skirt Diameter (mm) Number of Bolts
900 4
1200 8
1500 8


1800 12
2100 16
2400 16
2700 20
3000 24
3300 24
3600 28
4000 32
This option only applies if Design is selected for Basering Design Option.
Bolt Diameter - Enter a value when Use EIL Spec? is selected. This value provides additional
tabular results for the standard thickness of basering components, such as the basering itself,
gussets, top plate, and gusset height.
% Applied to Bolt Area * Bolt Stress - Enter a value for the percentage of force to apply to the
bolt area times the bolt allowable stress in the calculation of the concrete stress. The default
value of 100 percent generates the largest possible force. If the load cannot achieve this value,
enter a smaller percentage.
Use AISI Design Method? - Select to perform calculations according to AISI Volume 2. The
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) publishes Steel Plate Engineering Data volumes
containing numerous useful calculations for steel structures including welding and thickness
calculations for anchor bolt chairs.
Use 2/3rds Yield for Basering/Top Plate Allowables per AISC F3-1? - Select to use AISC
design manual 9th edition, Eqn. F3-1. The AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction)
allows the use of 2/3rds the yield stress as the allowable for determination of the required
thickness of the basering parts. A normal bending allowable is 1.5 times the allowable stress for
the material at design temperature.

This option and Use 75% Yield for Basering/Top Plate Allowables per AISC F2-1?
cannot be selected at the same time.
This section of AISC is used because ASME does not provide explicit design rules for
baserings.
Use 75% Yield for Basering/Top Plate Allowables per AISC F2-1? - Select to use AISC
design manual 9th edition, Eqn. F2-1. The AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction)
allows the use of 75 percent of the yield stress as the allowable for determination of the required
thickness of these parts. A normal bending allowable is 1.5 times the allowable stress for the
material at design temperature.

This option and Use 2/3rds Yield for Basering/Top Plate Allowables per AISC F3-1?
cannot be selected at the same time.
baserings.


Use 1/3 Increase per AISC A5.2? - Select to use AISC design manual 9th edition, Section
A5.2. The AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) allows a 1/3 increase in the allowable
stress for parts that are subject to short-term sustained loads such as those due to wind or
seismic.

This option is used in addition to the selection of Use 2/3rds Yield for Basering/Top Plate
Allowables per AISC F3-1? or Use 75% Yield for Basering/Top Plate Allowables per
AISC F2-1?.
baserings.
Use Allowable Weld Stress per AISC Table J2.5? - Select to use AISC design manual 9th
edition, Table J2.5. The weld allowable stress is then 0.3 times the minimum of the basering
ultimate tensile strength and 58000 psi. If this option is cleared, the allowable weld stress is 0.4
times the minimum of the skirt and basering yield stress at ambient temperature.

This option is used in addition to the selection of Use 2/3rds Yield for Basering/Top Plate
Allowables per AISC F3-1? or Use 75% Yield for Basering/Top Plate Allowables per
AISC F2-1?.
baserings.
Use the skirt stress to determine the concrete stress for the simplified method? - Select
this option to use the maximum skirt stress and the following formula to calculate the concrete
stress:

During the analysis of the skirt, the software calculates combination stresses due to different
load types as outlined in the Stresses due to combined loads report. This option is only
necessary when Simplified is selected for Method for Thkness Calc.

When Use the skirt stress to determine the concrete stress for the simplified method?
is selected, % Applied to Bolt Area * Bolt Stress is inactive because this option is nearly
identical to a percentage of 0.
If Neutral Axis Shifted is selected for Method for Thkness Calc, then this option is not
needed because the concrete stress is calculated in iterations. The concrete stress is
presented for information.
Determine the Basering design bolt load accounting for Load Case Factors? - Select to
calculate the bolt load based on moments and load case factors, depending on the local scalars
used. The bolt load is calculated by the highest moment due to the bending stress from the
different combination of loads.
Be sure to select this option if you have also selected Use and Allow editing of
Local Scalars in the Load Cases on the Load Cases tab.
Plot - Click to open the Basering Graphics dialog box. A cross-section view of the basering
design is shown.


Tailing Lug Data Tab (Basering Design Data Tab)
Tailing lug analysis is included in the basering analysis for a single or dual type design, as
shown below. The design is based on a lift position where no bending occurs on the tailing lug.
The location of the center of the pinhole is radial at the edge of the outer most of the top ring or
the basering, whichever is larger. The tailing lug material is assumed to be the same material as
the gusset or basering. The main considerations for the design are section modulus, shear and
bearing stress at the pin hole, and weld strength.
For the software to generate the lifting load on the lug, the rigging data must be entered.
To enter the rigging data, click Installation | Misc. Options on the Load Cases tab of the main
window.

Perform Tailing Lug Analysis? - Select to enter data for the tailing lug analysis.
Type of Tailing Lug - Select Single Lug or Dual Lug, as shown above.
Centerline Offset - Enter the offset dimension from centerline OS. This entry is only valid for
Dual Lug.
Lug Thickness - Enter the thickness of the tailing lug.
Pin Hole Diameter - Enter the pinhole diameter. The center of the pinhole is placed radially
inline with the larger of the outermost edge of the top ring or the base ring OD.


Weld Size Thickness - Enter the leg size of the weld connecting the lug to the basering and the
skirt.
Lug Height - Enter the tailing lug height measured from the top of basering. If you have a top
ring, this would usually be the distance to the top ring.
Dist. from Skirt to Hole - Enter the distance from the OD of the skirt to the pin hole.
Analysis Results
The tail lug design consists of a three-part analysis: the base ring assembly (base ring, skirt and
top ring), the strength of the weld, and the tail lug itself. The analysis assumes no bending in the
tail lug. In the absent of the top ring, only the base ring and decay length (e) are considered for
the section modulus calculation.
The following allowable stresses are used to check the design strength.
Shear at the pin hole: 0.4 S
y

Bearing stress: 0.75 S
y

Weld stress: 0.49 S
allow

Skirt Opening Analysis Considerations
Pitch and Ligament - Pitch is the center-to-center distance between adjacent holes. Ligament
is the edge-to-edge distance between holes.



If the ligament is too small there is a possibility of collapse and buckling of the skirt. EN 13445,
the code chosen as the basis for the analysis, is silent on this issue. This is because EN 13445
only gives consideration to one hole not the multiple holes that may be analyzed by PV Elite.
The output processor includes a Skirt Opening Stress Calcs report. That report contains the
full analysis results for all the openings that were included in the Skirt Access Openings dialog
box:



The results give a recommended minimum ligament distance, but you must
evaluate whether this meets project requirements. See the following example:

Vessels with Multiple Skirt Elements - Complications arise when:
A skirt is made from two pieces. That is, two skirts support the vessel.
The two skirts have different thicknesses.
The two skirts have different materials.
The two skirts have different taper (conical) angles.


An access opening or hole spans the skirt pieces. The opening cannot be considered as a
single opening.



To properly analyze these situations, each skirt is created as a separate element:

1. In the bottom skirt, enter the hole geometry. The height of the center of the hole is located at
or near to the top of the skirt and the top half of the hole is outside of the top node of the
skirt. The software adjusts the analysis for this, but warns you that the opening is beyond
the skirt.
2. In the top skirt, enter the hole geometry. In this case the height of the center of the hole is at
or near zero at the bottom of the skirt. Again, the software adjusts the analysis for this, but
warns you that the opening is beyond the skirt.


Sentry Box Openings - The software allows entry of oblong holes. With an oblong hole, sentry
box geometry is possible:

The bottom of the oblong opening breaks the bottom of the skirt. The software adjusts the
analysis for this, but warns you that the opening is beyond the skirt.
Basic Skirt Thickness - The required thickness of the skirt under tension and compression
loads is determined using the same formula used for the compressive stress in the concrete,
except using the thickness of the skirt rather than the width of the basering:

Where:
W = Weight of the vessel during operation or testing
M = Maximum bending moment on the vessel
A = Cross-sectional area of the skirt
c = Distance from the center of the basering to the skirt (radius of the skirt)
I = Moment of inertia of the skirt cross section
In tension, this actual stress is simply compared to the allowable stress, and the required
thickness can be calculated directly by solving the formula for t. In compression, the allowable
stress must be calculated from the ASME Code, per paragraph UG-23, where the geometry
factor is calculated from the skirt thickness and radius, and the materials factor is found in the
Code external pressure charts. As with all external pressure chart calculations, this is an
iterative procedure. A thickness is selected, the actual stress is calculated, the allowable stress
is determined, and the original thickness is adjusted so that the allowable stress approaches the
actual stress.
Stress in Skirt Due to Gussets or Top Ring - If there are gussets or gussets and a top ring
included in the base plate geometry, there is an additional load in the skirt. Jawad and Farr
(Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment, pg 434) have analyzed this load and
determined that the stress in the skirt, s, due to the bolt load on the base plate is calculated as
follows:



Where:
F = Bolt load
b = Width of the gusset at its base
t = Thickness of the skirt
h = Height of the gusset
Jawad and Farr note that this stress should be combined with the axial stress due to weight and
bending moment and should then be less than three times the allowable stress. They thus
categorize this stress as secondary bending. The software performs the calculation of this
stress, and then repeats the iterative procedure described above to determine the required
thickness of the skirt at the top of the basering.

Skirt Access Openings Dialog Box
Defines data for access openings on a skirt element.
From Node - Displays the software-generated node number describing the starting location of
the element. The From Node value for this element is also used to define starting locations for
details such as nozzles, insulation, and packing that are associated with this element.
The software defines a vertical vessel from bottom to top. If the vertical vessel is on skirt, the
first element is the skirt. If it is on legs or lugs, the first element is a head and the legs or lugs are
defined as details on the appropriate head or shell elements.

The software defines a horizontal vessel from left to right. The first element in a horizontal
vessel is usually a head, and the support saddles are defined as details on the appropriate shell
elements.
Number of Skirt Openings - Select the number of holes in the skirt. Pick from zero to ten
holes..


Width - Enter the width of the opening.

Height - Enter the distance from the base of the skirt to the centerline of the opening.
Center Spacing - Enter the distance between centerlines on a rounded oblong opening.
Frame Thk - Enter the thickness of the opening reinforcement frame.
Frame Width - Enter the depth of the opening reinforcement frame.
Layout Angle - Enter the location of the opening around the skirt, when looking at a plan view
of the skirt.



References
1. Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code: Section VIII. [S.I.]: ASME Publications, 2010. Print. Div. 1
2. Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code: Section VIII. [S.I.]: ASME Publications, 2010. Print. Div. 2
3. Brownell, Lloyd Earl, and Edwin H. Young. Process Equipment Design: Vessel Design. New
York: Wiley, 1959.
Print.
4. Farr, James R., and Maan H. Jawad. Guidebook for the Design of ASME Section VIII
Pressure Vessels. New
York: ASME, 1998. Print.
5. Jawad, Mann H., and James R. Farr. Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment.
Second ed. New
York: Wiley, 1989. Print.
6. Megyesy, Eugene F.. Pressure Vessel Handbook. Eighth ed. Tulsa, OK: Pressure Vessel
Handbook Pub.,
1986. Print.
7. Moss, Dennis R. Pressure Vessel Design Manual: Illustrated Procedures for Solving Major
Pressure Vessel
Design Problems. Amsterdam: Gulf Professional Publ, 2004. Print.
8. Singh, Krishna P., and Alan I. Soler. Mechanical Design of Heat Exchangers: and Pressure
Vessel
Components. Cherry Hill: Arcuturus, 1984. Print.

Report Headings (Heading Tab)


S E C T I O N 7
Click Input > Report Headings to enter page heading text and cover sheet text for reports. The
Heading tab appears on the left. Enter up to three lines of heading text, to appear at the top of
each page, and text to appear on a separate cover sheet.

Heading Text - Enter up to three lines of text to appear at the top of each printed page of the
output report.
Title Page Text - Click to open the Title Page Text dialog box and enter text to appear on
the cover page of the output report.
Set Title - Click to insert a default title page in the Title Page Text dialog box. The default title
page is stored in the file Title.Hed, in the software subdirectory. You can edit the file.




S E C T I O N 8
Click Input > Design/Analysis Constraints to enter global data. The Design Constraints tab
appears on the left. Enter data such as pressures and temperatures, hydrotest data, and wall
thicknesses. If no data is entered, the software uses the system defaults.
In This Section
Design Data (Design Constraints Tab) ........................................ 297
Design Modification (Design Constraints Tab) ............................. 303

Design Data (Design Constraints Tab)
Vessel analysis uses the following set of design parameters.
Design Internal Press - Enter the design internal pressure for the vessel. This value is used as
general design data and also with the UG-99b note 34 type hydrotest.
Design External Press - Enter the design external pressure for the vessel if the vessel is
required to be rated for vacuum conditions.
Design Internal Temp - Enter the design internal temperature for the vessel. This value is only
used by the input echo to help insure the correct design data was entered. It is not used by the
analysis portion of the software.
Design External Temp - Enter the design external temperature for the vessel if the vessel is
required to be rated for vacuum conditions.
Datum Line Options - Click to display the Datum Line Options dialog box. For more
information, see Datum Line Options Dialog Box (on page 303).
Design/Analysis Constraints (Design
Constraints Tab)
Design/Analysis Constraints (Design Constraints Tab)


Enter the location of the datum line for the From Node of the first element. You can then use
List Dialog on the Auxiliary toolbar to enter the distance of nozzles and platforms from the
datum line.

Select the type of hydrotest. For Division 1, the software provides three different methods to
determine hydrotest pressure. For Division 2, the program provides two hydrotest methods.
UG-99b - ASME UG-99 (b), Division 1. The hydrotest pressure is 1.3 times (1.5 for pre-99
addenda) the maximum allowable working pressure for the vessel multiplied by the lowest
ratio of the stress value S for the test temperature to the stress value S for the design
temperature. This type of hydrotest is normally used for non-carbon steel vessels where the
allowable stress changes with temperature, starting even at a somewhat low temperature.
UG-99c - ASME UG-99(c), Division 1. The hydrotest pressure is determined by multiplying
the minimum MAP by 1.3 (1.5 for pre-99 addenda) and reducing this value by the hydrostatic
head on that part. The hydrostatic head is calculated based on the dimensions of the vessel
and by values for Projection from Top, Projection from Bottom, and Projection from
Bottom Oper. In addition, Hydrotest Position is used to determine the head pressure.
UG-99b(34) - ASME UG-99(b), footnote 34, Division 1. The hydrotest pressure is 1.3 times
(1.5 for pre-99 addenda) the design pressure for the entire vessel, multiplied by the lowest
ratio of the stress value Sa for the test temperature to the stress value S for the design
temperature.


UG-100 - ASME UG-100 pneumatic test. The test pressure is 1.1 times (1.25 for pre-99
addenda) the stated design pressure for the entire vessel, multiplied by the lowest ratio of
the stress value Sa for the test temperature to the stress value S for the design temperature.
The stress ratio mentioned above includes bolt allowable stresses for flanges that are
designed according to Appendix 2. This will usually result in a ratio of 1. See ASME
Interpretation VIII-1-83-260 for more information. Click Tools > Configuration to turn off
this option, resulting in a ratio greater than one in cases where the operating and ambient
stresses for the vessel parts are not the same.
AT-300 - ASME AT-300, Division 2, based on vessel design pressure. The hydrotest
pressure is 1.25 times the design pressure to be marked on the vessel, multiplied by the
lowest ratio of the stress intensity value Sm for the test temperature to the stress intensity
value Sm for the design temperature. This type of hydrotest is normally used for non-carbon
steel vessels where the allowable stress changes with temperature starting even at a
somewhat low temperature.
AT-301 - ASME AT-301, Division 2, based on calculated pressure. A hydrostatic test based
on a calculated pressure may be used by agreement between the user and the
manufacturer. The hydrostatic test pressure at the top of the vessel is the minimum of the
test pressures calculated by multiplying the basis for calculated test pressure for each
element by 1.25 and reducing this value by the hydrostatic head on that element.
No Hydro - No hydrotest pressure.
User Entered Pressure
1.43 * MAWP (PED)
Hydrotest Position - Select a hydrotest position. This input is required so that the total static
head can be determined and subtracted when UG-99c is selected for Hydrotest Type. This
value is used in conjunction with Projection from Top, Projection from Bottom, and Flange
Distance to Top to determine the total static head. Select from the following:
Vertical - The vessel is tested in the upright or vertical position. This is not common.
Horizontal - The vessel is tested in the horizontal position. This is common for most
vessels. The vessel is on its side (in the case of a vertical vessel) or in its normal position
(for a horizontal vessel).
Projection from Top - Enter the projected distance of the nozzle from the outer surface of the
vessel in its test position to the face of the highest flange. This distance is added to the height
(for vertical test positions) or to the maximum diameter of the vessel (for horizontal test
positions) to determine the static head when UG-99c is selected for Hydrotest Type.
Projection from Bottom - Enter the projected distance of the nozzle from the outer surface of
the vessel in its test position to the face of the lowest flange. This distance is added to the height
(for vertical test positions) or to the maximum vessel diameter (for horizontal test positions) to
determine the static head when UG-99c is selected for Hydrotest Type. This distance is
essential when a nozzle flange projecting from the bottom of the vessel is governing the
analysis.
Projection from Bottom Ope - Enter the projected distance of the nozzle from the outer
surface of the vessel to the face of the flange. This distance is used to calculate the MAWP of
an ANSI flange when it governs the MAWP. If the ANSI flange governs, then the static operating
liquid head is subtracted from the basic rating of the flange.
Min. Des Metal Temp - Enter the specified minimum design metal temperature for the vessel.
The software does not design any components based on this value. It is merely to help
document the calculations and to be used for reference. This value is listed in the Internal
Pressure Calculations report for comparison with the calculated UCS-66 minimum temperature.
No UG-20(f) Exemptions - Select this option if the vessel cannot take exemptions according to
UG-20(f), for ASME VIII-1.


Flange Distance to Top - Enter the distance from the centerline/face of flange to the top of the
vessel. This value is used when the flanges govern the MAP of the vessel. If the vessel is in the
vertical position and UG-99c is selected for Hydrotest Type, this value is used in conjunction
with Projection from Top to determine the total static head to subtract for the c type hydrostatic
test.
Construction Type - Select the type of construction to be included on the name plate. Select
Welded, Press. Welded (Pressure welded), Brazed, or Resist. Welded (Resistance welded).
Service Type - Select a type of special service in which the vessel is used. Select None, Lethal
(Lethal service), Unfired Steam (Unfired steam boiler), Direct Firing, Nonstationary,
Air/Water/Steam, Sour, Severe Sour, or Amine. This value is for information only; it is
reported in the input echo.
Degree of Radiography - Select the symbolic representation of the degree of radiography.
RT 1 - The complete vessel satisfies the full radiography requirements of UW-11(a) and the
spot radiography provisions of UW-11(a)(5)(b) have not been applied.
RT 2 - The complete vessel satisfies the full radiography requirements of UW-11(a)(5) and
the spot radiography provisions of UW-11(a)(5)(b) have been applied.
RT 3 - The complete vessel satisfies the spot radiography requirements of UW-11(b).
RT 4 - Only part of the vessel has met the other category requirements, or none of the other
requirements are applied.
None
This value is for information only; it is reported in the input echo.

PD-5500 Non-destructive Testing Category 1: 100% non destructive testing (NDT) per
section is required according to 5.6.4.1. There are no restrictions for vessels built under this
category. The NDT is either (generally) radiography, or ultrasonic testing. The code must be
consulted in all matters pertaining to this category. This is the strictest category.
PD-5500 Non-destructive Testing Category 2: Limited random spot NDT according to
section 5.6.4.2 is required. Generally about 10% of the welds must be examined by NDT
(radiography or ultrasonic). There are restrictions when employing this category. Only
certain groups of materials may used (for example, groups 1, 2 and 4). The maximum
thickness of the main components must not exceed 40 mm or 30 mm depending on the
material group. It is essential that Table 3.4-1 be consulted when employing category 2. The
code must be consulted in all matters pertaining to this category.
PD-5500 Non-destructive Testing Category 3: Only visual inspection of the weld is
required. However, steels are restricted to C and CMn types and materials in group 8. The
maximum thickness is restricted to 13 mm for C and CMn steels, and 25 mm for materials in
group 8. The design stress is much lower (see 3.4.2.2 for details). This category is restricted
to temperatures no lower than 0C. The code must be consulted in all matters pertaining to
this category.
Miscellaneous Weight % - Enter a percentage value to include additional weight to account for
vessel attachments and internal items not otherwise included in the vessel. Typical values are
3.0 or 5.0. The software multiplies the total weight of the vessel by 1.0 plus this value converted
to a decimal (such as 1.03 or 1.05). Enter 0 if no additional weight is needed.
Design Code - Displays the material design code for the project. This value is selected when
you create a new project with File > New and can be changed by selecting a new value for
Design/Code on the Units/Code toolbar. Available codes are ASME SectionVIII-Divison 1,
ASME SectionVIII-Divison 2, British Standard PD:5500, or EN-13445.
User Defined MAWP - Enter a manually-defined value for maximum allowable working
pressure to override the software-generated value. The software-generated MAWP is based on


pressure ratings for the elements and ANSI flanges. If this value is zero, the software-generated
MAWP is used. This is the default behavior.
User Defined MAPnc - Enter a manually-defined value for MAPnc to override the
software-generated value. The software-generated MAPnc is based on pressure ratings for the
elements and ANSI flanges. If this value is zero, the software-generated MAPnc is used. This is
the default behavior.
User Defined Hydro. Press - Enter a manually-defined value for hydrostatic test pressure to
override the software-generated value. The value is then used to calculate the stresses on
elements subjected to this pressure. If this value is greater than 0, the software uses this
pressure plus the applicable hydrostatic head that is computed based on the hydrotest position .
If this value is zero, the software-generated hydrostatic test pressure is used. This is the default
behavior.
Additional Ope. Static Press - Enter the additional static pressure at the top of the vessel.
Use Higher Long. Stress - Select to use higher allowable stresses for longitudinal stress
calculations for wind and earthquake loadings. Loads are increased by an occasional load factor
of 1.2.
ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph UG-23(d) permits the allowable stress for the
combination of earthquake loading, or wind loading with other loadings to be increased by a
factor of 1.2.
ASME Section VIII Division 2 A08 does not explicitly allow for an increase in allowable stresses,
but this is subject to change.
Some wind and earthquake codes such as ASCE-7 98 and IBC 2000 and later have explicitly
defined load combinations embedded in the standard. This set of codes essentially uses the
same methodology to define earthquake loads. The load combinations either divide the
earthquake load by a factor of 1.4 or multiply by 0.7 to convert from Limit State to Allowable
Stress design. ASCE-7 2005, Chapter 13, paragraph 13.1.7 states that when a reference
document "ASME Section VIII Division 1 in this case" provides a basis for earthquake design
(UG-22), the reference document is used. This paragraph goes on to state that the loads shall
be multiplied by 0.7. Please note that the IBC codes point directly to ASCE for wind and seismic
load calculations.

In PV Elite versions prior to 2009, the allowables used for longitudinal stress calculations did
not allow the 1.2 increase in tensile and compressive allowables for earthquake load cases,
even if this option was selected. This restriction was removed in the 2009 version .
For PD 5500 and EN-13445 the occasional load factor is not applied.
Consider Vortex Shedding - Select to perform vortex shedding calculations on tall, slender
vertical vessels susceptible to wind-induced oscillations. This method is documented in the
National Building Code of Canada and in texts on wind engineering. The software calculates
fatigue stresses based on loads generated by wind vibration and the number of hours of safe
operation remaining under vibration conditions. The software calculates the likelihood of this
occurrence based on the research of Zorilla and Mahajan. If there is no possibility of wind
vibration and you have this option selected, the software warns you that unrealistically high
stresses will result and gives you the option to turn this calculation off.
Is This a Heat Exchanger? - If the Dimensional Solutions 3D file interface button is selected,
also select this option to write geometry and loading information for this vessel design to the
<jobname>.ini file created in the current working directory. See Dimensional Solutions
http://www.Dimsoln.com for more information about the Dimensional Solutions product line. This
entry is optional.
To completely define an exchanger it is necessary to enter in the required information
regarding the tubes, tubesheets and the floating head (if any). With the exchanger data, PV Elite


can then compute the weights and required thicknesses of the exchanger components. For
more information, see Tubesheet (on page 138).
Corroded Hydrotest - Select to use the corroded wall thickness when calculating stresses on
the elements during the hydrotest, when it is necessary to hydrotest the vessel after it has
corroded. If cleared, the software uses the uncorroded wall thickness
Longitudinal stresses due to hydrostatic test pressure are also calculated using the
corroded wall thickness when this option is selected.
Hyd. Allowable is 90% Yield - Select to use 90 percent of the ambient yield stress as the
hydrotest allowable stress. Clear to use the ASME Division 1 value, which is 1.3 times the
ambient allowable stress Sa for the material. When the vessel is tested, the largest
circumferential stress should not exceed this value. The software recalculates the hydrotest
allowable each time this option is selected or cleared.
ASME Steel Stack - Select to perform an ASME steel stack analysis, based on the ASME
recommended guidelines for Steel Stacks STS-2000 with addenda. This analysis is for circular
stacks that meet the design requirements in the steel stack guidelines. The results are shown in
the ASME STS Stack Calculations report. If Design Code is not set to Division 1 (ASME
VIII-1), the stack analysis is not performed.
Also select this option if you are analyzing a steel stack and wish to check it against ANSI/ASME
STS-2000/STS-1a-2003. After the calculation is completed, the Stress Due to Combined Loads
report is generated with a listing of the stack calculations. Compressive allowables in the report
are calculated based on Section 4.4.
When selected, expand ASME Steel Stack and enter values for ASCE Wind Exposure, Factor
of Safety, Mean Hourly Wind Speed, Is the Stack Lined?, and Importance Factor.
Read and understand the ASME stack guidelines. This is not a code like ASME
Division 1 or 2, but a set of design guidelines for designers and engineers.
The following paragraphs from the stack guidelines are addressed:
4.4 Allowable Stresses
4.4.1 Longitudinal Compression, equations 4.7,4.8 and 4.9
4.4.2 Longitudinal Compression and Bending
4.4.3 Circumferential Stresses
4.4.4 Combined Longitudinal and Circumferential Compressive Stresses
4.4.5 Circumferential Compression in Stiffeners, equations 4.14, 4.15, 4.16
4.4.7 Minimum Structural Plate Thickness
5.2.2 Wind Responses, equations 5.3, 5.4 and (1),(2) and (3), (b) equations 5.5, 5.6 and 5.7
ASCE Wind Exposure - Select a value for wind exposure, taken from the ASCE #7 Wind
Design Code. It is permissible to use another wind code or pressure versus elevation. However,
in order to determine the Wind Responses, the Exposure Category (A,B,C or D) based on ASCE
must be entered:

Exposure Exposure Description
A Large City Centers
B Urban and Suburban Areas
C Open Terrain with scattered obstructions
D
Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over open
water for a distance of at least 1 mile.


The default value is C.
Factor of Safety - Enter a value for the factor of safety. Factors of safety from ASME STS,
Table 4.1 are shown below:
F.S. Load Combination
1.50 Dead + Live + Other + Thermal + Along or Cross Wind
1.50 Dead + Live + Other + Thermal + Seismic
1.33 Dead + Live + Other + Abnormal Thermal + Along Wind/4
1.33 Construction
The default value is 1.5.
Mean Hourly Wind Speed - Enter the mean hourly wind speed at the stack location.
Is the Stack Lined? - Select this option to indicate that the stack lined with at least a 2 inch
thick 100 pcf liner.
Importance Factor - Enter the ASCE-7/STS importance factor from Table I-2.

Datum Line Options Dialog Box
Specifies options for datum lines.
Datum is taken from bottom/left tangent or bottom of vessel Select this option and type
any offset from that point if the datum is to be taken from the bottom of the vessel or the left
tangent.
For Vertical Vessels Specifies where the datum line is to be positioned if the datum is not
taken from the bottom/left tangent or bottom of the vessel. The available options include:
Top Shell Seam or Top of Vessel
Bottom Shell Seam or Bottom of the Vessel
Base of Skirt
Offset (+ or -) distance from seam Modifies the position of the datum line vertically from the
seam based on the value in the For Vertical Vessels box.
For Horizontal Vessels Specifies where the datum line is to be positioned if the datum is not
taken from the bottom/left tangent or bottom of the vessel. The available options include:
Left Shell Seam or Left End of Vessel
Right Shell Seam or Right End of Vessel
Offset (+ or -) distance from seam Modifies the position of the datum line horizontally from
the seam based on the value in the For Horizontal Vessels box.

Design Modification (Design Constraints Tab)
Select Wall Thickness for Internal Pressure - Select Yes to automatically set the wall
thickness for internal pressure. If the required element thickness for internal pressure exceeds
the value of Finished Thickness defined for Element Data on the General Input tab, the
software increases Finished Thickness to meet or exceed the thickness required for internal
pressure. The software exceeds the required thickness only if you select Round Thickness to
Nearest Nominal Size on the Configuration dialog box at Tools > Configuration (see "Job
Specific Setup Parameters Tab (Configuration Dialog)" on page 195). The software
automatically calculates this wall thickness as model data is entered, so select this option before


any part of the vessel is modeled. If the original value for Finished Thickness is greater than
the required thickness, then no change is made.
During data entry, the software does not check the required thickness for flanges. That
check is performed during analysis.
Select Wall Thickness for External Pressure - Select Yes to automatically set the wall
thickness for external pressure. The Equipment Installation and Miscellaneous Options
Dialog Box (on page 309) opens. If the required element thickness for external pressure
exceeds the value of Finished Thickness defined for Element Data on the General Input tab,
the software calculates the required thickness of each element (or group of elements) and
increases the value of Finished Thickness. The software notifies you when the thickness is
changed.
Select Stiffening Rings for External Pressure is set to No when this value is Yes.
Select Stiffening Rings for External Pressure - Select Yes to automatically set the wall
thickness for external pressure. The Equipment Installation and Miscellaneous Options
Dialog Box (on page 309) opens. If the required element thickness for external pressure
exceeds the value of Finished Thickness defined for Element Data on the General Input tab,
the software calculates the required thickness of each element (or group of elements) and
increases the value of Finished Thickness. The software notifies you when the thickness is
changed.
Select Stiffening Rings for External Pressure is set to No when this value is Yes.
Select Wall Thickness for Axial Stress - Select Yes to automatically increase the thickness for
axial stress in vertical vessels. The software calculates the axial stress and required thickness of
each element (or group of elements) for longitudinal loadings (such as wind, earthquake, and
weight of vertical vessels) and increases the value of Finished Thickness. The software
exceeds the required thickness only if you select Round Thickness to Nearest Nominal Size
on the Configuration dialog box at Tools > Configuration (see "Job Specific Setup
Parameters Tab (Configuration Dialog)" on page 195).


