07 k275 Varistor

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TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors

ANT011

Semiconductor Components for Electronic Transformers

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Table of Contents

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Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................1 Description of the Standard Circuit............................................................................................................................2 Starter Circuit .............................................................................................................................................................2 Balancing Measures ...................................................................................................................................................2 Overload Protection ...................................................................................................................................................3 Short Circuit Protection..............................................................................................................................................3 Working Voltage........................................................................................................................................................4 Transistor Selection....................................................................................................................................................4 Dimmable Electronic Transformer with U2008B ......................................................................................................7 Simple Controller .......................................................................................................................................................8 Transformer with Slaved Output Voltage ..................................................................................................................9 Full-Bridge Circuit for Higher Powers .....................................................................................................................11 Circuit Examples ........................................................................................................................................................13 Standard Circuit for 230 V/ 100 W ..........................................................................................................................13 Voltage Controller with U2008B for 230 V/ 100 W................................................................................................14 Dimmable Transformer with Slaved Output Voltage ..............................................................................................16 Full-Bridge Transformer for 230 V/ 400 W.............................................................................................................18 Annex ...........................................................................................................................................................................20 Parts Lists .................................................................................................................................................................20 Layouts.....................................................................................................................................................................24

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30 - 50 kHz. Thus, the frequency lies outside the audible range and circuits do not need to incorporate noise reduction measures. As power output rises, electronic transformers become increasingly cheaper compared to mains transformers. They are used for powering lamp groups whenever the individual loads are not located too far apart. Designs must also deal with the emission of electromagnetic waves. These waves can cause supply cables to act as antennas, and, therefore, the length of the cables may have to be restricted. The self-oscillating push-pull half-bridge transformer shown in figure 1 represents the circuit principle involved. If a phase control, such as the IC U2008B from TEMIC, is added to the circuit, interesting modifications will result in overload protection, soft-starting and dimmer functions. Thanks to their switching frequency range, their high reliability and their low-cost, bipolar transistors from TEMIC in TO220 package are ideal for these applications.

Introduction
The halogen lamp, with its higher light output and what is generally described as a more pleasant light characteristic, is becoming more and more popular in both private homes and business. The typical rated voltage of these lamps (12 V) is far below the mains voltage, therefore a transformer or power supply unit is necessary when powering these lamps from the mains supply. The classic switched-mode power supply unit cannot be used, however, because it contains a secondary rectifier that would impair effieciency. The first halogen lamps available on the market were powered by means of simple 50 Hz mains transformers. These guaranteed excellent mechanical stability of lighting fixtures, but they also dramatically increased the weight. The bulky 50 Hz transformer also posed restrictions on the design of lighting fixtures. A reduction in the dimensions of the lighting fixtures can be achieved by using electronic transformers. Their principle is based on frequency conversion of the supply voltage. The high operating frequency involved permits the use of smaller transformer cores. Usual ferrite core transformers operate at frequencies within a range of

R6 D1 R1 D5 L1 C2 L2 C1 R3 T1 C7 C8 D3 D4 C3 R4 C4 D7 D10 R11 R12 R14 R9 R10 T3 D9 R2 TH1 C6 D2 R5 D6 R7 T12 D8 R13 Tr2 C5

R8 Tr1

AC L

AC

Figure 1. Standard circuit of the electronic transformer

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Description of the Standard Circuit
Figure 1 shows the typical circuit of an electronic transformer. It operates by alternately activating the transistors T2 and T3, thus generating an ac voltage in the primary winding of transformer Tr2, whose amplitude corresponds approximately to half of the mains voltage. The operating frequency is adjusted by way of feedback transformer Tr1, usually consisting of a toroidal core. The typical operating frequency range is 30 - 50 kHz. In relation to the transformer's control response, two principles are known: Operation as a current transformer with deactivation after core saturation Operation as a voltage transformer with deactivation after the voltage has passed through zero fStart =
T ln

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors

1 1

VDiac 2 VN

(1)

In this case, self-oscillating mode is not possible because the control transformer, Tr1, is not carrying any noteworthy current and therefore, T3 does not remain activated. The transformer resumes normal operation as soon as a lamp is connected to the output. In contrast with the conventional 50 Hz transformer, the electronic transformer saves energy during no load operation.

In the former case, the operating frequency depends on the load current, while, in the latter case, it remains almost constant. In this circuit, capacitors C5 and C6 do not serve to smooth the dc voltage, but rather serve as voltage dividers. Their capacitance values for the specified frequency range are clearly less than 1 F. As the primary load current flows through these capacitors, they must be suitable for the expected surge currents. The load current is detected by means of emitter resistor R11 and a subsequent low pass filter. In the event of an overload, starting capacitor C4 is discharged through transistor T1. This prevents the trigger pulse, at least in the next half-wave of the mains frequency, thus relieving the power transistors and the transformer.

