Technical Interview Questions

C Questions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. What does static variable mean? What is a pointer? What is a structure? What are the differences between structures and arrays? In header files whether functions are declared or defined? What are the differences between malloc() and calloc()? What are macros? what are its advantages and disadvantages? Difference between pass by reference and pass by value? What is static identifier? Where are the auto variables stored? Where does global, static, local, register variables, free memory and C Program instructions get stored? Difference between arrays and linked list? What are enumerations? Describe about storage allocation and scope of global, extern, static, local and register variables? What are register variables? What are the advantage of using register variables? What is the use of typedef? Can we specify variable field width in a scanf() format string? If possible how? Out of fgets() and gets() which function is safe to use and why? Difference between strdup and strcpy? What is recursion? Differentiate between a for loop and a while loop? What are it uses? What are the different storage classes in C? Write down the equivalent pointer expression for referring the same element a[i][j][k][l]? What is difference between Structure and Unions? What the advantages of using Unions? What are the advantages of using pointers in a program? What is the difference between Strings and Arrays? In a header file whether functions are declared or defined? What is a far pointer? where we use it? How will you declare an array of three function pointers where each function receives two ints and returns a float? what is a NULL Pointer? Whether it is same as an uninitialized pointer? What is a NULL Macro? What is the difference between a NULL Pointer and a NULL Macro? What does the error 'Null Pointer Assignment' mean and what causes this error? What is near, far and huge pointers? How many bytes are occupied by them? How would you obtain segment and offset addresses from a far address of a memory location? Are the expressions arr and &arr same for an array of integers? Does mentioning the array name gives the base address in all the contexts?
Technical Aptitude Questions

38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. Explain one method to process an entire string as one unit? What is the similarity between a Structure, Union and enumeration? Can a Structure contain a Pointer to itself? How can we check whether the contents of two structure variables are same or not? How are Structure passing and returning implemented by the complier? How can we read/write Structures from/to data files? What is the difference between an enumeration and a set of pre-processor # defines? what do the 'c' and 'v' in argc and argv stand for? Are the variables argc and argv are local to main? What is the maximum combined length of command line arguments including the space between adjacent arguments? If we want that any wildcard characters in the command line arguments should be appropriately expanded, are we required to make any special provision? If yes, which? Does there exist any way to make the command line arguments available to other functions without passing them as arguments to the function? What are bit fields? What is the use of bit fields in a Structure declaration? To which numbering system can the binary number 1101100100111100 be easily converted to? Which bit wise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is on or off? Which bit wise operator is suitable for turning off a particular bit in a number? Which bit wise operator is suitable for putting on a particular bit in a number? Which bit wise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is on or off? which one is equivalent to multiplying by 2:Left shifting a number by 1 or Left shifting an unsigned int or char by 1? Write a program to compare two strings without using the strcmp() function. Write a program to concatenate two strings. Write a program to interchange 2 variables without using the third one. Write programs for String Reversal & Palindrome check Write a program to find the Factorial of a number Write a program to generate the Fibinocci Series Write a program which employs Recursion Write a program which uses Command Line Arguments Write a program which uses functions like strcmp(), strcpy()? etc What are the advantages of using typedef in a program? How would you dynamically allocate a one-dimensional and two-dimensional array of integers? How can you increase the size of a dynamically allocated array? How can you increase the size of a statically allocated array? When reallocating memory if any other pointers point into the same piece of memory do you have to readjust these other pointers or do they get readjusted automatically? Which function should be used to free the memory allocated by calloc()? How much maximum can you allocate in a single call to malloc()? Can you dynamically allocate arrays in expanded memory? What is object file? How can you access object file? Which header file should you include if you are to develop a function which can accept variable number of arguments? Can you write a function similar to printf()? How can a called function determine the number of arguments that have been passed to it? Can there be at least some solution to determine the number of arguments passed to a variable argument list function? How do you declare the following: o An array of three pointers to chars o An array of three char pointers

A pointer to array of three chars A pointer to function which receives an int pointer and returns a float pointer A pointer to a function which receives nothing and returns nothing What do the functions atoi(), itoa() and gcvt() do? Does there exist any other function which can be used to convert an integer or a float to a string? How would you use qsort() function to sort an array of structures? How would you use qsort() function to sort the name stored in an array of pointers to string? How would you use bsearch() function to search a name stored in array of pointers to string? How would you use the functions sin(), pow(), sqrt()? How would you use the functions memcpy(), memset(), memmove()? How would you use the functions fseek(), freed(), fwrite() and ftell()? How would you obtain the current time and difference between two times? How would you use the functions randomize() and random()? How would you implement a substr() function that extracts a sub string from a given string? What is the difference between the functions rand(), random(), srand() and randomize()? What is the difference between the functions memmove() and memcpy()? How do you print a string on the printer? Can you use the function fprintf() to display the output on the screen?
o o o
80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94.
C++ Questions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.
What is a class? What is an object? What is the difference between an object and a class? What is the difference between class and structure? What is public, protected, private? What are virtual functions? What is friend function? What is a scope resolution operator? What do you mean by inheritance? What is abstraction? What is polymorphism? Explain with an example. What is encapsulation? What do you mean by binding of data and functions? What is function overloading and operator overloading? What is virtual class and friend class? What do you mean by inline function? What do you mean by public, private, protected and friendly? When is an object created and what is its lifetime? What do you mean by multiple inheritance and multilevel inheritance? Differentiate between them. Difference between realloc() and free? What is a template? What are the main differences between procedure oriented languages and object oriented languages? What is R T T I ? What are generic functions and generic classes? What is namespace? What is the difference between pass by reference and pass by value? Why do we use virtual functions? What do you mean by pure virtual functions? What are virtual classes? Does c++ support multilevel and multiple inheritance? What are the advantages of inheritance? When is a memory allocated to a class? What is the difference between declaration and definition? What is virtual constructors/destructors? In c++ there is only virtual destructors, no constructors. Why? What is late bound function call and early bound function call? Differentiate. How is exception handling carried out in c++?

38. When will a constructor executed? 39. What is Dynamic Polymorphism? 40. Write a macro for swapping integers.
OOAD
1. What do you mean by analysis and design? Analysis: Basically, it is the process of determining what needs to be done before how it should be done. In order to accomplish this, the developer refers the existing systems and documents. So, simply it is an art of discovery. Design: It is the process of adopting/choosing the one among the many, which best accomplishes the users needs. So, simply, it is compromising mechanism. 2. What are the steps involved in designing? Before getting into the design the designer should go through the SRS prepared by the System Analyst. The main tasks of design are Architectural Design and Detailed Design. In Architectural Design we find what are the main modules in the problem domain. In Detailed Design we find what should be done within each module. 3. What are the main underlying concepts of object orientation? Objects, messages, class, inheritance and polymorphism are the main concepts of object orientation. 4. What do u meant by "SBI" of an object? SBI stands for State, Behavior and Identity. Since every object has the above three. State: It is just a value to the attribute of an object at a particular time. Behaviour: It describes the actions and their reactions of that object. Identity: An object has an identity that characterizes its own existence. The identity makes it possible to distinguish any object in an unambiguous way, and independently from its state. 5. Differentiate persistent & non-persistent objects? Persistent refers to an object's ability to transcend time or space. A persistent object stores/saves its state in a permanent storage system with out losing the information represented by the object. A non-persistent object is said to be transient or ephemeral. By default objects are considered as non-persistent.

6. What do you meant by active and passive objects? Active objects are one which instigate an interaction which owns a thread and they are responsible for handling control to other objects. In simple words it can be referred as client. Passive objects are one, which passively waits for the message to be processed. It waits for another object that requires its services. In simple words it can be referred as server. Diagram: client server (Active) (Passive) 7. What is meant by software development method? Software development method describes how to model and build software systems in a reliable and reproducible way. To put it simple, methods that are used to represent ones' thinking using graphical notations. 8. What are models and meta models? Model: It is a complete description of something (i.e. system). Meta model: It describes the model elements, syntax and semantics of the notation that allows their manipulation. 9. What do you meant by static and dynamic modeling? Static modeling is used to specify structure of the objects that exist in the problem domain. These are expressed using class, object and USECASE diagrams. But Dynamic modeling refers representing the object interactions during runtime. It is represented by sequence, activity, collaboration and statechart diagrams. 10. How to represent the interaction between the modeling elements? Model element is just a notation to represent (Graphically) the entities that exist in the problem domain. e.g. for modeling element is class notation, object notation etc. Relationships are used to represent the interaction between the modeling elements. The following are the Relationships. Association: Its' just a semantic connection two classes. e.g.:
uses
class A
class B
Aggregation: Its' the relationship between two classes which are related in the fashion that master and slave. The master takes full rights than the slave. Since the slave works under the master. It is represented as line with diamond in the master area. ex: car contains wheels, etc. car car
wheels
Containment: This relationship is applied when the part contained with in the whole part, dies when the whole part dies.

It is represented as darked diamond at the whole part. example: class A{ //some code }; class B { A aa; // an object of class A; // some code for class B; }; In the above example we see that an object of class A is instantiated with in the class B. so the object class A dies when the object class B dies.we can represnt it in diagram like this.
class A
class B
Generalization: This relationship used when we want represents a class, which captures the common states of objects of different classes. It is represented as arrow line pointed at the class, which has captured the common states.
class A
class B
class C
Dependency: It is the relationship between dependent and independent classes. Any change in the independent class will affect the states of the dependent class. DIAGRAM: class A class B 11. Why generalization is very strong? Even though Generalization satisfies Structural, Interface, Behaviour properties. It is mathematically very strong, as it is Antisymmetric and Transitive. Antisymmetric: employee is a person, but not all persons are employees. Mathematically all As are B, but all Bs not A. Transitive: A=>B, B=>c then A=>c. A. Salesman. B. Employee. C. Person. Note: All the other relationships satisfy all the properties like Structural properties, Interface properties, Behaviour properties. 12. Differentiate Aggregation and containment? Aggregation is the relationship between the whole and a part. We can add/subtract some properties in the part (slave) side. It won't affect the whole part. Best example is Car, which contains the wheels and some extra parts. Even though the parts are not there we can call it as car.