S E C T I O N 9
Click Input > Load Cases to enter load case data. The Load Cases tab appears in the pane on
the left. It can also be accessed from the bottom of the pane, where other tabs such as General
Input and Design Constraints are located. Enter stress combination and nozzle pressure load
cases. If no data is entered, the software uses the system defaults.
Reset Cases - Click to reset Stress Combination Load Cases to the default set of cases
provided with the software.
Global Scalar for WI Loads - Enter a value for the wind scalar multiplier. After wind loads are
generated, they are multiplied by this value. A value that is greater than one increases the loads.
A value less than one decreases the loads. Enter zero if there are no wind loads. The > button
to the right sets the value back to the default value.
In many building codes, load cases for wind and seismic are discussed. When the code uses
allowable stress design, wind and seismic loads are usually scaled by a factor. For example, in
the IBC Code, earthquake loads are divided by a factor of 1.4. Other codes multiply by the
earthquake load by 0.7.
Global Scalar for EQ Loads - Enter a value for the seismic scalar multiplier. After seismic loads
are generated, they are multiplied by this value. A value that is greater than one increases the
loads. A value less than one decreases the loads. Enter zero if there are no seismic loads. The
> button to the right sets the value back to the default value.
In many building codes, load cases for wind and seismic are discussed. When the code uses
allowable stress design, wind and seismic loads are usually scaled by a factor. For example, in
the IBC Code, earthquake loads are divided by a factor of 1.4. Other codes multiply by the
earthquake load by 0.7.
Use and Allow editing of Local Scalars in the Load Cases - Select to use load case scalars
in place of global scalars. Also select this option if you selected Determine the Basering
design bolt load accounting for Load Case Factors? in the Basering Dialog Box (on page
273) on the General Input tab. If this option is not selected, then values of 1.0 are used for
scalar multipliers.
Set Load Cases to show WI and EQ Scalars - Click to show the scalar multipliers for Global
Scalar for WI Loads and Global Scalar for EQ Loads in the load combination equations.
These values change internally when the wind or seismic design code is changed. When
version 2005 or earlier files are used, this value is automatically calculated.
In This Section
Stress Combination Load Cases (Load Cases Tab) .................... 306
Nozzle Design Options (Load Cases Tab) ................................... 312

Load Cases (Load Cases Tab)


Stress Combination Load Cases (Load Cases Tab)
Enter the loads to combine for each load case. The software performs calculations for various
combinations of internal pressure, external pressure, hydrotest pressure, wind load, and seismic
load. You can define up to twenty combinations of these loadings for evaluation. Load cases are
defined by a string of abbreviations showing the loads to be added. For example, "IP+OW+WI"
is the sum of internal pressure plus operating weight plus wind. The software provides the
following set of default load cases:
Load
Case
Load Combinations

1 NP+EW+WI+FW+BW
2 NP+EW+EQ+FS+BS
3 NP+OW+WI+FW+BW
4 NP+OW+EQ+FS+BS
5 NP+HW+HI
6 NP+HW+HE
7 IP+OW+WI+FW+BW
8 IP+OW+EQ+FS+BS
9 EP+OW+WI+FW+BW
10 EP+OW+EQ+FS+BS
11 HP+HW+HI
12 HP+HW+HE
13 IP+WE+EW
14 IP+WF+CW
15 IP+VO+OW
16 IP+VE+EW
17 NP+VO+OW
18 FS+BS+IP+OW
19 FS+BS+EP+OW
20
The following abbreviations are used for loads:
NP No Pressure
IP Internal Pressure
EP External Pressure
HP Hydrotest Pressure
EW Empty Weight


OW Operating Weight
HW Hydrotest Weight
WI Wind Load
EQ Earthquake Load
HE Hydrotest Earthquake
HI Hydrotest Wind
BW Bending Stress due to Lat. Forces for the Wind Case, Corroded
BS Bending Stress due to Lat. Forces for the Seismic Case, Corroded
BN Bending Stress due to Lat. Forces for the Wind Case, Uncorroded
BU Bending Stress due to Lat. Forces for the Seismic Case, Uncorroded
CW Axial Weight Stress, New and Cold (no corrosion allowance, CA)
WE Wind Bending Moment, New and Cold (Empty) (no CA)
WF Wind Bending Moment, New and Cold (Filled) (no CA)
FS Axial Stress due to Applied Axial Forces in Seismic Cases
FW Axial Stress due to applied forces in Wind Cases
Live loads (wind and earthquake) are calculated for the operating and hydrotest conditions. In
both cases, the basic loads calculated are identical but the hydrotest live loads are usually a
fraction of the operating live load. These hydrostatic fractions (percents) are entered in the live
load definitions.
If Consider Vortex Shedding is selected on the Design Constraints Tab (see
"Design/Analysis Constraints (Design Constraints Tab)" on page 297), the following loads
may also be used:
VO Bending Stress due to Vortex Shedding Loads (Ope)
VE Bending Stress due to Vortex Shedding Loads (Emp)
VF Bending Stress due to Vortex Shedding Loads (Test, no
CA.)
PV Elite allows individual load case descriptors to have their own scale factors. These factors
scale the stresses produced by the corresponding load case component. For example 1.25EQ
would produce an earthquake stress 1.25 times higher than the design earthquake stress. An
example of a complete load case would be:
IP+OW+0.7143EQ+FS+BS
This facility allows designers to comply with a variety of loading scenarios. Another application
of this may be that fractions of wind and seismic loads can be added together in the same load
case. ASME states that doing this is not required; however, some design institutions mandate
this practice. Here is another example:
0.7EQ+0.25WI+OW
Notice that there is no need to put a star (*) in front of each descriptor. If this box is not checked
then values of 1.0 will be used for scalar multipliers. However, if there is a global scalar specified
for wind or seismic, that value will be used. Please note that this is for vertical vessels only.
During the stress calculations, the maximum stress is saved at the location of the support (skirt
base, lug,or leg). Knowing the section properties, the moment needed to create that stress can
be computed and used in the skirt, lug or leg calculation as required.


Any load case component can have a specified scalar. It is not meaningful to have a value in
front of the NP component. It is important to specify NP for any case that does not have
pressure.
For vertical vessels, the maximum stress is saved at the location of the support (skirt base, lug,
and leg). Using the section properties, the moment needed to create that stress can be
calculated and used in the skirt, lug or leg calculation as required.
It is often stated that the required thickness of the skirt is needed. It is not valid to directly
calculate this value based on bending stress and axial stress because the section modulus is
needed and the element OD or ID is still unknown. While it is possible to make an assumption,
this will not generate an accurate mathematical result. A small change in the thickness can
change the allowable compressive stress (factor A and factor B) in a very non-linear fashion. For
more information, see British Code PD 5500, Annex B, paragraph B.1.5.
Vary Compressive Allowable for Internal/External Cases - Select to use the external design
temperature to calculate the stress factor "B" for load combination cases that involve external
pressure and dead weight. The software uses the design internal temperature to calculate the
allowable compressive stress from the External Pressure Chart. By default, the software uses
the maximum of the internal and external design temperatures to calculate the allowable
compressive stress for operating-type cases. This is also true for cases involving internal
pressure.
For example, a load case of "IP + OW + WI" uses the design temperature for internal pressure
to calculate the allowable compressive stress. The load case "EP + OW + WI" uses the external
design temperature to calculate the allowable compressive stress.
When using this option, a disruption in process may leave the column at design
internal temperature and a vacuum. If the design external temperature was much lower, this
could lead to non-conservative results.
Corrode Case Components WE, WF and CW - Select to use loads WE (Wind Bending
Moment Empty, no CA), WF (Wind Bending Moment Filled, no CA), and CW (Axial Weight
Stress, no CA) in the corroded condition.
Installation | Misc. Options - Click to open the Equipment Installation and
Miscellaneous Options Dialog Box (on page 309) and specify options as to where items such
as platforms, packing, and insulation are to be installed. These options are used to compute the
center of gravity of the vessel in both the shop and field positions. The options are also used to
compute weights such as operating weight and field test weight.
Fatigue Analysis - Click to open the Fatigue Pressure/Cycle and UTS-Yield Data Dialog
Box and set options used to perform fatigue analysis on nozzles. In the dialog box, you enter
values for Number of Fatigue Cases to Process, and then values for Low Pressure, High
Pressure, and # of Cycles for each case. You must also select Fatigue Calc? in the Nozzle
Input Analysis dialog box for each nozzle.



Equipment Installation and Miscellaneous Options Dialog
Box
Define data for stiffening rings, saddles, legs, and lugs.
Platform Wind Area Calculation Method - Select the method for determining the surface area
that a platform provides for wind load calculations. The selection is used to compute the wind
area for all platforms specified in this project. Information on the force coefficient is also
provided. Select one of the following:
Height * Width * Force Coefficient [Cf]
1/2 Floor Plate Area * Force Coefficient [Cf]
1/3 Height * Width * Force Coefficient [Cf]
1/3 Projected Area * Force Coefficient [Cf]
The software uses the area of the platforms to calculate forces applied to the vessel during wind
loading analysis. Unfortunately, there is no standard method for computing the amount of area
that a platform provides for wind load calculations.
If the selection is changed after one or more platforms are installed, click List Dialog
to open the Detail Listing Dialog Box and then click Platform Wind Area to update the areas.
List Dialog - Click to open the Detail Listing Dialog Box and add details for platforms,
nozzles, weights, packing, forces/moments, and pressure rings.
Adjust detail elevations by - Enter a value to shift the position of all details by the specified
elevation distance. A negative value will move details down or left. A positive value moves
the details up or right. This option is useful when all of the details such as rings, nozzles, and
trays need to be adjusted by a specified amount. This may happen if an element is inserted
into the model after it has been completed and the detail elevations need to be kept
constant.
If the adjustment moves a detail (such as a tray) into an element (such as a body
flange), the software does not allow this, and the detail is lost and cannot be recovered.
But only for "From" nodes > or = - Enter the From Node number where you would like
the change in position to start. All details on this element and the following elements are
affected. A value of zero affects all elements.
External Pressure Ring Requirement Data
Structural Database - Select the structural database to use for external pressure ring stiffeners.
Select AISC, Korean/Japanese, German 1991, UK, Australian, South African, or India ISI.
Stiffener Type to Meet Inertia Requirements - Select the stiffener type to use for external
pressure rings on the vessel. For ASME VIII-1 and VIII-2, the software determines maximum
stiffener spacing and adds rings to the vessel. Select one of the following:

Equal Angle (flange in either direction)

Unequal Angle (flange in either direction, "hard way" shown)

Double Large Angle
Double Small Angle
(with long or short sides back-to-back)

Channel

I - Beam


WT Section
MT Section
ST Section

Bar
The software designs a ring with an aspect ratio of 10 to 1.00. The height of the ring is 10
times its thickness. The minimum starting ring width is 0.5 inches ( 12mm).
For angle sections, are they rolled the "Hard Way"? - Select if the stiffener selected in
Stiffener Type to Meet Inertia Requirements is rolled the "hard way" to have the strong axis of
the ring perpendicular to the vessel wall, with the flange away from the vessel wall.

Bar thickness to use when designing new rings - Enter a thickness when Bar is selected for
Stiffener Type to Meet Inertia Requirements. The software uses the thickness to calculate the
bar depth for the pressure ring. The software creates a ring with a 10 to 1 aspect ratio. In other
words, the width of the ring is ten times the thickness. If no value is entered, the software uses a
default thickness of 0.375 inches. (9.5 mm).

Select From Standard Bar Ring List - When Bar is selected for Stiffener Type to Meet
Inertia Requirements, select this option to calculate the minimum bar pressure ring size that
meets moment of inertia requirements of UG-29(a) (or Appendix 1-5 or 1-8 for a cone-cylinder
junction ring). The bar ring is selected from the list below:
Ring
Thickness
(in.)
Ring Widths
(in.)

1/4 1.5 1.75 2.00 2.50 ---
3/16 2.5 --- --- --- ---
3/8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
1/2 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
5/8 5.0 6.0 --- --- ---
3/4 5.0 5.5 6.0 8.0 ---
7/8 6.0 8.0 --- --- ---
1 6.0 8.0 10.0 11.0 ---
1 1/4 8.0 10.0 12.0 --- ---
1 1/2 8.0 10.0 12.0 --- ---


2 12.0 18.0 --- --- ---
4 30.0 --- --- --- ---
Rigging Data
Impact Factor (<1 NoCalc) - Enter a rigging impact factor. Typical values range from 1.5 to 2.0,
but a maximum value of 3.0 is possible. The software performs a rigging analysis (combined
shear plus bending stress) to account for sudden loads when the vessel is lifted from the
ground. The impact factor effectively increases the overall weight of the vessel, and accounts for
a skirt support and Lug Distances from Base. If the value is 0, no rigging analysis is
performed.
Lug Distances from Base - Enter the lifting lug elevation for the vessel. Enter an elevation
distance, one in each text box, to account for two lifting lugs. The order of the elevations in the
text boxes does not matter. These distances are measured from the bottom of the vertical
vessel or from the left end of the horizontal vessel. If both values are 0, no rigging analysis is
performed.
Saddle Calc Options
Calc per which method - Select a saddle calculation method: ASME Div 2 or PD-5500.
Use New Metal Weight for Saddle Calcs - Select to use the uncorroded new metal weight to
determine saddle loads for the operating condition. By default, the software uses the corroded
metal weight.
Number of intermediate supports to be used during the hydrotest - Enter a value from 0 to
20. When some larger vessels are hydrotested after construction, a number of intermediate
supports may be placed under the vessel to keep the saddle stresses below their allowables.
Installation Location - The location of installation of various components, the platform, packing
tray insulation or lining, can be specified here, whether in the shop or the field.
Combine Wind and Earthquake Loads - This option allows for wind and earthquake loads to
be combined for saddles, legs, and lugs.
Fatigue Analysis - Click to open the Fatigue Pressure/Cycle and UTS-Yield Data Dialog
Box and set options used to perform fatigue analysis on nozzles. In the dialog box, you enter
values for Number of Fatigue Cases to Process, and then values for Low Pressure, High
Pressure, and # of Cycles for each case. You must also select Fatigue Calc? in the Nozzle
Input Analysis dialog box for each nozzle.



Nozzle Design Options (Load Cases Tab)
Define additional load case parameters for nozzle design.
Nozzle/Clip Design Pressure Options - Select one of the following design pressure methods
for calculating the pressure at the nozzle:
1. MAWP + Static Head to Element Bottom - Calculates the internal pressure on the
nozzle on the bottom of the element where the nozzle is located. This pressure is the
maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the vessel plus the static liquid pressure
head to the bottom of that element. Thus, the design pressure can vary for nozzles located
on different elements. This option is appropriate if you are certain that your nozzle locations
will not vary during the design process. If you use this option and a nozzle is lowered in the
vessel and under additional pressure due to liquid head, you must rerun the analysis in order
to determine if the nozzle geometry is satisfactory.
2. Design P + Static Head - Calculates the exact internal pressure at the nozzle location.
The pressure is the design internal pressure plus the additional static liquid pressure at the
nozzle location. This option is appropriate for re-rating vessels or for the design of new
vessels where there are no MAWP considerations. If the overall MAWP of the vessel is to be
determined, it is strongly recommended that the model be rerun with the computed MAWP
to be sure that all components pass at this higher pressure, which will be stamped on the
nameplate. The pressure for all elements can be changed at Design Internal Press on the
Design Constraints Tab (see "Design/Analysis Constraints (Design Constraints Tab)"
on page 297).
3. Overall MAWP + Static Head (governing element) - Calculates one design internal
pressure for all of the nozzles located on the vessel, based on the static liquid pressure to
the bottom of the element that is governing the MAWP. If the nozzle location on a vessel
changes due to a client request, there is no need to rerun nozzle calculations because the
pressure used in the calculations does not change. This method is ideal for designing new
vessels and is the most conservative option.
4. MAWP + Static Head to Nozzle - Calculates the MAWP of the vessel and then adds the
static liquid pressure from the liquid surface to the nozzle location. For nozzles at different
elevations, the design pressure will vary.
If the resulting nozzle reinforcement MAWP does not need to govern the MAWP of the
vessel, options 1, 3 or 4 should be used. This is a common requirement for vessels that are
used in the chemical and petro-chemical industries.
Consider MAPnc - Select to require that nozzle reinforcement calculations are performed for
the MAP new and cold condition. The software checks to see if the nozzle is reinforced
adequately using the MAPnc generated during internal pressure calculations. When the area of
replacement calculations are made for this case, cold allowable stresses are used and the
corrosion allowance is set to 0. Designing nozzles for this case helps the vessel to comply with
UG99 or appropriate (hydrotest) requirements. Check your design requirements to see if this
case is required by your client.
Consider External Loads for Nozzle Tr - Select to calculate the nozzle area of replacement
requirements using the required thickness of the shell. This value, tr, is critical in the ASME
code. The software determines the maximum thickness based on the highest stress ratio and
uses that value if it governs over the required thickness based on internal or external pressure.
There are cases where pressure requirements do not govern the value of tr. This can occur
when a nozzle is located near the bottom of a tall vertical vessel. If there is a high wind load or
seismic load on the structure, bending stress can govern the required thickness of the shell
section. If this is the case, then the value of tr (per UG-22 Div. 1) should be based on the
controlling factor.


Optionally, if tr needs to be specified for a specific nozzle, the value can be entered
directly to User Tr on the Nozzle Input/Analysis Dialog Box of Nozzle Input (see "Nozzle" on
page 66) .
Use Appendix 1-9 (Div. 1) - Select to use ASME Code Case 2168. On February 14, 1994
ASME approved case 2168, providing an alternative method for reinforcing radial nozzles in
cylindrical shells. The nozzle must be connected to the cylindrical shell by a full penetration
groove weld.
Design Pads to Reinforce Openings - Select when pad-defined geometries are inadequately
reinforced. The software calculates the diameter and thickness of the pad required to reinforce
the opening. If the software changes the pad data during analysis, it will prompt you to reload
the file so that you can view the new changes.
This option is restricted to ASME Section VIII analysis.
Nozzle Sort Options - Select a sort order of nozzles for the Nozzle Schedule report. Select By
Name Ascending, By Name Descending, By Diameter, Ascending, By Diameter,
Descending, or No Sorting.
ASME Large Nozzle Calc Options - Select the load cases to use for evaluation of large
openings. Select Use 1-7 or Use 1-10.




S E C T I O N 1 0
Click Input > Wind Loads to enter wind code data. The Wind Data tab appears on the left.
Select a wind design code and enter data required by that code. If no data is entered, the
software uses the system defaults.
Wind Design Code - Select the design code to use for wind calculations:
Code Description
ASCE-93
ASCE-95
ASCE-98/02/05/IBC-03
American Society of Civil Engineers Standard 7 (formerly ANSI
A58.1)
UBC Uniform Building Code
NBC-95
NBC-2005
National Building Code of Canada
IS-875 Wind Design Code of India, 1987 edition Amd. 1 and 2 (2003)
BS6399-97 Britain's Wind Design Code, 1997 Edition (Replaces CP-3)
Mexico 1993 Official Design Wind Code of Mexico, 1993 edition
As/Nz 1170:2002 Design Wind Code of Australia and New Zealand, 2002 edition
Euro Code Design Wind Code for several European countries, including France.
Brazil NBR 6123 Design Wind Code for Brazil
China GB 50009 Design Wind Code for China
IBC 2006 International Building Code
EN-2005 Design Wind Code for several European Countries with 2005 update
User Defined
Enter your own wind pressure versus elevation in the Wind Profile
Table.
No Wind Loads
Wind for Hydrotest - Enter the percentage of the wind load (not wind speed) that is applied
during the hydrotest. This is typically as low as 33 percent of the design wind load, because it
can be assumed that the vessel will not be hydrotested during a hurricane or severe storm.
Beta: Operating/Empty/Full - Beta: Operating - In the first text box, enter the value of the
structural damping coefficient (percentage of critical damping) operating-case beta for vortex
shedding. The default value is 0.01. This value is used to compute the dynamic gust effect factor
G as outlined in the commentary section 6.6, page 158 of ASCE 95 or section 6.5.8, pages
29-30 of the 98 standard. If your design code is not ASCE, then the software uses the damping
coefficient according to that particular wind design code. If your design code does not call out for
a specific value of beta, then use the default value of 0.01.
Beta: Empty - Enter a value for the empty-case beta in the second text box. The software
calculates a gust response factor based on these values of beta and generates additional wind
loads on the vessels. If the code does not supply this value, then leave the text box empty.
Wind Loads (Wind Data Tab)


Beta: Full - Enter a value for the filled-case beta in the third text box. The software calculates a
gust response factor based on these values of beta and generates additional wind loads on the
vessels. If the code does not supply this value, then leave the text box empty.
In This Section
ASCE-93 Wind Data ................................................................... 316
ASCE-95, ASCE-98/02/05/IBC-03, and IBC 2006 Wind Data ...... 317
UBC Wind Data .......................................................................... 319
NBC-95 and NBC-2005 Wind Data ............................................. 320
IS-875 Wind Data ....................................................................... 321
BS6399-97 Wind Data ................................................................ 323
Mexico 1993 Wind Data .............................................................. 325
As/Nz 1170:2002 Wind Data ....................................................... 334
Euro Code Wind Data ................................................................. 340
Brazil NBR 6123 Wind Data ........................................................ 343
China GB 50009 Wind Data ........................................................ 346
EN-2005 Wind Data .................................................................... 348
User-Defined Wind Data ............................................................. 349

ASCE-93 Wind Data
Design Wind Speed - Enter the design value of the wind speed. This varies according to
geographical location and according to company or vendor standards. Typical wind speeds in
miles per hour are 85.0, 100.0, 110.0, and 120.0.
Enter the lowest value reasonably allowed by the standards that you are following. The
reason for this is that the wind design pressure, and thus force, increases as the square of the
speed.
Base Elevation - Enter the elevation at the base of the vessel. This value is used to calculate
the height of each point in the vessel above grade. For example, if the vessel is mounted on a
pedestal foundation or on top of another vessel, it is exposed to higher wind pressures than if it
were mounted at grade.
Exposure Constant - Select an ASCE-7 exposure factor:
Exposure A - Large city centers.
Exposure B - Urban and suburban areas.
Exposure C - Open terrain.
Most petrochemical sites use this value.
Exposure D - Flat unobstructed coastal areas.
Not Used
Importance Factor - Enter a value for the importance factor. ASCE-7 generally requires a value
between 0.95 and 1.11. The software uses this value directly without modification. Values are
taken from table 5 of the ASCE standard:

Importance Factor



Category

100 mi from
Hurricane
Oceanline
At Oceanline

Classification

I 1.00 1.05 Buildings and structures not listed below.
Most petrochemical structures use this
category.
II 1.07 1.11 Buildings and structures where more than 300
people congregate in one area.
III 1.07 1.11 Buildings designed as essential facilities,
hospitals, and so on.
IV 0.95 1.00 Buildings and structures that represent a low
hazard in the event of a failure.
Roughness Factor - Enter the roughness factor (from ASCE-7, Table 12):
1 - Round, moderately smooth
2 - Round, rough (D'/D = 0.02)
3 - Round, very rough (D'/D = 0.08)

Most petrochemical sites use a value of 1 (moderately smooth). Some designers use a
value of 3 (very rough) to account for items such as platforms, piping, and ladders, instead
of either entering them explicitly as a tributary wind area or implicitly as an increased wind
diameter.
If your specification calls out for a defined value of the wind shape factor, click Tools >
Configuration to enter it in directly on the Job Specific Setup Parameters tab.

ASCE-95, ASCE-98/02/05/IBC-03, and IBC 2006 Wind
Data
speed.
Exposure Constant - Select an ASCE-7 exposure factor:
Exposure A - Large city centers.
Exposure C - Open terrain.
Exposure D - Flat unobstructed coastal areas.


Not Used
Importance Factor - Enter a value for the importance factor. ASCE-7 generally requires a value
between 0.77 and 1.15. The software uses this value directly without modification. Values are
taken from table 6-2 of the ASCE 95 standard or table 6-1 from the ASCE 98 standard:
Category Factor Classification
I 0.87 Buildings and other structures that represent a low
hazard to human life in the event of failure.
Most petrochemical structures use this
category.
II 1.00 Buildings and structures except those listed in
categories I, III and IV.
III 1.15 Buildings and structures that represent a substantial
hazard in the event of a failure.
IV 1.15 Buildings designed as essential facilities, such as
hospitals.
In the 98 standard, the importance factor can be 0.77 for category I when wind speeds
are greater than 100 miles per hour.

diameter.
Height of Hill - Enter the height of a hill or escarpment relative to the upwind terrain. See ASCE
7-95/98, Fig. 6-2 for details.
Distance to Site - Enter the distance (upwind or downwind) from the crest of the hill to the
building site. See ASCE 7-95/98 Fig. 6-2 for details.
Crest Distance - Enter the distance upwind of the crest of the hill to where the difference in
ground elevation is half the height of the hill or escarpment. See ASCE 7-95/98, Fig. 6-2 for
more details.
Type of Hill - Select the type of hill. Select None, 2-D Ridge, 2-D Escarpment, or 3-D Axisym
Hill. See ASCE 7-95/98, Fig. 6-2 for details.



UBC Wind Data
speed.
Exposure Constant - Select an UBC exposure factor, as defined in UBC-91 Section 2312:
Exposure B - Terrain with building, forest, or surface irregularities 20 feet or more in height,
covering at least 20 percent or the area extending one mile or more from the site.
Exposure C - Terrain that is flat and generally open, extending one-half mile or more from
the site in any full quadrant.
Most petrochemical sites use this value. It is used to set the gust factor coefficient
(Ce) found in Table 23-G.
Exposure D - The most severe exposure with basic wind speeds of 80 miles per hour or
higher. Terrain is flat and unobstructed, facing large bodies of water over one mile or more in
width relative to any quadrant of the building site. This exposure extends inland from the
shoreline one quarter mile or zero times the building (vessel) height, whichever is greater.
Not Used
Importance Factor - Enter a value for the UBC importance factor. The software uses this value
directly without modification. Values are taken from Table 23-L of the UBC standard:
Category Factor Classification
I 1.15 Essential facilities
II 1.15 Hazardous facilities
III 1.0 Special occupancy structures
IV 1.0 Standard occupancy structures



NBC-95 and NBC-2005 Wind Data
Reference Wind Pressure - Enter the reference value of the wind pressure. This varies
according to geographical location and according to company or vendor standards.
speed.
Importance Factor (Iw) - Enter a value for the NBC wind importance factor. The software uses
this value directly without modification. Values are taken from table 4.1.7.1 on page 4-17 of
Division B of NBC 2005:
Category

Importance Factor, I
w

ULS SLS
Low 0.8 0.75
Normal 1 0.75
High 1.15 0.75
Post Disaster 1.25 0.75
Exposure Constant - Select an NBC exposure factor, as defined in UBC-91 Section 2312:
Exposure A - Open or standard exposure.
Exposure C - Centers of large cities.
Not Used
These exposure factors are reversed from those of ASCE-7 or UBC.

diameter.



IS-875 Wind Data
Basic Wind Speed - Enter a value for basic wind speed. Basic wind speed is based on peak
gust velocity averaged over a short time interval of about three seconds and corresponds to
mean heights above ground level in an open terrain. This varies according to geographical
location and according to company or vendor standards. Typical wind speeds range from 85 to
120 miles per hour. Enter the lowest value reasonably allowed by the standards that you are
following. This is because the wind design pressure, and thus force, increases as the square of
the speed. This entry is optional, and overrides the basic wind speed determined from the zone
entered for Wind Zone Number.
Wind Zone Number - Enter a value for the wind zone. India is divided into six wind zones. The
software provides the basic wind speed based on the zone. Basic wind speed is applicable to a
10 meter height above mean ground level for different zones India as determined from Figure 1
in IS-875.
Zone Basic Wind Speed
1 33 m/sec
73.82 miles/hour
2 39 m/sec
87.25 miles/hour
3 44 m/sec
98.43 miles/hour
4 47 m/sec
105.15 miles/hour
5 50 m/sec
111.86 miles/hour
6 55 m/sec
123.04 miles/hour
Optionally, you can enter a value for Basic Wind Speed. This value overrides Wind
Zone Number.
Risk Factor - Enter a value for the risk coefficient K1. The value varies based on the zone
selected for Wind Zone Number, and assumes 100 years as the mean probable design life of a
tower.
Wind Zone Risk Factor (K1)
1 1.05
2 1.06
3 1.07
4 1.07
5 1.08


6 1.08
Terrain Category - Select the category for the terrain in which the vessel is located:
Category 1 - Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions. The average height of any
object surrounding the equipment is less than 1.5 m. This category includes open seacoasts
and flat treeless plains.
Category 2 - Open terrain with well scattered obstructions having height generally between
1.5 to 10 m. This includes airfields, open parklands and undeveloped, sparsely built-up
outskirts of towns and suburbs. This category is commonly used for design purposes.
Category 3 - Terrain with numerous closely-spaced obstructions with buildings and
structures up to 10 m in height. This includes well wooded areas, towns and industrial areas
that are fully or partially developed.
Category 4 - Terrain with numerous large-height,closely-spaced obstructions. This includes
large city centers, generally with obstructions above 25 m, and well developed industrial
complexes.
Equipment Class - Select the equipment/component classification:
Class A - Equipment and/or components having a maximum dimension (horizontal or
vertical dimension) of less than 20 m.
Class B - Equipment and/or components having a maximum dimension (horizontal or
vertical dimension) between 20 and 50 m.
Class C - Equipment and/or components having a maximum dimension (horizontal or
vertical dimension) greater than 50 m.
Topography Factor - Enter a topography factor K3. This factor takes care of local topographic
features such as hills, valleys, cliffs, or ridges which can significantly affect wind speed in their
vicinity. The effect of topography is to accelerate wind near summits of hills or crests of cliffs and
decelerate the wind in valleys or near the foot of cliffs. Topography effect is significant if upwind
slope is greater than about three degrees. Below three degrees, the value of K3 can be taken as
1.0. For slopes above three degrees, the value of K3 ranges between 1.0 and 1.36.
Use the Gust Response Factor? - Select to calculate the gust response factor according to
IS-875, and use it in the appropriate equations. Select only if the design specifications and the
customer explicitly requires the gust response factor. This factor increases the wind load three
to six times and may lead to a very conservative wind design.
Use Cf from Table 23? - Select to calculate the drag coefficient C
f
from Table 23 of IS-875.



BS6399-97 Wind Data
BS 6399-97 - The British Wind Code - Loadings for buildings - Part 2: Code of practice for wind
loads. The year of issuance of this code is 1997, replacing CP3.
Design Wind Speed - Enter the design value of the wind speed V
b
. This varies according to
geographical location and according to company or vendor standards. Typical wind speeds are
shown in Figure 6 of BS 6399 and vary from 20 to 31 meters per second (44.7 to 69.3 miles per
hour). The wind speeds are only relevant to the United Kingdom.
Enter the lowest value reasonably allowed by the standards you are following, because
the wind design pressure, and thus force, increases as the square of the speed.
Site Elevation (Delta s) - Enter the site altitude above mean sea level (paragraph 2.2.2.2 of the
code). This value plus Base Elevation is used to calculate the height of each point in the vessel
above mean sea level. For example, if the vessel is installed on a site that is 100 m (328 ft)
above seal level, it is exposed to a higher wind pressure P than if installed on the beach (at
mean sea level).
Upwind Building Height Ho - Enter the average height H
o
of buildings upwind of the vessel
,
when Town is selected for Vessel Location. The buildings tend to shield the vessel from the
wind. Conservatively, this value can be zero, so that the vessel takes the full force of the wind.
H
o
is used to modify the effective vessel wind height H
e
for any vessel element. See paragraph
1.7.3.3 of BS6399.
The corrected final wind pressure V
e
acting on any element of the vessel is determined
by Vessel Location, Distance to Coastline, and the effective height H
e
(modified by Upwind
Building Height Ho). Factors in table 4 of BS6399 modify the wind velocity. This table derives
S
b
, which is calculated internally by the software.
Upwind Building Spacing X - Enter the average spacing X of buildings upwind of the vessel
,
when Town is selected for Vessel Location. The buildings tend to shield the vessel from the
wind. If the buildings are closer together, they provide greater protection from the wind. See
paragraph 1.7.3.3 of BS6399.
Base Elevation - Enter the elevation at the base of the vessel. This value plus the value of Site
Elevation (delta s) is used to calculate the height of each point in the vessel above mean sea
level.
Vessel Location - Select the type of location where the vessel is installed, Town, or Country.
e
e
(modified by Upwind
S
b
Distance to Coast Line - Enter the distance the vessel is located from the coast.
e
e
(modified by Upwind
S
b
Size Effect Factor Ca - Enter the size effect factor C
a
. This factor generally ranges from 0.53 to
a maximum value of 1.0. The size effect factor is a function of the diagonal dimension a, the
effective height H
e
,Vessel Location, and Distance to Coastline. This value is taken from figure
4 of BS-6399-2.
Factor Kb from Table 1 - Select the building-type factor K
b ,
taken from Table 1 of BS6399. The
default value is 2. Select 8, 4, 2, 1, or 0.5 based on the following vessel height limitations:


K
b
Building Type
Maximum Total Height of
Vessel
8 Welded steel unclad frames. 23 m (75.4 ft)
4 Bolted steel and reinforced concrete unclad frames. 75m (246 ft)
2
Portal sheds and similar light structures with few internal
walls.
240m (787 ft)
1
Framed buildings with structural walls around lifts and
stairs only (such as, office buildings of open plan or with
partitioning).
300m (984 ft)
0.5
Framed buildings with structural walls around lifts and
stairs with additional masonry subdivision walls (such as
apartment buildings), building of masonry construction
and timber-framed housing.
300m (984 ft)
Towers over 75 meters in height are not likely, and require other design considerations in
addition to wind loading.
Annual Probability Factor Q - Enter the probability factor Q, used to calculate the final
probability factor S
p
associated with the likelihood of high velocity gusts occurring over specified
periods. The default value is 0.02, set by the code as a standard value for a mean recurrence of
50 years. See Annex D of BS6399 for more information.
Q Explanation
0.632
NOTE 1: The annual mode, corresponding to the most likely annual maximum value.
(S
p
= 0.749)
0.227
NOTE 2: For the serviceability limit, assuming the partial factor for loads for the
ultimate limit is ?f = 1.4 and for the serviceability limit is ?f = 1.0, giving S
p
= Sqrt(1 /
1.4) = 0.845. (S
p
= 0.845)
0.02
NOTE 3: The standard design value, corresponding to a mean recurrence interval of
50 years. (S
p
= 1.000)
0.0083
NOTE 4: The design risk for bridges, corresponding to a mean recurrence interval of
50 years. (S
p
= 1.048)
0.00574
NOTE 5: The annual risk corresponding to the standard partial factor for loads,
corresponding to a mean recurrence interval 1,754 years. Back-calculated assuming
the partial factor load for the ultimate limit is ?f = 1.4 and all risk is ascribed to the
recurrence of wind. (S
p
= Sqrt(1.4))
0.001
NOTE 6: The design risk for nuclear installations, corresponding to a mean
recurrence interval of 10,000 (ten thousand) years. (S
p
= 1.263)
Seasonal Factor Ss - Enter a factor S
s
for exposure to the weather. The default value is 1.0.
BS6399 in paragraph 2.2.2.4 states: "For permanent buildings and buildings exposed for
continuous periods of more than six months a value of 1.0 should be used for S
s.
" A value of
less than 1.0 should only be used after solid research.
Directional Factor Sd - Enter a factor S
d
for directionality of the tower. The default value is 1.0
because a tower is typically symmetrical about its central axis. A value of less than 1.0 should
only be used under exceptional circumstances. For other values, see Table 3. The values in that
table range between 0.73 and 1.00.


Vessel Surface Type - Select the surface type of the vessel, Rough or Smooth.

