Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) MMPI Development The MMPI was empirically derived using a process called

criterion keying. Prior to the MMPI, personality tests were logically derived and relied on construct or face validity. Standardization on clinical groups Standardization on non-clinical or "normal" groups. Item selection and scale development. The final version. Problems with the MMPI Some items objectionable. Cultural relevance. Administration protocol was different from the original card box administration. Restandardization of the MMPI was needed. Changes to MMPI-2 141 items reworded to eliminate outdated and sexist language, and improve understanding. 16 repeated items were dropped. 13 items were dropped from the clinical scales because of objectionable item content. 77 items were dropped primarily from the last 100 items. 106 items were dropped from the MMPI and 107 items were added to the MMPI-2. The MMPI-2: The Final Version 567 items and retains the original 13 scales. Normative sample of 2,600 people from 7 states. The norm sample reflects national census data. T scores changed from linear Ts to uniform Ts. MMPI-2 Limitations Scores are heterogeneous. Scales have only low to moderate test-retest reliability. Inadequate for assessing normal personality. Variables such as race, sex, intelligence, and education can all elevate scores on some scales. Traditional labels upon which scale names were based have become outdated and misleading. Administration Issues Ethical test use Examinee testability Testing conditions Instructions Proctoring the test Time Scoring Completing the Basic Profile

Welsh Coding System 1 2 Designate scales as 1 through 0, F, L, and K. Do not use scale labels (e.g., Hs, D, Hy, Pd, etc.). List out the clinical scales from highest t o lowest T score. Validity scales are placed separately to the right of the clinical scales. (See example below.) Scales with T scores of the same value or within one point of each other should be underlined. Elevation symbols are then added using the following marks to designate ten-point T score ranges: !! ! ** * " ' / : # 120+ 110-120 100-109 90-99 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39 29 and below are to the right of the # sign

3 4

Symbols are placed to the right of the scale numbers that fall within a particular range. Example: Scale 4 Scales 2 and 6 Scales 8, 3, & 7 Scales 3 and 7 Scales 0 and 1 Scales 9 and 5 Scale F 4*26"837 01-95 F -L/K is in the 90s are in the 80s are in the 70s are equal or within one point of each other are in the 60s are in the 50s [Do not need to include the last symbol since 50s is all that is left.] is in the 70s No scale was in the 60s. Including the mark indicates missing ranges. Include as many marks as there are missing ranges. is in the 50s is in the 40s

Scale L Scale K

Interpreting Protocol Validity Time required to complete the test. Erasures. Omissions or Cannot Say Items. ? Cannot Say Scale High scores (30+ items): profile is probably invalid. Moderate scores (11 t o 29 items): profile is of questionable validity. Modal scores (2 to 10 items): Profile is probably valid Low scores (0 to 1 item): Profile is valid. Interpreting Profile Validity Evaluat e the relationship between L, F, and K scales to determine validity and interpret ability of results. L or Lie Scale [Slide: V- Fakegood] Very high scores (>80T): Profile is probably invalid. High scores (70T to 79T): Profile is of questionable validity. Moderate scores (60T to 69T): Profile is probably valid. Modal scores (50T to 59T): Profile is valid. Low scores (< 49T): Profile is o f questionable validity. F or Infrequency Scale Extreme scores (> 100T) Very high scores (80T to 99T) High scores (65T to 79T) Moderate scores (60T to 64T) Modal scores (50T to 59T) Low scores (<50T) FB or Back F Scale Extreme scores (> 100T) Very high scores (80T to 99T) High scores (65T to 79T) Modal (50T to 64T) Low scores (< 50T) K or Correction Scale High scores (> 71T) Moderate scores (60T to 69T) Modal scores (40T to 59T) Low scores (< 40T)