But, in the case of containment the whole part is affected when the part within that got affected. The human body is an apt example for this relationship. When the whole body dies the parts (heart etc) are died. 13. Can link and Association applied interchangeably? No, You cannot apply the link and Association interchangeably. Since link is used represent the relationship between the two objects. But Association is used represent the relationship between the two classes. link :: student:Abhilash course:MCA Association:: student course 14. what is meant by "method-wars"? Before 1994 there were different methodologies like Rumbaugh, Booch, Jacobson, Meyer etc who followed their own notations to model the systems. The developers were in a dilemma to choose the method which best accomplishes their needs. This particular span was called as "method-wars" 15. Whether unified method and unified modeling language are same or different? Unified method is convergence of the Rumbaugh and Booch. Unified modeling lang. is the fusion of Rumbaugh, Booch and Jacobson as well as Betrand Meyer (whose contribution is "sequence diagram"). Its' the superset of all the methodologies. 16. Who were the three famous amigos and what was their contribution to the object community? The Three amigos namely, James Rumbaugh (OMT): A veteran in analysis who came up with an idea about the objects and their Relationships (in particular Associations). Grady Booch: A veteran in design who came up with an idea about partitioning of systems into subsystems. Ivar Jacobson (Objectory): The father of USECASES, who described about the user and system interaction. 17. Differentiate the class representation of Booch, Rumbaugh and UML? If you look at the class representaiton of Rumbaugh and UML, It is some what similar and both are very easy to draw. Representation: OMT UML. Diagram:
Booch: In this method classes are represented as "Clouds" which are not very easy to draw as for as the developer's view is concern. Diagram:
18. What is an USECASE? Why it is needed? A Use Case is a description of a set of sequence of actions that a system performs that yields an

observable result of value to a particular action. In SSAD process <=> In OOAD USECASE. It is represented elliptically. Representation:
19. Who is an Actor? An Actor is someone or something that must interact with the system.In addition to that an Actor initiates the process(that is USECASE). It is represented as a stickman like this. Diagram:
20. What is guard condition? Guard condition is one, which acts as a firewall. The access from a particular object can be made only when the particular condition is met. For Example, customer check customer number ATM. Here the object on the customer accesses the ATM facility only when the guard condition is met. 21. Differentiate the following notations? I: :obj1 :obj2 II: :obj1 :obj2
In the above representation I, obj1 sends message to obj2. But in the case of II the data is transferred from obj1 to obj2. 22. USECASE is an implementation independent notation. How will the designer give the implementation details of a particular USECASE to the programmer? This can be accomplished by specifying the relationship called "refinement which talks about the two different abstraction of the same thing. Or example, calculate pay calculate class1 class2 class3 23. Suppose a class acts an Actor in the problem domain, how to represent it in the static model? In this scenario you can use stereotype. Since stereotype is just a string that gives extra semantic to the particular entity/model element. It is given with in the << >>. class A
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<< Actor>> attributes methods. 24. Why does the function arguments are called as "signatures"? The arguments distinguish functions with the same name (functional polymorphism). The name alone does not necessarily identify a unique function. However, the name and its arguments (signatures) will uniquely identify a function. In real life we see suppose, in class there are two guys with same name, but they can be easily identified by their signatures. The same concept is applied here. ex: class person { public: char getsex(); void setsex(char); void setsex(int); }; In the above example we see that there is a function setsex() with same name but with different signature.
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Data Structures
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. What is a data structure? What does abstract data type means? Evaluate the following prefix expression " ++ 26 + - 1324" (Similar types can be asked) Convert the following infix expression to post fix notation ((a+2)*(b+4)) -1 (Similar types can be asked) How is it possible to insert different type of elements in stack? Stack can be described as a pointer. Explain. Write a Binary Search program Write programs for Bubble Sort, Quick sort Explain about the types of linked lists How would you sort a linked list? Write the programs for Linked List (Insertion and Deletion) operations What data structure would you mostly likely see in a non recursive implementation of a recursive algorithm? What do you mean by Base case, Recursive case, Binding Time, Run-Time Stack and Tail Recursion? Explain quick sort and merge sort algorithms and derive the time-constraint relation for these. Explain binary searching, Fibinocci search. What is the maximum total number of nodes in a tree that has N levels? Note that the root is level (zero) How many different binary trees and binary search trees can be made from three nodes that contain the key values 1, 2 & 3? A list is ordered from smaller to largest when a sort is called. Which sort would take the longest time to execute? A list is ordered from smaller to largest when a sort is called. Which sort would take the shortest time to execute? When will you sort an array of pointers to list elements, rather than sorting the elements themselves? The element being searched for is not found in an array of 100 elements. What is the average number of comparisons needed in a sequential search to determine that the element is not there, if the elements are completely unordered? What is the average number of comparisons needed in a sequential search to determine the position of an element in an array of 100 elements, if the elements are ordered from largest to smallest?
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23. 24. 25. 26. Which sort show the best average behavior? What is the average number of comparisons in a sequential search? Which data structure is needed to convert infix notations to post fix notations? What do you mean by: o Syntax Error o Logical Error o Runtime Error How can you correct these errors? In which data structure, elements can be added or removed at either end, but not in the middle? How will inorder, preorder and postorder traversals print the elements of a tree? Parenthesis are never needed in prefix or postfix expressions. Why? Which one is faster? A binary search of an orderd set of elements in an array or a sequential search of the elementuctures Aptitude 1. What is data structure? A data structure is a way of organizing data that considers not only the items stored, but also their relationship to each other. Advance knowledge about the relationship between data items allows designing of efficient algorithms for the manipulation of data. 2. List out the areas in which data structures are applied extensively? Compiler Design, Operating System, Database Management System, Statistical analysis package, Numerical Analysis, Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Simulation 27. 28. 29. 30.
3. What are the major data structures used in the following areas : RDBMS, Network data model & Hierarchical data model. RDBMS Array (i.e. Array of structures) Network data model Graph Hierarchical data model Trees 4. If you are using C language to implement the heterogeneous linked list, what pointer type will you use? The heterogeneous linked list contains different data types in its nodes and we need a link, pointer to connect them. It is not possible to use ordinary pointers for this. So we go for void pointer. Void pointer is capable of storing pointer to any type as it is a generic pointer type. 5. Minimum number of queues needed to implement the priority queue? Two. One queue is used for actual storing of data and another for storing priorities. 6. What is the data structures used to perform recursion? Stack. Because of its LIFO (Last In First Out) property it remembers its caller so knows whom to return when the function has to return. Recursion makes use of system stack for storing the return addresses of the function calls.
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Every recursive function has its equivalent iterative (non-recursive) function. Even when such equivalent iterative procedures are written, explicit stack is to be used. 7. What are the notations used in Evaluation of Arithmetic Expressions using prefix and postfix forms? Polish and Reverse Polish notations. 8. Convert the expression ((A + B) * C (D E) ^ (F + G)) to equivalent Prefix and Postfix notations. Prefix Notation: ^ - * +ABC - DE + FG Postfix Notation: AB + C * DE - - FG + ^ 9. Sorting is not possible by using which of the following methods? (a) Insertion (b) Selection (c) Exchange (d) Deletion (d) Deletion. Using insertion we can perform insertion sort, using selection we can perform selection sort, using exchange we can perform the bubble sort (and other similar sorting methods). But no sorting method can be done just using deletion. 10. A binary tree with 20 nodes has null branches? 21 Let us take a tree with 5 nodes (n=5)
Null Branches
It will have only 6 (ie,5+1) null branches. In general, A binary tree with n nodes has exactly n+1 null nodes. 11. What are the methods available in storing sequential files ? Straight merging, Natural merging, Polyphase sort, Distribution of Initial runs.
12. How many different trees are possible with 10 nodes ? 1014 For example, consider a tree with 3 nodes(n=3), it will have the maximum combination of 5 different (ie, 23 - 3 = 5) trees.
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ii
iii
iv
In general: If there are n nodes, there exist 2n-n different trees. 13. List out few of the Application of tree data-structure? The manipulation of Arithmetic expression, Symbol Table construction, Syntax analysis.
14. List out few of the applications that make use of Multilinked Structures? Sparse matrix, Index generation. 15. In tree construction which is the suitable efficient data structure? (a) Array (b) Linked list (c) Stack (d) Queue (e) none (b) Linked list 16. What is the type of the algorithm used in solving the 8 Queens problem? Backtracking 17. In an AVL tree, at what condition the balancing is to be done? If the pivotal value (or the Height factor) is greater than 1 or less than 1. 18. What is the bucket size, when the overlapping and collision occur at same time? One. If there is only one entry possible in the bucket, when the collision occurs, there is no way to accommodate the colliding value. This results in the overlapping of values. 19. Traverse the given tree using Inorder, Preorder and Postorder traversals.
Given tree:
A
G 15
Inorder : D H B E A F C I G J Preorder: A B D H E C F G I J Postorder: H D E B F I J G C A 20. There are 8, 15, 13, 14 nodes were there in 4 different trees. Which of them could have formed a full binary tree? 15. In general: There are 2n-1 nodes in a full binary tree. By the method of elimination: Full binary trees contain odd number of nodes. So there cannot be full binary trees with 8 or 14 nodes, so rejected. With 13 nodes you can form a complete binary tree but not a full binary tree. So the correct answer is 15. Note: Full and Complete binary trees are different. All full binary trees are complete binary trees but not vice versa. 21. In the given binary tree, using array you can store the node 4 at which location?