Mexico 1993 Wind Data
Mexico 1993 En Espaol (on page 329)
Design Wind Speed - Enter the velocity of the wind, V
R
, the maximum mean velocity likely to
occur within a defined recurrence period in a determined zone or region of the country, as
defined by Paragraph 4.6.2 (Isotach Maps regional Velocity).
The isotach maps that are included in this clause, with the different periods of return, such
velocities, refer to homogeneous conditions that correspond to a height of 10 meters over the
surface of the floor in the flat terrain (Category 2 per table I.1). The maps do not consider the
local terrain roughness characteristics or the specific topography of the site. Therefore, such
velocity is associated with three-second wind gusts and takes into account the possibility that
there might be hurricane winds present in the coastal zones.
The regional velocity, VR, is determined by taking into account the geographic location of the
site of the uproot of the building and its destination.
In figures I.1 through I.4, the isotach regional maps are shown, corresponding to the periods of
recurrence for 200, 50 and 10 years.
The importance of the structures (Para. 4.3) dictates the periods of recurrence which should be
considered for the wind design. From this, the groups A, B and C in Structure Class associate
themselves with the periods of return of 200, 50 and 10 years, respectively. The uproot site is
located in the map with the recurrence period which corresponds to the group to which the
building belongs to, in order to obtain the regional velocity. In the Tomo III from Ayudas de
diseo, a table is shown with the main cities in the country and their corresponding regional
velocities for the different periods of return.
Site Elev Above Sea Level - Enter the site elevation above mean sea level h
m
.
Base Elevation (hb) - Enter the elevation at the base of the vessel. This value is used to
calculate the height of each point in the vessel above grade. For example, if the vessel is
mounted on a pedestal foundation or on top of another vessel, it is exposed to higher wind
pressures than if it were mounted at grade.
Structure Class - Select a value for the structure class, from Paragraph 4.6.1, Table I.2:
A - Horizontal or vertical structures measuring less than 20 meters of length. Every remote
structural element is exposed directly to the wind action.
B - Horizontal or vertical structures measuring between 20 and 50 meters of length
C - Horizontal or vertical structures measuring more than 50 meters of length
Factors Affected by Structure Class
Paragraph 4.6.3.1 size factor F
C
, , and . The size factor, F
C
, takes into consideration the time
in which the gust of wind works in an effective manner over a building of given dimensions.
Considering the classification of the structures size (table I.2), this factor can be determined
according to table I.3.
Structure Class F
C

A 1.0
B 0.95
C 0.90


The coefficients and perform with the Terrain Category. Table I.4 below assigns the values
for these coefficients. In Figure III.1 from Tomo de Ayudas de diseo, it is shown the factor's
variation F with the height, with the terrain category and the structure class.
Terrain
Category

Structure Class
A B C
1 0.099 0.101 0.105 245
2 0.128 0.131 0.138 315
3 0.156 0.160 0.171 390
4 0.170 0.177 0.193 455
- The average height from the level of the land of uprooted above, by which the variation of the
velocity of the wind is not important and can be supposed constant. This height is known as the
gradient height; and Z are given in meters.
- The exponent that determines the variation form of the wind velocity with the height. This
value is unitless.
Terrain Category - Select the category for the terrain in which the vessel is located, from
Paragraph 4.6.1, Table I.1:
Cat Description Examples Limitations
1 Open terrain,
practically smooth and
without obstructions.
Coastal flat stripes, swamp
zones, aerial fields, pasture fields
and crop lands with no hedges or
fences. Flat snow-covered
surfaces.
The minimum length for this
type of terrain in the
direction of the wind must be
of 2000 m or 10 times the
height of the structure to be
designed.
2 Flat terrain or
undulated, with few
obstructions.
Crop lands or farms with few
obstructions around such as
hedges of fences, trees and
scattered buildings.
The obstructions have a
height of 1.5 to 10 m, in a
minimum length of 1500 m.
3 Terrain covered by
many obstructions
narrowly spaced out.
Urban, suburban areas and
forests, or any other terrain with
many obstructions widely
scattered. The sizes of the
buildings are like the houses and
living spaces.
The obstructions have a 3 to
5 m height. The minimum
length for this type of terrain
in the direction of the wind
must be 500 m or 10 times
the height of the structure.


4 Terrain with many big,
tall, and narrowly
spaced-out
obstructions.
Cities with downtown areas and
well developed industrial complex
areas.
At least 50% of the buildings
have a height of more than
20 m. The obstructions
measure up from 10 to 30 m
in height. The minimum
length for this type of land in
the direction of the wind
should be the biggest
between 400 m and 10 times
the height of the
construction.
Factors Affected by Terrain Category
The factors ', , and , are related to the terrain category, as defined in Paragraph 4.9.3.2,
Table I.29. ' are unitless, while is the height gradient in m.
Terrain Category
Factor 1 2 3 4
' 1.224 1.288 1.369 1.457
-0.032 -0.054 -0.096 -0.151
245 315 390 455
The factors ' and k
r
are also related to the terrain category, k
r
is a factor related to the
roughness of the land.

Terrain Category
Factor 1 2 3 4
k
r
0.06 0.08 0.10 0.14
' 0.13 0.18 0.245 0.31
Topographic Factor (Ft) - Enter a value for the topography local factor F
t
, from Paragraph
4.5.4, Table I.5. This factor takes into account the local topographic effect from the place in
which the structure will uproot. For example, for buildings found on hillsides, on top of hills, or on
mountains at important heights with respect to the general level of the surrounding terrain, it is
probable that wind accelerations will generate and the local velocity should be increased.
Experts in local wind velocities should justify and validate the results of any of these procedures.
Places Topography F
t

Protected
Promontories base and skirts of mountain ranges from the leeward
side.
0.8
Closed valleys. 0.9
Normal
Flat terrain, Open field, absence of important topographical changes,
with smaller slopes than 5%.
1.0
Exposed
Lands inclined with slopes between 5 and 10%, flat coastal and open
valleys.
1.1


Top of promontories, hills or mountains, terrains with greater slopes
than 10%, glens closed and valleys that form a funnel or islands.
1.2
Damping Factor (Zeta) - Enter a value for the damping factor . Enter 0.01 for steel framework
construction. Enter 0.02 for concrete framework construction.
Drag Coefficent (Ca) - Enter a value for the drag coefficient C
a
, from Paragraph 4.8.2.12
(Chimneys and Towers), Table I.28:
Cross Section Type of Surface
Drag Coefficient C
a

for H/b of:
1 7 25 40
Circular (bV
D
6 m
2
/s)
Smooth or little rough (d'/b 0.0) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7
Rough (d'/b 0.02) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.2
Very rough (d'/b 0.08) 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2
Circular (bV
D
6 m
2
/s) Any 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.2
Hexagonal or octagonal Any 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.4
Square
(wind normal to a face)
Any 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.2
Square
(wind on a corner)
Any 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.6

b - The diameter or the horizontal dimension of the structure, including the roughness of the
wall. To determine the product bV
D
, this diameter is located at two-thirds of the total height
from the level of the land, in m.
d' - The dimension that extends from the roughness, such as ribs or "spoilers", in m.
V
D
- The velocity of the wind of design (4.6), in m/s at two thirds of the total height
For intermediate values of H/b and d'/b, lineal interpolation is permitted.
Strouhal Number (St) - Enter a value for the Strouhal number S
t
. Enter 0.2 for circular sections
or 0.14 for rectangular sections.
Barometric Height (Omega) - Enter the barometric pressure O. This value is related to Site
Elev Above Sea Level, as described in Paragraph 4.6.5, Table I.7:
Height
(meters above
sea level)
Barometric
Pressure
(mm Hg)
0 760
500 720
1000 675
1500 635
2000 600
2500 565
3000 530


3500 495
Interpolate for intermediate values.
Ambient Temperature (T) - Enter a value for the ambient temperature T.

Mexico 1993 En Espaol
See Mexico 1993 Wind Data (on page 325) for the English version of this text.
Prrafo 4.6.1
Tabla I.1 CATEGORIA DEL TERRENO SEGUN SU RUGOSIDAD
Cat. Descripcin Ejemplos Limitaciones
1
Terreno abierto,
prcticamente
plano y sin
obstrucciones
Franjas costeras planas, zonas
de pantanos, campos areos,
pastizales y tierras de cultivo
sin setos o bardas alrededor.
Superficies nevadas planas
La longitud mnima de este tipo de
terreno en la direccin del viento
debe ser de 2000 m o 10 veces la
altura de la construccin por
disear, la que sea mayor.
2
Terreno plano u
ondulado con
pocas
obstrucciones
Campos de cultivo o granjas
con pocas obstrucciones tales
como setos o bardas alrededor,
rboles y construcciones
dispersas
Las obstrucciones tienen alturas de
1.5 a 10 m, en una longitud mnima
de 1500 m
3
Terreno cubierto
por numerosas
obstrucciones
estrechamente
espaciadas
reas urbanas, suburbanas y
de bosques, o cualquier terreno
con numerosas obstrucciones
estrechamente espaciadas. El
tamao de las construcciones
corresponde al de las casas y
viviendas
Las obstrucciones presentan
alturas de 3 a 5 m. La longitud
mnima de este tipo de terreno en la
direccin del viento debe ser de
500 m o 10 veces la altura de la
construccin, la que sea mayor
4
Terreno con
numerosas
obstrucciones
largas, altas y
estrechamente
espaciadas
Centros de grandes ciudades y
complejos industriales bien
desarrollados.
Por lo menos el 50% de los
edificios tiene una altura mayor que
20 m. Las obstrucciones miden de
10 a 30 m de altura. La longitud
mnima de este tipo de terreno en la
direccin del viento debe ser la
mayor entre 400 m y 10 veces la
altura de la construccin.
Tabla I.2 CLASE DE ESTRUCTURA
Clase Descripcion
A
Todo elemento estructural aislado, expuesto directamente a la accion del viento;
Construcciones horizontales o verticales cuya mayor dimension, sea menor que 20
metros.
B
Construcciones horizontales o verticales cuya mayor dimension, varie entre 20 y 50
metros.


C
Construcciones horizontales o verticales cuya mayor dimension, sea mayor que 50
metros.
Prrafo 4.6.2 MAPAS DE ISOTACAS. VELOCIDAD REGIONAL, V
R

La velocidad regional del viento, V
R
, es la mxima velocidad media probable de presentarse con
un cierto periodo de recurrencia en una zona o regin determinada del pas.
En los mapas de isotacas que se incluyen en este inciso con diferentes periodos de retorno,
dicha velocidad se refiere a condiciones homogneas que corresponden a una altura de 10
metros sobre la superficie del suelo en terreno plano (Categora 2 segn la tabla I.1); es decir,
no considera las caractersticas de rugosidad locales del terreno ni la topografa especfica del
sitio. Asimismo, dicha velocidad se asocia con rfagas de 3 segundos y toma en cuenta la
posibilidad de que se presenten vientos debidos a huracanes en las zonas costeras.
La velocidad regional, V
R
, se determina tomando en consideracin tanto la localizacin
geogrfica del sitio de desplante de la estructura como su destino.
En las figures I.1 a I.4 se muestran los mapas de isotacas regionales correspondientes a
periodos de recurrencia de 200, 50 y 10 anos, respectivamente.
La importancia de las estructuras (vase el inciso 4.3) dictamina los periodos de recurrencia
que debern considerarse para el diseo por viento; de esta manera, los Grupos A, B y C se
asocian con los periodos de retorno de 200, 50 y 10 aos, respectivamente. El sitio de
desplante se localizar en el mapa con el periodo de recurrencia que corresponde al grupo al
que pertenece la estructura a fin de obtener la velocidad regional. En el Tomo III de Ayudas de
diseo se presenta una tabla con las principales ciudades del pas y sus correspondientes
velocidades regionales para diferentes periodos de retorno.
Prrafo 4.6.3 FACTOR DE EXPOSICION, F
El coeficiente F refleja la variacin de la velocidad del viento con respecto a la altura Z.
Asimismo, considera el tamao de la construccin o de los elementos de recubrimiento y las
caractersticas de exposicin.
El factor de exposicin se calcula con la siguiente expresin:
F = F
C
F
RZ

en donde:
F
C
: es el factor que determina la influencia del tamao de la construccin, adimensional, y
F
RZ

:

el factor que establece la variacin de la velocidad del viento con la altura Z en funcin
de la rugosidad del terreno de los alrededores, adimensional.
Los coeficientes F
C
y F
RZ
se definen en los incisos 4.6.3.1 y 4.6.3.2, respectivamente.
Prrafo 4.6.3.1 FACTOR DE TAMAO, F
C
y
El factor de tamao, F
C
, es el que toma en cuenta el tiempo en el que la rfaga del viento acta
de manera efectiva sobre una construccin de dimensiones dadas. Considerando la
clasificacin de las estructuras segn su tamao (vase la tabla I.2), este factor puede
determinarse de acuerdo con la tabla I.3.
Tabla I.3 FACTOR DE TAMAO, F
C

Clase de
estructura
F
C

A 1.0


B 0.95
C 0.90

:

es la altura, media a partir del nivel del terreno de desplante, por encima de la cual la
variacin de la velocidad del viento no es importante y se puede suponer constante; a
esta altura se le conoce como altura gradiente; y Z estn dadas en metros, y
:
el exponente que determina la forma del la variacin de la velocidad del viento con la
altura y es adimensional.
Los coeficientes y estn en funcin de la rugosidad del terreno (tabla I.1). En la tabla I.4 se
consignan los valores que se aconsejan para estos coeficientes. En la figura III.1 del Tomo de
Ayudas de diseo se muestra la variacin del factor F con la altura, con la categora del
terreno y con la clase de estructura.
Tabla I.4 VALORES DE y
Categora de
terreno

Clase de estructura
A B C
1 0.099 0.101 0.105 245
2 0.128 0.131 0.138 315
3 0.156 0.160 0.171 390
4 0.170 0.177 0.193 455
Prrafo 4.5.4 FACTOR DE TOPOGRAFIA, F
T

Este factor toma en cuenta el efecto topogrfico local del sitio en donde se desplantara la
estructura. As, por ejemplo, si la construccin se localiza en las laderas o cimas de colinas o
montaas de altura importante con respecto al nivel general del terreno de los alrededores, es
muy probable que se generen aceleraciones del flujo del viento y, por consiguiente, deber
incrementarse la velocidad regional.
Tabla I.5 FACTOR DE TOPOGRAFIA LOCAL, F
T

Sitios Topografa F
T

Protegidos
Base de promontorios y faldas de serranas del lado de sotavento. 0.8
Valles cerrados. 0.9
Normales
Terreno prcticamente plano, campo abierto, ausencia de cambios
topogrficos importantes,
con pendientes menores que 5%.
1.0
Expuestos
Terrenos inclinados con pendientes entre 5 y 10%, valles abiertos y
litorales planos.
1.1
Cimas de promontorios, colinas o montaas, terrenos con pendientes
mayores que 10%,
1.2


caadas cerradas y valles que formen un embudo o caon, islas.
Expertos en la materia debern justificar y validar ampliamente los resultados
de cualquiera de estos procedimientos.
Prrafo 4.6.5 VALORES DE LA ALTITUD, h
m

Tabla I.7 RELACION ENTRE LOS VALORES DE LA ALTITUD, h
m

Altitud (msnm)
Presin baromtrica
(mm de H
g
)
0 760
500 720
1000 675
1500 635
2000 600
2500 65
3000 530
3500 495
Nota: Puede interpolarse para valores intermedios de la altitud, h
m

Prrafo 4.8.2.12 CHIMENEAS Y TORRES
Tabla I.28 COEFICIENTE DE ARRASTRE, C
a

Seccin transversal Tipo de superficie
Relacin H/b
1 7 25 40
Circular (bV
D
6 m
2
/s)
Lisa o poco rugosa (d'/b 0.0) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7
Rugosa (d'/b 0.02) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.2
Muy rugosa (d'/b 0.08) 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2
Circular (bV
D
6 m
2
/s) Cualquiera 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.2
Hexagonal u octagonal Cualquiera 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.4
Cuadrada (viento normal
a una cara)
Cualquiera 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.2
Cuadrada (viento sobre
una esquina)
Cualquiera 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.6

b

:

es el dimetro o la dimensin horizontal de la estructura, incluyendo la rugosidad de la
pared; para determinar el producto bV
D
, este dimetro ser el que se localiza a dos
tercios de la altura total, a partir del nivel del terreno, en m.
d' :
es la dimensin que sobresale de las rugosidades, tales como costillas o "spoilers", en
m.


V
D
:
es la velocidad del viento de diseo (inciso 4.6), convertida a m/s, y valuada para los
dos tercios de la altura total.
Para valores intermedios de H/b y d'/b se permite la interpolacin lineal.
Prrafo 4.9.3.2 LAS VARIABLES ' :
Tabla I.29 FACTORES '
Categora 1 2 3 4
' 1.224 1.288 1.369 1.457
-0.032 -0.054 -0.096 -0.151
245 315 390 455
Las variables ' , adimensionales, dependen de la rugosidad del sitio de desplante, y es la
altura gradiente en m. Estas variables se definen en la tabla I.29.
k
r
: es un factor relacionado con la rugosidad del terreno:
:
es el coeficiente de amortiguamiento critico:
para construcciones formadas por marcos de acero = 0.01
para construcciones formadas por marcos de concreto = 0.02
VALORES DE ' k
r

Categora de
terreno
' k
r

1 0.13 0.06
2 0.18 0.08
3 0.245 0.10
4 0.31 0.14
VALORES DE
Nota:
Para construcciones formadas por marcos de acero 0.01
Para aquellas formadas por marcos de concreto 0.02
NUMERO DE STROUHAL
S
t
:
es el numero de Strouhal, adimensional; 0.2 para secciones circulares y 0.14 para las
rectangulares.



As/Nz 1170:2002 Wind Data
In common with other wind codes, the principles of the Australian/New Zealand code are
basically the same. A moving air mass causes forces to be exerted on anything that obstructs its
path. The starting point of any wind action analysis starts with the Bernoulli equation that
converts the kinetic energy of the wind into a static pressure. This pressure simply attempts to
move anything in its path. In the case of a vertical tower, the wind deflects the tower in the
direction of the flowing wind. Because of the friction, the wind (which is a fluid) passes around
the vessel, creating small eddie currents called vortices on either side of the vessel. The
spinning air loses some of it pressure as its angular kinetic energy increases. This is again an
effect predicted by the Bernoulli equation. This spinning eddie, or vortex, causes a lowering of
the pressure on one side of the vessel. As these vortices occur alternatively on the sides of the
vessel, the tower tends to sway from side to side perpendicular to the direction of the wind,
vibrating like an upside-down pendulum.
The wind pressure causes a static deflection in the direction of the wind stream, and the vortices
cause the vessel to vibrate at right angles to the wind stream (vector) as mentioned above.
Static deflection and dynamic vibration cause the vessel to experience longitudinal, or axial
bending stresses. Both the stresses and deflection must be limited to provide for good design.
As stated above, the wind kinetic energy is converted to pressure, but there are other factors
influencing the final wind pressure. Among these factors are (but not limited to) the following:
The height, or altitude, of the tower or vessel in the wind stream.
The elevation of the site on which the vessel is installed.
The base elevation of the vessel if is supported on an elevated platform or structure.
The effect of the surround geography, such as hills and escarpments.
The effect of upstream buildings.
To perform a reasonable analysis, you must enter sufficiently accurate information for the
software to apply the correct factors and special calculations for specific cases.
Design Wind Speed - Enter the design wind speed V
r
. This is the regional wind speed, as
described in section 3.2, table 3.1 of the code:
Regional wind
speed (m/s)
Region
Non-cyclonic Cyclonic
A (1 to 7) W B C D
V
5
32 39 28 F
C
33 F
D
35
V
10
34 41 33 F
C
39 F
D
43
V
20
37 43 38 F
C
45 F
D
51
V
25
37 43 39 F
C
47 F
D
53
V
50
39 45 44 F
C
2 F
D
60
V
100
41 47 48 F
C
56 F
D
66
V
200
43 49 52 F
C
61 F
D
72
V
500
45 51 57 F
C
66 F
D
80
V
1000
46 53 60 F
C
70 F
D
58


V
2000
48 54 63 F
C
73 F
D
90
V
R
(see ) 67-41R
-0.1
104-70R
-0.045
106-92R
-0.1

F
C
x
(122-104R
-0.1
)
F
D
x (156-142R
-0.1
)
Round the calculated value to the nearest 1 m/s.
If you are entering the wind speed in other units, remember to convert the above wind speeds
from m/s to your specific units:
Convert m/s to Multiply by
kph 3.600
mph 2.237
ft/s 3.281


Wind Region - Select the wind region. The wind region is determined from the geographic
locations for Australia and New Zealand. The maps of these locations are found in Figure 3.1 of
the code:



Terrain Category - Select the terrain category, as defined in section 4.2.1 of the code:
Category 1 - Exposed open terrain, with few or no obstructions and water surfaces at
serviceable wind speeds.
Category 2 - Water surfaces, open terrain, grassland with few, well-scattered obstructions
having heights generally from 1.5 m to 10 m.
Category 3 - Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions 3 m to 5 m high, such as areas
of suburban housing.
Category 4 - Terrain with numerous large, high (10 m to 30 m high) and closely spaced
obstructions, such as large city centres and well-developed industrial complexes.


Select the terrain category with due regard to the permanence of the obstructions that
constitute the surface roughness. In particular, vegetation in tropical cyclonic regions shall not
be relied upon to maintain surface roughness during wind events.
Lee Effect Multiplier (Mlee) - Enter the lee effect multiplier. The default value is 1.0.
Paragraph 4.4.3 discusses the issue of the lee effect multiplier. In the case of New Zealand,
reference is made to the New Zealand site map shown in Wind Region. For all other sites, it
shall be taken as 1.0. No lee zones have been defined in Australia.
The full paragraph from the code reads as follows:
4.4.3: The lee (effect) multiplier (Mlee) shall be evaluated from New Zealand sites in the lee
zones as shown in Figure 3.1(b). For all other sites, the lee multiplier shall be 1.0. Within the lee
zones, the lee multiplier shall apply only to wind from the cardinal directions nominated in Figure
3.1(b). Each lee zone shall be 30 km in width, measured from the leeward crest of the initiating
range, downwind in the direction of the wind nominated. The lee zone comprises a 'shadow lee
zone', which extends 12 km from the upwind boundary of the lee zone (crest of the initiating
range), and an 'outer lee zone' over the remaining 18 km. The lee multiplier shall be 1.35 for
sites within the shadow lee zone (i.e., within 12 km of the crest of the range). Within the outer
lee zone, the lee multiplier shall be determined by linear interpolation with the horizontal
distance, from the shadow/outer zone boundary (where Mlee - 1.35), to the downwind lee zone
boundary (where Mlee = 1.0).
Hill Shape Factor (Mh) - Enter the hill shape factor M
h
, taken from Table 4.4:
Upwind Slope
(H/2Lu)
M
h

< 0.05 1.0
0.05 1.08
0.10 1.16
0.20 1.32
0.30 1.48
>= 0.45 1.71
Paragraph 4.4.2 gives precise details for the derivation of the hill shape factor.
Wind Direction Multiplier - Enter the wind direction multiplier. The default value is 1.0.
The wind direction multiplier is detailed in paragraph 3.4 of the code, specifically Table 3.2. As
the wind multiplier is determined from the cardinal wind directions (N, NE, E, SE, S SW, W and
NW), the value for any direction is specified in the table as 1.0. This value is recommended for
all cases.
Convert to Permissible Stress Gust Wind Speed - Select to convert the given wind speed to
a permissible stress basis. this lowers the wind loads on the vessel. AS/NZS 1170.2 Supp
1:2002, Section C3 discusses the division of the wind speed given in the standard by the square
root of 1.5.
Surface Roughness Height hr - Enter the surface roughness value h
r
in mm. This value is
used to calculate the ratio h
r
/d which is then used to calculate the drag force coefficient (C
d)
for
rounded cylindrical shapes, according to Table E3. For pressure vessels, typical values range
from 0.003 mm for painted metal surfaces to 15 mm for heavily rusted surfaces. Light rust has a
value of 2.5 mm, while galvanized steel has a value of 0.15 mm.
Site Elevation (E) - Enter the height of the site above mean sea level E.


Base Elevation from Site (Eb) - Enter the height of the base of the vessel above the site level
E
b
. This is relevant in cases where the vessel is supported on a structure or an elevated
foundation base.
Avg Spacing of Shielding Bldgs - Enter the average spacing of the buildings that shield the
vessel. This is discussed in paragraph 4.3.3 of the code:

Avg Breadth of Shielding Bldgs - Enter the average breadth of the buildings that shield the
vessel. For more information, see Avg Spacing of Shielding Bldgs.
Avg Height of Shielded Bldgs (hs) - Enter the average height of the buildings that shield the
vessel. For more information, see Avg Spacing of Shielding Bldgs.
# of Upwind Bldgs @ 45 degrees - Enter the number of upwind buildings within a 45 arc. The
upwind buildings are the ones shielding the vessel. For more information, see Avg Spacing of
Shielding Bldgs.



Euro Code Wind Data
Enter the zone number. In the 1984 edition of the standard, India is divided into five zones, from
1 to 5. In the 2002 edition, the number of zones is reduced to four. See the Figure 1 in IS:1893
to obtain the zone number from the map.
Ref. Wind Velocity Vref,0 - Enter the reference wind velocity V
ref
, taken from section 7.2 of the
code. Annex A provides the values:
Country Suggested Wind Velocities ( SI Metric Unit System)
Austria Special consideration must be given depending on the district
Belgium 26.2 m/s
Denmark 27.0 m/s
Finland 23.0 m/s
France 24.0 m/s to 34.0 m/s depending on the district (Departements et Cantons).
Germany 24.3 m/s to 31.5 m/s depending on the particular Zone.
Greece 30.0 m/s to 36.0 m/s depending whether coastal or country.
Iceland The wind speed must be calculated - See Annex A.8
Ireland 27.0 m/s to 30 m/s depending on the region and exposure to the Atlantic Ocean.
Italy 25.0 m/s to 31 m/s depending on the region.
Luxembourg 26.0 m/s
Netherlands 22.5 m/s to 30.0 m/s depending on return period and area.
Norway 25.0 m/s to 65 m/s. Please refer to Figure A7 in the code.
Terrain Category - Select the terrain category, taken from Section 8.3 of the code:
Terrain
Category
k
T

Z
0

[m]
Z
min

[m]

I - Flat,
Unobstructe
d
Rough open sea, lakes with at least 5 km fetch
upwind and smooth flat country without
obstacles
0.17 0.01 2 [0.13]
II - Farmland
Areas
Farmland with boundary hedges, occasional
small farm structures, houses or trees
0.19 0.05 4 [0.26]
III -
Suburban/
Industrial
Suburban or industrial areas and permanent
forests
0.22 0.3 8 [0.37]
IV - Urban
Areas
Urban areas in which at least 15% of the
surface is covered with buildings
and their average height exceeds 15 m
0.24 1 16 [0.43]
C Dir - Enter the direction factor C
Dir
. The direction factor is a function of the country where the
vessel is installed installed. From Annex A:


Country C
Dir

Austria 1.0
Denmark 1.0
Finland 1.0
France 1.0
Germany 1.0
Greece 1.0
Iceland Not Specified
Ireland 1.0
Italy Not Specified
C Tem - Enter the temperature factor C
tmp
, which affects the air density. From Annex A:
Country C
tmp

Austria Not Specified
Denmark 1.0
Finland 1.0
France 1.0
Germany
Please refer to Table shown in A.6. Values range from .30 to
0.65
Greece 1.0
Ireland 1.0
Italy Not Specified
C Alt - Enter the altitude factor C
Alt
. From Annex A:
Country C
Alt

Austria Not Specified
Denmark 1.0
Finland 1.0
France 1.0
Germany
Calculated from the formula in section A.6. 1,0 seems to be a safe
value.
Greece 1.0
Ireland 1.0
Italy Not Specified


G Peak - Enter the peak factor. In section 8.5 the value is given as 3.5.
Force Coefficient Cf - Enter the force coefficient C
f,0
. For cylindrical surfaces the force
coefficient is 0.70. This assumes the Reynolds number of 2.10
5
< Re < 1,2.10
6
. For more
information, see Table 10.7.1 in the code. No other values are suggested, so please refer to the
code for any relevant information. Section 10.8.1 goes further into the subject where the
Reynolds number can be computed. Figure 10.8.2 can also be consulted, but you will need to
calculate the Reynolds number.
Base Height - Enter the base height. This is the height of the base of the vessel above the site
(or ground).
Cd (used if > 0.94) - Enter the direction factor C
dir
. A value of 0 is recommended in the absence
of any other information. The software calculates this value, but if a value greater than 0.94 is
entered, that value will be used. For more information, see Annex A of the code.



Brazil NBR 6123 Wind Data
NBR 6123 provides two types of wind analysis: static and dynamic.
Static wind analysis is performed when the fundamental period of vibration is less than one
second. The goal of the analysis is to determine the wind pressure at each elevation of interest
(z). The basic equation is:
q(z) = V
k
2
/1.63
Where:
V
k
= V
o
*S
1
*S
2
*S
3

V
o
, S
1
and S
3
are constants
S
2
changes as a function of the height
Wind velocities are specified in m/s and pressures are specified in N/mm
2

After the pressure is calculated, the force on the element is the pressure times the element area
times the shape factor:
Surface
Condition
Shape Factor
for Height / Diameter of:

0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20
Rough 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2
Smooth 0.5 0.6 0.6
Dynamic wind analysis is performed when the fundamental period of vibration is greater than 1
second. You must first calculate the project wind velocity V
p:

V
p
= 0.69 * V
o
* S
1
* S
3

Next, calculate d/H and V
p
* T
1
/1800. Using these two terms and knowing the height of the
vessel, the value of Xi can be determined from figures 14-18 in NBR 6123.
b and p, functions of Roughness Category, can now be determined:
Value
Ground Category
I II III IV V
p 0.095 0.150 0.185 0.230 0.310
b 1.23 1.00 0.86 0.71 0.50
Finally, calculate the wind pressure:
q(z) = 0.613 * b
2
* V
p
2
{(z/10)
2p
+ [(H/10)
p
* (z/H)
1.7
* (4.4/(2.7 + p) *
Xi]}
After the pressure at the needed elevation is known, the force is determined as stated above.
If you have a shape factor value that you wish to enter yourself, click Tools >
Configuration.
Basic Wind Velocity (Vo) - Enter the wind velocity V
o
from a three second gust, exceeded only
once in 50 years.The velocity is measured at 10 meters over smooth open ground and depends
on the plant location. As a general rule, the wind may blow in any horizontal direction. This
velocity is taken from Figure 1 and item 8 showing the iso-velocities over Brazil.


The following are found in Petrobras document BPE-500-P4-19i and the Brazilian Wind Code
NBR 6123:

Refinery Name

Wind Velocity
(in m/s)
LUBNOR 30.0
RECAP 40.0
REDUC 35.0
REFAP 45.0
REGAP 30.0
REPAR 40.0
REPLAN 45.0
REMAN 30.0


REVAP 40.0
RPBC 50.0
RLAM 30.0
Topographic Factor (S1) - Enter the topographic factor S
1
. This factor accounts for the
variations and profile of the land. For plain, or slightly uneven ground, use a value of 1. The
larger this value is, the greater the final calculated wind pressure will be. If the vessel is on a hill
top, this value should be calculated according to section 5.2 of NBR 6123.
Roughness Category (S2) - Select the roughness category S
2
:
Category Description
I Applies to plain ground with large dimensions (more than 5 km of extension)
II Applies to plain (or slightly uneven) ground with few, and separated, obstacles
III
Applies to plain or uneven ground obstructed by obstacles (walls or separated low
buildings)
IV Applies to ground with many grouped obstacles in industrial or urban areas
V
Applies to ground with many grouped and tall obstacles (such as developed
industrial areas)
The lower the category, the higher the wind load. For example, Category I produces a
higher wind load than Category II.
Dimension Class - Select the Dimension class. This parameter accounts for the greatest
horizontal or vertical dimension of the vessel.
Class Description
A The greatest dimension is less than or equal to 20 meters
B
The greatest dimension is greater than 20m and less than 50
meters
C The greatest dimension is greater than or equal to 50 meters
Statistical Factor (S3) - Enter the statistical factor S
3
.This factor accounts for security and the
expected life of the equipment. For industrial plants, use 1.0.
Base Elevation - Enter the distance the base of the equipment is from grade.
Vessel Surface Condition - Select the vessel surface condition, Smooth or Rough. Rough
results in an increased value of the shape factor and generates a higher wind load on the vessel
because there is more drag. The shape factor is based on the height to diameter ratio of the
vessel:
Surface
Condition
Shape Factor
for Height / Diameter of:
0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20
Rough 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2
Smooth 0.5 0.6 0.6



China GB 50009 Wind Data
The Chinese Wind Code analysis in the software is taken from Chinese specification GB 50009
- 2001, 2002. The wind loading calculation guidelines begin on page 24 of the code.
The basic formulation for determining the wind pressure at an arbitrary elevation is based on
equation 7.1.1-1. This equation is for Main Wind Force Resisting Systems. This is the printed
equation: wk = zszwo. From the tables in the code, values of s, z and the other values are
determined.
This formula includes the shape coefficient. The generated wind pressure is not dependent on
the type of structure. However, when the final force is calculated, it is necessary to include the
shape factor, such as for a cylinder taken from page 39 for a tower or chimney.
Ref. Wind Pressure (wo) - Enter the reference wind pressure W
o
, from table D.4 of the
Chinese Wind Design Code. The value should be no less than 0.3 kN/m
2
.
Terrain Roughness Category - Enter the terrain roughness category:
Value Description
A Flat, unobstructed open terrain (most conservative)
B Village, hill and less populated and less congested sites
C Populated sites with low buildings and shorter structures
D
Densely populated areas with many tall structures that provide shielding (least
conservative)
The category is used to find elevation
z
, from Table 7.2.1:
Height
(m)
Terrain Roughness Category
A B C D
5 1.17 1.00 0.74 0.62
10 1.38 1.00 0.74 0.62
15 1.52 1.14 0.74 0.62
20 1.63 1.25 0.84 0.62
30 1.80 1.42 1.00 0.62
40 1.92 1.56 1.13 0.73
50 2.03 1.67 1.25 0.84
60 2.12 1.77 1.35 0.93
70 2.20 1.86 1.45 1.02
80 2.27 1.95 1.54 1.11
90 2.34 2.02 1.62 1.19
100 2.40 2.09 1.70 1.27
150 2.64 2.38 2.03 1.61
200 2.83 2.61 2.30 1.92


250 2.99 2.80 2.54 2.19
300 3.12 2.97 2.75 2.45
350 3.12 3.12 2.94 2.68
400 3.12 3.12 3.12 2.91
>= 450 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12
Vessel Surface Condition - Select the vessel surface condition, taken from page 39 of the
Chinese Wind Code. Select Smooth, Rough, or Very Rough. You can override this option in
Tools > Configuration.
Is the Vessel Building Supported? - Select to use the factors for
gz
from Table 7.5.1:
Height
(m)
Terrain Roughness
A B C D
5 1.69 1.88 2.30 3.21
10 1.63 1.78 2.10 2.76
15 1.60 1.72 1.99 2.54
20 1.58 1.69 1.92 2.39
30 1.54 1.64 1.83 2.21
40 1.52 1.60 1.77 2.09
50 1.51 1.58 1.73 2.01
60 1.49 1.56 1.69 1.94
70 1.48 1.54 1.66 1.89
80 1.47 1.53 1.64 1.85
90 1.47 1.52 1.62 1.81
100 1.46 1.51 1.60 1.78
150 1.43 1.47 1.54 1.67
200 1.42 1.44 1.50 1.60
250 1.40 1.42 1.46 1.55
300 1.39 1.41 1.44 1.51
The value of
gz
decreases with elevation so that the wind pressure decreases as the elevation
increases. The software uses equation 7.1.1-2 in the code to determine the wind pressure at the
needed elevation.