Common Validity Scale Configurations Most validity scale configurations fall into one of 4 patterns. 1 2 3 4 1 Normal Profile Nave attempt to look good Defensive Pro file Typical Clinical Normal Profile (Slide: V-Normal) The three scales slope upward from left t o right, i.e., L < F < K. Nave attempt to look good (Slide: V-Naive) Profile slopes down from left to right L > F > K Defensive Pro file (Slide: V-Defensive) L & K are higher than F, and form a steep valley or "V" Typical Clinical (Slide: V-Typical Clinical) Most frequently encountered validity profile in clinical settings. L and K < 50T, F > 60T Typical Clinical [Variation 1] (Slide: V-Typical-1) L < 50T, F and K are about equal and both above 55T. Typical Clinical [Variation 2] (Slide: V-Typical-2) L and K are between 50T and 60T, F > 65. All True Response Set (Slide: P-AllTrue) All False Response Set (Slide: P-AllFalse) Random Response Set (Slide: P-Random) Defensive Response Set (Slide: P-Defensive) All Deviant/All Nondeviant (Slide: P-Deviant)

VRIN & TRIN VRIN [Variable Response Inconsistency Scale] VRIN > 12 Probably invalid; random response set VRIN < 12 Valid response set TRIN [True Response Inconsistency Scale] TRIN > 12 Probably invalid; all True Response Set TRIN = 6 to 12 Valid TRIN < 6 Probably invalid; all False Response Set

Interpreting the MMPI-2 Clinical Scales General Considerations Multipoint interpretations are preferable to single point interpretations. The more extreme the score, the more reliable and accurate it probably is. Interpretations from one scale often will contradict those of another scale. There is generally no research support yet for within normal limits (WNL) score interpretations. Slope of the profile can be revealing. Scale 1: Hypochondriasis (Hs) 32 items (33 on the MMPI) Measure excessive concern over poor health and somatic functioning. Reflects a chronic personality style that is stable over time and resistant to treatment. Scale 1 Interpretations T-Score Level > 80 65 - 80 Interpretation Extreme somatic concerns; possible somatic delusions Excessive concern about vague somatic complaints; complaints are used to manipulate and control others (secondary gain); cynical, whiny, defeatist, pessimistic; demand attention. Prognosis not good. Typically resist attempts at psychological interpretation of their symptoms. Frustrate and infuriate physicians. Tend to "shop around" from physician to physician. Typical of physically handicapped and persons with actual physical illness. Likely to be seen as immature, stubborn, and lacking in drive. Pessimistic about the ability of others to help them. Unremarkable. MMPI scores in this range indicated an alert capable, and responsible individual with good judgment and common sense. May be denying physical complaints.

58 - 64

40 - 57

< 40

Scale 2: Depression (D) 57 Items (60 on the MMPI) Measure a variety of depressive symptoms. Measure reactive or exogenous depression rather than endogenous depression. Some elevation to be expected since most disorders include a depressive component. An elevated scale 2 (T > 65) can indicate suicide risk. Scale 2 Interpretations T-Score Level > 70 Interpretation Pessimism, depression, and hopelessness pervade the examinee's life. Extreme feelings of guilt and self-deprecation. Consider suicide potential. Consider major depressive episode. Depressed moo d, feel dejected, dissatisfied with life situation, worried, lacking self-confidence or self-efficacy, withdrawn, somatic complaints, and sleep disturbances. Consider reactive depression (especially when scale 2 is only elevation) or dysthymia if depression is chronic. Good prognosis for therapy. Unremarkable. MMPI scores in this range indicated an active alert, cheerful, enthusiastic, and out going person. Examinees should rarely score in this range. May indicate a denial of depression.

