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453 Human Factors Engineering
Anthropometry/Ergonomics
Definition
Anthropometry = Anthro
(human)
metry
(measurement)
Anthropometry
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Anthropometry is the scientific measurement and collection of data about human physical characteristics and the application (engineering anthropometry) of these data in the design and evaluation of systems, equipment, manufactured products, human environments, and facilities. Cockpits, air traffic control work stations, maintenance, passengers, other crew stations
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Anthropometry/Ergonomics
Measuring the Human Size Determining Workplace Locations Verifying Required Forces and Physical Loads
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Workspace Design
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Monitoring
Control
ATC Process control Medical applications Cockpit Remotely piloted vehicles
UAVs, UGVs, UUVs
Must consider human-environment interactions as well as physical and cognitive limitations
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Remote surgery Supervisory control
How to Accomplish the Interface
Make the Man Fit the Job
Selection Training Motivation
Make Job Fit the Man (or Woman)
Adjustability Load Regulation
Some Common Errors
Using the Wrong Subject Population
Age Gender Race Fitness
Design Considerations
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Design reference points and zones
o Seat reference points o Arm rotation points o Eye reference points or zones o Visual envelopes o Mobility and/or comfort adjustment ranges
Dynamic measures
o Range & strength o Grip o Grasp o Exerted forces Push, pull, vertical Lifting & carrying
C/D Layout
Central Limit Theorem assures Normality, BUT Beware of the 3 Sigma outliers
Measurements co-vary (e.g. height, and reach) BUT Significant variations exist among the various measures
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Principles for C/D Layout
Location
Operational importance of C/Ds Frequency of use of C/Ds
Grouping
Functional Sequential Topological
C/D Identification Stereotypical Layouts Individual C/D Constraints
Manipulability of control Visibility of display
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Ergonomics Design Flow
Priorities
Primary visual tasks & their controls Emergency controls Control/display relations Functional/sequential grouping Frequency-of-use and consistency in layout
Priorities in automobile WS
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Standing Operator Workplace
This image is in the public domain. Source: Department of Defense.
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Vehicle Operator Workplace
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Control/Display Locations
28 cm (11") 10o 30o 10o 0 Primary Display and Control Area 45o 60o 165 cm (65") 25 cm (10") 152 cm (60")
o
168 cm (66") 107 cm (42")
81 cm (32")
10 cm (4") 31 cm (12") 25 cm (10") 14 cm (5.4")
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Reach
60 Far High 50 Shoulder
Distance above SRP (cm)
40 30 20 10 0
Optimum Area
Near High
Backrest
Far Low
Near Low
Seat Reference Point (SRP)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Distance forward of SRP (cm)
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Standing Control/Display Areas
Preferred Display Area
Preferred Control Area
165 cm (65") 135 cm (53") 127 cm (50") 86 cm (34")
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Representative Human Models
A small group of humanoids representing a designated percentage (e.g., 90%) of the target population for product design based on anthropometric data Benefits of RHMs in anthropometric design Efficient ergonomic design and evaluation Good fit between products and the target users.
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Applied Anthropometry
Figures 13.1 and 13.4 removed due to copyright restrictions. Source: Sanders, Mark S., and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors in Engineering and Design. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1993. ISBN: 9780070549012.
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Reference Planes
These images are in the public domain. Source: NASA.
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Body Size Measurements
Type Height Breadth Depth (Thickness) Length Circumference Curvature Description A straight-line, point-to-point vertical measurement from a reference plane (floor or seat-pan). A straight-line, point-to-point horizontal measurement running across the body or segment. A straight-line, point-to-point measurement running fore-aft. A straight-line, point-to-point measurement between landmarks on the body. A closed measurement that follows a body contour. A point-to-point, but not closed, measurement that follows a body contour.
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Workplace Design
General approach
Plan the whole, then the detail Plan the ideal, then the practical Systems requirements process/equipment Process/equipment workplace layout Evaluate alternatives: models, mockups
Workplace layout
Define what the operator needs to see outside ws, inside ws, other people/equipment Define what operator needs to hear to communicate to with others, signals, alarms, equipment Specify what operator needs to control hand/foot controls, latches, seat adj, emergency Determine body clearances
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Reach Measurements
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Preferred Postures
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Measurement Techniques
Technique
Mechanical device Photogrammetry Laser scanner
Description
The body sizes are obtained by measuring the body parts directly. The body sizes are obtained by measuring the body parts on the photographic image. The body sizes are extracted from the digital body.
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Factors Effecting Body Size
The distributions of body sizes are known to be normal or similar to normal Sources of variability
Age Gender Racial and ethnic group Occupation Diurnal Secular trend
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Height Growth in Japan
172 170 168 166
Stature (cm)
164 162 160 158 156 154 152 150 148 146 1870
MALE
Students
General Population
Conscripts Students
FEMALE
General Population
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year of Birth
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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This image is in the public domain. Source: US Dept. of Transportation.
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This image is in the public domain. Source: US Dept. of Transportation.
This image is in the public domain. Source: US Dept. of Transportation.
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Design for Repetitive Tasks
Work related Musculoskeletal Disoreders
Housemaids Knee Instrumentalists Finger Overuse Carpal tunnel syndrome (most of us)
Force over 1kg Time < 10 sec Repetitive operations Lack of regular breaks
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Lifting Disorders
Safe techniques for Lifting Safe loads Maximum number of lifts
The EU guideline sates manual handling should be avoided as much as possible
Lower Back Injuries Effectiveness of Training Abdominal Belts
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16.400 / 16.453 Human Factors Engineering
Fall 2011
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