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Wireless Course

This document provides an overview of wireless communication and networking technologies. It begins with a brief history of wireless communication from smoke signals to modern cellular networks. It then covers key topics like types of communication, why wireless is used, challenges compared to wired, and the development of 1st, 2nd, 3rd generation cellular standards and technologies like GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS. The document also discusses the history and development of wireless local area networking standards IEEE 802.11, and growth of commercial WiFi hotspots. It concludes with a diagram showing the global picture of mobile broadband access between wide area, local area, and personal area networks.

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Fadi Shater
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62 views9 pages

Wireless Course

This document provides an overview of wireless communication and networking technologies. It begins with a brief history of wireless communication from smoke signals to modern cellular networks. It then covers key topics like types of communication, why wireless is used, challenges compared to wired, and the development of 1st, 2nd, 3rd generation cellular standards and technologies like GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS. The document also discusses the history and development of wireless local area networking standards IEEE 802.11, and growth of commercial WiFi hotspots. It concludes with a diagram showing the global picture of mobile broadband access between wide area, local area, and personal area networks.

Uploaded by

Fadi Shater
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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wireless networks

Giuseppe Bianchi
[email protected]

Giuseppe Bianchi

Course outline
Part 1: cellular planning concepts Part 2: GSM Part 3: Wi-Fi GPRS, UMTS (extra classes - TIM) Extra time?
Giuseppe Bianchi

Wireless communication
Early wireless communication: in the 400-900 TeraHertz Band! 150 BC smoke signals (Greece) 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe What is wireless communication: Any form of communication that does not require the transmitter and receiver to be in physical contact Electromagnetic wave propagated through free-space
Radar, RF, Microwave, IR, Optical

Giuseppe Bianchi

types of communication
Simplex one-way communication
radio, TV, etc

Half-duplex: two-way communication but not simultaneous


push-to-talk radios, etc

Full-duplex: two-way communication


cellular phones

Frequency-division duplex (FDD) Time-division duplex (TDD): simulated full-duplex


Giuseppe Bianchi

Why wireless communication?


User Mobility Reduced Cost (cheap infrastructure) Cabling very critical Developing nations utilize cellular telephony rather than laying twisted-pair wires to each home Flexibility Can easily set-up temporary LANs
Disaster situations Office moves

Only use resources when sending or receiving a signal


Giuseppe Bianchi

Why wireless different than wired?


Noisy, time-varying channel BER varies by orders of magnitude Environmental conditions affect transmission Shared medium Other users create interference Must develop ways to share the channel Bandwidth is limited spectrum allocated by state rules ISM band for unlicensed use
Giuseppe Bianchi

History of wireless communication


1896: Marconi first demonstration of wireless telegraphy tx of radio waves to a ship at sea 29 km away long wave transmission, high power req. (200 kW and +) 1901: Marconi Telegraph across the atlantic ocean Close to 3000 Km hop! 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections huge ground stations (30 by100m antennas) 1915: Wireless telephony established NY S. Francisco Virginia and Paris 1920 Marconi: Discovery of short waves (< 100m) reflection at the ionosphere (cheaper) smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
Giuseppe Bianchi

History of wireless communication


1920's: Radio broadcasting became popular 1928: many TV broadcast trials 1930's: TV broadcasting deployment 1946: First public mobile telephone service in US St. Louis, Missouri Single cell system 1960's: Bell Labs developed cellular concept brought mobile telephony to masses 1960s: Communications satellites launched Late 1970's: technology advances enable affordable cellular telephony entering the modern cellular era 1974-1978: First field Trial for Cellular System
AMPS, Chicago

Giuseppe Bianchi

1st generation mobile systems


First generation: 1980s Analog transmission Frequency modulation Several competing standards in different countries Various bands:
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone)
Scandinavian standard; adopted in most of Europe First european system (Sweden, 1981)

NMT:
450 MHz first 900 MHz later

TACS (Total Access Communication Systems), starts in 1985


UK standard; A few of Europe, Asia, Japan

TACS
900 MHz

AMPS
800 MHz

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)


US standard

Today still in use in lowtechnology countries


And not yet completely dismissed in high-tech countries

C-Netz (Only in Germany) Radiocom 2000 (Only in France)