Balancing Measures
In the description above, it was assumed that the ONtimes of the power transistors, T2 and T3, were the same. In actual practice, ON-time inbalances occur as a result of the spread of components in the control circuits and the storage times of the power transistors. These imbalances may produce a dc portion at the main transformer, Tr2. This leads to electromagnetic losses in the transformer. Storage time differences between the power transistors are the main cause of these imbalances. TEMIC has many years of experience working with electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps, where difficulties in storage times also influence the power output. The dynamic characteristics of the bipolar power transistors are influenced by the dc-current gain, the blocking voltage, the technology and by the chip size. Other parameters, such as the working point and the switch-off conditions, depend on the application given by the manufacturer of the electronic transformer. In conclusion, there are two main problems to be solved: 1. Storage time differences between the bipolar power transistors in the application must be as small as possible. 2. The absolute value of the storage time of the bipolar power transistor in the application must be appropriate for the application. If these custom-oriented conditions are met, imbalances will be limited at acceptable levels. To help solving the problem, TEMIC provides a switching parameter, called tx, which allows the designer to select the proper combination of bipolar power transistors. This parameter is Issue: 09. 96

Starter Circuit
During every half-wave of the mains, the lower transistor T3 is triggered by way of the RC network R5, C4 and the DIAC TH1. After triggering, the circuit continues to self-oscillate for the rest of the half-wave. The starter circuit is very simple and functions as follows: The voltage at capacitor C4 rises in accordance with an exponential function until the trigger voltage of the DIAC TH1 is reached. The capacitor's charge then drives a current into the base of T3. The transistor is supplied immediately with base current through the trigger transformer, Tr1, and does not deactivate again until the voltage on the transformer passes through zero. During self-oscillating operation, transistor T3 periodically discharges capacitor C 4 through diode D5. During normal operation of the transformer, this prevents further triggering of the DIAC, which would lead to an inadmissible increase in dissipated power. When no lamp load is connected to the output of the transformer, it is started periodically with the frequency 2

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controlled and measured in production for 100% accuracy. From what has been stated above, it is obvious that the ability to easily make the desired groupings of bipolar transistors provides a considerable advantage when designing electronic transformers. Figure 2 shows the grouping principle.
IB > 2 IC C I B VDC tP : T 1 : 10 DUT t IC tP tx T t

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Overload Protection
The electronic transformer must be protected against overload because the power semiconductors and transformer Tr2 can only be loaded up to a maximum output power. Protection is achieved by measuring the emitter current of T3 by way of the voltage drop through R11 and, when the maximum current is exceeded, by shorting the starting capacitor, C4. The resistance of the halogen lamp (which is represented as a PTC resistor) is very low when it is off, thus rendering the electronic transformer's overload protection function active each time the lamp is switched on. If the control signal is applied to T1 without delay, the overload protection function would be ineffective because only a relatively low current flows during starting in every half-wave of the mains and is not interpreted as an overload. After starting, the electronic transformer containing the circuit shown in figure 1 can no longer be deactivated. The low pass filter R12/ C3 delays the build-up of voltage at the base of T1 and stores the overload information until the next half-wave of the mains. Therefore, in the event of an overload, the starting cycle can be prevented for a few half-waves of the mains, thus relieving the semiconductors and the transformer. An excess current corresponding to eight times the nominal current may, theoretically, occur when activating halogen lamps. Therefore, no creeping overloads can be limited with the overload protection circuit shown. However, to some extent this problem can be solved satisfactorily with a deactivation facility that respond when the maximum permissible operating temperature is exceeded. This circuit variant is not shown in figure 1.

Figure 2. Grouping principle The trigger circuit operates the transistor under test DUT with a defined pulse width and frequency. Differences in storage time or current gain produce different ON-times of the test objects. The average voltage on capacitor C, which represents the actual result of the measurement, changes to an equal extent. The relationship between the measurement process and the physical events taking place in the transistor is given by the simple equation: Q = CV (2)

where Q represents the charge state or overdriving of the transistor under the operating conditions of the test. With the aid of a correlation shown in figure 3, the relationship to the requirements of the final customer circuit can finally be established. The diagram in figure 3 serves merely as an example. The y-axis may fundamentally contain all parameters relevant to the final customer circuit. Thus, by means of a standard measurement process, TEMIC is able to fulfill each individual customer requirement with suitable grouped switching transistors.
t s in s
2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Short Circuit Protection