EN-2005 Wind Data
Ref. Wind Velocity Vb,0 - Enter the basic wind velocity V
b,0
of the area where the equipment is
situated. V
b,0
is used along with C Dir and C Season to compute V
b
.
Terrain Category - Select the terrain category:
Terrain
Category
Description

0 Sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea.
I
Lakes or flat and horizontal areas with negligible vegetation and without
obstacles.
II
Area with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles (trees, buildings)
with separations of at least 20 obstacle heights.
III
Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings, or with isolated obstacles with
separations of maximum 20 obstacle heights (such as villages, suburban terrain,
permanent forest).
IV
Area in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with buildings and their
average height exceeds 15 m.
The lower the category, the higher the wind load. Category 0 produces the highest wind
loads, while Category 5 produces the lowest.
C Dir - Enter the directional factor, C
dir
. Values are found in the National Annex. The
recommended value is 1.0.
C Season - Enter the season factor, C
season
. Values are found in the National Annex. The
recommended value is 1.0.
CsCd - Enter te structural factor C
s
C
d
, used to determine the force on the vessel. This value is
defined in the EN 1991-1-4:2005(E) wind load specification, Annex D. This value normally
ranges between 0.90 and 1.10. The greater the value of the structural factor, the higher the
element load.
Force Coefficient Cf - Enter the force coefficient C
f
. This value accounts for the fact that the
vessel is circular in cross section and is used to modify the area of the vessel that the wind is
blowing against. This value is quite often specified in the design specifications or can be
calculated based on the methodology given in Section 7.9 for circular cylinders. A typical value
for C
f
is between 0.7 and 0.8.
Base Height - Enter in the distance from the bottom of the vessel to base (ground) elevation, in
cases where vessels are not fixed to the ground, but are attached to other structures.


User-Defined Wind Data
When User Defined is selected for Wind Design Code, enter values for wind pressure versus
elevation in the table. The software uses only the values from the table, forgoing all code
calculations.Enter "To" Height, the height above grade, in the left text boxes, and Pressure,
the wind pressure at that height, in the right text boxes. If you have more rows available than
you need to describe the wind profile, enter zeros in the remaining cells.
Multiply the wind pressure at each elevation by the shape factor you wish to use. If you
do not your wind loads will be higher (and more conservative) than needed.
The first "To" Height value cannot be zero. If it is zero the software will not calculate the wind
loads on the following elements. Values should follow the convention below




S E C T I O N 1 1
Click Input > Seismic Loads to enter wind code data. The Seismic Data tab appears on the
left. Select a seismic design code and enter data required by that code. If no data is entered, the
software uses the system defaults.
Seismic Design Code - Select the design code to use for seismic calculations:
Code Description
ASCE-88
ASCE-93
ASCE-95
ASCE-7-98
ASCE 7-02/05
American Society of Civil Engineers Standard 7 (formerly ANSI A58.1).
The ASCE 7 earthquake standards released in 1993 are significantly
more involved than the previous standards, more strictly limited to buildings,
and thus not as easily applied to vessels. The software does not implement
the dynamic analysis according to this standard. However, it does address
the computation of the element mass multiplier as outlined on page 62 of the
standard. In effect, the factors Av, Cc, P, and ac are first multiplied together
and then by the weight of the element to obtain the lateral force on the
element. The software then calculates the moments on the tower based on
these results. You should have a good understanding of this code before
using it.
UBC 1994
UBC 1997
Uniform Building Code, 1994 and 1997 editions.
NBC-95
NBC-2005
National Building Code of Canada, 1995 and 2005 editions.
IS-1893 SCM
IS-1893 RSM
India's seismic code: Seismic Coefficient Method (SCM), 1984 edition and
Response Spectrum Method (RSM), 1984 and 2002 editions.
G Loading
Enter an appropriate G loading. The software calculates the mass of the
element and multiplies by the G loading in the appropriate direction. For
vertical vessels, the maximum of the X and Z acceleration values are chosen
for the analysis. For horizontal vessels, all three values are used.
Res. Spectrum
Response Spectrum Analysis allows the use of modal time history analysis.
The general design guidelines for this analysis are taken from the ASCE
7-98 or IBC 2000 codes. Other predefined spectra are built into the program,
such as the 1940 Earthquake El Centro and various spectra form the US
NRC guide 1.60. If the spectrum analysis type is user defined, the table of
points that define the response spectra must be entered in the table. For tall
structures, this analysis gives much more accurate results than the typical
static equivalent method. Usually the calculated loads are lower in
magnitude than those computed using conventional building code
techniques.
IBC 2000
IBC 2003
IBC 2006
International Building Code, 2000, 2003, and 2006 editions.
Mexico Sismo Mexican Seismic Code.
Seismic Loads (Seismic Data Tab)


China GB 50011 Chinese Seismic Code.
As/Nz 1170.4 Australian Standard Part 4: Earthquake Loads, 1993 edition.
PDVSA Venezuelan Code for Seismic Analysis of Vessels - 1999.
Chile NCh2369 NCh2369 - Chilean Code for Seismic Analysis of Vessels - 2003
No Seismic
Loads

Percent Seismic for Hydrotest - Enter the percentage of the total seismic horizontal force that
is applied during hydrotest. Although you cannot predict an earthquake (as you can high winds)
some designers use a reduced seismic load for hydrotest on the theory that the odds of an
earthquake during the test are very low, and the hazards of a water release small.
In This Section
ASCE-88 Seismic Data ............................................................... 353
UBC 1994 Seismic Data ............................................................. 355
NBC 1995 Seismic Data ............................................................. 356
IS-1893 SCM Seismic Data......................................................... 358
IS-1893 RSM Seismic Data......................................................... 359
UBC 1997 Seismic Data ............................................................. 362
G Loading Seismic Data ............................................................. 366
ASCE 7-98, ASCE 7-02/05, IBC 2000, IBC 2003, and IBC 2006 Seismic
Data ........................................................................................... 367
Res. Spectrum Seismic Data ...................................................... 370
Mexico Sismo Seismic Data ........................................................ 374
China GB 50011 Seismic Data .................................................... 376
AS/NZ 1170.4 Seismic Data........................................................ 377
NBC 2005 Seismic Data ............................................................. 379
PDVSA Seismic Data .................................................................. 381
Chile NCh2369 Seismic Data ...................................................... 391



ASCE-88 Seismic Data
Enter data for the ASCE 7-88 seismic code.
Importance Factor - Enter the value of the importance factor. The software uses this value
directly without modification. Values are taken from Table 22 of the ASCE 7-88 standard:
Category Classification
Importance
Factor
I
Buildings not listed below.
Most petrochemical
structures use this category.
1.0
II High occupancy buildings. 1.25
III Essential facilities. 1.5
IV Low hazard buildings. not applicable
Soil Type - Select a soil type:
Soil 1 - Soil Profile S1. Rock or stiff soil conditions (S Factor = 1.0).
Soil 2 - Soil Profile S2. Deep cohesionless deposits or stiff clay conditions (S Factor = 1.2).
Soil 3 - Soil Profile S3. Soft to medium-stiff clays and sands (S Factor = 1.5).
The soil type indicates a soil profile coefficient S, found Table 24 of the code. Soil profiles are
defined in Section 9.4.2 of the code. When soil properties are not known, select Soil 1 or Soil 2,
based on the value producing the larger value of CS (C is defined in Eq. 8 of the code).
Horizontal Force Factor - Enter the seismic force factor according to ANSI A58.1, Table 24:
Typical
Value
Description

1.33 Buildings with bearing walls
1.00
Buildings with frame
systems
2.50 Elevated tanks
2.00 Other structures
The value most often used is 2.0, though 2.5 is sometimes chosen for tanks supported by
structural steel or legs.
Seismic Zone - Select the seismic zone, according to ASCE 7-93, Figure 14:
Zone Description
0 Gulf and other coastal areas
1 Inland areas
2 Rockies, other mountain areas
3 Central Rockies, other mountains
4 California fault areas


Zone 0 indicates the least chance of a major earthquake, while Zone 4 indicates the
greatest chance of an earthquake.
Seismic Coefficient Av - Enter the seismic coefficient Av, representing the effective peak
velocity-related acceleration according to the ASCE 7-93 standard, Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures. This value is obtained from the map on pages 36 and 37 of this
standard. According to section 9.1.4.1 of the ASCE Code, this value generally ranges from .05
(low incidence of earthquake) to .4 (high incidence of earthquake).

Seismic Coefficient Cc - Enter the seismic coefficient Cc for mechanical and electrical
components from table 9.8-2, page 63 of the ASCE 7-93 Code. For tanks, vessels and heat
exchangers this value is normally taken as 2.
Performance Factor - Enter the performance criteria factor P, from table 9.8-2, page 63 of the
ASCE 7-93 code. This factor depends on the Seismic Hazard Exposure Group., defined in
Section 9.1.4.2:
P Definition
1.5 Seismic Hazard Exposure Group III: Essential facilities required
for post-earthquake recovery
1.0 Seismic Hazard Exposure Group II: Buildings that have a
substantial public hazard due to occupancy or use


P Definition
0.5 Seismic Hazard Exposure Group I: All other buildings
Amplification Factor - Enter the amplification factor ac, according to ASCE 7-93, Table 9.8-3:
Component Supporting Mechanism
Attachment Amplification
Factor (a
c
)
Fixed or direct connection seismic-activated restraining device 1.0
Resilient support system where:
Tc/T < 0.6 or Tc/T > 1.4 1.0
Tc/T D 0.6 or Tc/T W 1.4 2.0
T is the fundamental period of the building in seconds. Tc is the fundamental period of
the component in seconds.
UBC 1994 Seismic Data
Enter data for the UBC 1994 seismic code.
directly without modification. Values are taken from Table 23-L of the UBC standard:
Category

Classification

Importance
Factor
I Essential facilities 1.25
II Hazardous facilities 1.25
III Special occupancy structures 1.0
IV Standard occupancy structures 1.0
Soil Type - Select a soil type, defined in Table 23-J of the code:
Soil 1 - Soil Profile S1. Rock or stiff soil conditions (S Factor = 1.0).
Soil 2 - Soil Profile S2. Deep cohesionless deposits or stiff clay conditions (S Factor = 1.2).
Soil 3 - Soil Profile S3. Soft to medium-stiff clays and sands (S Factor = 1.5).
Soil 4 - Soil Profile S4. More than 40 ft. of soft clay (S Factor = 12.0).
When soil properties are not known, select Soil 3.
Horizontal Force Factor - Enter the seismic force factor for non-building structure Rw,
according to UBC Table 23-Q:
3 - Tanks, vessels, or pressurized spheres on braced or unbraced legs.
4 - Distributed mass cantilever structures such as stacks, chimneys, silos, and skirt
supported vertical vessels.
Seismic Zone - Select the seismic zone, according to UBC-97, Figure 16-2:
Seismic
Zone
Description
Seismic Zone
Factor Z
(Table 16-I)
0 Gulf and prairies 0.00


1 Rockies and Appalachian areas 0.075
2a New England, Carolinas, and Ozarks 0.15
2b
Valley area west of the Rockies and
the Pacific Northwest
0.20
3 Sierras 0.30
4 California fault areas 0.40
NBC 1995 Seismic Data
Enter data for the Canadian NBC seismic code.
directly without modification. Values are taken from NBC 4.1.9.1 (10):
Classification

Importance
Factor
Post-disaster buildings. 1.5
Schools. 1.3
All other buildings.
Most petrochemical
structures use this category.
1.0
Soil Type - Select a soil type:
Soil 1 - Category 1.From rock to stiff fine-grained soils up to 15 m deep.
Soil 2 - Category 2. From compact coarse-grained soils to soft fine-grained soils (stiff
cohesionless clay) up to 15 m deep.
Soil 3 - Category 3. Very loose and loose coarse-grained soils with depth up to 15 m.
Soil 4 - Category 4:Very soft and soft fine-grained soils with depth greater than 15 m.
Force Modification Factor - Enter the force modification factor R, according to table 4.1.9.B
and paragraphs 4.1.9.1 (8) and 4.1.9.3 (3).
R Definition
1.0 Case 18 - Elevated tanks (such as equipment on
legs), including the special provisions of paragraph
4.1.9.3 (3)
1.5 Case 6 - Ductile structures (such as towers on skirts).
Acceleration Seismic Zone - Select the acceleration seismic zone, according to the city list,
Chapter 1 of the supplement to NBC:
Zone Example City
0 Calgary, Alberta
1 Toronto, Ontario


2 Saint John, New Brunswick
3 Varennes, Quebec
4 Vancouver, British Columbia
5 Duncan, British Columbia
6 Port Hardy, British Columbia
Velocity Seismic Zone - Select the velocity seismic zone, according to the city list, Chapter 1 of
the supplement to NBC:
Zone Example City
0 Steinbach, Manitoba
1 Calgary, Alberta
2 Montreal, Quebec
3 Quebec City, Quebec
4 Dawson, Yukon
5 Victoria, British Columbia
6 Destruction Bay, Yukon
greatest chance of an earthquake.IS-1893 SCM


IS-1893 SCM Seismic Data
Enter data for India's Earthquake Standard IS-1893 SCM.
Importance Factor - Enter the importance factor I, according to Table 6, IS: 1893, 2002
Seismic Design Code. The following values are for guidance. You may chose an appropriate
factor based on economy, strategy and other considerations. You may choose values greater
than those listed here.
Structure
Importance
Factor
Important service and community buildings such as hospitals,
schools, monumental structures, emergency buildings like telephone
exchange, television stations, radio stations, railway stations, fire
station buildings; large assembly halls like cinemas, assembly halls,
subway stations, power stations.
1.5
All other buildings 1
The older version of the IS 1893 also listed the following additional categories:
Structure
Importance
Factor
Containment structures for atomic power reactors. 6
Dams of all types 3
Containers of inflammable or poisonous gases/liquids 2
Soil Factor - Enter the soil factor (Beta), according to Table 3, IS:1893 seismic design code.
Values of the soil factor generally range between 1.0 and 1.5.
Soil Type Soil Factor
Type I rock or hard soils 1
Type II medium soils 1
Type II medium soils - well foundations or isolated RCC footings without
tiebeams or unreinforced strip foundations
1.2
Type III soft soils Between 1.0
and 1.5
Well foundations or isolated RCC footings without tiebeams or unreinforced
strip foundations
1.5
Combined or isolated RCC footings with tiebeams 1.2
Piles not on raft foundations 1.2
Other type III soft soils 1.0
Zone Number - Enter the zone number. In the 1984 edition of the standard, India is divided into
five zones, from 1 to 5. In the 2002 edition, the number of zones is reduced to four. See the
Figure 1 in IS:1893 to obtain the zone number from the map.
User Alpha H - Enter a value for Alpha H.


IS-1893 RSM Seismic Data
Enter data for India's Earthquake Standard IS-1893 RSM.
IS1893 Code Edition - Select the edition of the code to use: 1984, 2002, or 2005 Simplified.
The Seismic Coefficient Method has been abandoned in the 2002 edition.
Importance Factor - Enter the importance factor I, according to Table 6, IS: 1893, 2002
Seismic Design Code. The following values are for guidance. You may chose an appropriate
factor based on economy, strategy and other considerations. You may choose values greater
than those listed here.
Structure
Importance
Factor
Important service and community buildings such as
hospitals, schools, monumental structures,
emergency buildings like telephone exchange,
television stations, radio stations, railway stations,
fire station buildings; large assembly halls like
cinemas, assembly halls, subway stations, power
stations.
1.5
All other buildings 1
The older version of the IS 1893 also listed the following additional categories:
Structure
Importance
Factor
Containment structures for atomic power reactors. 6
Dams of all types 3
Containers of inflammable or poisonous gases/liquids 2
Soil Factor - Enter the soil factor (Beta), according to Table 3, IS:1893 seismic design code.
Values of the soil factor generally range between 1.0 and 1.5.
Soil Type Soil Factor
Type I rock or hard soils 1
Type II medium soils 1
Type II medium soils - well foundations or isolated RCC footings without
tiebeams or unreinforced strip foundations
1.2
Type III soft soils Between 1.0
and 1.5
Well foundations or isolated RCC footings without tiebeams or unreinforced
strip foundations
1.5
Combined or isolated RCC footings with tiebeams 1.2
Piles not on raft foundations 1.2
Other type III soft soils 1.0


Zone Number - Enter the zone number. In the 1984 edition of the standard, India is divided into
five zones, from 1 to 5. In the 2002 edition, the number of zones is reduced to four. See the
Figure 1 in IS:1893 to obtain the zone number from the map.
Period of Vibration (Optional) - Enter the period of vibration. This is the first period of vibration
of the vessel in the normal operating case. This value is used in conjunction with damping to
determine Sa/g. The software calculates this value, but entering a value here overrides the
calculated value. This entry is optional.
Percent Damping - Enter the damping factor of the vessel as a percentage of critical damping.
The effect of internal friction, imperfect elasticity of material, slipping, and sliding, results in
reducing the amplitude of vibration. This value is used to determine the average acceleration
coefficient Sa/g.
In the 1984 edition of the IS:1893, Figure 2 shows various curves for damping and natural
period of vibration versus Sa/g. Values for damping on this graph range between 2 and 20
percent.
In the 2002 edition of the IS:1893, Figure 2 shows the Sa/g values for 5% damping. If your
damping percentage is different from 5% then Sa/g value from Figure 2 has to be multiplied by
damping factor. Table 3 provides the damping factor for damping percentage between 0 to 30
percent.
A value outside of the ranges indicated above should not be entered. If a value outside the
range is entered, the software simply uses that extreme value of damping. If the val ue does not
have a direct factor provided (such as 2, 5, 10, 20 percentage, etc.) then linear extrapolation will
be used to obtain the intermediate values.
Overriding "Fo" value if > 0 - Overrides the Fo value calculated by the software.This option
defaults to a value of 0.
Soil Type - Select a soil type: Rocky or Hard Soils, Medium Soils, or Soft Soils.
Force Factor R - Enter the seismic force factor.
Vessel is attached to a building and projects over the roof? - Select if this condition is true.
Optional Sa/g vs. Time Period Input - Click Review and Edit Spectrum Points to open the
Spectrum Data Points dialog box. Enter your values for Sa/g at each needed Time Period (T).
This table must be completely filled in.
After entering values into the dialog box, select Do not apply Damping Correction Factor. The
table values are then used in lieu of the internally stored data values of Sa/g for various amounts
of critical damping. The software does not use any other tables to determine Sa/g.


Importance Factor - Enter the importance factor, as given in paragraph 9.3.1.5 of ASCE 95.
The value is 1.5 for the following situations:
Life-safety component required to function after an earthquake (such as, fire protection
sprinkler system).
Component contains material that would be significantly hazardous if released.
Component poses a significant life safety hazard if separated from primary structure.
Component can block a means of egress or exit way if damaged (such as, exit stairs).
Otherwise the value is 1.0. The value may also be specified by the customer, but should always
be greater than or equal to 1.0.
Force Factor R - Enter the seismic force factor according to ANSI A58.1, Table 24:
Typical
Value
Description

1.33 Buildings with bearing walls
1.00
Buildings with frame
systems
2.50 Elevated tanks
2.00 Other structures
The value most often used is 2.0, though 2.5 is sometimes chosen for tanks supported by
structural steel or legs.
Seismic Coefficient Ca - Enter the value of seismic coefficient Ca (for shaking intensity)
according to table 9.1.4.2.4A on page 55 of ASCE7-95. This factor is a function of the soil profile
type and the value of Aa.
Soil
Profile
Type

Seismic Coefficient Ca for:
Aa<0.05g Aa=0.05g Aa=0.10g Aa=0.20g Aa=0.30g Aa=0.40g Aa>=0.5g
b

A Aa 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.40
B Aa 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
C Aa 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.33 0.40 0.50
D Aa 0.08 0.16 0.28 0.36 0.44 0.50
E Aa 0.13 0.25 0.34 0.36 0.36 a
a - Site specific geotechnical information and dynamic site response analyses shall
be performed.
b - Site specific studies required per Section 9.2.2.4.3 may result in higher values of
Av than included on hazard maps, as may the provisions of Section 9.2.6.
For intermediate values, the higher value of straight-line interpolation shall be used to
determine the value of Ca.


Seismic Coefficient Cv - Enter the value of seismic coefficient Cv (for shaking intensity)
according to table 9.1.4.2.4B on page 55 of ASCE7-95. This factor is a function of the soil profile
type and the value of Aa.
Soil
Profile
Type

Seismic Coefficient Cv for:
Aa<0.05g Aa=0.05g Aa=0.10g Aa=0.20g Aa=0.30g Aa=0.40g Aa>=0.5g
b

A Av 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.40
B Av 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
C Av 0.09 0.17 0.32 0.45 0.56 0.65
D Av 0.12 0.24 0.40 0.54 0.64 0.75
E Av 0.18 0.35 0.64 0.84 0.96 a
a - Site specific geotechnical information and dynamic site response analyses shall
be performed.
b - Site specific studies required per Section 9.2.2.4.3 may result in higher values of
Av than included on hazard maps, as may the provisions of Section 9.2.6.
For intermediate values, the higher value of straight-line interpolation shall be used to
determine the value of Cv.
UBC 1997 Seismic Data
Enter data for the UBC 1997 seismic code.
directly without modification. Values are taken from Table 16-K of the UBC 1997 standard:
Category

Classification

Importance
Factor
1 Essential facilities 1.25
2 Hazardous facilities 1.25
3 Special occupancy structures 1.0
4 Standard occupancy structures 1.0
Seismic Coefficient Ca - Enter the value of seismic coefficient CA according to the project
specifications and seismic table 16-Q of UBC 1997. This value is a function of the seismic zone
Z and the soil profile type.
In zone 4, CA is also a function of near-source factor Na, table 16-S of UBC 1997. Na is
a function of the Seismic Source Type, table 16-U pf UBC 1997.
Table 16-Q
Soil
Profile
Type
Seismic Coefficient Ca
for Seismic Zone Factor Z of:
Z=0.075 Z=0.15 Z=0.2 Z=0.3 Z=0.4


Sa 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Na
Sb 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Na
Sc 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40Na
Sd 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 0.44Na
Se 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36Na
Sf Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site
response shall be performed to determine seismic
coefficients for soil profile Type Sf.
Table 16-S
Seismic
Source
Type
Near-Source Factor Na
1

for Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source of:
2,3

<= 2 km 5 km >=10 km
A 1.5 1.2 1.0
B 1.3 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0
Table 16-U
Seismic
Source
Type
4

Seismic Source Description

Maximum
Moment
Magnitude, M
Slip Rate, SR
(mm/year)

A
Faults that are capable of producing large
Magnitude events and that have a high rate of
seismic activity
M>= 7 SR>=5
B All Faults other than types A and C
M>=7 SR < 5
M<7 SR>2
M>=6.5 SR<2
C
Faults that are not capable of producing large
magnitude earthquakes and that have a
relatively low rate of seismic activity.
M<6.5 SR<=2

1. The near-source factor may be based on the linear interpolation of values for distances
other than those shown in the table.
2. The location and type of seismic sources to be used for design shall be established on
approved geotechnical data (such as the most recent mapping of active faults by the United
States Geological Survey or the California Division of Mines and Geology).
3. The closest distance to seismic source shall be taken as the minimum distance between the
site and the area described by the vertical projection of the source on the surface (that is,
surface projection from fault plane). The surface projection need not include portions of the
source at depths of 10 km or greater. The largest value of the near-source factor
considering all sources shall be used for design.
4. Subduction sources shall be evaluated on a site specific basis.


Seismic Coefficient Cv - Enter the value of seismic coefficient CV according to the project
specifications and seismic table 16-R of UBC 1997. This value is a function of the seismic zone
Z and the soil profile type.
In zone 4 CV is also a function of Near Source Factor Nv.
Table 16-R
Soil
Profile
Type
Seismic Coefficient Cv
for Seismic Zone Factor Z of:
Z=0.075 Z=0.15 Z=0.2 Z=0.3 Z=0.4
Sa 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Nv
Sb 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Nv
Sc 0.13 0.25 0.24 0.45 0.56Nv
Sd 0.18 0.32 0.28 0.54 0.64Nv
Se 0.26 0.50 0.34 0.84 0.96Nv
Sf Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site
response shall be performed to determine seismic
coefficients for soil profile Type Sf.
Near Source Factor Nv - Enter the value of the near source factor Nv, table 16-Q of UBC 1997.
This factor is only used in UBC Seismic Zone 4. This value ranges from 1 to 2 and is a function
of the distance relative to the seismic source.
Nv is a function of the Seismic Source Type, table 16-U pf UBC 1997.
Table 16-T
Seismic
Source
Type
Near-Source Factor Nv
1

for Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source of:
2,3

<= 2 km 5 km 10 km >=15 km
A 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Table 16-U
Seismic
Source
Type
4

Seismic Source Description

Maximum
Moment
Magnitude, M
Slip Rate, SR
(mm/year)

A
Faults that are capable of producing large
Magnitude events and that have a high rate of
seismic activity
M>= 7 SR>=5
B All Faults other than types A and C
M>=7 SR < 5
M<7 SR>2
M>=6.5 SR<2


C
Faults that are not capable of producing large
magnitude earthquakes and that have a
relatively low rate of seismic activity.
M<6.5 SR<=2

1. The near-source factor may be based on the linear interpolation of values for distances
other than those shown in the table.
2. The location and type of seismic sources to be used for design shall be established on
approved geotechnical data (such as the most recent mapping of active faults by the United
States Geological Survey or the California Division of Mines and Geology).
3. The closest distance to seismic source shall be taken as the minimum distance between the
site and the area described by the vertical projection of the source on the surface (that is,
surface projection from fault plane). The surface projection need not include portions of the
source at depths of 10 km or greater. The largest value of the near-source factor
considering all sources shall be used for design.
4. Subduction sources shall be evaluated on a site specific basis.
Seismic Zone - Select the seismic zone, according to UBC-91 Figure No. 23-2:
Seismic
Zone
Description
Seismic Zone
Factor Z
(Table 23-I)
0 Gulf and prairies 0.00
1 Rockies and Appalachian areas 0.075
2a New England, Carolinas, and Ozarks 0.15
2b
Valley area west of the Rockies and
the Pacific Northwest
0.20
3 Sierras 0.30
4 California fault areas 0.40
Force Factor R or Rp - Enter the seismic force factor R according to Table 16-P, UBC 1997. R
is defined as the numerical coefficient representative of the inherent overstrength and global
ductility of lateral force resisting systems.
2.2 - Tanks on braced or unbraced legs.
2.9 - Distributed mass cantilever structures such as stacks, chimneys, silos, and skirt
supported vertical vessels.
Apply Allowables per 1612.3.2 - Select to use UBC 1997 provisions for earthquake loadings in
paragraph 1612.3.2. Paragraph 1612.3.1 does not allow any increase in allowables, but
1612.3.2, the second (alternate) paragraph does. When this option is selected, the software
applies an increase in allowable stresses of 1.33 to the skirt and a value of 1.2 to all other
elements. Apply Allowables per 1612.3.2 also overrides Use Higher Long. Stress on the
Design Constraints tab.


Component Elevation Ratio hx/hr - Enter a value for the elevation ratio if the vessel is
attached to another structure, such as a building The ratio, needed for proper analysis, is the
height in the structure where the vessel is attached hx to the average height of the roof hr.
Generally, this value is less than or equal to 1. For more information, see Section 1632.2, UBC
1997.

Component Amplification Factor ap - Enter a value for the component amplification factor a
p
.
This value varies from 1.0 to 2.5. For vessels a value of 2.5 is typical.

G Loading Seismic Data
Enter data for seismic loads in G's
Importance Factor - Enter the importance factor. The value is usually between 1.0 and 1.5.
Loads generated form G loading are multiplied directly by this value.
Long. Acceleration (Gx), Lateral Acceleration (Gz), and Vertical Acceleration (Gy) - Enter in
the value of G in each direction for the vessel. Typical values of lateral G loads are from 0 to 0.4.
Vertical G loads can be positive or negative. Negative G loads increase the saddle loads and
vertical G loads decrease the saddle loads.
For vertical vessels, the horizontal component used is the maximum of the Gx and Gz values.
The calculated horizontal force is equal to the weight of the element times this maximum G
factor. This force times its distance to the support is calculated and summed with all other
forces. The Gy value is also considered. This value is usually 2/3 of the Gx or Gz value. Any of
these values can be zero.
For horizontal vessels, the lateral (Gz) and longitudinal (Gx) directions are considered
independently. The vertical load component (Gy) acting on the saddle supports is also
calculated.


ASCE 7-98, ASCE 7-02/05, IBC 2000, IBC 2003, and
IBC 2006 Seismic Data
Enter a value for the acceleration factor F
v
. This factor is from Table 9.4.1.2.4B(ASCE) or Table
1615.1.2(2) (IBC), and is a function of Max. Mapped Res. Acc. Sl and Site Class:
Site Class
F
v

for Mapped 1-Second-Period Maximum Considered
Earthquake Spectral Acceleration (S
l
) of:
S
l
<= 0.1 S
l
= 0.2 S
l
= 0.3 S
l
= 0.4 S
l
>= 0.5
2

A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 [2.4]
1

F See note 1

1. Site-specific geotechnical information and dynamic site response analyses shall be
performed.
2. Site specific studies required according to Section 9.4.1.2.4 may result in higher values of S
s

than included on hazard maps, as may the provisions of Section 9.13.
3. The software also checks tables 1616.3(1) and 1616.3(2) to determine the seismic use
group. If Sd1 is greater than or equal to 0.2 and S1 is greater than or equal to 0.75 then the
additional check of equation 16-38 (IBC) is made. The same logic is used if Sds is greater
than or equal to 0.50.
Importance Factor I - Enter the importance factor, as given in 9.1.4 (ASCE) 1604.5 (IBC). The
value is usually between 1.0 and 1.5. The importance factor accounts for loss of life and
property.
Response Factor R - Enter the response modification factor R, from table 9.5.2.2 (ASCE) /
1617.6 (IBC). The value is usually 2.5 for inverted pendulum systems and cantilevered column
systems and 4.0 for elevated tanks. For horizontal vessels, leg supported vessels, and others
use a value of 3.0. The larger the value of R is, the more conservative the analysis becomes.
Acc. Based factor Fa - Enter a value for the acceleration factor F
a
. This factor is from Table
9.4.1.2.4A (ASCE) or Table 1615.1.2(1) (IBC), and is a function of Max. Mapped Res. Acc. Ss
and Site Class:
Site Class
F
a
for Mapped Short-Period Maximum Considered
s
) of:
S
s
<= 0.25 S
s
= 0.5 S
s
= 0.75 S
s
= 1.0 S
s
>= 1.25
2

A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0


D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 [0.9]
1

F See note 1

1. Site-specific geotechnical information and dynamic site response analysis shall be
performed.
s


Acc. Based factor Fv - Enter a value for the acceleration factor F
v
9.4.1.2.4B(ASCE) or Table 1615.1.2(2) (IBC), and is a function of Max. Mapped Res. Acc. Sl
and Site Class:
Site Class
F
v

l
) of:
S
l
<= 0.1 S
l
= 0.2 S
l
= 0.3 S
l
= 0.4 S
l
>= 0.5
2

A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 [2.4]
1

F See note 1

performed.
s

Max. Mapped Res. Acc. Ss - Enter the mapped short-period (0.2 second) maximum considered
earthquake spectral acceleration parameter S
s
, taken from the ASCE 7-98 / IBC 2000/2003
publication. The tables are found on pages 100 - 117 (ASCE 98), page 351 (IBC 2000), or page
323 (IBC 2003).
Do not enter percentage value. Enter a multiplier of g. For example, if the value in the
table is 25%, enter 0.25.