Giuseppe Bianchi

2nd generation mobile systems


4 systems Basic bands: Global System for Mobile (GSM) 900 MHz Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), US 1800 MHz Code Division Multiple Access (Digital Cellular System: (IS-95) Qualcomm,US DCS-1800) Personal Digital Cellular 1900 MHz (PDC),Japan (Personal Communication GSM by far the System:PCS-1900,US only) dominant one Specifications for Originally pan-european GSM-400 (large areas) Deployed worldwide GSM-800 (north america) (slow only in US)
Giuseppe Bianchi

Timing
1982: Start of GSM-specification in Europe (1982-1990) 1983: Start of American AMPS widespread deployment 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones 1991 Specification of DECT Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) - ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication 1992: Start of GSM operation Europewide 1994: DCS-1800
Giuseppe Bianchi

2 generation mobile systems


GSM incremental extension
High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD)
Circuit switched data communication Uses up to 4 slots (1 slot = 9.6 or 14.4 Kbps)

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)


Packet data (use spectrum only when needed!) dial-up comparable speed

Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution (EDGE)


Higher data rate available on radio interface (3x)
Up to 384 Kbps (8 slots) Thanks to new modulation scheme (8PSK) May coexist with old GMSK

Giuseppe Bianchi

3rd generation mobile systems


UMTS (Universal Mobile TelecommunicationSystem)
ITU standard: IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication 2000) UMTS forum created in 1996 Later on 3GPP forum (bears most of standardization activities)

Wideband CDMA radio interface


But several other proposals accepted as compatible

Radio spectrum: 1885-2025 & 2110-2200 MHz


Giuseppe Bianchi

Early Wireless LAN proprietary products WaveLAN (AT&T) - the ancestor of 802.11 HomeRF (Proxim) IEEE 802.11 Committee formed in 1990 Charter: specification of MAC and PHY for WLAN First standard: june 1997 Reference standard: september 1999 Multiple Physical Layers
1 and 2 Mbps operation

History of Wireless Data


45% of the home network in 2000; 30% in 2001, % today Abandoned by major chip makers (e.g. Intel: dismissed in april 2001)

2.4GHz Industrial, Scientific & Medical shared unlicensed band


Legacy; 802.11b/g

1999: Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) certification Later on named Wi-Fi Boosted 802.11 deployment!!
Giuseppe Bianchi

5 GHz ISM (802.11a)

WLAN speeds
802.11a: PHY for 5 GHz 802.11b: higher rate PHY for 2.4 GHz 802.11g: OFDM for 2.4 GHz 802.11n: ??? (Higher data rate)
Launched in september 2003 Minimum goal: 108 Mbps (but higher numbers considered)
Giuseppe Bianchi

Why so much talking about of 802.11 today?


802.11: no more just a WLAN Hot-spots Where the user goes, the network is available: home, school, office, hotel, university, airport, convention center Freedom to roam with seamless connectivity in every domain, with single client device May compete (complement) with 3G for Wireless Internet access
Which of these two is the proper (closer) picture of Wireless Internet and Mobile Computing? Which technology is most suited? Giuseppe Bianchi

WLAN Market - HotSpots


U.S. Commercial Hotspots 2001-2002: exceeded expectations by 14% 4.500 4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500
U.S. Hotspots growth (2002-2006)

50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2002 2004 2006

2001
Forecasted Actual

2002

Unique U.S. Hotspots

2003: 125.000 regular hotspot US users End 2006: 9 Million regular hotspot US users End 2006: 1 Billion dollars revenue predicted from HotSpot operation Giuseppe Bianchi

The global picture


GPRS, 3G UMTS
< 400 Kb/s Kms

Wide Area Local Area


WAN: everywhere outside of the hotspots, where wireless Internet 802.11/UMTS connection are provided

Mobile Broadband Internet


IEEE 802.11 (b) > 10 Mb/s 100 m

switching

Personal Area
Bluetooth
< 800 Kb/s 10 m

BT/802.11 switching

LAN: collection of secure hot spot connections, providing broadband access to the Internet

PAN: collection of secure connections between devices in a very local area

Giuseppe Bianchi

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