The electronic transformer cannot be protected against a direct terminal short circuit of the secondary winding when using the circuit components described in the previous sub-chapter. For this event, the transformer must be switched off immediately and permanently. As shown in figure 4, both short circuit and overload protection can be obtained with the emitter resistor of T3. The most straight forward method of activating permanent switch-off is with a thyristor that is triggered by the voltage drop through the emitter resistor R11. A feed voltage is needed to maintain the thyristor's anode current. In the standard circuit described up to now, a high-blocking capability, low-power thyristor is used for this purpose. A low-blocking capability type or a twotransistor equivalent circuit can be used in the circuits with a dimming function, which will be discussed in detail further below.

tx in s

Figure 3. Correlation curve

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R36 T3 TH2 T8 R37 R38 R11

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors
maximum collector current under defined base drive conditions. This results in a collector current versus working voltage area which is also known as the RBSOA (Reverse Biased Safe Operating Area) or FBSOA (Forward Biased Safe Operating Area) diagram of a bipolar transistor. TEMIC combines these as SWA (Safe Working Area).

Figure 4. Short circuit deactivation


I CW

Working Voltage
In electronic transformers for halogen lamps, the bipolar transistors are blocked by either short circuit respectively resistance < 100 between base and emitter or negative base emitter voltage, but not with base emitter open circuit.
0.1 I C < I B2 < 0.5

IC

IC VCEsat < 2 V

Base drive

T
V CEO

VCEW

VCES

Figure 5. Base emitter resistance

Figure 8. Safe Working Area The values of ICW, VCEW, VCEO and VCES, shown in figure 8, depend on the type of transistor.

Base drive

The highest working voltages will be achieved if the reverse base current (IB2) is greater than 10% and less than 50% of the collector current. For the forward base current, it is assumed that the transistor should be saturated at the collector current so that VCEsat < 2 V is guaranteed. The hatched area shown in figure 8 indicates Safe Working Area for TEMIC transistors.

Figure 6. Negative base emitter voltage

Base drive

Transistor Selection
Selection must be based on the following criteria: Amount of mains voltage (VCES > 700 V at VN = 230 V) Nominal power (IC ) Overcurrent when lamps switching on Overvoltage when circuit is working (VCEW) Nature of the circuit (half-, full-bridge, dimmed or undimmed)

Figure 7. Base emitter open circuit So it must be emphasized that the value of VCEO is not the correct parameter to determine the switching capability of a bipolar power transistor. TEMIC defines the switching capability of a bipolar power transistors as: VCEW the so-called working voltage. This VCEW is the maximum voltage at which a TEMIC bipolar power transistor can be switched on and off without any risk at a

Extremely low losses in power transistors enable operation with a small heat sink or, under certain conditions, even without any at all. Switching and saturation losses Issue: 09. 96

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can generally be looked upon as representing substantial losses. The high-speed- or SWOT technology employed in TEMIC transistors produces minimum switching losses. To guarantee minimum saturation losses, the transistor's dc current gain at the maximum expected collector current in the application and 2 V saturation voltage should be higher than 5. Tables 1 and 2 are based on the following considerations: Given the main voltage VN, the rms value of the main transformer's primary voltage in the case of a halfbridge circuit amounts just to 0.5 V VN. The following equitation then approximates the voltage or current transformation ratio: VN wP = wS 2 VH (3) where: wP wS VN VH

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number of primary turns number of secondary turns rms value of mains voltage nominal voltage of the halogen lamp

In the tables 2 and 3, the halogen lamp is assumed to have a nominal voltage of 12 V. The lamp's nominal operating currents can be calculated by way of the nominal power, PH: I eff = PH VH (5)

In the case of the full-bridge circuit, the full rms value of the mains voltage is applied to the primary winding of the main transformer and the following applies accordingly: wP wS = VN VH (4)

The primary rms currents, and thus also the peak values of these currents, can be calculated with the transformation ratios from equations (3) and (4). The overload factor defines the highest possible peak collector currents with which the transistors are loaded during activation. Definition of this value always represents a compromise between the fastest possible activation (with a high load for the lamps and transistors) and slow activation (with a corresponding ON-delay). A practical overload factor of 2.7 is assumed in both tables.