Max. Mapped Res. Acc. Sl - Enter the mapped long period (1 second) maximum considered
l
323 (IBC 2003). Typical values are 0.0 through 1.5g.
Moment Reduction Factor tau - Enter a moment reduction factor, used to reduce the moment
at each level. A value greater than one will scale the moments up, while a value that is less than
one will lower the moments. A value of 1.0 is recommended. The value should not be less than
0.8.
For ASCE this value is no longer used and is therefore not applicable.
Site Class - Select the site class: A, B, C, D, E, or F. The software only uses these values to
check the minimum value of C according to equation 9.5.3.2.1-4 (ASCE), 1615.1.1 (IBC). This
additional check is only performed if E or F is selected.
Use ASCE-7 2005 Code? - Select to use ASCE-7 2005 as the code for analysis. This option is
only available when ASCE 7-02/05 is selected for Seismic Design Code.
Component Elevation ratio z/h - Enter a value for the elevation ratio if the vessel is attached to
another structure, such as a building The ratio, needed for proper analysis, is the height in the
structure where the vessel is attached hx to the average height of the roof hr. Generally, this
value is less than or equal to 1. For more information, see Section 1632.2, UBC 1997.

Component Amplification Factor ap - Enter a value for the component amplification factor a
p
.
This value varies from 1.0 to 2.5. For vessels a value of 2.5 is typical.



Res. Spectrum Seismic Data
Select this method to perform a dynamic analysis of the vessel, applying loads based upon the
selected seismic response spectrum.
Initially, the vessel is modeled as a two-dimensional structure. An Eigen solution is then
performed, which determines system mode shapes and modal natural frequencies. All modes
with natural frequencies up through 100 Hz are calculated. The seismic response of each mode
is extracted from the response spectrum according to the natural frequency of each mode, and
then adjusted according to the mode participation factor. The system response is then
determined by combining all of the modal responses.
For tall structures, this analysis gives a much more accurate calculation than the typical static
equivalent method. The calculated loads are usually lower in magnitude than those calculated
using conventional building code techniques.
Response Spectrum Name - Select the name of the spectra or code to use for the dynamic
analysis:
User Defined - When this option is selected, you must select values for Range Type,
Ordinate Type, and Include Missing Mass Components. You must also click Edit /
Review Spectrum Points and enter values in the table. The same spectrum is applied in
the horizontal and vertical directions.
ELCENTRO - This response spectrum is based on the May 18, 1940 El Centro, California
earthquake, North-South component, 5-10% damping, as described in Introduction to
Structural Dynamics by John Biggs. The same spectrum is applied in the horizontal and
vertical directions.
ASCE - Seismic analysis is performed according to the modal analysis procedure of ASCE
Standard 7-98. The horizontal spectrum is built according to the ASCE-7 Section 9.4.1.2.6,
while the vertical spectrum provides a flat acceleration of 0.2S.
IBC - Seismic analysis is performed according to the modal analysis procedure of the
International Building Code 2000, which mirrors ASCE-7. The horizontal spectrum is built
according to IBC-2000 Section 1615.1, while the vertical spectrum provides a flat
acceleration of 0.2 (according to IBC-2000 Section 1617. 1).
1.60D.5 - The horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) spectra are specified in the United States
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide 1.60, for systems with 0.5% of critical
damping. This spectrum is normalized, so it must be scaled to the value entered for Zero
Period Acceleration.
1.60D2 - The horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) spectra are specified in the United States
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide 1.60, for systems with 2% of critical


Importance Factor - Enter the importance factor, as given in 9.1.4 (ASCE) 1604.5 (IBC). The
value is usually between 1.0 and 1.5. The importance factor accounts for loss of life and
property. For ASCE, this is I, the occupancy importance factor according to ASCE-7 Section
9.14. For IBC, this is Ie, the occupancy importance factor according to IBC 1616.2.
Shock Scale Factor X | Y dir - Enter values for the shock scale factor in the X and Y directions.
The factors are used as multipliers on the horizontal and vertical spectrum data points. The
value is usually 1, but can be higher or lower to scale the spectra up or down. For example,
many seismic specifications require that the vertical spectrum be 2/3 the magnitude of the
horizontal spectrum. This corresponds to an X value of 1.0 and a Y value of 0.6667.
In the analysis of vertical vessels, the component in the vertical direction is typically ignored.
You can enter a value of 0 in the Y direction field.
Zero Period Acceleration - Enter a value for the ground acceleration ZPA. This parameter
does double duty, depending upon the analysis type. When used with certain predefined
normalized response spectra, it is used as the acceleration factor (in g's) by which the spectrum
is scaled. For example, when a spectrum analysis uses a Response Spectrum Name
beginning with 1.60, such as, 1.60D.5 or 1.60D7, the software constructs an earthquake
spectrum according to the instructions given USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.60. That guide
requires that the shape of the response spectrum be chosen from the curves shown in Figures
6-5 and 6-6, based upon the system damping value (such as the ".5" in the spectrum names
1.60H.5 ). The Reg Guide 1.60 curves are normalized to represent ZPA of one g; the true value
is actually site dependent. Therefore, entering a ZPA value here appropriately scales any
Regulatory Guide 1.60 curve to meet site requirements.
Combination Method - Enter the spectral summation method mode that most accurately
captures the statistical correlation of the responses:
SRSS - Square Root of the Sum of the Squares. This method states that the total system
response is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual modal
responses. (This is effectively the same as using the DSRSS method with all correlation
coefficients equal to 0.0, or the Group method, with none of the modes being closely
spaced.) This method is based upon the statistical assumption that all modal responses are
completely independent, with the maxima following a relatively uniform distribution
throughout the duration of the applied load. This is usually non-conservative, especially if
there are any modes with very close frequencies, because those modes will probably
experience their maximum DLF at approximately the same time during the load profile.
Group - This method is defined in USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.92. The grouping method
attempts to eliminate the drawbacks of the Absolute and SRSS methods by assuming that
modes are completely correlated with any modes with similar (closely spaced) frequencies,
and are completely uncorrelated with those modes with widely different frequencies.
Effectively, this method dictates that the responses of any modes which have frequencies
within 10% of each other first be added together absolutely, with the results of each of these
groups then combined with the remaining individual modal results using the SRSS method.
Absolute - This method states that the total system response is equal to the sum of the
absolute values of the individual modal responses. (This is effectively the same as using the
DSRSS method with all correlation coefficients equal to 1.0, or the Group method, with all
modes being closely spaced.) This method gives the most conservative result, since it
assumes that the all maximum modal responses occur at exactly the same time during the
course of the applied load. This is usually overly-conservative, because modes with different
natural frequencies will probably experience their maximum DLF at different times during the
load profile.


Acc. Based Factor Fa - Enter a value for the acceleration factor F
a
9.4.1.2.4A (ASCE) or Table 1615.1.2(1) (IBC), and is a function of Max. Mapped Res. Acc. Ss
and Site Class:
Site Class
F
a
for Mapped Short-Period Maximum Considered
s
) of:
S
s
<= 0.25 S
s
= 0.5 S
s
= 0.75 S
s
= 1.0 S
s
>= 1.25
2

A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 [0.9]
1

F See note 1

1. Site-specific geotechnical information and dynamic site response analysis shall be
performed.
s

Acc. Based Factor Fv - Enter a value for the acceleration factor F
v
9.4.1.2.4B(ASCE) or Table 1615.1.2(2) (IBC), and is a function of Max. Mapped Res. Acc. Sl
and Site Class:
Site Class
F
v

l
) of:
S
l
<= 0.1 S
l
= 0.2 S
l
= 0.3 S
l
= 0.4 S
l
>= 0.5
2

A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 [2.4]
1

F See note 1

performed.
s



Max. Mapped Res. Acc. Ss - Enter the mapped short-period (0.2 second) maximum considered
s
323 (IBC 2003).
Max. Mapped Res. Acc. Sl - Enter the mapped long period (1 second) maximum considered
l
323 (IBC 2003). Typical values are 0.0 through 1.5g.
Response Modification R - Enter the response modification factor R, from table 9.5.2.2
(ASCE) / 1617.6 (IBC). The value is usually 2.5 for inverted pendulum systems and cantilevered
column systems and 4.0 for elevated tanks. For horizontal vessels, leg supported vessels, and
others use a value of 3.0. The larger the value of R is, the more conservative the analysis
becomes.
Coefficient Cd - Enter a value for C
d
, the deflection amplitude factor given. For ASCE-7 it is
determined from Table 9.5.2.2, while for IBC-2000 it is determined from Table 1617.6. This
parameter is used in conjunction with the importance factor and the deflection at level x to
calculate the modal deflection at each level. The values in the table range from 2 to 6.5. The
larger value leads to a more conservative result.
Range Type - Select the range type of the abscissa/ordinate axis of the spectrum: Frequency
or Period. Click Edit / Review Spectrum Points to enter data points in ascending order.
Ordinate Type - Select the Y-axis ordinate type of the spectrum curve:
Displacement - Diameter
Velocity - Diameter/second
Acceleration - Diameter/second
2
of G's
Include Missing Mass Components - Select to include a correction to the spectrum analysis
which represents the contribution of higher order modes not explicitly extracted for the
modal/dynamic response, thus providing greater accuracy without additional calculation time.
When this option is selected, the software automatically calculates the net (in-phase)
contribution of all non-extracted modes and combines it with the modal contributions, avoiding
the long calculation time associated with the extraction of the high order modes and the possible
excessive conservativism of the summation methods.
During spectrum (either seismic or force spectrum) or time history analyses, the response of a
system under a dynamic load is determined by superposition of modal results. One of the
advantages of this type of modal analysis is that usually only a limited number of modes are
excited and need to be included in the analysis. Only modes with natural frequencies up to
about 100 Hz are used. The drawback to this method is that although displacements may be
obtained with good accuracy using only a few of the lowest frequency modes, the force,
reaction, and stress results may require extraction of far more modes (possibly far into the rigid
range) before acceptable accuracy is attained. Select Include Missing Mass Components to
avoid this drawback.


Edit / Review Spectrum Points - Click to open the Spectrum Data Points dialog box. Enter
your values for Acc. G's at each needed Period Secs. Enter data points in ascending order.
Interpolation is made linearly for intermediate range values. A zero value is invalid.
Mexico Sismo Seismic Data
Mexico Sismo En Espaol (on page 374)
Enter data for the Mexican seismic code.
Seismic Zone - Select the seismic zone: A, B, C, or D. See the region map on page 1.3.29 of
the Manual DE Diseno por Sismo (Seismic Design Manual) for Mexico. Zone D is the zone of
highest seismic activity while zone A is the least active.
Structure Group - Select the structure group:
A - High Safety - Structure requiring a high degree of safety during their design, such as
towers and tanks.
B - Med. Safety - Structure requiring an intermediate degree of safety during their design.
C - Low Safety - Structure requiring a low degree of safety during their design.
Soil Type - Select the type of soil:
I - Hard soil. Ground deposits formed exclusively by layers with propagation velocity b
0
=
700 m/s or modulus of rigidity >= 85000 t/m
2
.
II - Medium soil. Ground deposits with fundamental period of vibration and effective velocity
of propagation which meets the condition
c
T
s
+
s
T
c
>
c
T
c
.
III - Soft soil. Ground deposits with fundamental period of effective vibration of propagation
which meet the condition
c
T
s
+
s
T
c
<
c
T
c
.
Behavior Factor Q - Enter the behavior factor Q. For chimneys and towers, use 3.0. For
smaller structures like tanks, use 2.0. For more information, see page 1.3.23 in the Manual
Sismo.
Effective Absorption Factor - Enter the absorption factor zeta e hat, used to compute the
increment factor Xi. This factor should always be less than or equal to 0.02.
Orthogonal Increase Factor - Enter the factor to scale up the earthquake loads in a linear
(scalar) fashion. This value is traditionally 1.118 and should always be greater than or equal to
1.0. The Mexican Earthquake Code considers an SRSS-type effect on the structure.
Mexico Sismo En Espaol
In English (see "Mexico Sismo Seismic Data" on page 374)
Zona Sismica
Se encuentran 4 opciones aqui. A, B, C y D. Estudie el Manual de Diseo por Sismo para
Mexico. En la pagina 1.3.29 del manual, se encuentra un mapa con las diferentes regiones
como se demuestra aqui. Se puede observar que la zona D es la zona que tiene la ms alta
actividad sismica, mientras que la zona A es la menos activa. Seleccione la zona correcta de el
menu de opciones.
Grupo Estructural
Grupo A Grado Alto de Seguridad
Grupo B Grado Intermedio de Seguridad
Grupo C Grado Bajo de Seguridad


Torres y tanques son considerados Estructuras del Grupo A porque se requiere un grado alto
de seguridad durante su diseo. Estructuras Grupo B requieren un grado intermedio de
seguridad y aquellos que son parte del grupo C requieren un grado bajo de seguridad.
Tipo de Terreno
I Terreno
Duro:
Depositos del suelo formado exclusivamente por capas con velocidad de
propagacin b
0
= 700 m/s o el mdulo de la rigidez >= 85000 t/m
2
.
II Terreno
Medio:
Depositos del suelo con el perodo fundamental de vibracin y la velocidad
efectiva de propagacin que demuestra la condicin:
c
T
s
+
s
T
c
>
c
T
c
.
III Terreno
Suave:
Depositos del suelo con el periodo fundamental de vibracin efectiva de
propagacin que demuestra la condicin:
c
T
s
+
s
T
c
<
c
T
c
.
Factor de Conducta Q
El factor de conducta Q se encuentra en el Manual pagina 1.3.20. Para chimeneas y torres,
este valor debe de ser 3.0. Para estructuras menores como tanques este valor puede ser 2.0.
Vea la pagina 1.3.23 en el Manual de Sismo para informacion adicional.
Factor efectivo de Absorcin
Este valor es zeta e hat y es utilizado para calcular el factor de incremento Xi. El EAF siempre
debe de ser menor que o igual a 0.02.
Factor ortogonal de Aumento
El Codigo Sismico Mexicano considera un efecto SRSS sobre la estructura.
Fundamentalmente, este valor aumenta las cargas sismicas en una forma lineal (Escalar). Este
valor es traditionalmente 1.118 y siempre debe de ser > o igual a 1.0.
Notas de Analisis:
Al igual que con cada otro anlisis de carga de terremoto, el objetivo es de calcular la fuerza
cortante en el centro de masa de cada elemento del recipiente. Una vez que las fuerzas
cortantes en cada elevacin son encontradas, los momentos pueden ser acumulados a la base,
apoyo de pierna u oreja.
El anlisis empieza calculando las distancias de los pesos y centroides de todos los elementos
del recipiente. Es muy importante modelar la estructura en secciones que son apropiadas de
tamao. Para cilindros, este valor est acerca de 10 o 12 pies (3m). Esto asegura que el
programa tiene suficiente informacin para calcular el perodo natural de vibracin con
suficiente certeza.
Con los datos de entrada dados y pesos calculados de terremoto y frecuencia natural, PV Elite
determina los valores de la tabla 3.1 del Cdigo Ssmico Mexicano. Los valores son:
a
o
Coordenada Espectral para calcular a
c Coordenada Espectral para calcular a
T
a
(s) Valor de Periodo para calcular a
T
b
(s) Valor de Periodo para calcular a
r Exponente usado para calcular a
Para las estructuras del grupo A, los valores de las coordenadas espectrales (a
o
, c)
obtenidas de la tabla 3.1 son multiplicadas por 1.5.


Para este tipo de recipientes PV Elite utilizara el metodo de analisis statico como esta resumido
en el codigo de sismo Mexicano. Si su pila o columna mide ms de 60 metros o 192 pies, usted
debe utilizar el mtodo dinmico de anlisis.
Despus de que todos los varios factores son calculados, las fuerzas cortantes en cada nivel
son calculadas en cada nivel segn la frmula en la pgina 1.3.88 del Cdigo de Sismo. Este es
el tipo tradicional de ecuaciones masivas de distribucin de carga de suma de altura. Adems
de las fuerzas cortantes en cada nivel, la fuerza primera tambin es calculada por la ecuacin
1.3.89. Despus de que las cargas son calculadas, son multiplicadas por el factor ortogonal de
aumento.
Con las fuerzas cortantes conocidas, los momentos son calculados de la cima a la base,
utilizando tipicas ecuaciones de tipo esttica.
China GB 50011 Seismic Data
Enter data for China's GB 50011-2001 seismic code.
Alpha1 from 5.1.4 - Enter a value for the seismic coefficient, . This value is used to determine
F
Ek
from equation 5.2.1-1. For multistory brick buildings, multistory structures with interior
frames, or framed single-story buildings, =
max
, the maximum seismic coefficient, as given in
Table 5.1.4-1:
Intensity VI VII VIII IX
max
0.04
0.08
(0.12)
0.16
(0.24)
0.32
DeltaN from 5.2.1 - Enter a value for the additional seismic coefficient,
n
. This value is used in
conjunction F
Ek
to compute AF
n
.This is an optional entry for additional seismic action at the top
level of the building, as given in Table 5.2.1:
T
g
(s) T
1
> 1.4*T
g
T
1
<= 1.4*T
g

<= 0.35 0.08*T
1
+ 0.07
0.0 > 0.35~0.55 0.08*T
1
+ 0.01
> 0.55 0.08*T
1
- 0.02
In addition to calculating lateral loads on elements, the software calcuates vertical loads
according to section 5.3.1.


AS/NZ 1170.4 Seismic Data
Enter data for the Australian/New Zealand AS/NZ-1170.4 seismic code, 1993 or 2007.
Code Year - Select the revision year of the code: 1993 or 2007.
Importance Factor (I) - Enter the value of the importance factor I. The software uses this value
directly without modification. Values are taken from Table 16-K of the UBC 1997 standard:
Structure
Type
Description

Importance
Factor
I
Structures include buildings not of
type II or type III.
1.0
II
Structures include buildings that
are designed to contain a large
number of people, or people of
restricted or impaired mobility.
1.0
III
are essential to post-earthquake
recovery or associated with
hazardous facilities.
1.25
Structural Response Factor (Rf) - Enter the he structural response factor R
f,
taken from table
6.2.6(b) of the code. For vessels on legs, use 2.1. For towers, stacks and chimney type
structures, use 2.8.
Site Factor (S) - Enter the site factor S. taken from table 2.4(a) or 2.4(b). The factor is a function
of the type of soil on which the vessel sits. This value can range between 0.67 and 2.0. A value
of 2 is the most conservative and represents a vessel sitting on a foundation of loose sand or
clay, while 0.67 represents a vessel sitting on a rock bed.
Soil Profile Table 2.4(a)
General Structures

Site
factor
(S)
A profile of rock materials with rock strength Class L (low) or better. 0.67
A soil profile with either:
Rock materials Class EL (extreme low) or VL (very low).
Not more than 30m of medium dense to very dense coarse sands and gravels;
firm , stiff or hard clays; or controlled fill.
1.0
A soil profile with more than 30m of: medium dense to very dense coarse sands and
gravels; firm , stiff or hard clays; or controlled fill.
1.25
A soil profile with a total depth of 20m or more and containing 6 to 12m of: very soft to
soft clays; very loose or loose sands; silts; or uncontrolled fill.
1.5
A soil profile with more than 12m of: very soft to soft clays; very loose or loose sands;
silts; or uncontrolled fill characterized by shear wave velocities less than 150m/s.
2.0
Acceleration Coefficient (ax) - Enter the acceleration coefficient a
x
, taken from Table 2.3 or
Figures 2.3(b) to 2.3(g). This value ranges from 0.04 to 0.22. The higher the acceleration
coefficient, the higher the load on the vessel.


Design Category - Select the design category A, B, C, D, or E. The software uses this value to
determine if it is necessary to apply vertical accelerations. If the selected category is D or E,
vertical accelerations are applied. The vertical acceleration is taken to be 0.5 times
Acceleration Coefficient (ax) in the horizontal direction, according to paragraph 6.8.
Probability Factor (kp) - Enter a value for the probability factor k
p
.
Hazard Factor (Z) - Enter the hazard factor.
Structural Performance Factor (Sp) - Enter the structural performance factor.
Structural Ductility Factor (mu) - Enter the structural ductility factor.
Soil Type - Enter the soil type.
Component Elevation Ratio (hx/hn) - Enter a a value for the elevation ratio if the vessel is
supported by a building. The ratio, needed for proper analysis, is the height from the bottom of
the vessel hx to the building height hn. A value for Attachment Factor (ac) must also be
entered. The base shear is calculated according to equation 5.2.1. After the base shear F
p
(V) is
calculated, it is applied according to the equations in section 6 of the code.

Attachment Amplification Factor (ac) - Enter the attachment amplification factor a
c
. This value
is typically 1.0 unless unusually flexible connections are provided (which is not for vessels).
Because the load is in linear proportion with a
c
, the higher the value is, the higher the load
becomes. You must also enter a value for Component Elevation Ratio (hx/hn).



NBC 2005 Seismic Data
Enter data for the NBC seismic code.
Importance Factor (IE) - Enter the earthquake importance factor IE, a value that accounts for
loss of life and property. This value is referred to in Table 4.1.8.5 but is only shown for Ultimate
Load State design. The software uses allowable stress design. This value should normally be
greater than or equal to 1.0.
Site Class - Enter the site class, designating the type of underlying strata the vessel is resting
on. Site class A generates the least conservative result and site class E generates the most
conservative result for the design base shear. The following table is adapted from Table
4.1.8.4.A, NBC 2005.
Site Class Ground Profile Name
A Hard rock
B Rock
C Very dense soil and soft rock
D Stiff Soil
E Soft Soil
Overstrength Factor (Ro) - Enter a value for the overstrength factor R
o
. A value of 1 is
conservative. A value greater than 1 leads to a less conservative, lower design base shear. R
o
is
taken from NBC table 4.1.8.9. The NBC Code is for buildings and support for vessels is lacking.
You will not find a good value for R
o
in the tables.
Ductility Factor (Rd) - Enter the ductility factor R
d,
the ductility-related force modification factor
reflecting the capability of a structure to dissipate energy through inelastic behavior. A value of 1
is conservative. A value greater than 1 leads to a less conservative, lower design base shear. R
d

is taken from NBC table 4.1.8.9.
Accelerations from Appendix C Division B - Enter acceleration factors S
a
for different
acceleration periods. The acceleration factors for various cities and regions in Canada are found
in Appendix C,Division B, Volume 2 of the NBC Code. These accelerations are used to
determine S(T) according to paragraph 6, section 4.1.8.4. The software calculates each
candidate and performs a final interpolation of the result based on the fundamental period of
vibration of the vessel.


Component Elevation Ratio (hx/hn) - Enter a value for the elevation ratio if the vessel is
supported by structure, such as a building. The ratio is the height in the structure where the
vessel is attached hx to height to the top of the building from grade hn. Generally, this value is
less than or equal to 1. If the value is zero, the vessel is not building-supported.

Component Amplification Factor (Rp) - Enter the element or component response
modification factor R
p
, from table 4.1.8.17. For vessels, a value of 2.5 is typical. The larger the
value of R
p
is, the more conservative the result becomes.
Element or Component Factor (Cp) - Enter the element or component factor C
p
, from table
4.1.8.17. A value of 1.0 is typical and is the default value. The larger the value of C
p
, the more
conservative the result.
Component Force Amp. Factor (Ar) - Enter the element or component force amplification
factor Ar, from table 4.1.8.17. A value of 2.5 is typical and is the default value. The larger the
value of Ar, the more conservative the result.


PDVSA Seismic Data
PDVSA En Espaol (on page 385)
Enter data for the Venezuelan Code for Seismic Analysis of Vessels.
Characteristic Accel. (a*) - Enter the characteristic acceleration a*. The value is obtained from
Figure 6.1 seismic threat map:



Gamma - Enter the gamma factor . The value is obtained from Figure 6.2 seismic threat map:

Annual Probability - Enter the risk classification annual probability P
1.
Select the risk
classification based on the most critical consequences defined in Section 4.1 Reference Scale,
JA-221 page 9, Table 4.1 Risk Classification Scale:
Degree
of
Risk
Conditions
P1
(10
-3
)

Number of
people
exposed
Economic Loss
Environmental
impact
Materials Lost profits
A Few (< 10)
Limited to
installation
Worthless Little or None 2
B
Important
(11 to 100)
The installation
and any neighbor
Significant.
Between 1
and 50 US$
Recovery
3 years
1
C
Great number
of people
(100 to 500)
The installation
and many
neighbors
Between 50 and
250 US$
Recovery
3 to 10 years
0.5
D > 500 people
Natural
catastrophe
> 250 US$ Irreversible 0.1
For unknown or doubtful cases of risk, select the highest risk classification.
Damping Factor - Enter the damping factor , as defined in Section 6 The Seismic Design
Movements, JA-222 page 4, Table 6.1:


Type of Structure Damping (%)
Welded steel 3
Bolted steel 5
Reinforced concrete 5
Metallic tanks See FJ-251
Ductility Factor - Enter the damping factor D, Select D for the type of structure that dissipates
energy in a way that does not compromise the stability of the vessel system, as defined in
Section 8 Ductility Factor, JA-222 page 4, Table 8.1:
Type of Structure D Comments
Vertical Vessel
(metallic skirt and
connection bolts in the
foundation)
2
The eventual failure of the skirt and connection bolts
is ductile. It supplies sufficient deformation to the bolts
by means of exposed backups.
Vertical Vessel
(metallic skirt and
foundation)
2
A ductile failure in the connection bolts on the
foundation.
Must avoid premature fragile failure in the skirt. It
supplies sufficient deformation to the bolts by means of
exposed backups.
Vertical Vessel
(metallic skirt and
foundation)
1
None-ductile failure in the system in the skirt
or in the bolts.
Horizontal Vessel
(on top of arcs of high
hyperstatic moments)
6
The mechanical failure in the saddle must be ductile,
under the concept of strong column weak beam.No
fragile failure between the vessel and the saddle.
Horizontal Vessel
(on top of arcs of high
hyperstatic moments)
4
The mechanical failure in the saddle must be ductile,
under the concept of strong column weak beam. No
fragile failure between the vessel and the saddle.
Horizontal Vessel
(on top of single columns)
1.5 Ductile failure on the column.
Horizontal Vessel
(on top of a braced arc)
4 Ductile failure from the system.
Horizontal Vessel
(on top of walls)
1.5 In the walls plane.
2 In the walls vertical plane.
Horizontal Vessel
(single diagonal braced
columns)
1.5 In the non-bracing plane. Ductile failure on the column.
3
In the bracing plane. It first yields the system of bracing
in a ductile form.
Beta Factor - Enter the beta factor , as defined in Section 6.3 Elastic Response Spectrum,
Table 6.1 Spectrum Form Values, JA-221 page 15, Table 6.1 Spectrum Form Values:


Spectral
Form

T
o

(s)
T*
(s)
S1 2.4 0.10 0.4
S2 2.6
0.20

0.8
S3 2.8 0.30 1.2
S4 3.0 0.40 1.6

Ad - Spectrum acceleration divided by the gravity's acceleration
g - Gravity acceleration
Ao - Maximum acceleration coefficient of the terrain, Ao = a/g
To - Value of the period that defines part of the normalized elastic spectral, in seconds
T* - Maximum value of the period in the interval where the normalized elastic spectra have a
constant value, in seconds
- One of the parameters that define the spectral form
T* Factor - Enter the T* factor, as defined in Section 6.3 Elastic Response Spectrum, Table 6.1
Spectrum Form Values, JA-221 page 15, Table 6.1 Spectrum Form Values:
Spectral
Form

T
o

(s)
T*
(s)
S1 2.4 0.10 0.4
S2 2.6
0.20

0.8
S3 2.8 0.30 1.2
S4 3.0 0.40 1.6

Ad - Spectrum acceleration divided by the gravity's acceleration
g - Gravity acceleration
Ao - Maximum acceleration coefficient of the terrain, Ao = a/g
T
o
- Value of the period that defines part of the normalized elastic spectral, in seconds
T* - Maximum value of the period in the interval where the normalized elastic spectra have a
constant value, in seconds
- One of the parameters that define the spectral form
T+ Factor - Enter the T
+
factor, the minimum value of the period in the interval where the design
spectral has a constant value, as defined in Section 7 Spectrum Design, JA-221 page 18, Table
7.1:

T
+

(s)
D < 5 0.1 (D-1)
D 5 0.4
Should comply with T
o
T
+
T*
Phi Factor - Enter the phi factor , as defined in Section 5.1 Factor and Spectral Form
Selection, JA-221 page 11, Table 5.1 Factor and Spectral Form Selection:


Material

V
sp

(m/s)
H
(m)
Spectral
form

Healthy rock / fractured > 700 Any S1 0.85
Soft rock or moderate > 400
50 S1 0.90
> 50 S2 0.95
Very hard or very dense floors > 400
< 30 S1 0.90
30 - 50 S2 0.95
> 50 S3 1.00
Hard or dense floors 250 - 400
< 15 S1 0.90
15 - 50 S2 0.95
50 - 70 S3
2
1.00
> 70 S4 1.00
Firm floors / medium dense 170 - 250
50 S2
3
1.00
> 50 S3
2
1.00
Soft floors / loose < 170
15 S2
3
1.00
> 15 S3
2
1.00
Soft strata interspersed
with other more rigid floors
1

< 170
< H1 S2 1.00
> H1 S3 0.90
H - Depth to which the material has a velocity, Vs, greater than 500 m/s.
H1 - Depth from the surface up to the top of the soft strata (m): 0.25 H.
V
sp
- Average velocity on the geotechnic profile (m/s).
- Correction factor for the horizontal acceleration coefficient.

1. The thickness of the strata should be greater than 0.1 H.
2. If A
o
0.15, use S4.
If A
o
0.15, use S3.
PDVSA En Espaol
In English (see "PDVSA Seismic Data" on page 381)
Seccion 4.1 Escala de Referencia (JA-221 pagina 9)
Seleccionar el Grado de Riesgo asociado con el renglon de consecuencias mas desfavorables
descritas en la Tabla 4.1
p1 : Probabilidad anual de excedencia
Tabla 4.1 Escala de Clasificacion de Riesgos


Grado
de
Riesgo
CONDICIONES
P1
(10-3)

Numero de
personas
expuestas
Perdidas economicas
Impacto
Ambiental
Materiales Lucro Cesante
A Pocas (< 10)
Limitado a la
instalacion
Despreciable Poco o Nulo 2
B
Importante
(11 to 100)
La instalacion y
alguna vecina
Significativo
Entre 1
y 50 MMUS$
Recuperacion
3 aos
1
C
Elevado
numero
de personas
(100 to 500)
La instalacion
y numerosas
vecinas
Entre 50 y
250 MMUS$
Recuperacion
3 a 10 aos
0.5
D
> 500
personas
De naturaleza
catastrofica
> 250 MMUS$ Irreversible 0.1
Nota: Cuando se presenten dudas en la seleccion del Grado de Riesgo, se adoptara el grado
de mayor riesgo
Seccion 6 Movimientos Sismicos de Diseo (JA-222 pagina 4)
: factor de amortiguamiento
Tabla 6.1 Factor de Amortiguamiento
Tipo de Estructura Amortiguamiento (%)
Acero soldado 3
Acero empernado 5
Concreto reforzado 5
Tanques metalicos
Segun Especificacion
FJ-251
Seccion 8 Factor de Ductilidad (JA-222 pagina 4)
El diseo debe garantizar que el mecanismo de disipacion de energia en el cual se fundamenta
D no comprometa la estabilidad del sistema
D : factor de ductilidad
Tabla 8.1 Factores de Ductilidad
Tipo de Esctructura D Comentarios
Recipiente Vertical
(falda metalica y pernos
de
conexion con la fundacion)
2
La eventual falla de la falda, asi como de los pernos
de conexion, es ductil. Se suministra suficiente
longitud de deformacion a los pernos mediante
soportes expuestos ("silla para pernos").
Recipiente Vertical
de
2
Falla ductil en los pernos de conexion con la fundacion.
Se debe evitar la falla fragil de la falda. Se suministra
suficiente longitud de deformacion a los pernos


conexion con la fundacion) mediante soportes expuestos
Recipiente Vertical
de
conexion con la fundacion)
1
Falla no ductil del sistema, en la falda y/o pernos.
No se recomienda esta situacion
Recipiente Horizontal
(sobre porticos de
momento
de alta hiperestacidad)
6
El mecanismo de falla del portico debe de ser ductil,
bajo el concepto de columna fuerte viga debil.
No se produce falla fragil y/o prematura en la conexion
entre el recipiente y el portico
(sobre porticos de
momento
de baja hiperestacidad)
4
El mecanismo de falla del portico debe de ser ductil,
bajo el concepto de columna fuerte viga debil.
No se produce falla fragil y/o prematura en la conexion
entre el recipiente y el portico
(sobre monocolumnas)
1.5 Falla ductil de la columna
(sobre portico arriostrado)
4 Falla ductil del sistema
(sobre muros)
1.5 En el plano de los muros
2 En el plano perpendicular a los muros
(monocolumnas
arriostradas
con diagonales)
1.5 En el plano no arriostrado. Falla ductil de la columna.
3
En el plano arriostrado. Cede primero el sistema de
arriostramiento en forma ductil
Seccion 10 Seleccion del Metodo de Analisis (JA-222 pagina 8)
Tabla 10.1 Seleccion del Metodo de Analisis
Altura de la
Estructura
(m)
Ao
Grado de Riesgo
A B C D
10
0.15 Se Se Dy Dy
> 0.15 Se Dy Dy Dy
> 10 Any Dy Dy Dy Dy
Es : Estatico Equivalente
Di: Analisis Dinamico
Nota : El Metodo Estatico Equivalente es el requerimiento minimo para los casos descritos; por
tanto, puede ser reemplazado por el Metodo de Analysis Dinamico
Seccion 5.1 Seleccion de la Forma Espectral y del Factor (JA-221 pagina 11)
H : Profundidad a la cual se consigue material con velocidad, Vs, mayor que 500 m/s
H1 : Profundidad desde la superficie hasta el tope del estrato blando (m): 0.25 H
V
sp
:Velocidad promedio de las ondas de corte en el perfil geotecnico (m/s)
:Factor de correccion del coeficiente de aceleracion horizontal
Table 5.1 Forma Espectral Tipificada y Factor


Material

V
sp

(m/s)
H
(m)
Forma
espectral

Roca sana / fracturada > 700
Cualquier
a
S1 0.85
Roca blanda o moderadamente
meteorizada
> 400
50 S1 0.90
> 50 S2 0.95
Suelos muy duros o muy densos > 400
< 30 S1 0.90
30 - 50 S2 0.95
> 50 S3 1.00
Suelos duros o densos 250 - 400
< 15 S1 0.90
15 - 50 S2 0.95
50 - 70 S3 (b) 1.00
> 70 S4 1.00
Suelos firmes / medio densos 170 - 250
50 S2 (c) 1.00
> 50 S3 (b) 1.00
Suelos blandos / sueltos < 170
15 S2 (c) 1.00
> 15 S3 (b) 1.00
Estratos blandos intercalados
con otros suelos mas rigidos(a)
< 170
< H1 S2 1.00
> H1 S3 0.90
(a) El espesor de los estratos debe ser mayor que 0.1 H
(b) Si A
o
0.15, usese S4
(c) Si A
o
0.15, usese S3


Seccion 6.1 Mapas de Amenaza Sismica (JA-221 pagina 12)
a*, : Valores obtenidos de los Mapas de Amenaza Sismica dados en las Figuras 6.1 y 6.2

Nota: Fig. 6.1 Mapa Amenaza Sismica, valores de a*


Nota: Fig. 6.2 Mapa Amenaza Sismica, valores de
Seccion 6.3 Espectro de Respuesta Elastica (JA-221 pagina 15)
Ad : Aceleracion espectral dividida por la aceleracion de gravedad (g)
g : Aceleracion de gravedad
A
o
: Coeficiente de aceleracion maxima del terreno, Ao = a/g
T
o
: Valor maximo del periodo que define parte del espectro elastico normalizado, en segundos.
T* : Valor maximo del periodo en el intervalo donde los espectros elasticos normalizados tienen
un valor constante, en segundos
: Uno de los parametros que definen la forma de los espectros.
Tabla 6.1 Valores que definen la Forma del Espectro
Forma
espectral

T
o

(s)
T*
(s)
S1 2.4 0.10 0.4
S2 2.6
0.20

0.8
S3 2.8 0.30 1.2
S4 3.0 0.40 1.6
Seccion 7 Espectros de Diseo (JA-221 pagina 18)
T
+
: Menor valor del periodo en el intervalo donde los espectros de diseo tienen un valor
constante, en segundos.