4
At location 6 1 Root 2 LC1 3 RC1
5
LC2 RC2 4 LC3 RC3 LC4 5 RC4
where LCn means Left Child of node n and RCn means Right Child of node n 22. Sort the given values using Quick Sort? 65 70 75 80 85 60 55 50 45
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Sorting takes place from the pivot value, which is the first value of the given elements, this is marked bold. The values at the left pointer and right pointer are indicated using L and R respectively. 65 70L 75 80 85 60 55 50 45R
L
Since pivot is not yet changed the same process is continued after interchanging the values at positions 65 65 65 65 45 45 45 45 75 L 50 50 50 80 80 L 55 55 85 85 85 L 60 R 60 60 60 R 85 L 55 55 R 80 80 50 R 75 75 75 70 70 70 70
and
When the L and R pointers cross each other the pivot value is interchanged with the value at right pointer. If the pivot is changed it means that the pivot has occupied its original position in the sorted order (shown in bold italics) and hence two different arrays are formed, one from start of the original array to the pivot position-1 and the other from pivot position+1 to end. 60 L 55 L 50 L 45 45 45 R 50 50 R 55 55 R 60 60 65 65 65 85 L 70 R 70 80 80 L 80 L 75 75 75 R 70 R 85 85
In the next pass we get the sorted form of the array. 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
23. For the given graph, draw the DFS and BFS?
A X G
BFS: DFS: AXGHPEMYJ AXHPEYMJG
The given graph:
H E P
Y M J
24. Classify the Hashing Functions based on the various methods by which the key value is found.
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Direct method, Subtraction method, Modulo-Division method, Digit-Extraction method, Mid-Square method, Folding method, Pseudo-random method.
25. What are the types of Collision Resolution Techniques and the methods used in each of the type? Open addressing (closed hashing), The methods used include: Overflow block, Closed addressing (open hashing) The methods used include: Linked list, Binary tree 26. In RDBMS, what is the efficient data structure used in the internal storage representation? B+ tree. Because in B+ tree, all the data is stored only in leaf nodes, that makes searching easier. This corresponds to the records that shall be stored in leaf nodes. 27. Draw the B-tree of order 3 created by inserting the following data arriving in sequence 92 24 6 7 11 8 22 4 5 16 19 20 78
11
19
24
16
20
22
78
92
28. Of the following tree structure, which is, efficient considering space and time complexities? (a) Incomplete Binary Tree (b) Complete Binary Tree (c) Full Binary Tree (b) Complete Binary Tree. By the method of elimination: Full binary tree loses its nature when operations of insertions and deletions are done. For incomplete binary trees, extra storage is required and overhead of NULL node checking takes place. So complete binary tree is the better one since the property of complete binary tree is maintained even after operations like additions and deletions are done on it. 29. What is a spanning Tree?
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A spanning tree is a tree associated with a network. All the nodes of the graph appear on the tree once. A minimum spanning tree is a spanning tree organized so that the total edge weight between nodes is minimized. 30. Does the minimum spanning tree of a graph give the shortest distance between any 2 specified nodes? No. Minimal spanning tree assures that the total weight of the tree is kept at its minimum. But it doesnt mean that the distance between any two nodes involved in the minimum-spanning tree is minimum. 31. Convert the given graph with weighted600 edges to minimal spanning tree.
612
2985
200
410
310
5
400
1421
the equivalent minimal spanning tree is:
3 612 310 4 200 5
410 2
32. Which is the simplest file structure? (a) Sequential (b) Indexed (c) Random (a) Sequential 33. Whether Linked List is linear or Non-linear - data structure? According to Access strategies Linked list is a linear one. According to Storage Linked List is a Non-linear one. 34. Draw a binary Tree for the expression :
A * B - (C + D) * (P / Q)
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35. For the following COBOL code, draw the Binary tree? 01 STUDENT_REC. 02 NAME. 03 FIRST_NAME PIC X(10). 03 LAST_NAME PIC X(10). 02 YEAR_OF_STUDY. 03 FIRST_SEM PIC XX. 03 SECOND_SEM PIC XX.
01 STUDENT_REC
02
NAME
02
YEAR_OF_STUDY
03
FIRST_NAME
03
LAST_NAME
03
FIRST_SEM
03
SECOND_SEM
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Java
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. What is the difference between an Abstract class and Interface? What is user defined exception? What do you know about the garbage collector? What is the difference between java and c++? In an htm form I have a button which makes us to open another page in 15 seconds. How will you do that? What is the difference between process and threads? What is update method called? Have you ever used HashTable and Directory? What are statements in Java? What is a JAR file? What is JNI? What is the base class for all swing components? What is JFC? What is the difference between AWT and Swing? Considering notepad/IE or any other thing as process, What will happen if you start notepad or IE 3 times ? Where three processes are started or three threads are started? How does thread synchronization occur in a monitor? Is there any tag in htm to upload and download files? Why do you canvas? How can you know about drivers and database information ? What is serialization? Can you load the server object dynamically? If so what are the 3 major steps involved in it? What is the layout for toolbar? What is the difference between Grid and Gridbaglayout? How will you add panel to a frame? Where are the card layouts used?
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26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. What is the corresponding layout for card in swing? What is light weight component? Can you run the product development on all operating systems? What are the benefits if Swing over AWT? How can two threads be made to communicate with each other? What are the files generated after using IDL to java compiler? What is the protocol used by server and client? What is the functionability stubs and skeletons? What is the mapping mechanism used by java to identify IDL language? What is serializable interface? What is the use of interface? Why is java not fully objective oriented? Why does java not support multiple inheritance? What is the root class for all java classes? What is polymorphism? Suppose if we have a variable 'I' in run method, if I can create one or more thread each thread will occupy a separate copy or same variable will be shared? What are virtual functions? Write down how will you create a Binary tree? What are the traverses in binary tree? Write a program for recursive traverse? What are session variable in servlets? What is client server computing? What is constructor and virtual function? Can we call a virtual function in a constructor? Why do we use oops concepts? What is its advantage? What is middleware? What is the functionality of web server? Why is java not 100% pure oops? When will you use an interface and abstract class? What is the exact difference in between Unicast and Multicast object? Where will it be used? What is the main functionality of the remote reference layer? How do you download stubs from Remote place? I want to store more than 10 objects in a remote server? Which methodology will follow? What is the main functionality of Prepared Statement? What is meant by Static query and Dynamic query? What are Normalization Rules? Define Normalization? What is meant by Servelet? What are the parameters of service method? What is meant by Session? Explain something about HTTP Session Class? In a container there are 5 components. I want to display all the component names, how will you do that? Why there are some null interface in JAVA? What does it mean? Give some null interface in JAVA? Tell some latest versions in JAVA related areas? What is meant by class loader? How many types are there? When will we use them? What is meant by flickering? What is meant by distributed application? Why are we using that in our application? What is the functionality of the stub? Explain about version control? Explain 2-tier and 3-tier architecture? What is the role of Web Server? How can we do validation of the fields in a project? What is meant by cookies? Explain the main features?
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74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. Why java is considered as platform independent? What are the advantages of java over C++? How java can be connected to a database? What is thread? What is difference between Process and Thread? Does java support multiple inheritance? if not, what is the solution? What are abstract classes? What is an interface? What is the difference abstract class and interface? What are adapter classes? what is meant wrapper classes? What are JVM.JRE, J2EE, JNI? What are swing components? What do you mean by light weight and heavy weight components? What is meant by function overloading and function overriding? Does java support function overloading, pointers, structures, unions or linked lists? What do you mean by multithreading? What are byte codes? What are streams? What is user defined exception? In an htm page form I have one button which makes us to open a new page in 15 seconds. How will you do that?
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Advanced Java
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. What is RMI? Explain about RMI Architecture? What are Servelets? What is the use of servlets? Explain RMI Architecture? How will you pass values from htm page to the servlet? How do you load an image in a Servelet? What is purpose of applet programming? How will you communicate between two applets? What IS the difference between Servelets and Applets? How do you communicate in between Applets and Servlets? What is the difference between applet and application? What is the difference between CGI and Servlet? In the servlets, we are having a web page that is invoking servlets ,username and password? which is checks in database? Suppose the second page also if we want to verify the same information whether it will connect to the database or it will be used previous information? What are the difference between RMI and Servelets? How will you call an Applet using Java Script Function? How can you push data from an Applet to a Servlet? What are 4 drivers available in JDBC? At what situation are four of the drivers used? If you are truncated using JDBC , how can you that how much data is truncated? How will you perform truncation using JDBC? What is the latest version of JDBC? What are the new features added in that? What is the difference between RMI registry and OS Agent? To a server method, the client wants to send a value 20, with this value exceeds to 20 a message should be sent to the client . What will you do for achieving this?
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24. How do you invoke a Servelet? What is the difference between doPost method and doGet method? 25. What is difference between the HTTP Servelet and Generic Servelet? Explain about their methods and parameters? 26. Can we use threads in Servelets? 27. Write a program on RMI and JDBC using Stored Procedure? 28. How do you swing an applet? 29. How will you pass parameters in RMI? Why do you serialize? 30. In RMI ,server object is first loaded into memory and then the stub reference is sent to the client. true or false? 31. Suppose server object not loaded into the memory and the client request for it. What will happen? 32. What is the web server used for running the servelets? 33. What is Servlet API used for connecting database? 34. What is bean? Where can it be used? 35. What is the difference between java class and bean? 36. Can we sent objects using Sockets? 37. What is the RMI and Socket? 38. What is CORBA? 39. Can you modify an object in CORBA? 40. What is RMI and what are the services in RMI? 41. What are the difference between RMI and CORBA? 42. How will you initialize an Applet? 43. What is the order of method invocation in an Applet? 44. What is ODBC and JDBC? How do you connect the Database? 45. What do you mean by Socket Programming? 46. What is difference between Generic Servlet and HTTP Servelet? 47. What you mean by COM and DCOM? 48. what is e-commerce?
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Micro processor
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Which type of architecture 8085 has? How many memory locations can be addressed by a microprocessor with 14 address lines? 8085 is how many bit microprocessor? Why is data bus bi-directional? What is the function of accumulator? What is flag, bus? What are tri-state devices and why they are essential in a bus oriented system? Why are program counter and stack pointer 16-bit registers? What does it mean by embedded system? What are the different addressing modes in 8085? What is the difference between MOV and MVI? What are the functions of RIM, SIM, IN? What is the immediate addressing mode? What are the different flags in 8085? What happens during DMA transfer? What do you mean by wait state? What is its need? What is PSW? What is ALE? Explain the functions of ALE in 8085. What is a program counter? What is its use? What is an interrupt? Which line will be activated when an output device require attention from CPU?