Table 1. Transistors for 230 V mains Power at 230 V in W 35 50 75 105 150 200 400 Half-Bridge Circuit Standard With Soft Start Type Type in A in A 1.14 1.7 2.5 3.5 5.0 6.7 13.4 BUD620 TD13005D BUF644 BUF650 BUF654 TE13009 ----0.57 0.85 1.25 1.75 2.5 3.35 6.7 BUD600 BUF620 TD13005D BUF630 BUF636A BUF644 BUF650 BUF654 --Full-Bridge Circuit Standard With Soft Start in A Type Type in A 0.57 0.85 1.25 1.75 2.5 3.35 6.7 BUD600 BUF620 TD13005D BUF630 BUF636A BUF644 BUF650 BUF654 --0.29 0.42 0.63 0.88 1.25 1.68 3.35 BUD600 BUD600 BUD620 BUF620 TE13005D BUF630 BUF636A BUF644 TE13009

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Table 2. Transistors for 120 V mains Power at 120 V in W 35 50 75 105 150 200 Half-Bridge Circuit Standard With Soft Start Type Type in A in A 2.3 3.4 5.0 7.0 10.0 13.4 BUF650 BUF654 TE13009 ------1.14 1.7 2.5 3.5 5.0 6.7 BUF630 TD13005D BUF644 BUF650 BUF654 TE13009 ---

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Full-Bridge Circuit Standard With Soft Start Type Type in A in A 1.14 1.7 2.5 3.5 5.0 6.7 BUF630 TD13005D BUF644 BUF650 BUF654 TE13009 --0.57 0.85 1.25 1.75 2.5 3.35 BUD600 BUF620 TD13005D BUF630 BUF644 BUF650 BUF654

The TE13005D includes an integrated, antiparallel, freewheeling diode which, as has been shown, is absolutely necessary for all electronic transformers. The user is thus given two advantages: Lower cost in comparison with two discrete components Lower component complexity The two tables show the influence of the circuit type on the choice of transistors. While using the same transistor type, the circuits with soft starting are suitable for twice the power output of the standard circuit.

On the other hand, the influence of the magnitude of the mains voltage becomes evident too. Halving the mains voltage results in half the power output despite use of the same power transistor. For example, to use the transistors in the low-cost TO 220 package with 120 V mains, the full-bridge circuit must already be used at powers in excess of 105 W. The tables also show that full-bridge circuits equipped with soft starting allow power outputs of up to 400 W with one transformer, thus enabling comfortable illumination of large rooms (e.g. business rooms).

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soft-starting response during activation, for instance, allows higher continuous outputs with the same power transistor to be achieved and increases the lamp's lifetime. The overload protection function, which limits the output power, prevents a continuous overload as is possible in the standard circuit. Thus, the circuit is protected effectively even in the event that the wrong lamp is used. This circuit does not require an additional power TRIAC. The U2008B is a classical phase control IC. In this circuit, the trigger pulse (Pin 8) with which a TRIAC is otherwise triggered, serves as a starting pulse via T1 for the half-bridge transformer. The trigger pulse position within the half-wave of the mains or the control angle, , defines the amount of the output voltage, as is known from the classical phase control principle. By means of a high-resistance voltage divider (R8, R9, R10 at Pin 3), the phase angle , and thus the output voltage at the lamps, can be controlled almost powerlessly. Simple remote control of individual lamps or groups of lamps through infrared or RF transmission links, which can also be designed as multiplexed

Dimmable Electronic Transformer with U2008B


A conventional TRIAC dimmer as has been known for some time in relation to brightness control of incandescent bulbs can be used to control electronic transformers or the brightness of connected halogen lamps (dimming). As an additional unit, however, such a dimmer increases costs substantially while bringing with it an undesirable increase in size. These disadvantages can be obviated by exploiting special operating characteristics of the electronic transformer, which almost call for the use of an integrated phase control. The smoothing capacitors in the transformer's intermediate dc voltage circuit have very low capacitance values, among other things, to minimize the amount of filtering required for the mains current. The result is that self-oscillating operation of the transformer is interrupted at the end of each half-wave of the mains or has to be restarted during each half-wave. From the point of view of circuit configuration, this corresponds to the control response of a TRIAC on the mains. Using the integrated circuit U2008B, the transformer can be started at almost any time during a half-wave of the mains. The unit also provides other advantages. A

5 - VS

Limiting detector

Voltage detector

Mains voltage compensation

Supply voltage limiting

4 G N D

Automatic re-triggering

Current detector Full-wave load current detector Soft start

Phase control

Reference voltage

Figure 9. Block diagram of the U2008B

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systems, is therefore possible. Thus in certain circumstances, wiring problems are easily handled when adding lamps to the system at a later time. The system is open for control through a "insta bus" and is therefore oriented to the future. At the same time, the component requirements for the circuit shown in figure 10 (the actual transformer circuit) are also reduced.