Tabla 7.1 Valores de T
+
(segundos)

T
+

(s)
D < 5 0.1 (D-1)
D 5 0.4
Se debe cumplir T
o
T
+
T*

Chile NCh2369 Seismic Data
Chile NCh2369 En Espaol (on page 393)
Enter data for the Chilean Code for Seismic Analysis of Vessels.
Eff. Max. Ground Acc. (Ao) - Enter the effective maximum ground acceleration A
o
, as defined
in Table 5.2 Maximum Effective Acceleration, NCh2369 page 39:
Seismic Zone A
o

1 0.20 g
2 0.30 g
3 0.40 g
Soil Parameter (T') - Enter the soil parameter T', as defined in Table 5.4 Value of type of soil
dependent parameters, NCh2369 page 40:
Type of
Soil
T'
(s)
n

I 0.20 1.00
II 0.35 1.33
III 0.62 1.80
IV 1.35 1.80
T' : Soil type dependent parameter
n : number of levels parameter dependent by the type of soil

Soil Parameter (n) - Enter the soil parameter T', as defined in Table 5.4 Value of type of soil
dependent parameters, NCh2369 page 40:
Type of
Soil
T'
(s)
n

I 0.20 1.00
II 0.35 1.33
III 0.62 1.80
IV 1.35 1.80


T' : Soil type dependent parameter
n : number of levels parameter dependent by the type of soil
Damping Ratio (Xi) - Enter the damping ratio , as defined in Table 5.5 Damping Ratios,
NCh2369 page 40:
Resistant System
Welded steel shell; silos; hoppers; pressure vessels; process towers; piping, etc 0.02
Bolted or riveted steel shell; 0.03
Welded steel frames with or without bracings 0.02
Steel frames with field bolted connections, with or without bracings 0.03
Reinforced concrete and masonry structures 0.05
Precast reinforced concrete, purely gravitational structures 0.05
Precast reinforced concrete structures with wet connections, connected to the
non-structural
elements and incorporated into the structural model
0.05
Precast reinforced concrete structures with wet connections, non-connected to the
non-
structural elements
0.03
Precast reinforced concrete structures with dry connections, non-connected and
connected:

With bolted connections and connections by means of bars embedded in filling mortar

With welded connections

0.03

0.02
Other structures not included in above list nor similar to the foregoing ones 0.02
See notes at the bottom of Table 5.5 in NCh2369, page 40.
Response Mod. Factor (R) - Enter the response modification factor R, as defined in Table 5.6,
NCh2369 page 41:
Resistant System R
1. Structures designed for remain elastic 1
2. Other Structures not included nor similar to those in this list
1
. 2
7. Tanks, vessels, stacks, silos and hoppers
7.1 Stacks, silos and hoppers with continuous down-to-floor shells 3
7.2
Silos, hoppers and tanks supported on columns, with or without bracing
between columns.
4
7.3 Vertical axis steel tanks with continuous down-to-floor shell 4
7.4
Vertical axis reinforced concrete tanks with continuous down-to-floor
shell
3
7.5
Tanks and conduits of composite synthetic material (FRP, GFRP, HDPE
and similar materials)
3


7.6 Horizontal vessels supported on cradles with ductile anchorages 4
8. Towers, piping and equipment
8.1 Process towers 3
8.2 Cooling towers made of wood or plastic 4
8.3 Electric control cabinets resting on floor 3
8.4 Steel piping except their connections 5
9. Storage racks 4
1. Except that a study proves that an R value other than 2 can be used. Structures
whose resistant system is explicitly included in this table are not assimilable to
this classification.
For more information, see Table 5.5 in NCh2369, page 41.
Coefficient of Importance (I) - Enter the coefficient of importance I, as defined in Section 4.3.1
Classification, NCh2369 page 20:
Category
Description

Coefficient of
Importance
C1
Critical structures and equipment
based on if its vital, dangerous
and essential (such as pressure
vessels, tanks, silos).
1.20
C2
Normal structures and equipment,
which may be affected by normal
easily repairable failures and do
not hazard other category C1
structures.
1.00
C3
are essential to post-earthquake
recovery or associated with
hazardous facilities.
0.80

Chile NCh2369 En Espaol
In English (see "Chile NCh2369 Seismic Data" on page 391)
Seccion 4.3.1 Clasificacin (NCh2369 pagina 20)
La clasificacin apropiada segn su importancia es as:
Categoria C1: Estructuras crticas y los equipos utilizados se basaron si son vitales, peligrosos y
esenciales. (Recipientes de presin, tanques, silos, etc)
Categoria C2: Las estructuras normales y el equipo utilizado, que pueden ser afectados por los
fracasos normalmente y fcilmente reparables y que no arriesguen otras estructuras de
categora C1.
Categoria C3: Estructuras menores o provisionales y el equipo utilizado, cuyo fracaso ssmico
no crea peligro a otra estructura de categora C1 y C2.


Nota: Lea NCh2369 4.3.1 Categorias de Clasificacion para mas informacion
Seccion 4.3.2 Coeficiente de Importancia (NCh2369 pagina 20)
El coeficiente de importancia I para cada categora tiene los valores siguientes:
C1I : 1.20
C2I : 1.00
C3I : 0.80
Seccion 5. Tablas (NCh2369 pagina 35)
Tabla 5.2 Mxima Aceleracin Effectiva (NCh2369 pagina 39)
A
o
: aceleracin mxima efectiva de suelo
Zona Seismica A
o

1 0.20 g
2 0.30 g
Tabla 5.4 Parmetros Dependientes del valor de tipo de suelo (NCh2369 pagina 40)
Escoja parmetros dependientes del tipo de suelo en la Tabla 5.3 (NCh2369 pagina 39)
T' : parametro dependiente por el tipo de suelo
n : numero de niveles de parametro dependiente por el tipo de suelo
Tipo de
Suelo
T'
(s)
n

I 0.20 1.00
II 0.35 1.33
III 0.62 1.80
IV 1.35 1.80
Tabla 5.5 Proporcion de Amortiguamiento (NCh2369 pagina 40)
Sistema Resistente
Recipiente soldado de acero; silos; depsitos de alimentacin; recipientes de presin;
torres de proceso; tubera, etc
0.02
Recipiente empernado o remachado de acero; 0.03
Recipientes soldados de acero con o sin refuerzos 0.02
Recipientes de acero con conexiones empernadas, con o sin refuerzos 0.03
Cemento reforzado y estructuras de albailera 0.05
Cemento reforzado prefabricado, estructuras de gravitacin puras. 0.05
Estructuras reforzadas de cemento con conexiones prefabricadas, conectadas a
elementos
no estructurales e integrados en el modelo estructural
0.05
Estructuras reforzadas de cemento con conexiones prefabricadas, no conectadas a
estructuras no elementales
0.03


Estructuras reforzadas de cemento con conexiones secas prefabricadas, no
conectadas y conectadas:

con conexiones empedernadas y conexiones por medio de barras empotradas en
mortero

con conexiones soldadas

0.03

0.02
Otras estructuras no incluidas en la lista previa o que asimile a las mencionadas 0.02
Nota: Lea Tabla 5.5 notas finales en NCh2369 pagina 40
Tabla 5.6 Valores mximos del factor de modificacin de respuesta (NCh2369 pagina 41)
Sistema Resistente R
1. Estructuras diseadas que se quedan elsticas 1
2. Otras estructuras no incluidas ni semejantes a sas en esta lista
1
. 2
7. Tanques, recipientes, pilas, silos y depositos de alimentacion
7.1
Pilas, silos y depositos de alimentacion con continuos recipientes de bajo del
piso
3
7.2
Silos, depositos de alimentacion y tankques soportados en columnas, con o
sin refuerzo entre columnas.
4
7.3 Tanques de acero con eje vertical con continuo recipiente bajo del piso 4
7.4 Tanques de concreto con eje vertical con continuo recipiente bajo del piso 3
7.5
Tanques y conductos de materia sinttica compuesta (FRP, GFRP, HDPE
y materiales similares)
3
7.6 Recipientes horizontales apoyados en cunas con anclajes dctiles 4
8. Torres, tuberias y equipo
8.1 Torres de Proceso 3
8.2 Torres de refrigeracin de madera o plstico 4
8.3 Gabinetes elctricos de control que descansan en el piso 3
8.4 Tubera de acero menos sus conexiones 5
9. Sporte de almacenamiento 4
1. Amenos que un estudio demuestre que el valor de R valga otro que 2 pueden ser utilizados.
Estructuras cuyos sistemas resistentes sean incluidos explicitamente en esta tabla no son
asimilables a esta clasificacion.
Nota: Para mas informacion lea Tabla 5.5 en NCh2369 pagina 41
Tabla 5.7 Valores mximos del coeficiente ssmico (NCh2369 pagina 43)
R
Cmax
= 0.02 = 0.03 = 0.05
1 0.79 0.68 0.55


2 0.60 0.49 0.42
3 0.40 0.34 0.28
4 0.32 0.27 0.22
5 0.26 0.23 0.18
Nota: Estos valores son validos para la zona sismica 3. Para aplicacion de zona 2 y 1, estos
valores seran multiplicados por 0.75 y 0.50, respectivamente.
Seccion 5. Figuras 5.1 (NCh2369 pagina 35)
Figura 5.1 a) Zonificacion Sismica de las Regiones I, II, y III (NCh2369 pagina 44)



Figura 5.1 b) Zonificacion Sismica de las Regiones IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X
y Region Metropolitana (NCh2369 pagina 45)



Figura 5.1 c) Zonificacion Sismica de las Regiones XI y XII (NCh2369 pagina 46)

PV Elite Analysis


S E C T I O N 1 2
PV Elite performs the analysis of heat exchangers according to the following codes:
ASME Section VIII Division 1
TEMA 1998
PD 5500: 2006
EN-13445 (U-tubes only at the time of this writing)
ASME Tubesheet (heat exchanger) analysis rules were formerly found in Appendix AA, but in
2003, were re-written and moved to the main body of the code, Part UHX. TEMA and PD 5500
methods of analysis have undergone little change sin recent years.
Formerly, tubesheets could only be analyzed using CodeCalc via Component Analysis Data
(on page 54) . While this command is still available, analysis directly in PV Elite has a number
of advantages:
Tubesheets are integrated into a model with cylindrical shells (main shell and channels),
heads, and nozzles.
The total weight of the heat exchanger is calculated, including all of its component parts.
Supports, such as saddles, are analyzed directly from the integrated model, ensuring that all
weights and applied loads are addressed.
Tubesheet reports are part of the overall analysis.
For ASME, the MAWP/MAPnc of the entire exchanger is calculated, including tubesheet,
tubes, expansion joint, and floating head. These allowable pressures are calculated for each
side shell and channel. The hydrotest for each side can also calculated.
The tubesheet design code can be changed between TEMA and ASME with little
modification to the input data.
Calculating and Displaying Vessel Analysis Results
Each of these steps calculates and displays specific results of a vessel analysis. A brief
description of the key analysis steps is defined below:
Step 0: Error Checking
The input program will have already caught most of the errors that are easily made. However,
there are some errors that can only be discovered after the analysis begins. There are also
some warnings that may be helpful. This first routine check creates a report in the output. If any
of the input errors prevents the software from running, execution stops here. Check the output to
determine the exact error discovered by the program.
Step 1: Input Echo
PV Elite provides a complete listing of your input. This includes the geometry and materials for
each element (head, shell, cone, flange, skirt, etc.) and the information for any details attached
to that element.
PV Elite Analysis
PV Elite Analysis


Step 2: XY Coordinate Calculations
The program calculates the X and Y locations of the first end of every element.
Step 3: Internal Pressure Calculations
The geometry, material, and loading data from your model are used to calculate the required
thickness and maximum allowable working pressure for each element (except skirts and
flanges). The calculations are done using the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 rules, or the
British Standard PD:5500 rules. The internal design pressure at any point is taken to be the
given design pressures for that element, plus the pressure due to liquid head, if any.
If you checked the Increase Thickness For Internal Pressure design flag and any element is
too thin for the given pressure, the program will automatically (or under interactive control)
increase the thickness of the element. There is a computation control (under Utilities on the
Main Menu) that allows you to increase the element thickness to exactly that required, or to
round the thickness up to the next nominal size.
If the program has increased the thickness, it will recalculate all the required thicknesses and
maximum allowable working pressures for the vessel, and create a new table showing these
results.
After the internal pressure calculation is complete, PV Elite prints the formulas and substitutions,
as well the minimum design metal temperatures for the elements.
Step 4: Hydrotest Calculations
The user specifies what kind of hydrotest (and/or the hydrotest pressure) on the global input
screens. The program uses this information to calculate the maximum allowed hydrotest
pressure and required thickness at the given pressure for each element.
Step 5: External Pressure Calculations
The user explicitly defines two of the three key variables for external pressure calculations:
diameter and thickness. The program calculates the third variable, length of section, for the
given geometry. Thus if the vessel has two heads and some number of cylindrical elements with
no stiffening rings, the program will calculate the design length for each cylinder using the full
length of the vessel plus 1/3 the depth of the heads. If there are stiffening rings, the program will
calculate an appropriately shorter value.
The program displays the formulas and substitutions for the external pressure calculations on
each element. Then the same results are displayed in tabular form.
If the element is not thick enough for the external pressure (and you checked the design boxes
in the input) the program will allow you to increase the thickness and/or add stiffening rings
(which are created automatically and added to your model). If the thickness is increased the
program has to go back to step 3. For rings it repeats this step with the new lengths.
British Standard PD:5500
When performing the PD:5500 external pressure calculations, the program first computes the
length of section for the given geometry. The length of section is either the distance between
stiffeners, or, if there are no stiffeners, it is the full length of the vessel plus 0.4 times the depth
of the heads.
Using the length of section computed, the program first tests to see whether the thickness of the
unsupported cylinder (or distance between supports) is satisfactory for the given pressure. A
value of Pmax is determined.
If there are stiffeners, then the program performs the calculations described in section 3.6.2.3.
The program first performs the computations described in Method A, and then performs the
PV Elite Analysis


more rigorous calculations described in Method B. For each of these methods (and each value
of n), a value of Pn and Fn are obtained.
Pn is the elastic instability pressure of the stiffened cylinder or cone. The value of Pn must not
be less than 1.8*Pext in the case of fabricated or hot formed stiffeners and 2.0*Pext in the case
of cold formed stiffeners.
Fn is the maximum stress in the stiffener flange divided by the yield stress of the stiffener. A
value for Fn is computed for both fabricated or hot formed stiffeners and cold formed stiffeners.
These values must be between 0.0 and 1.0.
Step 6: Weight of Elements
Element weights are calculated in both the corroded and uncorroded conditions. Note that for
heads the distance given in the input program is taken as the length of the straight flange on the
head. This step also calculates the volume of the element.
Step 7: Weight of Details
Each detail has a separate weight calculation. Of note is the fact that partial volumes of liquid in
both the heads and the cylinders and in both the horizontal and vertical directions are correctly
calculated.
Step 8: ANSI Flange MAWP
If you entered nozzles, you specified the material and class of the attached flanges. PV Elite has
the full ANSI flange tables built in, and tells you the rating of the flanges at the operating
temperature.
Steps 9 and 10: Total Weight And Detail Moment
Several weight cases are calculated including: empty, operating, and hydrotest. The various
detail weights/loads are included in the following cases:
Detail Empty Operating Hydrotest
Saddle # # #
Platform # # #
Packing #
Liquid #
Insulation # # #
Lining # # #
Rings # # #
Nozzles # # #
Saddles # # #
Trays #
Legs # # #
Lugs # # #
Weights # # #
PV Elite Analysis


Detail Empty Operating Hydrotest
Forces/Moments #
This step also calculates the moment due to individual details, which may not be on the
centerline of the vessel. These are usually small. Finally, this step calculates the forces at the
support. The vertical force and bending moment (due to detail weights only) are calculated for
the 'one support' case (skirts, legs, lugs) and the vertical force at each support is calculated
when there is two saddle supports.
In addition to computing the above weights PV Elite also computes the fabricated weight,
shop test weight, shipping weight, erected weight, empty weight and field test weight. The
computed weights may or may not include removable or field installed items such as packing
and other details. You can specify where these details are to be installed (either shop or field) in
the Global Input. Switch to the global input screen and click the Installation Miscellaneous
Options button located at the top of the screen. By default the program assumes that all details
will be installed in the shop and calculate these various weights based on that assumption.
The cumulative weight on the vessel will look drastically different for horizontal vessels on
saddle supports than for vertical vessels on skirts, legs, and lugs:
Horizontal cases: Expect the highest weight forces near the saddles, with almost no weight force
at the ends or in the middle.
Vertical cases: Expect the weight forces to increase from zero at the top to a maximum at the
support. If there are elements below the support, expect the weight force to be negative.
The cumulative moment includes only the moment due to eccentric details, and is usually quite
small (except in the case of a large applied moment).
Step 11: Natural Frequency Calculation
PV Elite uses two classical solution methods to determine the first order natural frequencies of
vessels. For vertical vessels, the program uses the Freese method, which is commonly used in
industry. For horizontal vessels a similar method attributed to Rayleigh and Ritz is used. Each
method works by calculating the static deflection of the vessel (for vertical, the vessel as a
horizontal cantilever beam). The natural frequency is proportional to the square root of the
deflection. PV Elite uses the matrix solution methods (Eigen Solution) to determine the modes of
vibration. Horizontal vessels are assumed to be rigid and as such are assigned a frequency of
33 hertz, which is coincident of a ZPA for a rigid structure.
Step 12: Wind Load Calculation
PV Elite uses the rules of ASCE-7, NBC, UBC, and IS-875 to calculate wind loads. Each of
these codes uses a basic wind pressure, a function of the velocity squared, along with several
surface and site factors to determine the final wind pressure.
Step 13: Earthquake Load Calculation
The five codes used by the software - ASCE-7, UBC, NBC, IS-1893 RSM and IS-1893 SCM
each use a static equivalent load to model the earthquake load. Simple site data and loading
data are used to determine an expected static equivalent horizontal load on the vessel.
Step 14: Shear and Bending Moments due to Wind and Earthquake
These loadings generate horizontal loads, which are usually fine on a horizontal vessel, but can
cause high overturning moments on a vertical vessel. The program calculates the cumulative
shear and bending moment on the vessel, for use in later stress calculations.
PV Elite Analysis


Step 15: Wind Deflection
PV Elite calculates the deflection at every point in either horizontal or vertical vessels.
Step 16: Longitudinal Stress Constants
As the program prepares to do structural calculations on the vessel, it first calculates the cross
sectional area and section modulus of each element in both the corroded and uncorroded
condition.
Step 17: Longitudinal Allowable Stresses
There are four allowable stresses in the longitudinal direction for each element: (1) Longitudinal
tension based on the basic allowable stress, often multiplied times 1.2 (as specified on the
global input), (2) Hydrotest longitudinal tension - 1.5 times the allowable stress new & cold. (3)
Longitudinal compression - based on paragraph UG-23 of the Code, and the material's external
pressure chart. (4) Hydrotest allowable compression - the basic allowable compression new &
cold, multiplied by 1.5.
Step 18: Longitudinal Stresses Due to . . .
Each load (wind, earthquake, weight, pressure) generates a stress. These are calculated
individually and displayed by this routine. Note that bending stresses, though only displayed
once, are actually positive on one side of the vessel and negative on the other.
Step 19: Stress Due to Combined Loads
In this step the various load cases combinations defined by the user are evaluated. If there are
applied forces and moments in the model, then other identifiers such as BS, BN and so forth
may appear in the load case definition.
There can be as many as twenty cases, combining pressure loads, weight loads, and moments
in various ways. A fairly complete set of load cases is included as a default:
Load Case Definition
1 NP+EW+WI+FW No pressure + empty weight + wind
2 NP+EW+EQ+FS No pressure + empty weight + earthquake
3 NP+OW+WI+FW No pressure + operating weight + wind
4 NP+OW+EQ+FS No pressure + operating weight + earthquake
5 NP+HW+HI No pressure + hydrotest weight + hydro wind
6 NP+HW+HE No pressure + hydrotest weight + hydro earthquake
7 IP+OW+WI+FW Internal pressure + operating weight + wind
8 IP+OW+EQ+FS Internal pressure + operating weight + earthquake
9 EP+OW+WI+FW External pressure + operating weight + wind
10 EP+OW+EQ+FS External pressure + operating weight + earthquake
11 HP+HW+HI Hydrotest pressure + hydrotest weight + hydro wind
12 HP+HW+HE Hydrotest pressure + hydrotest wind + hydro earthquake
13 IP+WE+EW Internal pressure + wind empty + empty weight
PV Elite Analysis


Load Case Definition
14 IP+WF+CW Internal pressure + wind filled + empty weight no ca
15 IP+VO+OW Internal pressure + vortex shedding (OPE) + operating weight
16 IP+VE+OW Internal pressure + vortex shedding (EMP) + operating weight
17 IP+VF+CW Internal pressure+ vortex shedding (Filled) + empty weight no ca
The difference between wind loads and hydrotest wind loads is simply a ratio (percentage)
defined by the user. This percentage is specified in the Wind Data definition of Global Data -
usually about 33% (thus setting the hydrotest wind load at 33% of the operating wind load).
Likewise, the hydrotest earthquake load is a percentage of the earthquake load; this percentage
is defined in the Seismic Data definition of Global Data.
Some steps that are not applicable for horizontal vessels, such as natural frequency, will not be
printed. Also, if a vessel has no supports, then there will be no calculations that involve wind or
seismic loads.
Optional Steps
PV Elite includes the following analyses that are performed under specific circumstances:
1. Cone Evaluation - Cones are evaluated for internal and external pressure at the large and
small ends, and any stiffening rings near the cones are included and evaluated.
2. Zick Stresses - Stresses due to saddle supports are evaluated and compared to allowable
stresses using the method of L.P. Zick. Note that the stresses are calculated for each
saddle, since in PV Elite each saddle can have different loading. Note also that the stresses
are not evaluated at the mid span, since the program automatically does that for all the
various load case combinations.
3. AISC Leg Check: After the software has computed all of the weights, forces and moments,
it can then determine the overall state of stress by using the AISC unity check method. The
software typically looks at the worst loads on the legs due to wind or seismic in the operating
condition and then applies the AISC method of checking the legs. The unity check must be
less than or equal to 1.0. Most typical designs fall in the 0.7 - 0.8 range, which is a good
check both in terms of economy and safety.
4. Lug Support Check - Similar in manner to the Leg Check feature, the software gathers the
worst loads on the support lugs and then evaluates them according to a set of acceptable
standards. In this case, gussets are checked by the AISC method and the lug plates are
checked by common industry standard methods. These methods are outlined in common
pressure design handbooks.
5. Baserings - With known forces and moments at the base and the geometry of the basering,
PV Elite will analyze or design the basering and gusset geometry.
6. Flanges - For main body flanges, the software computes the required thickness of the
flange, all relevant stresses, and MAWP for the given geometry. The results seen in the
output are based on the input thickness. The software additionally computes the required
thickness of the flange. Please note that the software does not include the forces and
moments to determine an equivalent design pressure. There are separate fields in the input
that can be entered if these effects are to be considered. In order to do this, two runs would
have to made. After run 1 was made, the forces and moments on the flange could be
entered as needed.
7. Nozzle Analysis - Complete nozzle evaluation is incorporated into the software based on
the rules in the ASME code. Design cases are made for Internal Pressure, External
PV Elite Analysis


Pressure and MAPnc. The internal pressure can be based on the MAWP of the entire vessel
or the exact pressure at the nozzle location. These options are located in the Global Input
section of the input. In addition to perpendicular nozzles, hillside geometries are also
considered. Nozzles at any angle can be entered by using the ANG=xx.x command in the
nozzle description field. The nozzle analysis also computes MDMT, weld size and strength
calculations along with provisions for large nozzles as outlined in appendix 1-7 of the ASME
Code. Another description option is for small nozzles. If there is a small nozzle that must
have area calculations performed, enter the text "#SN" as part of the nozzle description. By
default PV Elite will not calculate small openings for Division 1 vessels per UG-36. If local
loads have been defined on the nozzle, the nozzle report will display the results from WRC
107 or PD 5500 Annex G, or WRC 297 whichever one was selected.
8. Fatigue Analysis - The fatigue analysis is activated when the number of pressure cycles is
specified on the Design/Analysis Constraints screen. Click the Perform Fatigue
Analysis button to display the dialog. Change the number of pressure cycles. This value
must be between 1 and 20. This cumulative damage analysis is in accordance with
PD:5500 2000 Annex C. In order for this analysis to activate, at least one nozzle must be
specified. In the Nozzle dialog, there is a check box and a pull down selection menu
describing the class of the weld attachment per Annex C. Once all of the data is specified,
PV Elite produces the Fatigue Analysis Report.
9. Tubesheet Analysis - When the vessel design Code is ASME VIII or PD 5500, tubesheets
are allowed to be defined. They can be attached to flange or cylinder parent elements.
PV Elite computes tubesheet required thickness, shell and tube stresses per the rules of
TEMA, ASME Part UHX or PD 5500.
10. Skirt Hole Opening Analysis - For vertical skirt supported vessels, PV Elite can compute
bending and axial stresses due to missing material in skirt openings typically for pipe
openings, vents and access openings.
11. ASME App. EE Analysis - If you have specified a helical half pipe jacket, this analysis will
be performed per ASME Appendix EE.
12. ASME App. 14 large Central Opening Analysis - For Welded Flat heads, the analysis of
large central opening can be performed per Appendix 14.
13. Clip Analysis - If support clips have been entered in, these items are analyzed using
industry standard methods.
14. Lifting Lugs - Like clips, the stresses in the shell and lugs are calculated at various angles
depending on the final orientation of the vessel.
15. Tubesheet Analysis - If the model contains tubesheet data, tubesheet analysis per the
chosen Code (TEMA, ASME etc) will be listed in the report output.
Nozzle Analysis
PV Elite calculates required wall thickness and area of reinforcement for a nozzle in a pressure
vessel shell or head, and compares this area to the area available in the shell, nozzle and
optional reinforcing pad. The software also calculates the strength of failure paths for the
nozzles. This calculation is based on the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph
UG-37 through UG-45. The calculation procedure is based on figure UG-37.1.
The software calculates the required thickness (for reinforcement conditions) based on inside
diameter for the following vessel components:
Component Paragraph Limitations
Cylinder UG-27 (c) (1) None
PV Elite Analysis


2:1 Elliptical Head UG-32 (d) (1) None
Torispherical Head UG-32 (e) (1) None
Spherical Head or Shell UG-27 (d) (3) None
PV Elite also analyzes a large nozzle in a welded flat head, which is found in this user
manual where the flat head is discussed.
The software evaluates nozzles at any angle (less than 90 degrees) away from the
perpendicular, allowing evaluation of off angle or hillside nozzles.
Nozzle (on page 66) takes full account of corrosion allowance. You enter actual thickness
and corrosion allowance, and the software adjusts thicknesses and diameters when making
calculations for the corroded condition. Nozzle also performs UCS-66 Minimum Design
Metal Temperature (MDMT) calculations for nozzles.
As the nozzle data is entered, PV Elite automatically performs the ASME area of replacement or
PD:5500/EN-13445 nozzle compensation calculations. A calculation is performed every time the
cursor is moved in between input cells. If there is any error in the input that will not allow the
analysis to be performed, a status of failed appears at the bottom of the Nozzle Input/Analysis
dialog box. The calculation is initiated once the pipe size is specified. If you are changing data,
such as the pad thickness and are not moving between cells, press F5 to force PV Elite to
re-calculate and display the results. If the calculation has failed, the result will appear in red. A
nozzle that has passed will have blue results. The result is typically the area and minimum
nozzle overstress per 1-7. The program displays the text failed in brackets, even though the
area of replacement may be sufficient. To effectively use this feature, we suggest that the entire
vessel be modeled first, along with the liquid and nozzle pressure design options set. Also, for
vessels that have ANSI or DIN flanges note that the flange pressure rating will be shown at the
bottom of the nozzle dialog.
The figure below displays the nozzle geometry:


S E C T I O N 1 3
The Material Database and Material Properties dialog boxes are available in many commands
throughout the software.
Material Database Dialog Box (on page 407)
Material Properties Dialog Box (on page 433)
Material Database Dialog Box
Displays materials and material properties. Select the needed material.
Below are examples of standard ASME material names.
Plates and Bolting
SA-516 55
SA-516 60
SA-516 65
SA-516 70
SA-193 B7
SA-182-F1
SA-182 F1
SA-182 F11
SA-182 F12
SA-182 F22
SA-105
SA-36
SA-106 B

Stainless Steels
SA-240 304
SA-240 304L
SA-240 316
SA-240 316L
SA-193 B8
Aluminum
SB-209
SB-234
Titanium
SB-265 1
SB-265 26H
Nickel
SB-409
SB-424
If you used old CodeCalc material names in previous CodeCalc versions, see the
CodeCalc appendix for comparisons with ASME code names.
Material Database Notes
These notes are valid for the 2010 edition of ASME Section II Part D. If using an older database,
these notes may not be correct or meaningful as they are periodically changed by ASME.
Division 1 Material Notes for Table 1A (Ferrous Materials) - Customary
(a) The following abbreviations are used: Applic., Applicability; Cond., Condition; Desig.,
Designation; Smls., Seamless; and Wld., Welded.
(b) The stress values in this Table may be interpolated to determine values for
intermediate temperatures.
(c) Deleted in the 2004 edition.
Material Dialog Boxes


(d) For Section VIII applications, stress values in restricted shear such as dowel bolts or
similar construction in which the shearing member is so restricted that the section
under consideration would fail without reduction of area shall be 0.80 times the value
in the above table.
(e) For Section VIII applications, stress values in bearing shall be 1.60 times the values
in the above Table.
(f) Stress values for 20F to 100F are applicable for colder temperatures when
toughness requirements of Section III or Section VIII are met.
(g) An alternative typeface is used for stress values obtained from time dependent
properties (see notes T1 - T10 )
G1 To these stress values a casting quality factor as specified in PG-25 of Section I or
UG-24 of Section VIII, Division 1 shall be applied.
G2 These stress values include a joint efficiency factor of 0.60.
G4 For Section I applications, these stresses apply when used for boiler, water wall,
superheater, and economizer tubes that are enclosed within a setting. A joint
efficiency factor of 0.85 is included in values above 850F.
G5 Due to the relatively low yield strength of these materials, these higher stress values
were established at temperatures where the short time tensile properties govern to
permit the use of these alloys where slightly greater deformation is acceptable. The
stress values in this range exceed 66 2/3 % but do not exceed 90% of the yield
strength at temperature. Use of these stresses may results in dimensional changes
due to permanent strain. These stress values are not recommended for the flanges of
gasketed joints or other applications where slight amounts of distortion can cause
leakage or malfunction. Table Y-2 lists multiplying factors which, when applied to the
yield strength values shown in Table Y-1, will give allowable stress values that will
result in lower values of permanent strain.
G6 Creep-fatigue, thermal ratcheting, and environmental effects are increasingly
significant failure modes at temperatures in excess of 1500F and shall be considered
in the design.
G9 For Section III applications, the stress-rupture test is not required for design
temperatures 800F and below.
G10 Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800F, the carbide phase of carbon
steel may be converted to graphite.
G11 Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 875F, the carbide phase of
carbonmolybdenum steel may be converted to graphite.
G12 At temperatures above 1000F, these stress values apply only when the carbon is
0.04% or higher on heat analysis.
G13 These stress values at 1050F and above shall be used only when the grain size is
ASTM No. 6 or coarser.
G14 These stress values shall be used when the grain size is not determined or is
determined to be finer than ASTM No. 6.