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Computer Networks
What are the two types of transmission technology available? (i) Broadcast and (ii) point-to-point 1. What is subnet? A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router. 2. Difference between the communication and transmission. Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronisation, clock etc. Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media. 3. What are the possible ways of data exchange? (i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex. 4. What is SAP? Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack. 5. What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks? The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple X" 6. What is frame relay, in which layer it comes? Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.
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7. What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes? Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer. 8. What is Beaconing? The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks. 9. What is redirector? Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer. 10. What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI? NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications. NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets. 11. What is RAID? A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives. 12. What is passive topology? When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they dont amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus. 13. What is Brouter? Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers. 14. What is cladding? A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable. 15. What is point-to-point protocol A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers. 16. How Gateway is different from Routers? A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats 17. What is attenuation? The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation. 18. What is MAC address? The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique. 19. Difference between bit rate and baud rate. Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits. baud rate = bit rate / N
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where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift. 20. What is Bandwidth? Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth. 21. What are the types of Transmission media? Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories. a) Guided Media: These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twistedpair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light. b) Unguided Media: This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony. 22. What is Project 802? It is a project started by IEEE to set standards to enable intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN protocols. It consists of the following: 802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across protocols. 802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is nonarchitecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs. Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5). 802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs. 23. What is Protocol Data Unit? The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a unnumbered frame (U - frame). 24. What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices? Repeater: Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link. Bridges: These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for
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each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent and control congestion. Routers: They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission. Gateways: They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model. 25. What is ICMP? ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages. 26. What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite? The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media. 27. What is difference between ARP and RARP? The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver. The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address. 28. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram? The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes. 29. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses? Class A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 Class B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 Class C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 Class D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 Class E 240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255 30. What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols? The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offer by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information. 31. What are major types of networks and explain? Server-based network Peer-to-peer network Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the
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resources. Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration 32. What are the important topologies for networks? BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line. Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend. STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub. Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems. RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop. Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it. 33. What is mesh network? A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel. 34. What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission? In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously. 35. Explain 5-4-3 rule? In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network ,there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated. 36. What MAU? In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU). 37. What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols? Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router 38. Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model? It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design. 39. What is logical link control? One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection. 40. What is virtual channel?
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Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit. 41. What is virtual path? Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path. 42. What is packet filter? Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped. 43. What is traffic shaping? One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping. 44. What is multicast routing? Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing. 45. What is region? When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we will call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions. 46. What is silly window syndrome? It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.
48. What are Digrams and Trigrams?

The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.
49. Expand IDEA.

IDEA stands for International Data Encryption Algorithm.
50. What is wide-mouth frog?

Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol. 51. What is Mail Gateway? It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols. 52. What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)? It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system. 53. What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)? It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of
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networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system. 54. What is autonomous system? It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol. 55. What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)? It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol). 56. What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol? It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers. 57. What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)? It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session. 58. What is a Multi-homed Host? It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addresses is called as a Multi-homed Host. 59. What is Kerberos? It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files. 60. What is OSPF? It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions. 61. What is Proxy ARP? It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router. 62. What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)? It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line. 63. What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)? It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers. 64. What is source route? It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header.
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Data Base management 1. What is database? A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing system some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose.
2. What is DBMS? It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the database for various applications. 3. What is a Database system? The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system. 4. Advantages of DBMS? Redundancy is controlled. Unauthorised access is restricted. Providing multiple user interfaces. Enforcing integrity constraints. Providing backup and recovery.
5. Disadvantage in File Processing System? Data redundancy & inconsistency. Difficult in accessing data.
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Data isolation. Data integrity. Concurrent access is not possible. Security Problems.
6. Describe the three levels of data abstraction? The are three levels of abstraction: Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored. Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those data. View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database. 7. Define the "integrity rules" There are two Integrity rules. Entity Integrity: States that Primary key cannot have NULL value Referential Integrity: States that Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation. 8. What is extension and intension? Extension It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time dependent. Intension It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid on it. 9. What is System R? What are its two major subsystems? System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center. It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable to that of existing system. Its two subsystems are Research Storage System Relational Data System. 10. How is the data structure of System R different from the relational structure? Unlike Relational systems in System R Domains are not supported Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional Enforcement of entity integrity is optional Referential integrity is not enforced 11. What is Data Independence? Data independence means that the application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data. In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level. Two types of Data Independence: Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level. Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level. NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve
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12. What is a view? How it is related to data independence? A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary. Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence. 13. What is Data Model? A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints. 14. What is E-R model? This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes. 15. What is Object Oriented model? This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes. 16. What is an Entity? It is a 'thing' in the real world with an independent existence. 17. What is an Entity type? It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes. 18. What is an Entity set? It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database. 19. What is an Extension of entity type? The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set. 20. What is Weak Entity set? An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set. 21. What is an attribute? It is a particular property, which describes the entity. 22. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation? A relation Schema denoted by R(A1, A2, , An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3, ..., tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t=(v1,v2, ..., vn). 23. What is degree of a Relation? It is the number of attribute of its relation schema. 24. What is Relationship? It is an association among two or more entities.
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25. What is Relationship set? The collection (or set) of similar relationships. 26. What is Relationship type? Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types. 27. What is degree of Relationship type? It is the number of entity type participating. 25. What is DDL (Data Definition Language)? A data base schema is specifies by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called DDL. 26. What is VDL (View Definition Language)? It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema. 27. What is SDL (Storage Definition Language)? This language is to specify the internal schema. This language may specify the mapping between two schemas. 28. What is Data Storage - Definition Language? The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage-definition language. 29. What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)? This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organised by appropriate data model. Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data. Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data. 31. What is DML Compiler? It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can understand. 32. What is Query evaluation engine? It executes low-level instruction generated by compiler. 33. What is DDL Interpreter? It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata. 34. What is Record-at-a-time? The Low level or Procedural DML can specify and retrieve each record from a set of records. This retrieve of a record is said to be Record-at-a-time. 35. What is Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented? The High level or Non-procedural DML can specify and retrieve many records in a single DML statement. This retrieve of a record is said to be Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented.
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36. What is Relational Algebra? It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation. 37. What is Relational Calculus? It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL. 38. How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only permitted values are tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL The domain-oriented calculus has domain variables i.e., variables that range over the underlying domains instead of over relation. E.g. ILL, DEDUCE. 39. What is normalization? It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties Minimizing redundancy Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies. 40. What is Functional Dependency? A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y. 41. When is a functional dependency F said to be minimal? Every dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side. We cannot replace any dependency X A in F with a dependency Y A where Y is a proper subset of X and still have a set of dependency that is equivalent to F. We cannot remove any dependency from F and still have set of dependency that is equivalent to F. 42. What is Multivalued dependency? Multivalued dependency denoted by X Y specified on relation schema R, where X and Y are both subsets of R, specifies the following constraint on any relation r of R: if two tuples t1 and t2 exist in r such that t1[X] = t2[X] then t3 and t4 should also exist in r with the following properties t3[x] = t4[X] = t1[X] = t2[X] t3[Y] = t1[Y] and t4[Y] = t2[Y] t3[Z] = t2[Z] and t4[Z] = t1[Z] where [Z = (R-(X U Y)) ] 43. What is Lossless join property? It guarantees that the spurious tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas after decomposition. 44. What is 1 NF (Normal Form)? The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values. 45. What is Fully Functional dependency?
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It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold any more. 46. What is 2NF? A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally dependent on primary key. 47. What is 3NF? A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is true X is a Super-key of R. A is a prime attribute of R. In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key. 48. What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)? A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key. 49. What is 4NF? A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency holds over R, one of following is true X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R. X is a super key. X Y that
50. What is 5NF? A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2, ..., Rn} that holds R, one the following is true Ri = R for some i. The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R. 51. What is Domain-Key Normal Form? A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the the constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on the relation. 52. What are partial, alternate,, artificial, compound and natural key? Partial Key: It is a set of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are related to same owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator. Alternate Key: All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary Key are known as Alternate Keys. Artificial Key: If no obvious key, either stand alone or compound is available, then the last resort is to simply create a key, by assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence. Then this is known as developing an artificial key. Compound Key: If no single data element uniquely identifies occurrences within a construct, then combining multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known as creating a compound key. Natural Key:
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When one of the data elements stored within a construct is utilized as the primary key, then it is called the natural key. 53. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing? Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found. Types: Binary search style indexing B-Tree indexing Inverted list indexing Memory resident table Table indexing 54. What is system catalog or catalog relation? How is better known as? A RDBMS maintains a description of all the data that it contains, information about every relation and index that it contains. This information is stored in a collection of relations maintained by the system called metadata. It is also called data dictionary. 55. What is meant by query optimization? The phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that has the least estimated cost is referred to as query optimization. 56. What is join dependency and inclusion dependency? Join Dependency: A Join dependency is generalization of Multivalued dependency.A JD {R1, R2, ..., Rn} is said to hold over a relation R if R1, R2, R3, ..., Rn is a lossless-join decomposition of R . There is no set of sound and complete inference rules for JD. Inclusion Dependency: An Inclusion Dependency is a statement of the form that some columns of a relation are contained in other columns. A foreign key constraint is an example of inclusion dependency. 57. What is durability in DBMS? Once the DBMS informs the user that a transaction has successfully completed, its effects should persist even if the system crashes before all its changes are reflected on disk. This property is called durability. 58. What do you mean by atomicity and aggregation? Atomicity: Either all actions are carried out or none are. Users should not have to worry about the effect of incomplete transactions. DBMS ensures this by undoing the actions of incomplete transactions. Aggregation: A concept which is used to model a relationship between a collection of entities and relationships. It is used when we need to express a relationship among relationships. 59. What is a Phantom Deadlock? In distributed deadlock detection, the delay in propagating local information might cause the deadlock detection algorithms to identify deadlocks that do not really exist. Such situations are called phantom deadlocks and they lead to unnecessary aborts. 60. What is a checkpoint and When does it occur?