60 - 70

40 - 59

< 40

Scale 2 Harris-Lingoes Subscales Subscale Name & Description of High Scorers D1: Subjective Depression Feel unhappy or depressed, lack energy for coping with problems of everyday life, and lack interest in what goes on around them. They feel inferior, lack self-confidence, and feel uneasy in social situations. D2: Psychomotor Retardation Lack energy to cope with everyday activities, appear to be emotionally immobilized, avoid other people. Deny hostile or aggressive impulses or behavior. D3: Physical Malfunctioning Preoccupied with physical functioning. Deny good health and may report a wide variety of specific somatic complaints. D4: Mental Dullness Lack of energy, tension, difficulty with concentration, attention, and memory. Lack selfconfidence and feel inferior. Experience little plea-sure and may feel life is not worth living. D5: Brooding Lack energy, brood, cry, ruminate. May feel that they are losing control of their thought processes and that life is not worthwhile.

Scale 3: Hysteria (Hs) The 60 items on scale three (same as on MMPI) appear to measure admission of specific somatic complaints. Associated with histrionic features. Scale 3 Interpretations T-Score Level > 80 65 - 80 Interpretation Consider Conversion Disorder or Hysterical Neurosis Conversion Type. Naive, suggestible, lack insight into or deny their problems. They are immature, self-centered, and demanding of affection and attention. Specific somatic symptoms may develop under stress. Extraverted, exhibitionistic, flamboyant, naive, self-centered, and superficial. They avoid unpleasant issues and deny any problems. Unremarkable. MMPI scores in this range indicated caust ic manners, sarcasm, cynicism, and social isolation. They have few defenses, narrow interests, and are socially conforming.

58 - 65

40 - 57 < 40

Scale 3 Harris-Lingoes Subscales Subscale Name & Description of High Scorers Hy1: Denial of Social Anxiety Socially extraverted, comfortable interacting with others, not easily influenced by social standards and customs. Hy2: Need for Affection Strong needs for attention and affection from others. Fears this need will not be met if honest about their feelings and beliefs. Claim to see ot hers as ho nest, sensitive, and reasonable, and deny critical or resentful feelings towards ot hers. Hy3: Lassitude-Malaise Feel uncomfortable and are not in good health. Feel unhappy, weak, fatigued, and have difficulty concentrating and sleeping. Present a good front, but need attention and reassurance. Hy4: Somatic Complaints Have multiple somatic complaints of the type that suggest repression and conversion. Express little or no hostility towards others. Hy5: Inhibition of Aggression Deny host ile or aggressive impulses. Tend t o be sensitive about how others respond to them.

Scale 4: Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) The 50 items of scale 4 measure general social maladjustment, absence of strongly pleasant experiences, problems with family and authority figures, social alienation, and boredom. Strong association with Cluster B Personality Disorders. Scale 4 Interpretations T-Score Level > 75 65 - 75 Interpretation Clear antisocial behavior. Possible antisocial personality disorder. Rebelliousness and hostility toward authority figures. Dislike rules and regulat ions, and lack identification with recognized conventions. Likely to be unreliable, egocentric, and irresponsible. Unable to learn from mistakes or to plan ahead. Unpredictable, little empathy, impulsive, poor social judgment, and a disregard for consequences of their actions. May be charming and make a good initial impression, however, antisocial tendencies eventually surface. Women frequent ly are in trouble with the law and men often abuse drugs or alcohol. Extraverted, dissatisfied, superficial relationships marked by conflict, energetic, and creative. Unremarkable. MMPI scores in this range characterized examinees who were passive, dependent, conventional, and rigid. Tolerance for mediocrity and boredom. Affectionate and serious, but lacking in heterosexual interest.

58 - 65

40 - 57 < 40

Scale 4 Harris-Lingoes Subscales Subscale Name & Description of High Scorers Pd1: Familial Discord Struggle against family control. Describe their families as lacking in love, understanding, and support. Pd2: Authority Problems Resent the demands, conventions, and standards of parents and society. Admit to problems with the law or in school. Pd3: Social Imperturbability Comfortable and confident in social situations. Have strong opinions and defend them vigorously. Exhibit indifference, and deny anxiety or dependency needs. Pd4: Social Alienation Feel isolated and estranged from other people. They believe that other people do not understand them and that they get a raw deal from life. Tend to externalize blame for their difficulties.