G15 For Section I applications, use is limited to stays as defined in PG-13 except as
permitted by PG-11.
G16 For Section III Class 3 applications, these S values do not include a casting quality
factor. Statically and centrifugally cast products meeting the requirements of NC-2570
shall receive a casting quality factor of 1.00.
G17 For Section III Class 3 applications, statically and centrifugally cast products meeting
the requirements of NC-2571(a) and (b), and cast pipe fittings, pumps, and valves
with inlet piping connections of 2 in. nominal pipe size and less, shall receive a
casting quality factor of 1.00. Other casting quality factors shall be in accordance with
the following:
For visual examination, 0.80.
For magnetic particle examination 0.85.
For liquid penetrant examination, 0.85.
For radiography, 1.00.
For ultrasonic examination, 1.00.
For magnetic particle or liquid penetrant plus ultrasonic examination or
radiography, 1.00.
G18 This note was deleted in the 2004 edition.
G19 Although external pressure chart title is listed for SA-537, use Class 1 curves for this
specification.
G20 Although external pressure chart title is listed for SA-537, use Class 2 curves for this
specification.
G21 For external pressure chart listing, use Class 1 curve.
G22 For Section I applications, use of external pressure charts for material in the form of
bar stock is permitted for stiffening rings only.
G23 For temperatures above the maximum temperature shown on the external pressure
chart for this material, Fig. CS-2 may be used for the design using this material.
G24 A factor of 0.85 has been applied in arriving at the maximum allowable stress values
in tension for this material. Divide tabulated values by 0.85 for maximum allowable
longitudinal tensile stress.
G25 For Section III applications, for both Class 2 and Class 3, the completed vessel after
final heat treatment shall be examined by the ultrasonic method in accordance with
NB-2542 except that angle beam examination in both the circumferential and the
axial directions.
G26 Material that conforms to Class 10, 11, or 12 is not permitted.
G27 Material that conforms to Class 11 or 12 is not permitted.
G28 For Section III applications, impact testing in accordance with Subarticle NX-2300 is
not required.
G29 For Section III applications, impact testing in accordance with the requirements of
NC-2300 is required for Class 2 components and in accordance with ND-2300 for
Class 3 components.


G30 For Section VIII applications, these stress values are based on expected minimum
values of 45,000 psi tensile strength and yield strength of 20,000 psi resulting from
loss of strength due to thermal treatment required for the glass coating operation.
UG-85 does not apply.
G31 These stress values are established from a consideration of strength only and will be
satisfactory for average service. For bolted joints where freedom from leakage over a
long period of time without retightening is required, lower stress values may be
necessary as determined from the flexibility of the flange and bolts and corresponding
relaxation properties.
G32 This steel may be expected to develop embrittlement after service at moderately
elevated temperature; see Appendix 6. For P-No. 10H Gr. 1 materials, exposure to
temperatures in the range of 1100F to 1700F for relatively short periods of time may
result in severe loss of ductility due to sigma formation; see 6-340 and 6-360.
G33 These stresses are based on weld metal properties.
G34 For Section I, use is limited to PEB-5.3. See PG-5.5 for cautionary note.
G36 For Section III applications, the use of these materials shall be limited to materials for
tanks covered in Subsections NC and ND, component supports, and for
nonpressure-retaining attachments (NC/ND-2190).
G37 See table Y-1 for yield strength values as a function of thickness over this range.
Allowable stresses are independent of yield strength in this thickness range.
G38 Supplementary Requirement S15 of SA-781, Alternate tension test coupons and
specimen locations for Castings, is mandatory.
G39 See Appendix 31 of Section VIII, Division 1.
significant failure modes at temperatures in excess of 1500F and shall be considered
in the design.
G42 See Table Y-1 for yield strength values as a function of thickness over this range.
Allowable stresses are independent of of yield strength in this thickness range.
H1 For temperatures above 1000F, these stress values may be used only if the material
is solution treated by heating to the minimum temperature specified in the material
specification, but not lower than 1900F, and quenching in water or rapidly cooling by
other means.
is heat treated by heating to a minimum temperature of 2000F, and quenching in
water or rapidly cooling by other means.
H5 For Section III applications, if heat treatment is performed after forming or fabrication,
it shall be performed at 1500F1850F for a period of time not to exceed 10 min at
temperature, followed by rapid cooling. For Section VIII applications involving
consideration of heat treatment after forming or welding, see table UHA-32 for P-No.
10K, group No.1 materials.


S1 For Section I applications, stress values at temperatures of 850F and above are
permissible but, except for tubular products 3 in. O.D. or less enclosed within the
boiler setting, use of these materials at these temperatures is not current practice.
S5 Material that conforms to Class 10, 11, or 12 is not permitted when the nominal
thickness of the material exceeds in.
thickness of the material exceeds 1 in.
S7 The maximum thickness of unheat-treated forgings shall not exceed 3 in. The
maximum thickness as-heat-treated may be 4 in.
S8 The maximum section thickness shall not exceed 3 in. for
double-normalized-and-tempered forgings, or 5 in. for quenched-and-tempered
forgings.
S9 Both NPS 8 and larger, and schedule 140 and heavier.
T1 Allowable stresses for temperatures of 700F and above are values obtained from
time-dependent properties.


W1 Not for welded construction.
W2 Not for welded construction in Section III.
W3 Welded.
W4 Nonwelded, or welded if the tensile strength of the Section IX reduced section tension
test is not less than 100 ksi.
W5 Welded, with the tensile strength of the Section IX reduced tension test less than 100
ksi but not less than 95 ksi.
W6 This material may be welded by the resistance technique.
W7 In welded construction for temperatures above 850F, the weld metal has a carbon
content of greater than 0.05%.
W8 Welding and oxygen or other thermal cutting processes are not permitted when
carbon content exceeds 0.35% by heat analysis.
W9 For Section I applications, for pressure retaining welds in 2Cr1Mo materials, other
than circumferential butt welds less than or equal to 3 in. in outside diameter, when
the design metal temperatures exceed 850F, the weld metal shall have a carbon
content greater than 0.05%.
W10 For Section III applications, material that conforms to Class 10, 13, 20, 23, 30, 33, 40,
43, 50, or 53 is not permitted for Class 2 and Class 3 construction when a weld
efficiency factor of 1.00 is used in accordance with Note W12.
W11 For Section VIII applications, Section IX, QW-250 Variables QW-404.12, QW-406.3,
QW-407.2, and QW-409.1 shall also apply to this material. These variables shall be
applied in accordance with the rules for welding of Part UF.
W12 These S values do not include a longitudinal weld efficiency factor. For Section III
applications, for materials welded without filler metal, ultrasonic examination,
radiographic examination, or eddy current examination, in accordance with NC-2550,
shall provide a longitudinal weld efficiency factor of 1.0. Other long. weld efficiency
factors shall be in accordance with the following:
For single butt weld, with filler metal, 0.80.
For single or double butt weld, without filler metal, 0.85.
For double butt weld, with filler metal, 0.90.
For single or double butt weld, with radiography, 1.00.
W13 For Section I applications, electric resistance and autogenous welded tubing may be
used with these stresses, provided the following additional restrictions and
requirements are met.
The tubing is used for boiler, waterwall, superheater, and economizer tubes that
are enclosed within the setting.
The maximum outside diameter is 3.5 in.
The weld seam of each tube is subjected to an angle beam ultrasonic inspection
per SA-450.
A complete volumetric inspection of the entire length of each tube is performed in
accordance with SA-450.
Material test reports are supplied.


W14 These values do not include a weld factor. For Section VIII Division 1 applications
using welds made without filler metal, the tabulated tensile strength values should be
multiplied by 0.85. For welds made with filler metal, check UW-12 of Section VIII
Division 1.

Division 1 Material Notes for Table 1A (Ferrous Materials) - Metric
(a) The following abbreviations are used: Norm. rld., Normalized rolled; Smls., Seamless;
Sol. ann., Solution annealed; and Wld., Welded.
intermediate temperatures. The values at intermediate temperatures are rounded to
the same number of decimal places as the value at the higher temperature between
which values are being interpolated.
(c) For Section VIII and XII applications, stress values in restricted shear, such as dowel
bolts or similar construction in which the shearing member is so restricted that the
section under consideration would fail without reduction of area, shall be 0.80 times
the values in Division 1 Material Notes for Table 1A (Ferrous Materials) -
Customary.
(d) For Section VIII and XII applications, stress values in bearing shall be 1.60 times the
values in Division 1 Material Notes for Table 1A (Ferrous Materials) - Customary.
(e) Stress values for -30C to 40C are applicable for colder temperatures when the
toughness requirements of Section III, VIII, or XII are met.
(f) An alternative typeface is used for stress values obtained from time-dependent
properties (see Notes T1 through T10).
(g) Where specifications, grades, classes, and types are listed in this Table, and where
the material specification in Section II, Part A or Part B is a dual-unit specification
(e.g., SA-516/SA-516M), the values listed in this Table are applicable to either the
customary U.S. version of the material specification or the SI units version of the
material specification. For example, the values listed for SA-516 Grade 70 are used
when SA-516M Grade 485 is used in construction.
(h) The properties of steels are influenced by the processing history, heat treatment,
melting practice, and level of residual elements. See Nonmandatory Appendix A for
more information.
G1 To these stress values a casting quality factor as specified in PG-25 of Section I;
UG-24 of Section VIII, Division 1; or TM-190 of Section XII is applied.
G4 For Section I applications, these stresses apply when used for boiler, water wall,
superheater, and economizer tubes that are enclosed within a setting. A joint
efficiency factor of 0.85 is included in values above 450C.


significant failure modes at temperatures in excess of 825C and are considered in
the design.
G9 For Section III applications, the use of these materials shall be limited to materials for
tanks covered in Subsections NC and ND, component supports, and for
nonpressure-retaining attachments (NC/ND-2190).
G10 Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 425C, the carbide phase of carbon
steel may be converted to graphite. See Appendix A, A-240.
G11 Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 475C, the carbide phase of
carbonmolybdenum steel may be converted to graphite. See Appendix A, A-240.
G12 At temperatures above 550C, these stress values apply only when the carbon is
0.04% or higher on heat analysis.
G13 These stress values at 575C and above shall be used only when the grain size is
ASTM No. 6 or coarser.
G14 These stress values shall be used when the grain size is not determined or is
determined to be finer than ASTM No. 6.
G15 For Section I applications, use is limited to stays as defined in PG-13 except as
permitted by PG-11.
G16 For Section III Class 3 applications, these S values do not include a casting quality
factor. Statically and centrifugally cast products meeting the requirements of NC-2570
shall receive a casting quality factor of 1.00.
G17 For Section III Class 3 applications, statically and centrifugally cast products meeting
the requirements of NC-2571(a) and (b), and cast pipe fittings, pumps, and valves
with inlet piping connections of 2 in. nominal pipe size and less, shall receive a
casting quality factor of 1.00. Other casting quality factors shall be in accordance with
the following
For visual examination, 0.80.
For magnetic particle examination 0.85.
For liquid penetrant examination, 0.85.
For radiography, 1.00.
For ultrasonic examination, 1.00.
For magnetic particle or liquid penetrant plus ultrasonic examination or
radiography, 1.00.
G18 See Table Y-1 for yield strength values as a function of thickness over this range.
Allowable stresses are independent of yield strength in this thickness range.


G22 For Section I applications, use of external pressure charts for material in the form of
bar stock is permitted for stiffening rings only.
G23 For temperatures above the maximum temperature shown on the external pressure
chart for this material, Fig. CS-2 may be used for the design using this material.
G24 A factor of 0.85 has been applied in arriving at the maximum allowable stress values
in tension for this material. Divide tabulated values by 0.85 for maximum allowable
longitudinal tensile stress.
G25 For Section III applications, for both Class 2 and Class 3, the completed vessel after
final heat treatment is examined by the ultrasonic method in accordance with
NB-2542 except that angle beam examination in both the circumferential and the
axial directions may be performed in lieu of the straight beam examination in the axial
direction. The tensile strength does not exceed 860 MPa.
G26 Material that conforms to Class 10, 11, or 12 is not permitted.
G28 Supplementary Requirement S15 of SA-781, Alternate Mechanical Test Coupons and
Specimen Locations for Castings, is mandatory.
G29 For Section III applications, impact testing in accordance with the requirements of
NC-2300 is required for Class 2 components and in accordance with ND-2300 for
Class 3 components.
G30 For Section VIII applications, these stress values are based on expected minimum
values of 310 MPa tensile strength and yield strength of 140 MPa resulting from loss
of strength due to thermal treatment required for the glass coating operation. UG-85
does not apply.
G31 These stress values are established from a consideration of strength only and will be
satisfactory for average service. For bolted joints where freedom from leakage over a
long period of time without retightening is required, lower stress values may be
necessary as determined from the flexibility of the flange and bolts and corresponding
relaxation properties.
elevated temperature. See Appendix A, A-340 and A-360.
H1 For temperatures above 550C, these stress values may be used only if the material
is solution treated by heating to the minimum temperature specified in the material
specification, but not lower than 1040C, and quenching in water or rapidly cooling by
other means.
H2 For temperatures above 550C, these stress values may be used only if the material
is heat treated by heating to a minimum temperature of 1095C, and quenching in
H5 For Section III applications, if heat treatment is performed after forming or fabrication,
it shall be performed at 825C1000C for a period of time not to exceed 10 min at
temperature, followed by rapid cooling.


S1 For Section I applications, stress values at temperatures of 450C and above are
permissible but, except for tubular products 75 mm O.D. or less enclosed within the
thickness of the material exceeds19 mm.
thickness of the material exceeds 32 mm.
S7 The maximum thickness of unheat-treated forgings does exceed 95 mm. The
maximum thickness as-heat-treated may be 100 mm.
S8 The maximum section thickness does exceed 75 mm for
double-normalized-and-tempered forgings, or 125 mm for quenched-and-tempered
forgings.
S10 The maximum pipe size is NPS 4 (DN 100) and the maximum thickness in any pipe
size is Schedule 80.
T1 Allowable stresses for temperatures of 370C and above are values obtained from


W3 Welded.
W4 Nonwelded, or welded if the tensile strength of the Section IX reduced section tension
test is not less than 690 MPa.
W5 Welded, with the tensile strength of the Section IX reduced tension test less than 690
MPa but not less than 655 MPa.
W6 This material may be welded by the resistance technique.
W7 In welded construction for temperatures above 450C, the weld metal has a carbon
W8 Welding and oxygen or other thermal cutting processes are not permitted when
carbon content exceeds 0.35% by heat analysis.
W9 For Section I applications, for pressure retaining welds in 2Cr1Mo materials, other
than circumferential butt welds less than or equal to 89 mm in outside diameter, when
the design metal temperatures exceed 450C, the weld metal has a carbon content
greater than 0.05%.
W10 For Section III applications, material that conforms to Class 10, 13, 20, 23, 30, 33, 40,
43, 50, or 53 is not permitted for Class 2 and Class 3 construction when a weld
efficiency factor of 1.00 is used in accordance with Note W12.
W11 For Section VIII applications, Section IX, QW-250 Variables QW-404.12, QW-406.3,
QW-407.2, and QW-409.1 shall also apply to this material. These variables shall be
applied in accordance with the rules for welding of Part UF.
radiographic examination, or eddy current examination, in accordance with NC-2550,
factors shall be in accordance with the following:


W13 For Section I applications, electric resistance and autogenous welded tubing may be
used with these stresses, provided the following additional restrictions and
requirements are met:
The tubing is used for boiler, waterwall, superheater, and economizer tubes that
are enclosed within the setting.
The maximum outside diameter is 89 mm.
The weld seam of each tube is subjected to an angle beam ultrasonic inspection
per SA-450.
A complete volumetric inspection of the entire length of each tube is performed in
accordance with SA-450.
Material test reports are supplied.
W14 These S values do not include a weld factor. For Section VIII, Division 1 and Section
XII applications using welds made without filler metal, the tabulated tensile strength
values should be multiplied by 0.85. For welds made with filler metal, consult UW-12
of Section VIII, Division 1, or TW-130.4 for Section XII, as applicable.
W15 The Nondestructive Electric Test requirements of SA-53 Type E pipe are required for
all sizes. The pipe shall be additionally marked "NDE" and so noted on the material
certification.

Division 1 Material Notes for Table 1B (Non-Ferrous Materials) - Customary
(a) The following abbreviations are used: ann., annealed; cond., condenser; exch.,
exchanger; extr., extruded; fin., finished; fr., from; rel., relieved; rld., rolled; Smls.,
Seamless; Sol., Solution; treat., treated; and Wld., Welded.
bolts, rivets, or similar construction in which the shearing is so restricted that the
section under consideration would fail without reduction of areas, are 0.80 times the
values in this Table.
(d) For Section VIII applications, stress values in bearing are 1.60 times the values in this
Table.
(e) An alternative typeface is used for stress values obtained from time-dependent
properties (see Notes T1-T19).
(f) Where specifications, grades, classes, and types are listed in this Table, and where
(e.g., SB-407/SB-407M), the values listed in this Table are applicable to either the
material specification. For example, the values listed for SB-407 Grade N08800 are
used when SB-407M Grade N08800 is used in construction.
(g) The properties of steels are influenced by the processing history, heat treatment,
more information.


G1 For steam at 250 psi (406F), the values given for 400F may be used.
G2 At temperatures over 1000F, these stress values apply only when the carbon is
0.04% or higher.
G3 In the absence of evidence that the casting is of high quality throughout, values not in
excess of 80% of those given in the Table shall be used. This is not intended to apply
to valves and fittings made to recognized standards.
significant failure modes at temperatures in excess of 1500F and are considered in
the design.
stress values in this range exceed 66 2/3% but do not exceed 90% of the yield
G6 Maximum temperature for external pressure not to exceed 350F.
G7 Use 350F curve for all temperature values below 350F.
G8 The stresses for this material are based on 120ksi minimum tensile strength because
of weld metal strength limitations.
G9 Use Fig. NFC-6 up to and including 350F. Use the 600F curve of Fig. NFC-3 above
350F up to and including 400F. Maximum temperature for external pressure not to
exceed 400F.
G10 Maximum temperature for external pressure does not exceed 450F.
G11 Referenced external pressure chart is applicable up to 700F.
G12 Referenced external pressure chart is applicable up to 800F.
G13 For Section VIII and XII applications, use of external pressure charts for material in the
form of bar stock is permitted for stiffening rings only.
G14 For Section VIII applications, a factor of 0.85 has been applied in arriving at the
maximum allowable stress values in tension for this material. Divide tabulated values
by 0.85 for maximum allowable longitudinal tensile stress.
G15 To these stress values a quality factor as specified in ND-3115 of Section III; UG-24 of
Section VIII, Division 1; or TM-190 of Section XII shall be applied for castings. This is
not intended to apply to valves and fittings made to recognized standards.
G16 Allowable stress values shown are 90% of those for the corresponding core material.
G17 Copper-silicon alloys are not always suitable when exposed to certain media and high
temperatures, particularly steam above 212F. The user should ensure that the alloy
selected is satisfactory for the service for which it is to be used.


G18 Because of the occasionally contingent danger from the failure of pressure vessels by
stress corrosion cracking, the following is pertinent. These materials are suitable for
engineering use under a wide variety of ordinary corrosive conditions with no
particular hazard in respect to stress corrosion.
G19 Few alloys are completely immune to stress corrosion cracking in all combinations of
stress and corrosive environments and the supplier of the material should be
consulted. Reference may also be made to the following sources:
Stress Corrosion Cracking Control Measures B.F. Brown, U.S. National Bureau of
Standards (1977), available from NACE, Texas
The Stress Corrosion of Metals, H.L. Logan, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1966.
G20 For plate only.
G21 The maximum operating temperature is arbitrarily set at 500F because harder temper
adversely affects design stress in the creep rupture temperature range.
G22 The minimum tensile strength of reduced tension specimens in accordance with
QW-462.1 of Section IX is not less than 110,000 psi.
G23 This alloy is subject to severe loss of impact strength at room temperature after
exposure in the range of 1000F to 1400F.
G24 For stress relieved tempers (T351, T3510, T3511, T451, T4510, T4511, T651, T6510,
T6511), stress values for materials in the basic temper are used.
G25 The tension test specimen from plate 0.500 in. and thicker is machined from the core
and does not include the cladding alloy; therefore, the allowable stress values for
thickness less than 0.500 in. are used.
G26 The tension test specimen from plate 0.500 in. and thicker is machined from the core
and does not include the cladding alloy; therefore, the allowable stress values shown
are 90% of those for the core material of the same thickness.
G27 Alloy N06022 in the solution annealed condition is subject to severe loss of impact
strength at room temperatures after exposure in the range of 1000F to 1250F.
G28 For external pressure design, the maximum design temperature is limited to 1000F.
is annealed at a minimum temperature of 1900F and has a carbon content of 0.04% or
higher.
is heat treated by heating it to a minimum temperature of 1900F and quenching in
H3 For Section I applications, cold drawn pipe or tube is annealed at 1900F minimum.
H4 The material is given a 1725F to 1825F stabilizing heat treatment.
time dependent properties.


W1 No welding or brazing permitted.
W2 For Section VIII applications, UNF-56(d) applies for welded constructions.
W3 For welded and brazed constructions, stress values for O (annealed) temper material
are used.
W4 The stress values given for this material are not applicable when either welding or
thermal cutting is employed.


radiographic examination, or eddy current examination, in accordance with NC 2550,
factors are in accordance with the following:
W6 Filler metal is not used in the manufacture of welded pipe or tubing.
W7 Strength of reduced-section tensile specimen required to qualify welding procedures.
See QW-150, Section IX.
W8 After welding, heat treat at 1150F - 1200F, hold 1 hr at temperature for the first
inch of cross-section thickness and hr for each additional inch, and air cool. For
castings used in pumps, valves, and fittings 2 in. nominal pipe size and less, PWHT is
not required for socket welds and attachment welds when the castings have been
temper annealed at 1150F - 1200F prior to welding.
W9 If welded or brazed, the allowable stress values for the annealed condition are used
and the minimum tensile strength of the reduced tension specimen in accordance with
QW-462.1 of Section IX is not less than 30.0 ksi.
W10 When nonferrous materials conforming to specifications in Section II, Part B are used
in welded or brazed construction, the maximum allowable working stresses do not
exceed the values given herein for annealed material at the metal temperature shown.
W11 These maximum allowable stress values are to be used in welded or brazed
constructions.
W12 These S values do not include a weld factor. For Section VIII, Division 1 applications
using welds made without filler metal, the tabulated tensile stress values are multiplied
by 0.85. For welds made with filler metal, consult UW-12 of Section VIII, Division 1.
W13 For service at 1200F or higher, the deposited weld metal is of the same nominal
chemistry as the base metal.
W14 No welding permitted.
W15 For Section VIII applications, no welding is permitted.
W16 Use NFA-12 when welded with 5356 or 5556 filler metal, all thicknesses, or 4043 or
5554 filler material, thickness <= 3/8 in.. Use NFA-13 when welded with 4043 or 5554
filler material, thickness > 3/8 in..

Division 1 Material Notes for Table 1B (Non-Ferrous Materials) - Metric
(a) The following abbreviations are used: ann., annealed; cond., condenser; exch.,
exchanger; extr., extruded; fin., finished; fr., from; rel., relieved; rld., rolled; Smls.,
Seamless; Sol., Solution; treat., treated; and Wld., Welded.


bolts, rivets, or similar construction in which the shearing is so restricted that the
section under consideration would fail without reduction of areas, are 0.80 times the
values in this Table.
(d) For Section VIII applications, stress values in bearing are 1.60 times the values in this
Table.
(e) An alternative typeface is used for stress values obtained from time-dependent
properties (see Notes T1-T18).
(f) Where specifications, grades, classes, and types are listed in this Table, and where
(g) The properties of steels are influenced by the processing history, heat treatment,
more information.
G1 For steam at 1700 kPa (208C), the values given for 200C may be used.
G2 At temperatures over 550C, these stress values apply only when the carbon is 0.04%
or higher.
G3 In the absence of evidence that the casting is of high quality throughout, values not in
excess of 80% of those given in the Table are used. This is not intended to apply to
valves and fittings made to recognized standards.
significant failure modes at temperatures in excess of 825C and are considered in the
design.
stress values in this range exceed 66 2/3% but do not exceed 90% of the yield
G6 Maximum temperature for external pressure not to exceed 175C.
G7 Use 350F curve for all temperature values below 175C.
G8 The stresses for this material are based on 828 MPa minimum tensile strength
because of weld metal strength limitations.


G9 Use Fig. NFC-6 up to and including 150C. Use the 325C curve of Fig. NFC-3 above
150C up to and including 200C. Maximum temperature for external pressure not to
exceed 200C.
G10 Maximum temperature for external pressure does not exceed 225C.
G11 Referenced external pressure chart is applicable up to 375C.
G12 Referenced external pressure chart is applicable up to 425C.
G13 For Section VIII and XII applications, use of external pressure charts for material in the
form of bar stock is permitted for stiffening rings only.
G14 For Section VIII applications, a factor of 0.85 has been applied in arriving at the
maximum allowable stress values in tension for this material. Divide tabulated values
by 0.85 for maximum allowable longitudinal tensile stress.
G15 To these stress values a quality factor as specified in ND-3115 of Section III; UG-24 of
Section VIII, Division 1; or TM-190 of Section XII shall be applied for castings. This is
not intended to apply to valves and fittings made to recognized standards.
G16 Allowable stress values shown are 90% of those for the corresponding core material.
G17 Copper-silicon alloys are not always suitable when exposed to certain media and high
temperatures, particularly steam above 100C. The user should ensure that the alloy
selected is satisfactory for the service for which it is to be used.
G18 Because of the occasionally contingent danger from the failure of pressure vessels by
stress corrosion cracking, the following is pertinent. These materials are suitable for
engineering use under a wide variety of ordinary corrosive conditions with no
particular hazard in respect to stress corrosion.
G19 Few alloys are completely immune to stress corrosion cracking in all combinations of
stress and corrosive environments and the supplier of the material should be
consulted. Reference may also be made to the following sources:
Stress Corrosion Cracking Control Measures B.F. Brown, U.S. National Bureau of
Standards (1977), available from NACE, Texas
The Stress Corrosion of Metals, H.L. Logan, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1966.
G20 For plate only.
G21 The maximum operating temperature is arbitrarily set at 250C because harder temper
adversely affects design stress in the creep rupture temperature range.
G22 The minimum tensile strength of reduced tension specimens in accordance with
QW-462.1 of Section IX is not less than 760 MPa.
G23 This alloy is subject to severe loss of impact strength at room temperature after
exposure in the range of 550C to 750C..
G24 For stress relieved tempers (T351, T3510, T3511, T451, T4510, T4511, T651, T6510,
T6511), stress values for materials in the basic temper are used.
G25 The tension test specimen from plate 13 mm and thicker is machined from the core
and does not include the cladding alloy; therefore, the allowable stress values for
thickness less than 13 mm are used.


G26 The tension test specimen from plate 13 mm and thicker is machined from the core
and does not include the cladding alloy; therefore, the allowable stress values shown
are 90% of those for the core material of the same thickness.
G27 Alloy N06022 in the solution annealed condition is subject to severe loss of impact
strength at room temperatures after exposure in the range of 550C to 675C.
G28 For external pressure design, the maximum design temperature is limited to 550C.
G29 The maximum allowable stress values for greater than 900C are 9.7 MPa (927C),
7.6 MPa (954C), and 5.0 MPa (982C).
4.0 MPa (950C), 3.2 MPa (975C), and 2.6 MPa (1000C). The maximum use
temperature is 982C; the value listed at 1000C is provided for interpolation purposes
only.
only.
only.
H1 For temperatures above 550C, these stress values may be used only if the material is
annealed at a minimum temperature of 1040C and has a carbon content of 0.04% or
higher.
H2 For temperatures above 550C, these stress values may be used only if the material is
heat treated by heating it to a minimum temperature of 1040C and quenching in
H3 For Section I applications, cold drawn pipe or tube is annealed at 1038C minimum.
H4 The material is given a 940C to 995C stabilizing heat treatment.


W1 No welding or brazing permitted.
W2 For Section VIII applications, UNF-56(d) applies for welded constructions.
W3 For welded and brazed constructions, stress values for O (annealed) temper material
are used.
W4 The stress values given for this material are not applicable when either welding or
thermal cutting is employed.
radiographic examination, or eddy current examination, in accordance with NC 2550,
factors are in accordance with the following:
W6 Filler metal is not used in the manufacture of welded pipe or tubing.
W7 Strength of reduced-section tensile specimen required to qualify welding procedures.
See QW-150, Section IX.


W8 After welding, heat treat at 625C - 650C, hold 1 hr at temperature for the first 25
mm of cross-section thickness and hr for each additional 25 mm, and air cool. For
castings used in pumps, valves, and fittings DN 50 and less, PWHT is not required for
socket welds and attachment welds when the castings have been temper annealed at
625C - 650C prior to welding.
W9 If welded or brazed, the allowable stress values for the annealed condition are used
and the minimum tensile strength of the reduced tension specimen in accordance with
QW-462.1 of Section IX is not less than 205 MPa.
W10 When nonferrous materials conforming to specifications in Section II, Part B are used
in welded or brazed construction, the maximum allowable working stresses do not
exceed the values given herein for annealed material at the metal temperature shown.
W11 These maximum allowable stress values are to be used in welded or brazed
constructions.
W12 These S values do not include a weld factor. For Section VIII, Division 1 applications
using welds made without filler metal, the tabulated tensile stress values are multiplied
by 0.85. For welds made with filler metal, consult UW-12 of Section VIII, Division 1.
W13 For service at 650C or higher, the deposited weld metal is of the same nominal
chemistry as the base metal.
W14 No welding permitted.
W15 For Section VIII applications, no welding is permitted.
W16 Use NFA-12 when welded with 5356 or 5556 filler metal, all thicknesses, or 4043 or
5554 filler material, thickness <= 10 mm. Use NFA-13 when welded with 4043 or 5554
filler material, thickness > 10 mm.

Division 2 Material Notes for Table 2A (Ferrous Materials) - Customary
(a) The following abbreviations are used: Smls., Seamless; Temp., Temperature; and
Wld., Welded.
(b) An alternative typeface is used for stress values based on successful experience in
service (see Notes E1 and E2 ).
(c) Where specifications, grades, classes, and types are listed in this Table, and where
(e.g., SA-516/SA-516M), the values listed in this Table are applicable to either the
material specification. For example, the values listed for SA-516 Grade 70 are used
when SA-516M Grade 485 is used in construction.
(d) The values in this Table may be interpolated to determine values for intermediate
temperatures. The values at intermediate temperatures are rounded to the same
number of decimal places as the value at the higher temperature between which
values are being interpolated.
(e) The properties of steels are influenced by the processing history, heat treatment,
more information.


E1 For values at 650F and above, the design stress intensity values are based on
successful experience in service.
E2 For values at 700F and above, the design stress intensity values are based on
G1 Material that conforms to Class 10, 13, 20, 23, 30, 33, 40, 43, 50, or 53 is not
permitted.
G3 Material that conforms to Class 11 or 12 is not permitted when the nominal thickness
of the material exceeds in.
G4 Material that conforms to Class 11 or 12 is not permitted when the nominal thickness
of the material exceeds 1 in.
G5 A product analysis is required on this material.
G6 SA-723 is not used for minimum permissible temperature below 40F.
leakage or malfunction. Table Y-2 lists multiplying factors that, when applied to the
yield strength values shown in Table Y-1, give allowable stress values that will result
in lower values of permanent strain.
G8 This material has reduced toughness at room temperature after exposure at high
temperature. The degree of embrittlement depends on composition, heat treatment,
time and temperature. The lowest temperature of concern is about 500F. See
Appendix A, A-360.
G9 At temperatures over 1000F, these stress intensity values apply only when the
carbon is 0.04% or higher. This note is applicable only when stresses above 1000F
are published.
G10 For temperatures above 1000F, these stress intensity values may be used only if the
material has been heat treated by heating to a minimum temperature of 1900F and
quenching in water or rapidly cooling by other means. This note is applicable only
when stresses above 1000F are published.
G11 These stress intensity values at temperatures of 1050F and above should be used
only when assurance is provided that the steel has a predominant grain size not finer
than ASTM No. 6. This note is applicable only when stresses above 1000F are
published.
G12 These stress intensity values are considered basic values to be used when no effort
is made to control or check the grain size of the steel.
elevated temperature. See Appendix A, A-340 and A-360.
G14 All forgings have a maximum tensile strength not in excess of 35 ksi above the
specified minimum.