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A Checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. By taking checkpoints, the DBMS can reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of subsequent crashes. 61. What are the different phases of transaction? Different phases are Analysis phase Redo Phase Undo phase 62. What do you mean by flat file database? It is a database in which there are no programs or user access languages. It has no cross-file capabilities but is user-friendly and provides user-interface management. 63. What is "transparent DBMS"? It is one, which keeps its Physical Structure hidden from user. 64. Brief theory of Network, Hierarchical schemas and their properties Network schema uses a graph data structure to organize records example for such a database management system is CTCG while a hierarchical schema uses a tree data structure example for such a system is IMS. 65. What is a query? A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact with a data base. The query language can be classified into data definition language and data manipulation language. 66. What do you mean by Correlated subquery? Subqueries, or nested queries, are used to bring back a set of rows to be used by the parent query. Depending on how the subquery is written, it can be executed once for the parent query or it can be executed once for each row returned by the parent query. If the subquery is executed for each row of the parent, this is called a correlated subquery. A correlated subquery can be easily identified if it contains any references to the parent subquery columns in its WHERE clause. Columns from the subquery cannot be referenced anywhere else in the parent query. The following example demonstrates a non-correlated subquery. E.g. Select * From CUST Where '10/03/1990' IN (Select ODATE From ORDER Where CUST.CNUM = ORDER.CNUM) 67. What are the primitive operations common to all record management systems? Addition, deletion and modification. 68. Name the buffer in which all the commands that are typed in are stored Edit Buffer 69. What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra? PROJECTION and SELECTION. 70. Are the resulting relations of PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same? No. PRODUCT: Concatenation of every row in one relation with every row in another. JOIN: Concatenation of rows from one relation and related rows from another.
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71. What is RDBMS KERNEL? Two important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software, and the data dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures used by the kernel to manage the database You might think of an RDBMS as an operating system (or set of subsystems), designed specifically for controlling data access; its primary functions are storing, retrieving, and securing data. An RDBMS maintains its own list of authorized users and their associated privileges; manages memory caches and paging; controls locking for concurrent resource usage; dispatches and schedules user requests; and manages space usage within its table-space structures . 72. Name the sub-systems of a RDBMS I/O, Security, Language Processing, Process Control, Storage Management, Logging and Recovery, Distribution Control, Transaction Control, Memory Management, Lock Management 73. Which part of the RDBMS takes care of the data dictionary? How Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the database and maintained exclusively by the kernel. 74. What is the job of the information stored in data-dictionary? The information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects, provides access to them, and maps the actual physical storage location. 75. Not only RDBMS takes care of locating data it also determines an optimal access path to store or retrieve the data 76. How do you communicate with an RDBMS? You communicate with an RDBMS using Structured Query Language (SQL) 77. Define SQL and state the differences between SQL and other conventional programming Languages SQL is a nonprocedural language that is designed specifically for data access operations on normalized relational database structures. The primary difference between SQL and other conventional programming languages is that SQL statements specify what data operations should be performed rather than how to perform them. 78. Name the three major set of files on disk that compose a database in Oracle There are three major sets of files on disk that compose a database. All the files are binary. These are Database files Control files Redo logs The most important of these are the database files where the actual data resides. The control files and the redo logs support the functioning of the architecture itself. All three sets of files must be present, open, and available to Oracle for any data on the database to be useable. Without these files, you cannot access the database, and the database administrator might have to recover some or all of the database using a backup, if there is one. 79. What is an Oracle Instance? The Oracle system processes, also known as Oracle background processes, provide functions for the user processesfunctions that would otherwise be done by the user processes themselves
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Oracle database-wide system memory is known as the SGA, the system global area or shared global area. The data and control structures in the SGA are shareable, and all the Oracle background processes and user processes can use them. The combination of the SGA and the Oracle background processes is known as an Oracle instance 80. What are the four Oracle system processes that must always be up and running for the database to be useable The four Oracle system processes that must always be up and running for the database to be useable include DBWR (Database Writer), LGWR (Log Writer), SMON (System Monitor), and PMON (Process Monitor). 81. What are database files, control files and log files. How many of these files should a database have at least? Why? Database Files The database files hold the actual data and are typically the largest in size. Depending on their sizes, the tables (and other objects) for all the user accounts can go in one database filebut that's not an ideal situation because it does not make the database structure very flexible for controlling access to storage for different users, putting the database on different disk drives, or backing up and restoring just part of the database. You must have at least one database file but usually, more than one files are used. In terms of accessing and using the data in the tables and other objects, the number (or location) of the files is immaterial. The database files are fixed in size and never grow bigger than the size at which they were created Control Files The control files and redo logs support the rest of the architecture. Any database must have at least one control file, although you typically have more than one to guard against loss. The control file records the name of the database, the date and time it was created, the location of the database and redo logs, and the synchronization information to ensure that all three sets of files are always in step. Every time you add a new database or redo log file to the database, the information is recorded in the control files. Redo Logs Any database must have at least two redo logs. These are the journals for the database; the redo logs record all changes to the user objects or system objects. If any type of failure occurs, the changes recorded in the redo logs can be used to bring the database to a consistent state without losing any committed transactions. In the case of non-data loss failure, Oracle can apply the information in the redo logs automatically without intervention from the DBA. The redo log files are fixed in size and never grow dynamically from the size at which they were created. 82. What is ROWID? The ROWID is a unique database-wide physical address for every row on every table. Once assigned (when the row is first inserted into the database), it never changes until the row is deleted or the table is dropped. The ROWID consists of the following three components, the combination of which uniquely identifies the physical storage location of the row. Oracle database file number, which contains the block with the rows Oracle block address, which contains the row The row within the block (because each block can hold many rows)
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The ROWID is used internally in indexes as a quick means of retrieving rows with a particular key value. Application developers also use it in SQL statements as a quick way to access a row once they know the ROWID 83. What is Oracle Block? Can two Oracle Blocks have the same address? Oracle "formats" the database files into a number of Oracle blocks when they are first createdmaking it easier for the RDBMS software to manage the files and easier to read data into the memory areas. The block size should be a multiple of the operating system block size. Regardless of the block size, the entire block is not available for holding data; Oracle takes up some space to manage the contents of the block. This block header has a minimum size, but it can grow. These Oracle blocks are the smallest unit of storage. Increasing the Oracle block size can improve performance, but it should be done only when the database is first created. Each Oracle block is numbered sequentially for each database file starting at 1. Two blocks can have the same block address if they are in different database files. 84. What is database Trigger? A database trigger is a PL/SQL block that can defined to automatically execute for insert, update, and delete statements against a table. The trigger can e defined to execute once for the entire statement or once for every row that is inserted, updated, or deleted. For any one table, there are twelve events for which you can define database triggers. A database trigger can call database procedures that are also written in PL/SQL. 85. Name two utilities that Oracle provides, which are use for backup and recovery. Along with the RDBMS software, Oracle provides two utilities that you can use to back up and restore the database. These utilities are Export and Import. The Export utility dumps the definitions and data for the specified part of the database to an operating system binary file. The Import utility reads the file produced by an export, recreates the definitions of objects, and inserts the data If Export and Import are used as a means of backing up and recovering the database, all the changes made to the database cannot be recovered since the export was performed. The best you can do is recover the database to the time when the export was last performed. 86. What are stored-procedures? And what are the advantages of using them. Stored procedures are database objects that perform a user defined operation. A stored procedure can have a set of compound SQL statements. A stored procedure executes the SQL commands and returns the result to the client. Stored procedures are used to reduce network traffic. 87. How are exceptions handled in PL/SQL? Give some of the internal exceptions' name PL/SQL exception handling is a mechanism for dealing with run-time errors encountered during procedure execution. Use of this mechanism enables execution to continue if the error is not severe enough to cause procedure termination. The exception handler must be defined within a subprogram specification. Errors cause the program to raise an exception with a transfer of control to the exception-handler block. After the exception handler executes, control returns to the block in which the handler was defined. If there are no more executable statements in the block, control returns to the caller. User-Defined Exceptions PL/SQL enables the user to define exception handlers in the declarations area of subprogram specifications. User accomplishes this by naming an exception as in the following example: ot_failure EXCEPTION; In this case, the exception name is ot_failure . Code associated with this handler is written in the EXCEPTION specification area as follows:
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EXCEPTION when OT_FAILURE then out_status_code := g_out_status_code; out_msg := g_out_msg; The following is an example of a subprogram exception: EXCEPTION when NO_DATA_FOUND then g_out_status_code := 'FAIL'; RAISE ot_failure; Within this exception is the RAISE statement that transfers control back to the ot_failure exception handler. This technique of raising the exception is used to invoke all user-defined exceptions. System-Defined Exceptions Exceptions internal to PL/SQL are raised automatically upon error. NO_DATA_FOUND is a system-defined exception. Table below gives a complete list of internal exceptions. PL/SQL internal exceptions. Exception Name CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX INVALID_CURSOR INVALID_NUMBER LOGIN_DENIED NO_DATA_FOUND NOT_LOGGED_ON PROGRAM_ERROR STORAGE_ERROR TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE TOO_MANY_ROWS TRANSACTION_BACKED_OUT VALUE_ERROR ZERO_DIVIDE Oracle Error ORA-06511 ORA-00001 ORA-01001 ORA-01722 ORA-01017 ORA-01403 ORA-01012 ORA-06501 ORA-06500 ORA-00051 ORA-01422 ORA-00061 ORA-06502 ORA-01476
