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    5 60 Lecture23

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    sgyblee
    The document summarizes four colligative properties of solutions: 1. Vapor pressure lowering follows Raoult's Law, where the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases proportionally with increasing mole fraction of the solute. 2. Boiling point elevation causes the boiling point of the solvent to increase linearly with increasing molality of the solute, according to the formula ΔTb = KbmB, where Kb is a constant. 3. Freezing point depression lowers the freezing point of the solvent linearly with increasing molality of the solute, related by the formula ΔTf = KfmB, where Kf is a constant. 4. Osmotic pressure is defined by

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    5 60 Lecture23

    Uploaded by

    sgyblee
    31 views4 pages
    The document summarizes four colligative properties of solutions: 1. Vapor pressure lowering follows Raoult's Law, where the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases proportionally with increasing mole fraction of the solute. 2. Boiling point elevation causes the boiling point of the solvent to increase linearly with increasing molality of the solute, according to the formula ΔTb = KbmB, where Kb is a constant. 3. Freezing point depression lowers the freezing point of the solvent linearly with increasing molality of the solute, related by the formula ΔTf = KfmB, where Kf is a constant. 4. Osmotic pressure is defined by

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    The document summarizes four colligative properties of solutions: 1. Vapor pressure lowering follows Raoult's Law, where the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases proportionally with increasing mole fraction of the solute. 2. Boiling point elevation causes the boiling point of the solvent to increase linearly with increasing molality of the solute, according to the formula ΔTb = KbmB, where Kb is a constant. 3. Freezing point depression lowers the freezing point of the solvent linearly with increasing molality of the solute, related by the formula ΔTf = KfmB, where Kf is a constant. 4. Osmotic pressure is defined by

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views4 pages

    5 60 Lecture23

    Uploaded by

    sgyblee
    The document summarizes four colligative properties of solutions: 1. Vapor pressure lowering follows Raoult's Law, where the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases proportionally with increasing mole fraction of the solute. 2. Boiling point elevation causes the boiling point of the solvent to increase linearly with increasing molality of the solute, according to the formula ΔTb = KbmB, where Kb is a constant. 3. Freezing point depression lowers the freezing point of the solvent linearly with increasing molality of the solute, related by the formula ΔTf = KfmB, where Kf is a constant. 4. Osmotic pressure is defined by

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    5.

    60 Spring 2008 Lecture #23 page 1


    Colligative Properties
    These are properties of solutions in the dilute limit, where there is a
    solvent A and a solute B where n
    A
    >> n
    B
    .
    These properties are a direct result of
    A
    mix
    (, T, p) <
    A
    pure
    (, T, p)
    Use two measures of concentration:
    a. Mole Fraction: x
    B
    = n
    B
    /(n
    A
    +n
    B
    ) ~ n
    B
    /n
    A
    b. Molalility: m
    B
    = (moles solute)/(kg solvent) = n
    B
    /(n
    A
    M
    A
    )
    Where M
    A
    is the mass in kg of one mole of solvent.
    There are FOUR Colligative Properties:
    1. Vapor pressure lowering: Ap
    A
    = p
    A
    p
    A
    *
    = x
    B
    p
    A
    *
    2. Boiling point elevation: AT
    b
    = T
    b
    T
    b
    *
    = K
    b
    m
    B
    *
    M R(T )
    2
    K
    b
    =
    A b
    AH
    vap
    3. Freezing point depression: AT
    f
    = T
    f
    T
    f
    *
    = K
    f
    m
    B
    *
    M
    A
    R(T
    f
    )
    2
    K
    f
    =
    AH
    f
    4. Osmotic pressure: t = RTc
    ~
    where c
    ~
    =
    n
    B
    is concentration of solute
    V
    5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #23 page 2
    Lets go through these one at a time:
    1. Vapor pressure lowering: This is just Raoults Law.
    p
    A
    = x
    A
    p
    A
    *
    = (1 x
    B
    )p
    A
    *
    So Ap
    A
    = p
    A
    p
    A
    *
    = x
    B
    p
    A
    *
    (<0)
    2. Boiling point elevation:
    Lets derive this. Start with
    A
    (, T, p) =
    A
    (g, T, p)
    So,
    A
    *
    (, T, p) + RTln x
    A
    =
    A
    (g, T, p)
    And ln x
    A
    =
    1
    [
    A
    (g, T, p)
    A
    *
    (, T, p)] =
    AG
    vap
    RT RT
    But lnx
    A
    = ln(1-x
    B
    ) ~ -x
    B
    = -n
    B
    /(n
    A
    +n
    B
    ) ~ -n
    B
    /n
    A
    = -(Mn
    B
    )/(Mn
    A
    )
    Where M is the total mass of A,
    So, lnx
    A
    ~ m
    B
    M
    A,
    where M
    A
    is the molar mass of A.
    AG
    Putting it all together then, m
    B
    =
    vap
    M
    A
    RT
    But we need AT in there!
    |
    cm
    B
    | 1
    |
    c(AG
    vap
    T)|
    |
    AH
    vap
    | =

    =
    \
    cT
    .
    p
    M
    A
    R

    \
    cT
    |
    .
    p
    M
    A
    RT
    2
    M
    A
    RT
    2
    which gives us oT = om
    B
    AH
    vap
    5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #23 page 3
    If om
    B
    = m
    B
    0 (mixed pure) and m
    B
    is very small
    oT = T
    b
    T
    b
    *
    =
    M
    A
    R(T
    b
    *
    )
    2
    m
    B
    = K
    b
    m
    B
    AH
    vap
    Then
    3. Freezing point depression:
    Same arguments as above, replacing AG
    vap
    with AG
    f
    AH
    vap
    with AH
    f
    T
    b
    with T
    f
    K
    b
    with K
    f
    4. Osmotic Pressure:
    A
    A+B
    p
    ext
    o - | -
    The pressures at points:
    h |: p = p
    ext
    + g

    o: p + t = p
    ext
    + g + h g
    At equilibrium:
    A
    (, p + t, T) =
    A
    *
    (, p, T)
    Using Raoults Law: RTln x
    A
    +
    A
    *
    (, p + t, T)
    A
    *
    (, p, T) = 0
    At constant T: dG = Vdp, or d
    A
    *
    = V
    A
    *
    dp
    5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #23 page 4
    p+t
    Integrating
    A
    *
    (, p + t, T)
    A
    *
    (, p, T) =
    }
    V
    A
    *
    dp = V
    A
    *
    t
    p
    (this assumed an incompressible liquid, where volume does not depend
    on p)
    So then RTln x
    A
    + V
    A
    *
    t = 0
    Again using lnx
    A
    ~ -n
    B
    /n
    A
    Then RT(-n
    B
    /n
    A
    ) + (V
    A
    /n
    A
    )t = 0
    But V
    A
    ~ V
    A
    + V
    B
    = V (V
    B
    <<V
    A
    )
    So finally, tV = RTn
    B
    This is the Vant Hoff Equation. It looks like the ideal gas law!
    If we replace c
    ~
    = n
    B
    /V in the Vant Hoff Eq., then we get the osmotic
    pressure relation:
    t = RTc
    ~

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