G15 Fabricated from SA-387 Grade 12 Class 1 plate.
H1 Annealed.
H2 Normalized and tempered.
H3 Pieces that are formed (after quenching and tempering) at a temperature lower than
25F below the final tempering temperature are heat-treated after forming when the
extreme fiber strain from forming exceeds 3%. Heat treatment shall be 1075F
minimum, but not higher than 25F below the final tempering temperature for a
minimum time of one hour per inch of thickness. Pieces formed at temperatures
within 25F higher than the original tempering temperature are requenched and
tempered, either before or after welding into the vessel.
S1 The maximum thickness of forgings does not exceed 3 in. (4 in. as heat treated).
S3 The minimum thickness of pressure-retaining parts is in..
S4 The minimum thickness of shells, heads, and other pressure-retaining parts is in..
The maximum thickness is limited only by the ability to develop the specified
mechanical properties.
W2 In welded construction, for temperatures above 850F, the weld metal has a carbon
W3 The following, in addition to the variables in Section IX, QW-250, are considered as
essential variables requiring requalification of the welding procedure.
An increase in the maximum or a decrease in the minimum specified preheat or
interpass temperatures. The specified range of preheat temperatures does not
exceed 150F.
A change in the thickness T of the welding procedure qualification test plate as
follows:
a. For welded joints that are quenched and tempered after welding, any
increase in thickness (the minimum thickness qualified in all cases is in.).
b. For welded joints that are not quenced and tempered after welding, any
changes as follows: (a) For T less than 5/8 in., any decrease in thickness (the
maximum thickness qualified is 2T); (b) for T equal to 5/8 in. and over, any
departure from the range of 5/8 in. to 2T.

Division 2 Material Notes for Table 2A (Ferrous Materials) - Metric
(a) The following abbreviations are used: Smls., Seamless; Temp., Temperature; and Wld.,
Welded.
service (see Notes E1 and E2).
(c) Where specifications, grades, classes, and types are listed in this Table, and where the
material specification in Section II, Part A or Part B is a dual-unit specification (e.g.,
SA-516/SA-516M), the values listed in this Table are applicable to either the customary
U.S. version of the material specification or the SI units version of the material


specification. For example, the values listed for SA-516 Grade 70 shall be used when
SA-516M Grade 485 is used in construction.
number of decimal places as the value at the higher temperature between which values
are being interpolated.
more information.
E1 For values at 350C and above, the design stress intensity values are based on
E2 For values at 375C and above, the design stress intensity values are based on
G1 Material that conforms to Class 10, 13, 20, 23, 30, 33, 40, 43, 50, or 53 is not permitted.
G3 Material that conforms to Class 11 or 12 is not permitted when the nominal thickness of
the material exceeds 19 mm.
G4 Material that conforms to Class 11 or 12 is not permitted when the nominal thickness of
the material exceeds 32 mm.
G5 A product analysis is required on this material.
G6 SA-723 is not used for minimum permissible temperature below +5C.
were established at temperatures where the short-time tensile properties govern to
stress values in this range exceed 66-2/3% but do not exceed 90% of the yield strength
at temperature. Use of these stresses may result in dimensional changes due to
permanent strain. These stress values are not recommended for the flanges of
leakage or malfunction. Table Y-2 lists multiplying factors that, when applied to the yield
strength values shown in Table Y-1, will give allowable stress values that will result in
lower levels of permanent strain.
G8 This material has reduced toughness at room temperature after exposure at high
temperature. The degree of embrittlement depends on composition, heat treatment,
time, and temperature. The lowest temperature of concern is about 250C. See
Appendix A, A-360.
G9 At temperatures over 550C, these stress intensity values apply only when the carbon is
0.04% or higher. This note is applicable only when stresses above 550C are published.
G10 For temperatures above 550C, these stress intensity values may be used only if the
material has been heat treated by heating to a minimum temperature of 1040C and
quenching in water or rapidly cooling by other means. This note is applicable only when
stresses above 550C are published.
G11 These stress intensity values at temperatures of 575C and above should be used only
when assurance is provided that the steel has a predominant grain size not finer than
ASTM No. 6. This note is applicable only when stresses above 550C are published.


G12 These stress intensity values are considered basic values to be used when no effort is
made to control or check the grain size of the steel.
elevated temperature; see Appendix A, A-340 and A-360.
G14 All forgings have a maximum tensile strength not in excess of 175 MPa above the
specified minimum.
H1 Annealed.
H2 Normalized and tempered.
H3 Pieces that are formed (after quenching and tempering) at a temperature lower than
15C below the final tempering temperature are heat treated after forming when the
extreme fiber strain from forming exceeds 3%. Heat treatment shall be 580C minimum,
but not higher than 15C below the final tempering temperature for a minimum time of 1
h per 25 mm of thickness. Pieces formed at temperatures within 15C higher than the
original tempering temperature are requenched and tempered, either before or after
welding into the vessel.
S1 The maximum thickness of forgings does not exceed 95 mm (100 mm as heat treated).
S2 Both DN 200 and larger, and schedule 140 and heavier.
S3 The minimum thickness of pressure-retaining parts is 6 mm.
S4 The minimum thickness of shells, heads, and other pressure-retaining parts is 6 mm.
The maximum thickness is limited only by the ability to develop the specified
mechanical properties.
W2 In welded construction, for temperatures above 450C, the weld metal has a carbon
W3 The following, in addition to the variables in Section IX, QW-250, is considered as
essential variables requiring requalification of the welding procedure:
An increase in the maximum or a decrease in the minimum specified preheat or
interpass temperatures. The specified range of preheat temperatures shall not
exceed 85C.
A change in the thickness T of the welding procedure qualification test plate as
follows:
a. For welded joints that are quenched and tempered after welding, any increase
in thickness (the minimum thickness qualified in all cases is 6 mm).
b. For welded joints that are not quenched and tempered after welding, any
change as follows: (a) for T less than 16 mm, any decrease in thickness (the
maximum thickness qualified is 2T) (b) for T equal to 16 mm and over, any
departure from the range of 16 mm to 2T.

Division 2 Material Notes for Table 2B (Non-Ferrous Materials)


(a) The following abbreviations are used: ann., annealed; fin., finished; rel., relieved;
Smls., Seamless; and Wld., Welded.
service (see Notes E1 and E2).
(c) Where specifications, grades, classes, and types are listed in this Table, and where
number of decimal places as the value at the higher temperature between which
values are being interpolated.
more information.
E2 For values at 800F, the design stress intensity values are based on successful
experience in service.
were established at temperatures where the short-time tensile properties govern to
stress values in this range exceed 66-2/3% but do not exceed 90% of the yield
strength at temperature. Use of these stresses may result in dimensional changes due
to permanent strain. These stress values are not recommended for the flanges of
leakage or malfunction. Table Y-2 lists multiplying factors that, when applied to the
result in lower levels of permanent strain.
G2 Use of external pressure charts for material in the form of barstock is permitted for
stiffening rings only.
G3 SB-163 Supplementary Requirement S2 is met.
G4 Design stress intensity values for 100F may be used at temperatures down to 325F
without additional specification requirements.
G5 A joint efficiency factor of 0.85 has been applied in arriving at the maximum allowable
design stress intensity values for this material.
S1 Thickness <= 0.100 in.
W1 Welding except for seal welds is not permitted.



Material Properties Dialog Box
Displays properties for the selected material. You can modify some properties. Doing so only
changes the properties locally. It does not modify the database.
Properties available in this dialog box vary depending on the command used.
Material Name - Displays the ASME code material specification for the selected item.
Listing # -
Yield Stress, Design - Enter the yield stress for the material at the operating temperature. You
can find these values in the ASME Code, Section 2 Part D; they are not stored in the material
database. If the yield stress at operating temperature is significantly different than the yield
stress at ambient temperature, and if some of the items in the model make use of yield stress,
such as vessel legs, then you should carefully check and enter this value.
When you select a material from the material database, the software looks up its operating yield
stress in the yield stress database and automatically fills in this value. If there are duplicate
entries in the yield stress database, then the software displays a message. You can then select
from among the duplicates.
Allowable Stress, Design - Enter the allowable stress for the element material at operating
temperature. The operating temperature for most vessels is defined to be the same as the
design metal temperature for the internal pressure. You can find this value in the ASME Code,
Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B, and 3.
If you enter a valid material name in the Material Input field, the software searches its database
and determines the allowable stress for the material at ambient temperature, and populates this
field.
The software also determines the allowable stress when you select a material name from
the Material Selection window.
Allowable Stress, Ambient - Enter the allowable stress for the element material at ambient
temperature. The ambient temperature for most vessels will be 70 F or 100 F or 30 C). You
can find this value in the ASME Code, Section II, Part D, Table 1A, 1B, and 3.
The software also determines the allowable stress when you select a material name from
the Material Selection window.
Nominal Material Density - Enter the nominal density of the material. The software uses this
value to calculate component weights for this analysis. The typical density for carbon steel is
0.2830 lbs/in
3
.
Nominal Thickness for this P Number - Enter the thickness for the P number.
Table UCS-57 of the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 lists the maximum thickness above
which full radiography is required for welded seams. This thickness is based on the P number
for the material listed in the allowable stress tables of the Code.
If a seam is partially radiographed and the required thickness exceeds the P number
thickness, PV Elite automatically changes the joint efficiency to 1.0 as stated in the Code.
External Pressure Curve Name
UCS-66 Curve
Curve A - D - UCS-66 curves
Impact Tested - AM 218.1 impact test exemption curve
Not a Carbon Steel


By default, the material database selects the non-normalized curve. Select Is the
Material Normalized? or click Normalized to use the normalized curve for ASME material.
Adjust the curve if you are using normalized material produced to fine grain practice.
The following is from Section VIII Division 1, Figure UCS-66, ed. 2011a Addenda:
1. Material Curve A
a. All carbon and all low alloy steel plates, structural shapes, and bars not listed in Curves
B, C, and D below.
b. SA-216 Grades WCB and WCC if normalized and tempered, or water-quenched and
tempered; SA-217 Grade WC6 if normalized and tempered, or water-quenched and
tempered.
2. Material Curve B
a. SA-216 Grade WCA if normalized and tempered or water-quenched and tempered
SA-216 Grades WCB and WCC for thicknesses not exceeding 2 in. (50 mm), if
produced to fine grain practice and water-quenched and tempered.
SA-217 Grade WC9 if normalized and tempered
SA 285 Grades A and B
SA 414 Grade A
SA-515 Grade 60
SA-516 Grades 65 and 70 if not normalized
SA-612 if not normalized
SA/EN Grade B if not normalized
SA/EN 10028-2 Grades P235GH, P265GH, and P295GH as rolled
SA/AS 1548 Grades PT430NR and PT460NR
b. Except for cast steels, all materials of Curve A if produced to fine grain practice and
normalized which are not listed in Curves C and D below;
c. All pipe, fittings, forgings, and tubing not listed for Curves C and D below;
d. Parts permitted under UG-11 shall be included in Curve B even when fabricated from
plate that otherwise would be assigned to a different curve.
3. Material Curve C
a. SA 182 Grades 21 and 22 if normalized and tempered
SA 302 Grades C and D
SA 336 Grades F21 and F22 if normalized and tempered, or liquid-quenched and
tempered
SA 387 Grades 21 and 22 if normalized and tempered, or liquid-quenched and
tempered
SA 442 Grades 55 <= 1 in. if not to fine grain practice and normalized
SA 516 Grades 55 and 60 if not normalized
SA 533 Grades B and C SA 662 Grade A
b. All materials listed in 2(a) and 2(c) or Curve B if produced to fine grain practice and
normalized, normalized and tempered, or liquid-quenched and tempered as permitted in
the material specification, and not listed for Curve D below.
4. Material Curve D
SA 203
SA 508 Grade 1
SA 516 if normalized, or quenched and tempered
SA 524 Classes 1 and 2
SA 537 Classes 1, 2, and 3
SA 612 if normalized


SA 738 Grade A
SA 738 Grade A with Cb and V deliberately added in accordance with the provisions of the
material specification, not colder than -20F (-29C)
SA 738 Grade B not colder than -20F (-29C)
SA/AS 1548 Grades PT430N and PT460N
SA/EN 10028-2 Grades P235GH, P265GH, and P295GH if normalized
SA/EN 10028-3 Grade P275NH
Impact Test Exempted
If you are using an impact tested material when no MDMT calculations are required, select
Impact tested Material.

Is the Material Normalized? - Click to use the ASME normalized curve for the material. For
more information, see UCS-66 Curve.
Curve A - D - UCS-66 curves
Impact Tested - AM 218.1 impact test exemption curve
Not a Carbon Steel
By default, the material database selects the non-normalized curve. Select Is the
Material Normalized? or click Normalized to use the normalized curve for ASME material.
Adjust the curve if you are using normalized material produced to fine grain practice.
The following is from Section VIII Division 1, Figure UCS-66, ed. 2011a Addenda:
1. Material Curve A
a. All carbon and all low alloy steel plates, structural shapes, and bars not listed in Curves
B, C, and D below.
b. SA-216 Grades WCB and WCC if normalized and tempered, or water-quenched and
tempered; SA-217 Grade WC6 if normalized and tempered, or water-quenched and
tempered.
2. Material Curve B
a. SA-216 Grade WCA if normalized and tempered or water-quenched and tempered
SA-216 Grades WCB and WCC for thicknesses not exceeding 2 in. (50 mm), if
produced to fine grain practice and water-quenched and tempered.
SA-217 Grade WC9 if normalized and tempered
SA 285 Grades A and B
SA 414 Grade A
SA-515 Grade 60
SA-516 Grades 65 and 70 if not normalized
SA-612 if not normalized
SA/EN Grade B if not normalized
SA/EN 10028-2 Grades P235GH, P265GH, and P295GH as rolled
SA/AS 1548 Grades PT430NR and PT460NR
b. Except for cast steels, all materials of Curve A if produced to fine grain practice and
normalized which are not listed in Curves C and D below;
c. All pipe, fittings, forgings, and tubing not listed for Curves C and D below;
d. Parts permitted under UG-11 shall be included in Curve B even when fabricated from
plate that otherwise would be assigned to a different curve.
3. Material Curve C


a. SA 182 Grades 21 and 22 if normalized and tempered
SA 302 Grades C and D
SA 336 Grades F21 and F22 if normalized and tempered, or liquid-quenched and
tempered
SA 387 Grades 21 and 22 if normalized and tempered, or liquid-quenched and
tempered
SA 442 Grades 55 <= 1 in. if not to fine grain practice and normalized
SA 516 Grades 55 and 60 if not normalized
SA 533 Grades B and C SA 662 Grade A
b. All materials listed in 2(a) and 2(c) or Curve B if produced to fine grain practice and
normalized, normalized and tempered, or liquid-quenched and tempered as permitted in
the material specification, and not listed for Curve D below.
4. Material Curve D
SA 203
SA 508 Grade 1
SA 516 if normalized, or quenched and tempered
SA 524 Classes 1 and 2
SA 537 Classes 1, 2, and 3
SA 738 Grade A
SA 738 Grade A with Cb and V deliberately added in accordance with the provisions of the
material specification, not colder than -20F (-29C)
SA 738 Grade B not colder than -20F (-29C)
SA/AS 1548 Grades PT430N and PT460N
SA/EN 10028-2 Grades P235GH, P265GH, and P295GH if normalized
SA/EN 10028-3 Grade P275NH
Impact Test Exempted
If you are using an impact tested material when no MDMT calculations are required, select
Impact tested Material.

Elastic Modulus ID
The elastic modulus reference number is a value that points to or corresponds to a set of data
set forth in ASME Section II Part D, tables TM-1, 2 and so on. Unfortunately, many materials
have a composition or UNS number that does not match the criteria of what is supplied in the
ASME Code. In these cases, the reference number will be brought in as zero. If this happens,
you will need to enter in an appropriate value.
Reference
Number
Table


1 TM-1 Carbon Steels with C <= 0.30%
2 TM-1 Carbon Steels with C > 0.30%
3 TM-1 Material Group A
4 TM-1 Material Group B
5 TM-1 Material Group C


6 TM-1 Material Group D
7 TM-1 Material Group E
8 TM-1 Material Group F
9 TM-1 Material Group G
10 TM-1 Material Group H
11 TM-1 Material Group I
12 TM-1 Material Group J
13 TM-1 S13800
14 TM-1 S15500
15 TM-1 S45000
16 TM-1 S17400
17 TM-1 S17700
18 TM-1 S66286
19 TM-2 A03560
20 TM-2 A95083
21 TM-2 A95086
22 TM-2 A95456
23 TM-2 A24430
24 TM-2 A91060
25 TM-2 A91100
26 TM-2 A93003
27 TM-2 A93004
28 TM-2 A96061
29 TM-2 A96063
30 TM-2 A92014
31 TM-2 A92024
32 TM-2 A95052
33 TM-2 A95154
34 TM-2 A95254
35 TM-2 A95454
36 TM-2 A95652
37 TM-3 C93700
38 TM-3 C83600


39 TM-3 C92200
40 TM-3 C92200
41 TM-3 C28000
42 TM-3 C36500
43 TM-3 C46400
44 TM-3 C65500
45 TM-3 C66100
46 TM-3 C95200
47 TM-3 C95400
48 TM-3 C44300
49 TM-3 C44400
50 TM-3 C44500
51 TM-3 C64200
52 TM-3 C68700
53 TM-3 C10200
54 TM-3 C10400
55 TM-3 C10500
56 TM-3 C10700
57 TM-3 C11000
58 TM-3 C12000
59 TM-3 C12200
60 TM-3 C12300
61 TM-3 C12500
62 TM-3 C14200
63 TM-3 C23000
64 TM-3 C61000
65 TM-3 C61400
66 TM-3 C65100
67 TM-3 C70400
68 TM-3 C19400
69 TM-3 C60800
70 TM-3 C63000
71 TM-3 C70600


72 TM-3 C97600
73 TM-3 C71000
74 TM-3 C71500
75 TM-4 N02200
76 TM-4 N02201
77 TM-4 N04400
78 TM-4 N04405
79 TM-4 N06002
80 TM-4 N06007
81 TM-4 N06022
82 TM-4 N06030
83 TM-4 N06045
84 TM-4 N06059
85 TM-4 N06230
86 TM-4 N06455
87 TM-4 N06600
88 TM-4 N06617
89 TM-4 N06625
90 TM-4 N06686
91 TM-4 N06690
92 TM-4 N07718
93 TM-4 N07750
94 TM-4 N08020
95 TM-4 N08031
96 TM-4 N08330
97 TM-4 N08800
98 TM-4 N08801
99 TM-4 No8810
100 TM-4 N08825
101 TM-4 N10001
102 TM-4 N10003
103 TM-4 N10242
104 TM-4 N10276


105 TM-4 N10629
106 TM-4 N10665
107 TM-4 N10675
108 TM-4 N12160
109 TM-5 R50250
110 TM-5 R50400
111 TM-5 R50550
112 TM-5 R52400
113 TM-5 R56320
114 TM-5 R52250
115 TM-5 R53400
116 TM-5 R52402
117 TM-5 R52252
118 TM-5 R52404
119 TM-5 R52254
120 TM-5 R56323
220 TEMA Ni-Mo Alloy B
221 TEMA Tantalum
223 TEMA 7 MO (S32900)
225 TEMA 17-19 CR Stn Steel
226 TEMA AL-6XN Stn Steel (N08367)
227 TEMA AL-29-4-2
228 TEMA SEA-CURE
229 TEMA 2205 (S31803)
230 TEMA 3RE60 (S311500)

Thermal Expansion Coefficient ID
The thermal expansion reference number is a value that points to or corresponds to a set of
data set forth in ASME Section II Part D, tables TE-1, 2 and so on. Unfortunately, many
materials have a composition or UNS number that does not match the criteria of what is
supplied in the ASME Code. In these cases, the reference number will be brought in as zero. If
this happens, you will need to enter in an appropriate value. Thermal expansion coefficients are
important especially if you are analyzing a heat exchanger.


Reference
Number
Table


1 TE-1 Carbon & Low Alloy Steels, Group 1
2 TE-1 Low Alloy Steels, Group 2
3 TE-1 5Cr-1Mo and 29Cr-7Ni-2Mo-N Steels
4 TE-1 9Cr-1Mo
5 TE-1 5Ni-1/4 4Mo
6 TE-1 8Ni and 9Ni
7 TE-1 12Cr, 12cR-1Al, 13Cr, 13Cr-4Ni Steels
8 TE-1 15Cr and 17Cr Steels
9 TE-1 27Cr Steels
10 TE-1 Austentic Group 3 Steels
11 TE-1 Austentic Group 4 Steels
12 TE-1 Ductile Cast Iron
13 TE-1 17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. Condition 1075
15 TE-2 Aluminum Alloys
16 TE-3 Copper Alloys C1XXXX Series
17 TE-3 Bronze Alloys
18 TE-3 Brass Alloys
19 TE-3 70Cu-30Ni
20 TE-3 90Cu-10Ni
21 TE-4 N02200 and N02201
22 TE-4 N04400 and N04405
23 TE-4 N06002
24 TE-4 N06007
25 TE-4 N06022
26 TE-4 N06030
27 TE-4 N06045
28 TE-4 N06059, N06686
29 TE-4 N06230
30 TE-4 N06455
31 TE-4 N06600


32 TE-4 N06625
33 TE-4 N06690
34 TE-4 N07718
35 TE-4 N07750
36 TE-4 N08031
37 TE-4 N08330
38 TE-4 N08800, N08801, N08810, N08811
39 TE-4 N08825
40 TE-4 N10001
41 TE-4 N10003
42 TE-4 N10242
43 TE-4 N10276
44 TE-4 N10629
45 TE-4 N10665
46 TE-4 N10675
47 TE-4 N12160
48 TE-4 R20033
49 TE-5 Titanium Gr 1, 2, 2H, 3, 7, 7H, 11, 12, 16,
16H, 17, 26, 26H, 27
50 TE-5 Titanium Gr 9, 28
51 TEMA 5Cr-1/2Mo
52 TEMA 7Cr-1/2Mo & 9Cr-1Mo
53 TEMA Ni-Mo (Alloy B)
54 TEMA Nickel (Alloy 200)
55 TEMA Copper-Silicon
56 TEMA Admirality
57 TEMA Zirconium
58 TEMA Cr-Ni-F3-Mo-Cu-Cb (Alloy 20Cb)
59 TEMA Tantalum
60 TEMA Tantulum with 2.5% Tungsten
61 TEMA 17-19 CR (TP 439)
62 TEMA AL-6XN
63 TEMA 2205 (S31803)
65 TEMA 3RE60 (S31500)


67 TEMA AL 29-4-2
68 TEMA SEA-CURE
69 TEMA 880-20 Cu-Ni (C71000)

Yield Stress - Opens the Yield Stress Record dialog box, which displays yield stress details of
the selected material.




A P P E N D I X A
The example problems illustrating these principles are located in the program installation
directory/Examples directory.

Vessel Example Problems
Vessel Example Problems



A P P E N D I X B
Keyboard
The following software actions are defined for the keyboard:
Begin line <Home>
Begin list <Home>
Delete character <Del.>
Delete prev. char <Backspace>
Delete window <Alt+F4>
End line <End>
End list <End>
Exit <Shift+F3>
Help <F1>
Hot key <Alt+char(with '_')>
Insert toggle <Ins>
Left word <Ctrl+left-arrow>
Mark <Ctrl+F5>
Maximize <Alt +>
Menu control <Alt>
Minimize <Alt ->
Move window <Alt+F7>
Next cell <Down_arrow>
Next Character <Right_arrow>
Next field <Tab>
Next window <Alt+F6>
Page down <Page Down>
Page up <Page Up>
Previous cell <Up_arrow>
Previous character <Left_arrow>
Previous field <Shift+Tab>
Refresh <F5>
Right word <Ctrl+right_arrow>
Select <Enter>
Size window <Alt+F8>
System button <Alt .>
Keyboard and Mouse Commands
Keyboard and Mouse Commands


Mouse
The following software actions are defined for the mouse:
In Window Objects:
Choose <Left-down-click>
Select <Left-release>

In Vessel Graphics:
Select element <Left-release>
Select detail <Right-down-click>


3
3D Graphics Toolbar 230
3D Menu 220
A
Add a Detail 60
Adding Details 33
Additional Element Data (General Input
Tab) 243
Additional Flange Data (Flange Dialog Box)
265
Additional Weld Data (Nozzle Main Tab)
91
Analysis 37
Analyze 193
Analyze Menu 193
Analyze Toolbar 230
Analyzing Individual Vessel Components
Details 40
ANSI/DIN Flange Dimension Lookup
(Flange Dialog Box) 267
As/Nz 1170
2002 Wind Data 334
AS/NZ 1170.4 Seismic Data 377
ASCE 7-98, ASCE 7-02/05, IBC 2000, IBC
2003, and IBC 2006 Seismic Data 367
ASCE-88 Seismic Data 353
ASCE-93 Wind Data 316
ASCE-95, ASCE-98/02/05/IBC-03, and IBC
2006 Wind Data 317
ASME Appendix 9 Jacket 183
ASME Form Information 216
ASME Part UHX Specific (Tubesheet
Properties Tab) 150
Auxiliary Menu 192
Auxiliary Toolbar 229
B
Backing Ring (Tubesheet Properties Tab)
150
Backing Ring Data (Spherical
Cover/Backing Ring Tab) 175
Base Plate Parameters Tab (Leg Dialog
Box) 128
Basering Analysis Considerations 273
Basering Design Data Tab (Basering Dialog
Box) 279
Basering Dialog Box 273
Basering Information (Basering Design
Data Tab) 280
Before You Begin PV Elite Installation 12
Body Flange (Additional Element Data)
249
Bolting Information (Basering Design Data
Tab) 280
Bolts (Flange Dialog Box) 258
Brazil NBR 6123 Wind Data 343
BS6399-97 Wind Data 323
Building a Heat Exchanger 21
C
Calculating and Displaying Vessel Analysis
Results 399
Calculator 216
Change Units 202
Chile NCh2369 En Espaol 393
Chile NCh2369 Seismic Data 391
China GB 50009 Wind Data 346
China GB 50011 Seismic Data 376
Common Detail Parameters 61
Component Analysis Data 54
Configuration 195
Conical (Additional Element Data) 245
Create / Review Units 202
Create a custom material based on an
existing material 205
Create a new custom material 205
Create a new units file 203
D
Datum Line Options Dialog Box 303
Defining the Basic Vessel 20
Design and Analysis of Vessel Details 38
Design Data (Design Constraints Tab) 297
Design Modification (Design Constraints
Tab) 303
Design/Analysis Constraints (Design
Constraints Tab) 297
Details Menu 59
Details Toolbar 227
Diagnostics Menu 221
Display the List Dialog 55
Index
Index


DXF File Generated by PV Elite During
Runtime 49
DXF File Generation Option 47
DXF Options Tab (Configuration Dialog)
201
E
Edit an existing units file 203
Element Data (General Input Tab) 234
Element Toolbar 226
Elliptical (Additional Element Data) 243
EN-2005 Wind Data 348
Enter Re-Authorization Codes 222
Equipment Installation and Miscellaneous
Options Dialog Box 309
Error Check Only 193
Error Checking 36
Esl Menu 221
Euro Code Wind Data 340
Exit 53
Expansion Joint Data Tab (Heat Exchanger
Tubesheet Input Dialog Box) 162
Export 52
External Loads (Flange Dialog Box) 262
F
File Menu 51
Flange Dialog Box 255
Floating Head Factors (Spherical
Cover/Backing Ring Tab) 174
Floating TubeSheet Tab (Heat Exchanger
For Non-Circular Covers (Flange Dialog
Box) 267
Force and Moment 108
G
G Loading Seismic Data 366
Gasket (Flange Dialog Box) 259
Generic Clip 176
H
Halfpipe Jacket 135
Help Menu 222
Hub Dimensions (Flange Dialog Box) 257
I
Import 53
Input Menu 54
Input Toolbar 228
Installation 11
Installing PV Elite from the Product Media
13
Installing PV Elite in Silent Mode 15
Installing PV Elite on a Network 17
Insulation 133
Integral Flat Head with a Large Centrally
Located Opening Dialog Box 248
IS-1893 RSM Seismic Data 359
IS-1893 SCM Seismic Data 358
IS-875 Wind Data 321
J
Job Specific Setup Parameters Tab
(Configuration Dialog) 195
K
Keyboard and Mouse Commands 447
L
Layout Pattern Tab 161
Leg Input Parameters Tab (Leg Dialog Box)
125
Legs 125
License Types 15
Lifting Lug Data 180
Ligament Scratch Pad 217
Lining 134
Liquid 130
Load Cases (Load Cases Tab) 305
Load Cases Tab (Heat Exchanger
Local Stress Analysis (WRC 107, 297 or
Annex G) Tab (Nozzle Input/Analysis
Dialog Box) 99
Lug 122
M
Material Database Dialog Box 407
Material Database Editor 204
Material Dialog Boxes 407
Material Properties 206
Material Properties Dialog Box 433
Mating Flange (Flange Dialog Box) 262
Menus 51
Mexico 1993 En Espaol 329
Mexico 1993 Wind Data 325
Mexico Sismo En Espaol 374
Mexico Sismo Seismic Data 374
Miscellaneous (Nozzle Main Tab) 92
Index


Miscellaneous Information (Basering
Design Data Tab) 282
Miscellaneous Information (Flange Dialog
Box) 271
Model in 3D 57
Modify a Detail 61
N
NBC 1995 Seismic Data 356
NBC 2005 Seismic Data 379
NBC-95 and NBC-2005 Wind Data 320
New 52
Nozzle 66
Nozzle Analysis 405
Nozzle Design Options (Load Cases Tab)
312
Nozzle Layout and Placement Dialog Box
86
Nozzle Main Tab (Nozzle Input/Analysis
Dialog Box) 77
Nozzle Orientation (Nozzle Main Tab) 80
O
Open 52
Optional Moments for ASME Saddle
Analysis (Saddle Dialog Box) 120
Optional Steps 404
Other Input Processors 30
Output Menu 193
Output Review and Report Generation 43
P
Packing 112
Pad or Hub Properties (Nozzle Main Tab)
89
Pad Parameters and Lug Style (Lifting Lug
Dialog Box) 182
Partition Gasket Properties (Flange Dialog
Box) 263
PD
5500 Annex G Analysis 100
PD 5500 (Tubesheet Properties Tab) 150
PDVSA En Espaol 385
PDVSA Seismic Data 381
Perform Anchor Bolts Calculations? (Saddle
Dialog Box) 118
Perform Saddle Check? (Saddle Dialog
Box) 117
Performing the Analysis 37
Phone Update 221
Platform 109
Print 53
Print in Color 53
Print Preview 53
Print Setup 53
PV Elite Analysis 399
PV Elite Overview 9
PV Elite Quick Start 19
PV Elite Workflows 19
R
Recording the Model - Plotting the Vessel
Image 45
References 294
Report Headings (Heading Tab) 295
Report Print Options Dialog Box 168
Res. Spectrum Seismic Data 370
Review Reports 194
S
Saddle 114
Save 52
Save As 52
Seismic Loads (Seismic Data Tab) 351
Set Default Values Tab (Configuration Tab)
202
Setting Up the Required Parameters 48
Skirt (Additional Element Data) 272
Skirt Access Openings Dialog Box 292
Skirt Opening Analysis Considerations
286
Specifying Global Data - Loads and Design
Constraints 33
Spherical (Additional Element Data) 244
Spherical Cover/Backing Ring Tab (Heat
Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog Box)
172
Standard Toolbar 225
Stiffening Ring 63
Stress Combination Load Cases (Load
Cases Tab) 306
T
Tailing Lug Data Tab (Basering Design
Data Tab) 285
The Input Processor 29
Thin Joint Options 165
Toolbars 225
Tools Menu 195
Toricone Dialog Box 246
Torispherical (Additional Element Data)
244
Index


Tray 121
Tube Data Tab (Heat Exchanger Tubesheet
Input Dialog Box) 150
Tube Layout Assistant 160
Tubesheet 138
Tubesheet Properties Tab (Heat Exchanger
Tubesheet Type and Design Code Tab
(Heat Exchanger Tubesheet Input Dialog
Box) 139
U
UBC 1994 Seismic Data 355
UBC 1997 Seismic Data 362
UBC Wind Data 319
Units File Dialog Box 203
Units/Code Toolbar 230
User Border Creation 48
User-Defined Wind Data 349
Utilities Toolbar 228
V
Verifying the Installed Product Program
Structure 18
Vessel Data (General Input Tab) 233
Vessel Example Problems 445
View Menu 57
W
Weight 106
Welded Flat (Additional Element Data)
247
What Can Be Designed? 10
What Distinguishes PV Elite From our
Competitors? 10
What's New in PV Elite 2012 and CodeCalc
2012 7
Wind Loads (Wind Data Tab) 315
WRC 107 Analysis - Global Load
Convention 103
WRC 107 Analysis - Local Load Convention
101
WRC 297 Analysis 104

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