Scale 4 Harris-Lingoes Subscales (cont.) Pd5: Self-Alienation Express vague regret, guilt, and remorse for past deeds. Are unhappy, despondent, and uncomfortable with a life that they find uninteresting or unrewarding. Scale 5: Masculinity-Femininity (Mf) Scale 5 is not considered a true clinical scale. (Functions as a modifier scale as does Scale 0) Consists of 56 items (60 on the MMPI) that measure vocational and avocational interests, aesthetic preferences, activity-passivity, and personal sensitivity. The same items are used to assess masculinity and femininity in both sexes. Scale 5 Interpretations for Men T-Score Level > 75 Interpretation Typically self-proclaimed homosexuals and persons willing to admit their homosexual concerns. Lacks identification with culturally prescribed sex roles. Passive, inner-directed, have aesthetic interests, and may even seem effeminate. Men tend toward aesthetic activities, are imaginative, introspective, and have a wide range of interests. They are socially perceptive and sensitive to interpersonal interactions. Typical range for most college educated men. Traditional identification with sex role interests and activities. Typical range for college educated males in masculine oriented fields, e.g., engineering and agriculture. Very strong identification with traditional masculine role. May be rigid and inflexible about their masculinity. Tend to be adventurous, easygoing, coarse, and have interests in mechanics, sports, and outdoor activities.

65 - 75

58 - 64

45 - 57

< 44

Scale 5 Interpretations for Women T-Score Level > 75 Interpretation Typically self-proclaimed homosexuals and persons willing to admit their homosexual concerns. Unusual for women to score in this range. Check for errors in scoring or profiling. Not interested in appearing o r behaving according to traditional feminine role. Tend to be vigorous, aggressive, dominating, and competitive. Confident and spontaneous, but may become anxious when expected to conform to traditional feminine sex roles. Less interested in traditional feminine activities with more masculine interests and activities that women who score low on this scale. Genuinely identifies with traditional feminine interests and activities. Over-identification with the feminine role. Tend to be passive, submissive, modest, yielding, and demure. They may be coy, seductive, and feign helplessness. May be self-pitying, masochistic, and manipulate men via sex.

65 - 74

45 - 64

35 - 44 < 34

Scale 6: Paranoia (Pa) The 40 items on scale 6 (same on MMPI) appear to measure interpersonal sensitivity, moral self-righteousness, feelings of persecution, and suspiciousness. Scale 6 is comprised of fairly obvious items, so there are few false positives. Scale 6 Interpretations T-Score Level > 70 > 65 Interpretation Paranoid Delusional Disorder o r Paranoid Schizophrenia likely. Suspicious, hostile, angry, brooding, resentful, and overly sensitive. Rationally argumentative in treatment. Interpersonally sensitive, taking the criticisms and remarks of others too seriously. Often associated with a depressive reaction. Mental health workers typically score in this range. Unremarkable. Examinee may have paranoid tendencies, but conceal this by not endorsing the obvious items. Examinee's suspiciousness should be apparent in an interview. Not interpretable.

