wiki jvm

overview Java virtual machine is a program which executes certain other programs, namely those containing Java bytecode instructions. JVM's are most often implemented to run on an existing operating system, but can also be implemented to run directly on hardware. A JVM provides a run-time environment in which Java byte code can be executed JVM is distributed along with Java Class Library, a set of standard class libraries (in Java bytecode) that implement the Java application programming interface (API). These libraries, bundled together with the JVM, form the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). The use of the same bytecode for all JVMs on all platforms allows Java to be described as a write once, run anywhere programming language, versus write once, compile anywhere, which describes cross-platform compiled languages. Thus, the JVM is a crucial component of the Java platform. execution environment Programs intended to run on a JVM must be compiled into Java bytecode, a standardized portable binary format which typically comes in the form of .class files (Java class files). A program may consist of many classes in different files. For easier distribution of large programs, multiple class files may be packaged together in a .jar file (short for Java archive). oracle jit JRockit JVM Runs JIT Compilation Although the JIT is not actually part of the JVM standard, it is, nonetheless, an essential component of Java. In theory, the JIT comes into use whenever a Java method is called, and it compiles the bytecode of that method into native machine code, thereby compiling it just in time to execute. JRockit JVM Monitors Threads sampling-based technique to identify which functions merit optimization: a sampler thread wakes up at periodic intervals and checks the status of several application threads. It identifies what each thread is executing and notes some of the execution history. This information is tracked for all the methods and when it is perceived that a method is experiencing heavy use in other words, is hotthat method is earmarked for optimization. Usually, a flurry of such optimization opportunities occur in the applications early run stages, with the rate slowing down as execution continues.

JRockit JVM Runs Optimization JVM runs an optimization round of the methods that it perceives to be the most usedhotmethods. This optimization is run in the background and does not disturb the running application ibm jit platform-neutral bytecodes that can be interpreted by a JVM on many different computer architectures. At run time, the JVM loads the class files, determines the semantics of each individual bytecode, and performs the appropriate computation. The additional processor and memory usage during interpretation means that a Java application performs more slowly than a native application. The JIT compiler helps improve the performance of Java programs by compiling bytecodes into native machine code at run time. JIT compiler compiles the bytecodes of that method into native machine code, compiling it "just in time" to run. When a method has been compiled, the JVM calls the compiled code of that method directly instead of interpreting it. Theoretically, if compilation did not require processor time and memory usage, compiling every method could allow the speed of the Java program to approach that of a native application. When the JVM first starts up, thousands of methods are called. Compiling all of these methods can significantly affect startup time, even if the program eventually achieves very good peak performance. In practice, methods are not compiled the first time they are called. For each method, the JVM maintains a call count, which is incremented every time the method is called. The JVM interprets a method until its call count exceeds a JIT compilation threshold. The JIT compilation threshold helps the JVM start quickly and still have improved performance. The JIT compiler can be disabled, in which case the entire Java program will be interpreted. wiki jit just-in-time compilation (JIT), also known as dynamic translation, is a method to improve the runtime performance of computer programs based on byte code (virtual machine code). Since byte code is interpreted it executes slower than compiled machine code, unless it is actually compiled to machine code JIT compilers represent a hybrid approach, with translation occurring continuously, as with interpreters, but with caching of translated code to minimize performance degradation. It also offers other advantages over statically compiled code at development time

JIT builds upon two earlier ideas in run-time environments: bytecode compilation and dynamic compilation. It converts code at runtime prior to executing it natively, overview In a bytecode-compiled system, source code is translated to an intermediate representation known as bytecode. Bytecode is not the machine code for any particular computer, and may be portable among computer architectures. The bytecode may then be interpreted by, or run on, a virtual machine. The JIT compiler reads the bytecodes in many sections (or in full, rarely) and compiles them dynamically into machine language so the program can run faster a traditional interpreted virtual machine will simply interpret the bytecode, generally with much lower performance. Some interpreters even interpret source code, without the step of first compiling to bytecode, with even worse performance. Statically compiled code or native code is compiled prior to deployment. A dynamic compilation environment is one in which the compiler can be used during execution. the advantages of bytecode interpretation: Much of the "heavy lifting" of parsing the original source code and performing basic optimization is often handled at compile time, prior to deployment: compilation from bytecode to machine code is much faster than compiling from source. The deployed bytecode is portable, unlike native code. Compilers from bytecode to machine code are easier to write, because the portable bytecode compiler has already done much of the work. JIT code generally offers far better performance than interpreters. In addition, it can in some cases offer better performance than static compilation, as many optimizations are only feasible at run-time: 2) The system is able to collect statistics about how the program is actually running in the environment it is in, and it can rearrange and recompile for optimum performance. However, some static compilers can also take profile information as input. 3) The system can do global code optimizations (e.g. inlining of library functions) without losing the advantages of dynamic linking and without the overheads inherent to static compilers and linkers. 4) a bytecode system can more easily rearrange executed code for better cache utilization startup delay and optimizations

JIT typically causes a slight delay in initial execution of an application, due to the time taken to load and compile the bytecode. In general, the more optimization JIT performs, the better the code it will generate, but the initial delay will also increase. A JIT compiler therefore has to make a trade-off between the compilation time and the quality of the code it hopes to generate. One possible optimization, used by Sun's HotSpot Java Virtual Machine, is to combine interpretation and JIT compilation. The application code is initially interpreted, but the JVM monitors which sequences of bytecode are frequently executed and translates them to machine code for direct execution on the hardware.

oracle javac reads source files written in the Java programming language, and compiles them into bytecode class files. Optionally, the compiler can also process annotations found in source and class files using the Pluggable Annotation Processing API. The compiler accepts source code defined by the Java Language Specification (JLS) and produces class files defined by the Java Virtual Machine Specification (JVMS).