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Mains voltage synchronization (Pin 7) The control angle = 0 is defined. The diode D7 is needed to ensure that the U2008B can be synchronized to the points where the mains voltage passes through zero. Current consumption less than 3 mA

Simple Controller
The simple controller circuit can be done in one of a number of versions depending on the convenience required. Soft starting, which enables gentle activation of the lamps, is one additional advantage of this circuit. The U2008B in a DIP 8 or SO 8 package is suitable for use as a low-cost control component. Special characteristics of the U2008B include: Mains voltage compensation (Pin 7) As the mains voltage increases, the control angle is enlarged and the output voltage is reduced. The compensation effect is variable. Soft start function (Pin 1) The voltage at Pin 1 defines the minimum control angle. The value of the capacitor C4 determines the soft-start response. In the event of an overload, the transistor T2 produces an enlargement of the control angle or a reduction of the output voltage, thus providing overload protection.
D7 R3 D1 R1 L C2 L1 N L2 C1 C4 C10 D3 D4 C3 C5 C6 R8 R9 R2 R7 IC1 D6 D2 D5 R4

Figures 11 and 12 show the oscillograms of the transformer's mains current consumption at a minimum control angle or maximum output power and at 90 or half the output voltage. The almost sinusoidal mains current consumptions achieved with relatively simple input filters are apparent. This circuit enables continuous adjustment of the lamp voltage to between 0 and 100% of the nominal voltage. It is set by means of the external potentiometer, R9. The maximum control angle, max, and thus the minimum output voltage, are set with the trimmer R5. Fixed resistors R8 and R10 limit the customer's specific adjustment range for phase control. Note that the control angle must not fall below a specific minimum in this circuit (i.e. for inadequate values of the mains voltage), otherwise the conditions for selfoscillation of the transformer are no longer met. This effect manifests itself by flickering or complete extinguishing of the lamps at the potentiometer's full load setting.
R14 T3 R15 D11 C8

R5 R6 T1

D9

R16

R21

Tr1 R11

Tr2 C9

R17 R10 R12 T2 C7 R13 D8 C11 D10

T4 R18

D12

R19 R20

R22

AC

AC

Figure 10. Dimmable electronic transformer for halogen lamps

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Transformer with Slaved Output Voltage
In the case of both 50 Hz transformers and electronic transformers, fluctuations in the mains voltage produce fluctuations in the output voltage. Particularly in the event of excess voltages, these fluctuations may result in an overloading of the connected halogen lamps. The voltage increase at low lamp load is a further undesirable effect. By means of phase control, slaving of the output voltage by the phase control angle will prevent such operating situations. First, the output voltage must be measured and transferred to the primary side.

IN : 0.2 A/div

Time base : 5 ms/div

Figure 11. Mains current consumption at full load

When employing peak value rectification, the peak value of the output voltage is usually available as a measured value. The lamps are supplied with the rms value, which is not comparable with the dc peak voltage. Therefore, it is not an exact loop control but a delay control. In the circuit shown in figure 13, the output voltage is measured directly by way of full wave peak value rectification. The threshold value for the response of T7 or OK1 can be set by means of voltage dividers R31, R32 and R33. In this case, R32 is the setting potentiometer. The coupler's output transistor influences voltage dividers R23, R24, R25 + R9 and thus the input voltage at Pin 3 of the U2008B. The control range can be set by means of the trimmer R9. With this function, all lamps connected to one single transformer can be activated or deactivated individually. Using an uncontrolled transformer would overload the connected lamps if the transformer were underloaded. The circuit shown in figure 13 offers overvoltage deactivation via the components D13, D14, T5, T6, R26, R27, R28, R29, C13 as an additional protective function. When the Zener diode D14 responds, starting pulses from T1 are shorted via T5 and soft starting after reduction of the mains voltage is prepared via T6.

IN : 0.2 A/div

Time base : 5 ms/div

Figure 12. Mains current consumption at half full load

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D7 R14 T3 D11 R21 R3 R29 R4 D5 R15 D6 R16 C8 R2 R5 OK1 R31 D16 R34 D15 C14 C3 T7 C15 R32 R35 T1 R7 8 7 6 5 T7 D17 R6 Tr1 Tr2

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D1

D2

R1

C2

L1

L2

C1

IC1
R23 R30 R33 R11 1 4 2 3

D19

D18 R22

C10 C5 C6 C12 R24 R9 R26 R27 T5 R28 T6 D13 D14

C4

R25

D3

D4

R17 T4 C13 C7 R13 R20 D8 R19 R12 T2 R18

D12

C11

C9

Figure 13. Dimmable electronic transformer with slaved output voltage


AC

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considerations have always been based on an almost rectangular lamp current whose amplitude is modulated with the momentary values of the mains voltage. In actual fact, however, the lamp current is delayed by the time constant : = L R lamp (6)