58 - 64

45 - 57

< 44

Scale 6 Harris-Lingoes Subscales Subscale Name & Description of High Scorers Pa1: Persecutory Ideas Feel misunderstoo d, unfairly treated, and view the world as hostile. They are suspicious and mistrustful of people. They externalize blame for their problems, frustrations, and failures. In extreme cases, they have delusions of persecution. Pa2: Poignancy Feel lonely and misunderstood, considering themselves special and different from others. They are high-strung and sensitive to criticism. Pa3: Naivet Present themselves as trusting, having high moral standards, and not having hostile or negative impulses. Unrealistically optimistic about the motives of others. Scale 7: Psychasthenia (Pt) The 48 items on scale 7 measure characteristics of what is now referred to as obsessive-compulsive behavior. Also measures abnormal fears, self-criticism, poor concentrat ion, and guilt-feelings. Measures both trait and state anxiety. Scale 7 Interpretations T-Score Level > 75 Interpretation Extreme fear, anxiety, tension, and disturbing thoughts. Agitated, obsessive, unable to concentrate. Anxious, depressed, indecisive, and lacking in self-confidence. Pharmacological symptom relief may be necessary before other types of therapy can be effective. Perfectionistic, punctual, and very responsible. May become anxious when unable to meet their obligations or commitments. Handle work and personal responsibilities without undue worry or anxiety. These examinees are secure and comfortable with themselves and are emot ionally stable. They are success oriented, persistent, and capable. There is an absence of worries and a relaxed attitude toward respo nsibilities.

65 - 74

58 - 64

45 - 57 < 45

Scale 8: Schizophrenia (Sc) Scale 8 has 78 items that sample from a wide variety of symptom areas. The variety of factors measured on scale 8 makes it difficult to interpret without the aid of other scales or subscales. Very important to assess the impact of K-correction on this scale. Scale 8 Interpretations T-Score Level > 91 Interpretation These examinees are under acute, severe situational stress. An examine going through an identity crisis will score in this range. These examinees frequently are not schizophrenic. Examinees who are clinically most schizophrenic score in this range. Feel alienated, misunderstood, confused, and fearful. Withdrawn, few social relationships, excessive fantasy and daydreaming. Difficulties with logic, concentration, and judgment. May reflect actual schizophrenic process or extreme distress. These examinees think differently from others, although this may reflect creativity, an avante-garde attitude, or schizoid process. Avoid reality through fantasy and daydreaming. Unremarkable, however, chronic schizophrenics with good long-term adjustment with their disorder may score in this range. MMPI scores in this range characterized conventional, realistic, compliant individuals who possess a practical orientation. They tend to be concrete and are usually controlled, restrained, friendly, and adaptable.

75 - 90 65 - 75

58 - 64

45 - 57

< 44

Scale 8 Harris-Lingoes Subscales Subscale Name & Description of High Scorers Sc1: Social Alienation Feel mistreated, misunderstood, and unloved. May believe that others are trying to harm them. Tend to withdraw from meaningful relationships. Sc2: Emotional Alienation Feelings of fear, depression, and apathy. May wish they were dead. Display flattened or distorted affect. Experience the self as strange or alien. Sc3: Lack of Ego Mastery (Cognitive) Exhibit strange t hought processes (i.e., strange and puzzling ideas), feelings of unreality, and difficulties in concentration and memory. May feel they are losing their minds. Sc4: Lack of Ego Mastery (Conative) May be depressed and feel that life is a strain. Worry excessively and withdraw into fantasy and daydreaming. Exhibit of inertia, inhibition, and regression. Sc5: Lack of Ego Mastery (Defect ive Inhibition) Feel they are not in control of their feelings and impulses. Experience their emotions as strange and alien. Tend to be restless and hyperactive. May have uncontrollable periods of crying or laughing followed by amnesia. Sc6: Bizarre Sensory Feel their bodies are changing in strange and unusual ways. May report unusual sensory experiences, hallucinations, depersonalization, delusions, or ideas of reference.

Scale 9: Hypomania (Ma) Consists of 46 items that measure elated but unstable mood, hyperactivity, grandiosity, thrill-seeking, agitation, defensiveness, and flight of ideas. Scale 9 Interpretations T-Score Level > 65 Interpretation Hyperactive, talkative, uninhibited, emotionally labile, and may experience flight of ideas. Mood is generally expansive and euphoric, but low frustration tolerance may result in temper out bursts. These examinee's are grandiose in their selfappraisal, narcissistic, impulsive, and cannot delay gratification. Symptoms become more severe as scores increase. Consider Bipolar Disorder, Manic Type, when scores exceed 80T. Active, out-going, energetic, extraverted, creative, and rebellious. Typically such scorers are balanced, independent, and able to mobilize their resources effectively. Do not like external restrictions on their actions. No rmal college students and adolescents tend to score in the lower end of this range. Unremarkable MMPI interpretations suggest low energy and activity levels. May reflect genuine fatigue or depression. Extremely low scores may reflect depression regardless of elevation on scale 2. Normal elderly persons may score in the upper ranges.