In addition to this list of exceptions, there is a catch-all exception named OTHERS that traps all errors for which specific error handling has not been established. 88. Does PL/SQL support "overloading"? Explain The concept of overloading in PL/SQL relates to the idea that you can define procedures and functions with the same name. PL/SQL does not look only at the referenced name, however, to resolve a procedure or function call. The count and data types of formal parameters are also considered. PL/SQL also attempts to resolve any procedure or function calls in locally defined packages before looking at globally defined packages or internal functions. To further ensure calling the proper procedure, you can use the dot notation. Prefacing a procedure or function name with the package name fully qualifies any procedure or function reference. 89. Tables derived from the ERD a) Are totally unnormalised b) Are always in 1NF c) Can be further denormalised d) May have multi-valued attributes
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(b) Are always in 1NF 90. Spurious tuples may occur due to i. Bad normalization ii. Theta joins iii. Updating tables from join a) i & ii b) ii & iii c) i & iii d) ii & iii (a) i & iii because theta joins are joins made on keys that are not primary keys. 91. A B C is a set of attributes. The functional dependency is as follows AB -> B AC -> C C -> B a) is in 1NF b) is in 2NF c) is in 3NF d) is in BCNF (a) is in 1NF since (AC)+ = { A, B, C} hence AC is the primary key. Since C B is a FD given, where neither C is a Key nor B is a prime attribute, this it is not in 3NF. Further B is not functionally dependent on key AC thus it is not in 2NF. Thus the given FDs is in 1NF. 92. In mapping of ERD to DFD a) entities in ERD should correspond to an existing entity/store in DFD b) entity in DFD is converted to attributes of an entity in ERD c) relations in ERD has 1 to 1 correspondence to processes in DFD d) relationships in ERD has 1 to 1 correspondence to flows in DFD (a) entities in ERD should correspond to an existing entity/store in DFD 93. A dominant entity is the entity a) on the N side in a 1 : N relationship b) on the 1 side in a 1 : N relationship c) on either side in a 1 : 1 relationship d) nothing to do with 1 : 1 or 1 : N relationship (b) on the 1 side in a 1 : N relationship 94. Select 'NORTH', CUSTOMER From CUST_DTLS Where REGION = 'N' Order By CUSTOMER Union Select 'EAST', CUSTOMER From CUST_DTLS Where REGION = 'E' Order By CUSTOMER The above is a) Not an error b) Error - the string in single quotes 'NORTH' and 'SOUTH' c) Error - the string should be in double quotes d) Error - ORDER BY clause (d) Error - the ORDER BY clause. Since ORDER BY clause cannot be used in UNIONS
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95. What is Storage Manager? It is a program module that provides the interface between the low-level data stored in database, application programs and queries submitted to the system. 96. What is Buffer Manager? It is a program module, which is responsible for fetching data from disk storage into main memory and deciding what data to be cache in memory. 97. What is Transaction Manager? It is a program module, which ensures that database, remains in a consistent state despite system failures and concurrent transaction execution proceeds without conflicting. 98. What is File Manager? It is a program module, which manages the allocation of space on disk storage and data structure used to represent information stored on a disk. 99. What is Authorization and Integrity manager? It is the program module, which tests for the satisfaction of integrity constraint and checks the authority of user to access data. 100. What are stand-alone procedures? Procedures that are not part of a package are known as stand-alone because they independently defined. A good example of a stand-alone procedure is one written in a SQL*Forms application. These types of procedures are not available for reference from other Oracle tools. Another limitation of standalone procedures is that they are compiled at run time, which slows execution. 101. What are cursors give different types of cursors. PL/SQL uses cursors for all database information accesses statements. The language supports the use two types of cursors Implicit Explicit 102. What is cold backup and hot backup (in case of Oracle)? Cold Backup: It is copying the three sets of files (database files, redo logs, and control file) when the instance is shut down. This is a straight file copy, usually from the disk directly to tape. You must shut down the instance to guarantee a consistent copy. If a cold backup is performed, the only option available in the event of data file loss is restoring all the files from the latest backup. All work performed on the database since the last backup is lost. Hot Backup: Some sites (such as worldwide airline reservations systems) cannot shut down the database while making a backup copy of the files. The cold backup is not an available option. So different means of backing up database must be used the hot backup. Issue a SQL command to indicate to Oracle, on a tablespace-by-tablespace basis, that the files of the tablespace are to backed up. The users can continue to make full use of the files, including making changes to the data. Once the user has indicated that he/she wants to back up the tablespace files, he/she can use the operating system to copy those files to the desired backup destination. The database must be running in ARCHIVELOG mode for the hot backup option.
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If a data loss failure does occur, the lost database files can be restored using the hot backup and the online and offline redo logs created since the backup was done. The database is restored to the most consistent state without any loss of committed transactions. 103. What are Armstrong rules? How do we say that they are complete and/or sound The well-known inference rules for FDs Reflexive rule : If Y is subset or equal to X then X Y. Augmentation rule: If X Y then XZ YZ. Transitive rule: If {X Y, Y Z} then X Z. Decomposition rule : If X YZ then X Y. Union or Additive rule: If {X Y, X Z} then X YZ. Pseudo Transitive rule : If {X Y, WY Z} then WX Z. Of these the first three are known as Amstrong Rules. They are sound because it is enough if a set of FDs satisfy these three. They are called complete because using these three rules we can generate the rest all inference rules. 104. How can you find the minimal key of relational schema? Minimal key is one which can identify each tuple of the given relation schema uniquely. For finding the minimal key it is required to find the closure that is the set of all attributes that are dependent on any given set of attributes under the given set of functional dependency. Algo. I Determining X+, closure for X, given set of FDs F 1. Set X+ = X 2. Set Old X+ = X+ 3. For each FD Y Z in F and if Y belongs to X + then add Z to X+ 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until Old X+ = X+ Algo.II Determining minimal K for relation schema R, given set of FDs F 1. Set K to R that is make K a set of all attributes in R 2. For each attribute A in K a. Compute (K A)+ with respect to F b. If (K A)+ = R then set K = (K A)+ 105. What do you understand by dependency preservation? Given a relation R and a set of FDs F, dependency preservation states that the closure of the union of the projection of F on each decomposed relation Ri is equal to the closure of F. i.e., ((R1(F)) U U (Rn(F)))+ = F+ if decomposition is not dependency preserving, then some dependency is lost in the decomposition. 106. What is meant by Proactive, Retroactive and Simultaneous Update. Proactive Update: The updates that are applied to database before it becomes effective in real world . Retroactive Update: The updates that are applied to database after it becomes effective in real world .
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Simulatneous Update: The updates that are applied to database at the same time when it becomes effective in real world . 107. What are the different types of JOIN operations? Equi Join: This is the most common type of join which involves only equality comparisions. The disadvantage in this type of join is that there
Operating systems
Following are a few basic questions that cover the essentials of OS: 1. Explain the concept of Reentrancy. It is a useful, memory-saving technique for multiprogrammed timesharing systems. A Reentrant Procedure is one in which multiple users can share a single copy of a program during the same period. Reentrancy has 2 key aspects: The program code cannot modify itself, and the local data for each user process must be stored separately. Thus, the permanent part is the code, and the temporary part is the pointer back to the calling program and local variables used by that program. Each execution instance is called activation. It executes the code in the permanent part, but has its own copy of local variables/parameters. The temporary part associated with each activation is the activation record. Generally, the activation record is kept on the stack. Note: A reentrant procedure can be interrupted and called by an interrupting program, and still execute correctly on returning to the procedure.
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2. Explain Belady's Anomaly. Also called FIFO anomaly. Usually, on increasing the number of frames allocated to a process' virtual memory, the process execution is faster, because fewer page faults occur. Sometimes, the reverse happens, i.e., the execution time increases even when more frames are allocated to the process. This is Belady's Anomaly. This is true for certain page reference patterns. 3. What is a binary semaphore? What is its use? A binary semaphore is one, which takes only 0 and 1 as values. They are used to implement mutual exclusion and synchronize concurrent processes. 4. What is thrashing? It is a phenomenon in virtual memory schemes when the processor spends most of its time swapping pages, rather than executing instructions. This is due to an inordinate number of page faults. 5. List the Coffman's conditions that lead to a deadlock. Mutual Exclusion: Only one process may use a critical resource at a time. Hold & Wait: A process may be allocated some resources while waiting for others. No Pre-emption: No resource can be forcible removed from a process holding it. Circular Wait: A closed chain of processes exist such that each process holds at least one resource needed by another process in the chain.
6. What are short-, long- and medium-term scheduling? Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. It controls the degree of multiprogramming. Once admitted, a job becomes a process. Medium term scheduling is part of the swapping function. This relates to processes that are in a blocked or suspended state. They are swapped out of real-memory until they are ready to execute. The swapping-in decision is based on memory-management criteria. Short term scheduler, also know as a dispatcher executes most frequently, and makes the finestgrained decision of which process should execute next. This scheduler is invoked whenever an event occurs. It may lead to interruption of one process by preemption. 7. What are turnaround time and response time? Turnaround time is the interval between the submission of a job and its completion. Response time is the interval between submission of a request, and the first response to that request. 8. What are the typical elements of a process image? User data: Modifiable part of user space. May include program data, user stack area, and programs that may be modified. User program: The instructions to be executed. System Stack: Each process has one or more LIFO stacks associated with it. Used to store parameters and calling addresses for procedure and system calls. Process control Block (PCB): Info needed by the OS to control processes. 9. What is the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)? In a cached system, the base addresses of the last few referenced pages is maintained in registers called the TLB that aids in faster lookup. TLB contains those page-table entries that have been most recently used. Normally, each virtual memory reference causes 2 physical memory accesses-- one to fetch appropriate page-table entry, and one to fetch the desired data. Using TLB in-between, this is reduced to just one physical memory access in cases of TLB-hit.