Full-Bridge Circuit for Higher Powers


The standard circuit in figure 1 uses only half the value of the mains voltage as the input voltage of the transformer. This is why, in devices with relatively low power, high primary currents already flow and place a burden on the transistors. In the case of applications involving the same power in connection with the 120 V mains, the currents are doubled yet again. Therefore, a circuit that enables the full mains voltage on the primary winding is suitable for higher-power applications on the 230 V mains and in the case of 120 V devices. The full-bridge circuit is achieved by replacing the capacitors C8 and C9 in the standard circuit and by switching transistors and free-wheeling diodes. Transistors T5 and T6 are triggered in the same way as T3 and T4 via the toroidal core, Tr1, which contains two additional control windings. It is not possible to make a general statement as to which circuit configuration is better in a practical circuit. If a higher-power lighting facility is required, it is best to use only one transformer for 400 W in a fullbridge circuit (4 x BUF654 + U2008B) rather than four transformers with 100 W in a half-bridge circuit (8 x BUF644). The differences in terms of dimensioning between the full-bridge circuit and the standard circuit is discussed below. In comparison with the standard circuit, activation of only one of the four power transistors in this circuit does not produce a flow of current through the main transformer. Therefore, the trigger pulse must be fed through the trigger transformer to two transformer each of one bridge diagonal in order for the transformer to start oscillating. This is why a higher pulse power is needed for reliable oscillation. Owing to the magnetizing reactive power, even in this circuit, an intermediate circuit capacitor, no matter how small, must be used. One problem that might occur in units with a maximum power output is the influence of the transformers leakage inductance on the shape of the current. Up to now,

Assuming an operating frequency of 40 kHz corresponding to a period of 25 s and a maxi-mum permissible time constant = 2.5 s, for example, we arrive at the following leakage inductance limits: P in W 50 100 200 400 800 Rlamp in 2.88 1.44 0.72 0.36 0.18 Llimit in nH 7200 3600 1800 900 450

An excessive leakage inductance value itself does not increase losses. Instead, it reduces the form factor for the lamp current. In simplified terms, this means that the peak currents have to be increased accordingly by modifying the turn ratio in order to reach the rms value or the nominal power output. This leads to an increase in losses in the transformer and also on the power transistors. It is possible to avoid this effect by means of special winding techniques, for example, but these are not discussed in further detail here. When dimensioning very high power circuits (e.g., of a 400 W transformer as described in chapter Full-Bridge Transformer for 230 V/ 400 V), it may be expedient to reduce the operating frequency in order to reduce the influence of leakage inductance on the one hand and to limit switching losses of the power transistors on the other hand. The example circuit operates with approximately 25 kHz at nominal load. At this power, it is absolutely necessary to cool the power transistors. A heat sink with a thermal resistance of 5 K/W is advisable

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12
D7 R14 T3 T5 D11 R21 R3 R4 D15 D5 D6 R16 Tr1 Tr2 D9 D13 R15 R22 R23 R5 T1 R7 8 7 6 5 R6

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D1

D2

R1

C2

R2

L1

L2

C1

IC1
1 4 R9 C4 C5 C6 R8 R12 C3 C7 R13 R20 D8 T2 D10 R19 R10 R18 R17 2 3

R11

C10

C10

D12 T4

R24 T6 R25 D14

D16

D3

D4

C11

Figure 14. Dimmable electronic transformer as a full-bridge transformer for halogen lamps.
R26 AC L

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AC

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Circuit Examples
Standard Circuit for 230 V/ 100 W
4 x BYT51K 300 k L 1, 0.5 W BYT52J 230 Vac 0.6 mH N 22 nF 250 V 220 nF 250 V 2 mH 10 nF 100 V K275 G-ST-2 BUF654 BYT52J 22 100 1N4148 0.68 36 k 1N4148 82 120 k 56 k 47 F BC547 100 nF 250 V 1N4148 100 0.68 120 k Toroidal core 20 mH 22 BUF654 100 nF 250 V

BYT52J

2 x 2.2 nF 400 V

12 Vac max. 100 W

Figure 15. Electronic transformer, 100 W

Characteristics:
Simple circuit Low volume Low weight High efficiency Minimum idling losses 100 W power output

Typical Applications:
Simple halogen lighting fixtures fitted with 12 V/100 W lamps Possibly dimmed externally