55 - 64

45 - 54 < 44

Scale 9 Harris-Lingoes Subscales Subscale Name & Description of High Scorers Ma1: Amorality See others as selfish, dishonest, and opportunistic, and use this to justify behaving in similar ways. May be disarmingly frank. Tend to deny guilt. Ma2: Psychomotor Acceleration Rapid speech and thinking. May appear hyperactive. May feel tense, restless, and excited. They are easily bored and seek out thrills to overcome this boredom. Ma3: Imperturbability Express confidence in social situations, feel comfo rtable interacting with others. Profess little concern about the opinions, values, and attitudes of others. Ma4: Ego Inflation Tend to have unrealistic evaluations of their own abilities and self-worth to the point of grandiosity. Resentful when others make demands on them.

Scale 0: Social Introversion (Si) Consists of 69 items (70 on the MMPI) that measure social introversion-extraversion. Items are scored in the introversion direction, so high scores indicate introversion and low scores indicate extraversion. Scale 0 is not a clinical scale (Functions as a modifier scale as does Scale 5) Scale 0 Interpretations T-Score Level > 75 65 - 75 Interpretation Extreme withdrawal. May indicate schizoid adaptation. Introverted, shy, and socially insecure. Withdrawal from or avoidance of others. Submissive, compliant, reliable, not likely to act out. Prefer to be alone or in small groups of friends. Have the ability to interact with others, but prefer solitary pursuits. Adaptive balance between introversion and extraversion. MMPI interpretations suggest socially extraverted, gregarious, and poised.

58 - 64

45 - 57 < 44

MMPI-2 Configural Interpretations Preliminary Considerations Obtain background information from examinee and significant others via interview. Relevant demographic data includes: age, gender, education, social class, and ethnic group. Obtain information regarding the nature o f the problem, duration, severity. Assess implications of this presenting complaint/problem on possible MMPI-2 interpretations. (E.g.: History of substance abuse; family history of chronic mental illness; history of sexual abuse or legal difficulties. Interpretive Process Note examinee s test -taking attitude and determine if this will have an effect on interpretation. (E.g.: Was the examinee uncooperative, hostile, angry, take more time than expected, completed the test too quickly.) Ascertain that the examinee has endorsed items in an accurate manner. Determine # of Cannot Say (?) items. Check elevation on the individual validity scales. Check configural interpretations for the validity scales. Check elevation and slope on the clinical scales. A score in the normal range can be as deviant as an elevated score. (E.g.: examinee with a criminal record whose scores do not reflect guilt or remorse.) General elevation can indicate a number of things: Neurotics: The higher the elevation the more distress the examinee is experiencing. Personality Disorders: The higher the elevation the more ingrained and resistant personality characteristics are. Psychotic: Higher elevations indicate more severe patholo gy. Check general level of adjustment. High F can be indicative of psychosis or extreme distress. Negative slope (descends from left to right) indicates better adjustment than positive slope. Elevation on scale 2 indicates depression; elevation on scale 7 indicates anxiety and the failure of coping mechanisms. Scale A: High scorers are experiencing a great deal of situational anxiety or stress. Can be viewed as generally maladjusted. Low scorers are usually well-adjusted and not overly anxious. Scale R: High scorers repress or deny their problems and lack insight. Low scorers are socially extroverted, and are free and open in discussing their problems. Check co detype definition. There should be at least a 5 T-point difference bet ween the scales in the codetype and the next highest clinical scale. The more defined the codetype the more applicable the interpretation. Where codetypes are not well-defined, investigate the applicability of all possible codetypes.