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10. What is the resident set and working set of a process? Resident set is that portion of the process image that is actually in real-memory at a particular instant. Working set is that subset of resident set that is actually needed for execution. (Relate this to the variable-window size method for swapping techniques.) 11. When is a system in safe state? The set of dispatchable processes is in a safe state if there exists at least one temporal order in which all processes can be run to completion without resulting in a deadlock. 12. What is cycle stealing? We encounter cycle stealing in the context of Direct Memory Access (DMA). Either the DMA controller can use the data bus when the CPU does not need it, or it may force the CPU to temporarily suspend operation. The latter technique is called cycle stealing. Note that cycle stealing can be done only at specific break points in an instruction cycle. 13. What is meant by arm-stickiness? If one or a few processes have a high access rate to data on one track of a storage disk, then they may monopolize the device by repeated requests to that track. This generally happens with most common device scheduling algorithms (LIFO, SSTF, C-SCAN, etc). High-density multisurface disks are more likely to be affected by this than low density ones. 14. What are the stipulations of C2 level security? C2 level security provides for: Discretionary Access Control Identification and Authentication Auditing Resource reuse 15. What is busy waiting? The repeated execution of a loop of code while waiting for an event to occur is called busywaiting. The CPU is not engaged in any real productive activity during this period, and the process does not progress toward completion. 16. Explain the popular multiprocessor thread-scheduling strategies. Load Sharing: Processes are not assigned to a particular processor. A global queue of threads is maintained. Each processor, when idle, selects a thread from this queue. Note that load balancing refers to a scheme where work is allocated to processors on a more permanent basis. Gang Scheduling: A set of related threads is scheduled to run on a set of processors at the same time, on a 1-to-1 basis. Closely related threads / processes may be scheduled this way to reduce synchronization blocking, and minimize process switching. Group scheduling predated this strategy. Dedicated processor assignment: Provides implicit scheduling defined by assignment of threads to processors. For the duration of program execution, each program is allocated a set of processors equal in number to the number of threads in the program. Processors are chosen from the available pool. Dynamic scheduling: The number of thread in a program can be altered during the course of execution. 17. When does the condition 'rendezvous' arise? In message passing, it is the condition in which, both, the sender and receiver are blocked until the message is delivered.
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18. What is a trap and trapdoor? Trapdoor is a secret undocumented entry point into a program used to grant access without normal methods of access authentication. A trap is a software interrupt, usually the result of an error condition. 19. What are local and global page replacements? Local replacement means that an incoming page is brought in only to the relevant process' address space. Global replacement policy allows any page frame from any process to be replaced. The latter is applicable to variable partitions model only. 20. Define latency, transfer and seek time with respect to disk I/O. Seek time is the time required to move the disk arm to the required track. Rotational delay or latency is the time it takes for the beginning of the required sector to reach the head. Sum of seek time (if any) and latency is the access time. Time taken to actually transfer a span of data is transfer time. 21. Describe the Buddy system of memory allocation. Free memory is maintained in linked lists, each of equal sized blocks. Any such block is of size 2^k. When some memory is required by a process, the block size of next higher order is chosen, and broken into two. Note that the two such pieces differ in address only in their kth bit. Such pieces are called buddies. When any used block is freed, the OS checks to see if its buddy is also free. If so, it is rejoined, and put into the original free-block linked-list. 22. What is time-stamping? It is a technique proposed by Lamport, used to order events in a distributed system without the use of clocks. This scheme is intended to order events consisting of the transmission of messages. Each system 'i' in the network maintains a counter Ci. Every time a system transmits a message, it increments its counter by 1 and attaches the time-stamp Ti to the message. When a message is received, the receiving system 'j' sets its counter Cj to 1 more than the maximum of its current value and the incoming timestamp Ti. At each site, the ordering of messages is determined by the following rules: For messages x from site i and y from site j, x precedes y if one of the following conditions holds....(a) if Ti<Tj or (b) if Ti=Tj and i<j. 23. How are the wait/signal operations for monitor different from those for semaphores? If a process in a monitor signal and no task is waiting on the condition variable, the signal is lost. So this allows easier program design. Whereas in semaphores, every operation affects the value of the semaphore, so the wait and signal operations should be perfectly balanced in the program. 24. In the context of memory management, what are placement and replacement algorithms? Placement algorithms determine where in available real-memory to load a program. Common methods are first-fit, next-fit, best-fit. Replacement algorithms are used when memory is full, and one process (or part of a process) needs to be swapped out to accommodate a new program. The replacement algorithm determines which are the partitions to be swapped out. 25. In loading programs into memory, what is the difference between load-time dynamic linking and runtime dynamic linking? For load-time dynamic linking: Load module to be loaded is read into memory. Any reference to a target external module causes that module to be loaded and the references are updated to a relative address from the start base address of the application module.
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With run-time dynamic loading: Some of the linking is postponed until actual reference during execution. Then the correct module is loaded and linked. 26. What are demand- and pre-paging? With demand paging, a page is brought into memory only when a location on that page is actually referenced during execution. With pre-paging, pages other than the one demanded by a page fault are brought in. The selection of such pages is done based on common access patterns, especially for secondary memory devices. 27. Paging a memory management function, while multiprogramming a processor management function, are the two interdependent? Yes. 28. What is page cannibalizing? Page swapping or page replacements are called page cannibalizing. 29. What has triggered the need for multitasking in PCs? Increased speed and memory capacity of microprocessors together with the support fir virtual memory and Growth of client server computing 30. What are the four layers that Windows NT have in order to achieve independence? Hardware abstraction layer Kernel Subsystems System Services.
31. What is SMP? To achieve maximum efficiency and reliability a mode of operation known as symmetric multiprocessing is used. In essence, with SMP any process or threads can be assigned to any processor. 32. What are the key object oriented concepts used by Windows NT? Encapsulation Object class and instance 33. Is Windows NT a full blown object oriented operating system? Give reasons. No Windows NT is not so, because its not implemented in object oriented language and the data structures reside within one executive component and are not represented as objects and it does not support object oriented capabilities . 34. What is a drawback of MVT? It does not have the features like ability to support multiple processors virtual storage source level debugging 35. What is process spawning? When the OS at the explicit request of another process creates a process, this action is called process spawning.
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36. How many jobs can be run concurrently on MVT? 15 jobs 37. 38. List out some reasons for process termination. Normal completion Time limit exceeded Memory unavailable Bounds violation Protection error Arithmetic error Time overrun I/O failure Invalid instruction Privileged instruction Data misuse Operator or OS intervention Parent termination. What are the reasons for process suspension? swapping interactive user request timing parent process request
39. What is process migration? It is the transfer of sufficient amount of the state of process from one machine to the target machine 40. What is mutant? In Windows NT a mutant provides kernel mode or user mode mutual exclusion with the notion of ownership. 41. What is an idle thread? The special thread a dispatcher will execute when no ready thread is found. 42. What is FtDisk? It is a fault tolerance disk driver for Windows NT. 43. What are the possible threads a thread can have? Ready Standby Running Waiting Transition Terminated.
44. What are rings in Windows NT? Windows NT uses protection mechanism called rings provides by the process to implement separation between the user mode and kernel mode.
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45. What is Executive in Windows NT? In Windows NT, executive refers to the operating system code that runs in kernel mode. 46. What are the sub-components of I/O manager in Windows NT? Network redirector/ Server Cache manager. File systems Network driver Device driver
47. What are DDks? Name an operating system that includes this feature. DDks are device driver kits, which are equivalent to SDKs for writing device drivers. Windows NT includes DDks. 48. What level of security does Windows NT meets? C2 level security.
1. What are the basic functions of an operating system? 2. Explain briefly about, processor, assembler, compiler, loader, linker and the functions executed by them. 3. What are the difference phases of software development? Explain briefly? 4. Differentiate between RAM and ROM? 5. What is DRAM? In which form does it store data? 6. What is cache memory? 7. What is hard disk and what is its purpose? 8. Differentiate between Complier and Interpreter? 9. What are the different tasks of Lexical analysis? 10. What are the different functions of Syntax phase, Sheduler? 11. What are the main difference between Micro-Controller and Micro- Processor? 12. Describe different job scheduling in operating systems. 13. What is a Real-Time System ? 14. What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems ? 15. What is a mission critical system ? 16. What is the important aspect of a real-time system ? 17. If two processes which shares same system memory and system clock in a distributed system, What is it called? 18. What is the state of the processor, when a process is waiting for some event to occur? 19. What do you mean by deadlock? 20. Explain the difference between microkernel and macro kernel. 21. Give an example of microkernel. 22. When would you choose bottom up methodology? 23. When would you choose top down methodology? 24. Write a small dc shell script to find number of FF in the design. 25. Why paging is used ? 26. Which is the best page replacement algorithm and Why? How much time is spent usually in each phases and why? 27. Difference between Primary storage and secondary storage?
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28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. What is multi tasking, multi programming, multi threading? Difference between multi threading and multi tasking? What is software life cycle? Demand paging, page faults, replacement algorithms, thrashing, etc. Explain about paged segmentation and segment paging While running DOS on a PC, which command would be used to duplicate the entire diskette?