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14
BUF644

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4 x BYT51K

22 k 2W

680 k
470 k 1 k
BC557B 1N4148 100 0.68

BYT51J BYT52J

22

100 nF 250 V

1N4148 BZX55 C6V8

1 , 0.5 W

120 k Toroidal core 20 mH

230 V ac 51 k
K275 BC547A 4.7 F U2008B BUF644

0.6 mH

220 nF 250 V

150
100 nF 250 V

2 mH

22 nF 250 V

10 k 56 k
36 k 13 k 33 k

22

100
1N4148

BYT52J

100 F 10 nF 100 nF 47 F

120 k

2 x 2.2 nF 400 V

0.68 82

12 Vac
1N4148

Voltage Controller with U2008B for 230 V/ 100 W

Figure 16. 100 W half-bridge transformer with soft start


max. 100 W

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Dimmable without the need of additional components Overload-protected 100 W power output

Characteristics:
Simple circuit Low volume Low weight High efficiency Minimum idling losses

Typical Applications:
Dimmable halogen fixtures that can be fitted with 12 V lamps (25 - 100 W) Possibility of activating or deactivating the lamps during operation

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0.6 mH 51 k BC547 10 F 100 100 nF 8 7 BC547A 6 5 BZX55 C2V4 2.2 k 100

2 mH

22 nF 250 V

K275

16
22 k 2W 680 k 220 k 120 k 1N4148 BZX55 C6V8 0.68 1N4148 100 BYT51J 22 BYT52J BUF644 100 nF 250 V 4 X 1N4148 470 k 4N25 8.2 k 1 k BC557B Toroidal core 20 mH

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4 X BYT51K

1 , 0.5 W

230 V ac

220 nF 250 V

100 F

U2008B
1 1N4148 BZX55 C75 BC547A 56 k 22 nF 100 V 2 3 4 20 k 1.2 k

7.5 k

150

120 k BYT52J

4.7 F 10 nF 47 F

2 X 2.2 nF 400 V 100 nF 22 k 62 k

22

BUF644

100 1N4148 36 k 0.68

BC547 51 k BC 547 47 20 100 k k k 47 F

100 nF 250 V

1N4148 82 12 VAC

Dimmable Transformer with Slaved Output Voltage

95 9634

Figure 17. Dimmable electronic transformer (100 W) with slaved output voltage
max. 100 W

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors

Issue: 09. 96

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors

ANT011

Characteristics:
Low weight Low volume High efficiency Minimum idling losses Dimmable without the need of additional components Mains voltage compensation Overload protected 100 W power output

Typical Applications:
Dimmable halogen lighting fixtures that can be fitted with 12 V lamps (0 W to 100 W) Possibility of activating or deactivating the lamps during operation (useful in the event of highly fluctuating mains voltages)

Issue: 09. 96

17

18
39 k 2W BYT52J 680 k BYT52J BYW55 1 TE13009 1 TE13009 1N4148 BZX55 C6V8 1N4148 100 Toroidal core 20 mH 0.33 1N4148 100 0.33 470 k BC557B 20 k
8 7 6 5

ANT011

4 X BYW55

L
11 k

0.68 , 0.5 W

K27 5

230 Vac

22 nF 250 V

0.6 mH

2 mH

22 nF 250 V

U2008B
1 2 3 4

150

1 F 400 V

BYT52J

Full-Bridge Transformer for 230 V/ 400 W


BYT52J 1 100 TE13009 100 0.33 82 1N4148 0.33

4.7 F 1 13 k BC547A 56 k 1N4148 10 nF 100 nF 33 k

10 k

TE13009

2 X 22 nF 400 V

100 F

Figure 18. Full-bridge transformer, dimmable for 400 W


47 F 36 k 1N4148 12 VAC
max. 400 W

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors

95 9635

Issue: 09. 96

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors

ANT011
Dimmable without the need for additional components Overload protected 400 W power output

Characteristics:
Simple circuit Low volume Low weight High efficiency Minimum idling losses

Typical Applications:
Dimmable room lighting fixtures that can be fitted with 12 V lamps (100 W to 400 W) Possibility of activating or deactivating the lamps during operation

Issue: 09. 96

19

ANT011
Annex
Parts Lists
Standard circuit for 230 V/ 100 W as shown in figure 1 T1 T2 T3 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 C1 C2 C3 C4 20 BC547 TE13009 TE13009 BYT51K BYT51K BYT51K BYT51K BYT52J 1N4148 1N4148 BYT52J BYT52 J 1N4148 1 K275 56 k 36 k 300 k 22 100 0.68 22 100 0.68 82 120 k 120 k 22 nF 220 nF 47 F 10 nF 250 V 250 V 6.3 V 100 V 0.5 W Varistor C5 C6 L1 L2 Tr1 Tr2