Neuro tic Triad Configurations Refers to elevations on the so called neurotic triad of scales 1, 2, and 3. 1-3-2/3-1-2 Elevation (Slide: 1-3-2 & 3-2-1) Conversion "V" Scales 1 and 3 are both above 65T and 10T points greater than scale 2. Examinee is somaticizing psychological problems. Emphasis on physical complaints and the denial of psychological problems makes these examinees poor candidates for therapy. Prognosis is better when scale 3 is higher than scale 1. 1-2-3 Elevation (Slides: 1-2-3) All three scales are elevated above 65. Scale 1 > scale 2 > scale 3. Long-standing, constant somatic concerns with no evidence of physical pathology. See litt le correlation between their physical complaints and any psychological problems. Poor prognosis. Somatic complaints typically include: nausea, dizziness, insomnia, and headaches. Usually show good work and marital adjustment. 2-1-3/2-3-1 Elevations (Slide: 2-3-1) All three scales are elevated, but scale 2 is higher than scales 1 and 3. Mixed picture of chronic complaints involving physical symptoms, depression, and hysteroidal features. Usually fatigued, anxious, and filled with self-doubt. Immature, dependent, and poorly motivated for treatment. 3-2-1 Elevation (Slide: 3-2-1) All three scales are elevated. Scale 3 > scale 2 > scale 1. Sometimes called the "hysterectomy syndrome" as it is most often found in females with gynecological complaints. Women frequently have marital problems, sexual complaints, inadequate sexual response, and a life-long history of ill health. Men are likely to be chronically anxious and have anxiety related psychophysiological disorders like ulcers and gastritis. These examinees present a mixed clinical picture of depression and somatization. They have a high level of anxiety often accompanied by insomnia or anorexia. They frequently lack insight and resist psychological interpretations of their problems.

Scale 4-5-6 Configuration (Slide: P-Ag) "Scarlett O Hara V," "Passive-Aggressive Valley," or the "Victim s Valley": Scales 4 and 6 are above 65T and scale 5 is below 35T/40T. Women are angry and hostile, but unable to express these feelings directly. They manipulate others into attacking them and then revel in complaining about how others mistreat them. They are excessively demanding, dependent, and in need of attention and affection. Usually present with marital difficulties, family problems, and sexual dysfunctions. These women are particularly adept at enraging others (even professionals) and deny their involvement in the process. They are demanding, manipulative, hostile, and passive-aggressive, yet they are submissive, yielding, and over-identify with the traditional feminine role. Look for a history of early sexualization, sexual abuse, or physical abuse. No comparable 4-5-6 interpretations for men. Use interpretation for 4-6 elevation. 6-7-8 Configurations (Slide: Psychotic) "Psychotic V": Scales 6 and 8 are above 80T; scale 7 is above 65T. This configuration probably occurs most frequently in invalid profiles. Typical of all true response sets and fake bad response sets. Valid profiles describe examinees who are emotionally withdrawn, socially isolated, suspicious, hostile, and lacking insight into their own behavior. May have thought disorders, delusions, and hallucinations. Most often diagnosed as schizophrenic. Most frequent diagnosis is paranoid schizophrenia.

The MMPI-2 & Specific Problems Alcohol & Drug Problems Scale Patterns Associated with Alcoholism, Addiction, and Compulsive Gambling High 4 (Pd) High 2-4/4-2 (D and Pd) High 4-2-7 (Pd, D, and Pt) Adult Supplementary Scales Addiction Admission Scale (APS) Addiction Potential Scale (APS) MAC & MAC-R Scales Adolescent Supplementary Scales Alcohol and Drug Problem Acknowledgment Scale (ACK) Alcohol and Drug Problem Proneness (PRO) MAC-R