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors

100 nF 250 V 100 nF 250 V 0.6 mH E 13/4 (d = 0 mm) 2 mH E 16/5 (d = 0 mm) Toroidal core (10 mm) 20 mH E 32/9 (d = 0 mm)

Voltage controller with U2008B (100 W/ 230 V) as shown in figure 10 IC1 T1 T2 T3 T4 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 U2008B BC557B BC547 BUF644 BUF644 BYT51K BYT51K BYT51K BYT51K 1N4148 BZX55C6V8 BYT51J 1N4148 1N4148 1N4148 BYT52J BYT52J 1 K275 22 k 680 k 470 k 1 k 51 k 13 k Issue: 09. 96 Trimmer 0.5 W Varistor 2W

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors
R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 L1 L2 Tr1 Tr2 10 k 33 k 150 56 k 36 k 22 100 0.68 22 100 0.68 82 120 k 120 k 22 nF 220 nF 100 F 4.7 F 10 nF 100 nF 47 F 100 nF 100 nF 2.2 nF 2.2 nF 0.6 mH 2 mH Toroidal core 20 mH 10 mm E 32/9 (d = 0 mm) 16 V El. cap. 250 V 250 V 400 V 400 V E 13/4 (d = 0 mm) E 16/5 (d = 0 mm) 250 V 250 V Electrolytic capacitor Electrolytic capacitor T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R9 R11 R12 R13 BC547 BUF644 BUF644 BC547 BC547 BC547 BYT51K BYT51K BYT51K BYT51K 1N4148 BZX55C6V8 BYT51J 1N4148 1N4148 1N4148 BYT52J BYT52J 1N4148 BZX55C75 BZX55C2V4 1N4148 1N4148 1N4148 1N4148 1 K275 22 k 680 k 470 k 1k 51 k 47 k 150 56 k 36 k

ANT011

0.5 W Varistor 2W

Trimmer

Dimmable transformer with slaved output voltage (230 V/100 W) as shown in figure 13 IC1 OK1 T1 Issue: 09. 96 U2008B 4N25 BC557B

Trimmer

21

ANT011
R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28 R29 R30 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 22 100 0.68 22 100 0.68 82 120 k 120 k 7.5 k 22 k 51 k 20 k 100 k 62 k 220 k 20 k 2.2 k 2.2 k 1.2 k 100 100 22 nF 220 nF 100 F 4.7 F 10 nF 100 nF 47 F 100 nF 100 nF 2.2 nF 2.2 nF 4.7 F 22 nF 16 V 250 V 250 V 400 V 400 V 25 V 100 V El.cap. El.cap. 250 V 250 V 25 V 25 V El.cap. El.cap. IC1 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 C14 C15 L1 L2 Tr1 Tr2

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors
10 F 100 nF 0.6 mH 2 mH Toroidal core (10 mm ) E 32/9 (d = 0 mm) 25 V El.cap.

Full-bridge transformer for 400 W/ 230 V as shown in figure 14 U2008B BC557B BC547 TE13009 TE13009 TE13009 TE13009 BYW55 BYW55 BYW55 BYW55 1N4148 BZX55C6V8 BYW55 1N4148 1N4148 1N4148 BYT52J BYT52J 1N4148 1N4148 BYT52J BYT52J 0.68 K275 39 k 680 k 470 k Trimmer 2W 0.5 W Varistor

22

Issue: 09. 96

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors
R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 1 k 20 k 13 k 10 k 33 k 150 56 k 36 k 1 100 0.33 1 100 0.33 82 1 100 0.33 Potentiometer R24 R25 R26 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 L1 L2 Tr1 Tr2 1 100 0.33 22 nF 220 nF 100 F 4.7 F 10 nF 100 nF 47 F 2.2 nF 2.2 nF 1 F 0.6 mH 2 mH Toroidal core 20 mH

ANT011

250 V 250 V 25 V 25 V El.cap. El.cap.

16 V 400 V 400 V 400 V

El.cap.

(10 mm ) E 42/20 (d = 0 mm)

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23

ANT011
Layouts

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors

Figure 19. Layout of the voltage controller with U2008B for 100 W/ 230 V (scale 2 : 1)

24

Issue: 09. 96

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors

ANT011

Figure 20. Component layout of the voltage controller with U2008B for 100 W/ 230 V (scale 2 : 1)

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25

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