SQL
1. Which is the subset of SQL commands used to manipulate Oracle Database structures, including tables? Data Definition Language (DDL) 2. What operator performs pattern matching? LIKE operator
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3. What operator tests column for the absence of data? IS NULL operator 4. Which command executes the contents of a specified file? START <filename> or @<filename> 5. What is the parameter substitution symbol used with INSERT INTO command? & 6. Which command displays the SQL command in the SQL buffer, and then executes it? RUN 7. What are the wildcards used for pattern matching? _ for single character substitution and % for multi-character substitution 8. State true or false. EXISTS, SOME, ANY are operators in SQL. True 9. State true or false. !=, <>, ^= all denote the same operation. True 10. What are the privileges that can be granted on a table by a user to others? Insert, update, delete, select, references, index, execute, alter, all 11. What command is used to get back the privileges offered by the GRANT command? REVOKE 12. Which system tables contain information on privileges granted and privileges obtained? USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE, USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD 13. Which system table contains information on constraints on all the tables created? USER_CONSTRAINTS 14. TRUNCATE TABLE EMP; DELETE FROM EMP; Will the outputs of the above two commands differ? Both will result in deleting all the rows in the table EMP. 15. What is the difference between TRUNCATE and DELETE commands? TRUNCATE is a DDL command whereas DELETE is a DML command. Hence DELETE operation can be rolled back, but TRUNCATE operation cannot be rolled back. WHERE clause can be used with DELETE and not with TRUNCATE. 16. What command is used to create a table by copying the structure of another table? Answer : CREATE TABLE .. AS SELECT command Explanation : To copy only the structure, the WHERE clause of the SELECT command should contain a FALSE statement as in the following. CREATE TABLE NEWTABLE AS SELECT * FROM EXISTINGTABLE WHERE 1=2;
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If the WHERE condition is true, then all the rows or rows satisfying the condition will be copied to the new table. 17. What will be the output of the following query? SELECT REPLACE(TRANSLATE(LTRIM(RTRIM('!! ATHEN !!','!'), '!'), 'AN', '**'),'*','TROUBLE') FROM DUAL; TROUBLETHETROUBLE 18. What will be the output of the following query? SELECT DECODE(TRANSLATE('A','1234567890','1111111111'), '1','YES', 'NO' ); Answer : NO Explanation : The query checks whether a given string is a numerical digit. 19. What does the following query do? SELECT SAL + NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP; This displays the total salary of all employees. The null values in the commission column will be replaced by 0 and added to salary. 20. Which date function is used to find the difference between two dates? MONTHS_BETWEEN 21. Why does the following command give a compilation error? DROP TABLE &TABLE_NAME; Variable names should start with an alphabet. Here the table name starts with an '&' symbol. 22. What is the advantage of specifying WITH GRANT OPTION in the GRANT command? The privilege receiver can further grant the privileges he/she has obtained from the owner to any other user. 23. What is the use of the DROP option in the ALTER TABLE command? It is used to drop constraints specified on the table. 24. What is the value of comm and sal after executing the following query if the initial value of sal is 10000? UPDATE EMP SET SAL = SAL + 1000, COMM = SAL*0.1; sal = 11000, comm = 1000 25. What is the use of DESC in SQL? Answer : DESC has two purposes. It is used to describe a schema as well as to retrieve rows from table in descending order. Explanation : The query SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY ENAME DESC will display the output sorted on ENAME in descending order. 26. What is the use of CASCADE CONSTRAINTS? When this clause is used with the DROP command, a parent table can be dropped even when a child table exists.
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27. Which function is used to find the largest integer less than or equal to a specific value? FLOOR 28. What is the output of the following query? SELECT TRUNC(1234.5678,-2) FROM DUAL; 1200
SQL QUERIES I. SCHEMAS Table 1 : STUDIES PNAME (VARCHAR), SPLACE (VARCHAR), COURSE (VARCHAR), CCOST (NUMBER) Table 2 : SOFTWARE PNAME (VARCHAR), TITLE (VARCHAR), DEVIN (VARCHAR), SCOST (NUMBER), DCOST (NUMBER), SOLD (NUMBER) Table 3 : PROGRAMMER PNAME (VARCHAR), DOB (DATE), DOJ (DATE), SEX (CHAR), PROF1 (VARCHAR), PROF2 (VARCHAR), SAL (NUMBER) LEGEND : PNAME Programmer Name, SPLACE Study Place, CCOST Course Cost, DEVIN Developed in, SCOST Software Cost, DCOST Development Cost, PROF1 Proficiency 1 QUERIES : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Find out the selling cost average for packages developed in Oracle. Display the names, ages and experience of all programmers. Display the names of those who have done the PGDCA course. What is the highest number of copies sold by a package? Display the names and date of birth of all programmers born in April. Display the lowest course fee. How many programmers have done the DCA course. How much revenue has been earned through the sale of packages developed in C. Display the details of software developed by Rakesh. How many programmers studied at Pentafour. Display the details of packages whose sales crossed the 5000 mark. Find out the number of copies which should be sold in order to recover the development cost of each package.
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Display the details of packages for which the development cost has been recovered. What is the price of costliest software developed in VB? How many packages were developed in Oracle ? How many programmers studied at PRAGATHI? How many programmers paid 10000 to 15000 for the course? What is the average course fee? Display the details of programmers knowing C. How many programmers know either C or Pascal? How many programmers dont know C and C++? How old is the oldest male programmer? What is the average age of female programmers? Calculate the experience in years for each programmer and display along with their names in descending order. 25. Who are the programmers who celebrate their birthdays during the current month? 26. How many female programmers are there? 27. What are the languages known by the male programmers? 28. What is the average salary? 29. How many people draw 5000 to 7500? 30. Display the details of those who dont know C, C++ or Pascal. 31. Display the costliest package developed by each programmer. 32. Produce the following output for all the male programmers Programmer Mr. Arvind has 15 years of experience KEYS: 1. SELECT AVG(SCOST) FROM SOFTWARE WHERE DEVIN = 'ORACLE'; 2. SELECT PNAME,TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOB)/12) "AGE", TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOJ)/12) "EXPERIENCE" FROM PROGRAMMER; 3. SELECT PNAME FROM STUDIES WHERE COURSE = 'PGDCA'; 4. SELECT MAX(SOLD) FROM SOFTWARE; 5. SELECT PNAME, DOB FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE DOB LIKE '%APR%'; 6. SELECT MIN(CCOST) FROM STUDIES; 7. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM STUDIES WHERE COURSE = 'DCA'; 8. SELECT SUM(SCOST*SOLD-DCOST) FROM SOFTWARE GROUP BY DEVIN HAVING DEVIN = 'C'; 9. SELECT * FROM SOFTWARE WHERE PNAME = 'RAKESH'; 10. SELECT * FROM STUDIES WHERE SPLACE = 'PENTAFOUR'; 11. SELECT * FROM SOFTWARE WHERE SCOST*SOLD-DCOST > 5000; 12. SELECT CEIL(DCOST/SCOST) FROM SOFTWARE; 13. SELECT * FROM SOFTWARE WHERE SCOST*SOLD >= DCOST; 14. SELECT MAX(SCOST) FROM SOFTWARE GROUP BY DEVIN HAVING DEVIN = 'VB'; 15. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SOFTWARE WHERE DEVIN = 'ORACLE'; 16. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM STUDIES WHERE SPLACE = 'PRAGATHI'; 17. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM STUDIES WHERE CCOST BETWEEN 10000 AND 15000; 18. SELECT AVG(CCOST) FROM STUDIES; 19. SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PROF1 = 'C' OR PROF2 = 'C'; 20. SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PROF1 IN ('C','PASCAL') OR PROF2 IN ('C','PASCAL');
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21. SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PROF1 NOT IN ('C','C++') AND PROF2 NOT IN ('C','C++'); 22. SELECT TRUNC(MAX(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOB)/12)) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SEX = 'M'; 23. SELECT TRUNC(AVG(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOB)/12)) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SEX = 'F'; 24. SELECT PNAME, TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOJ)/12) FROM PROGRAMMER ORDER BY PNAME DESC; 25. SELECT PNAME FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE TO_CHAR(DOB,'MON') = TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MON'); 26. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SEX = 'F'; 27. SELECT DISTINCT(PROF1) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SEX = 'M'; 28. SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM PROGRAMMER; 29. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SAL BETWEEN 5000 AND 7500; 30. SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PROF1 NOT IN ('C','C++','PASCAL') AND PROF2 NOT IN ('C','C++','PASCAL'); 31. SELECT PNAME,TITLE,SCOST FROM SOFTWARE WHERE SCOST IN (SELECT MAX(SCOST) FROM SOFTWARE GROUP BY PNAME); 32.SELECT 'Mr.' || PNAME || ' - has ' || TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOJ)/12) || ' years of experience' Programmer FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SEX = 'M' UNION SELECT 'Ms.' || PNAME || ' - has ' || TRUNC (MONTHS_BETWEEN (SYSDATE,DOJ)/12) || ' years of experience' Programmer FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SEX = 'F';
II . SCHEMA : Table 1 : DEPT DEPTNO (NOT NULL , NUMBER(2)), DNAME (VARCHAR2(14)), LOC (VARCHAR2(13) Table 2 : EMP EMPNO (NOT NULL , NUMBER(4)), ENAME (VARCHAR2(10)), JOB (VARCHAR2(9)), MGR (NUMBER(4)), HIREDATE (DATE), SAL (NUMBER(7,2)), COMM (NUMBER(7,2)), DEPTNO (NUMBER(2)) MGR is the empno of the employee whom the employee reports to. DEPTNO is a foreign key. QUERIES 1. List all the employees who have at least one person reporting to them. 2. List the employee details if and only if more than 10 employees are present in department no 10. 3. List the name of the employees with their immediate higher authority. 4. List all the employees who do not manage any one. 5. List the employee details whose salary is greater than the lowest salary of an employee belonging to deptno 20. 6. List the details of the employee earning more than the highest paid manager. 7. List the highest salary paid for each job. 8. Find the most recently hired employee in each department. 9. In which year did most people join the company? Display the year and the number of employees.
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10. Which department has the highest annual remuneration bill? 11. Write a query to display a * against the row of the most recently hired employee. 12. Write a correlated sub-query to list out the employees who earn more than the average salary of their department. 13. Find the nth maximum salary. 14. Select the duplicate records (Records, which are inserted, that already exist) in the EMP table. 15. Write a query to list the length of service of the employees (of the form n years and m months). KEYS: 1. SELECT DISTINCT(A.ENAME) FROM EMP A, EMP B WHERE A.EMPNO = B.MGR; or SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR FROM EMP); 2. SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING COUNT(EMPNO)>10 AND DEPTNO=10); 3. SELECT A.ENAME "EMPLOYEE", B.ENAME "REPORTS TO" FROM EMP A, EMP B WHERE A.MGR=B.EMPNO; 4. SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO IN ( SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP MINUS SELECT MGR FROM EMP); 5. SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL > ( SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING DEPTNO=20); 6. SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL > ( SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY JOB HAVING JOB = 'MANAGER' ); 7. SELECT JOB, MAX(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY JOB; 8. SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE (DEPTNO, HIREDATE) IN (SELECT DEPTNO, MAX(HIREDATE) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO); 9. SELECT TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'YYYY') "YEAR", COUNT(EMPNO) "NO. OF EMPLOYEES" FROM EMP GROUP BY TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'YYYY') HAVING COUNT(EMPNO) = (SELECT MAX(COUNT(EMPNO)) FROM EMP GROUP BY TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'YYYY')); 10. SELECT DEPTNO, LPAD(SUM(12*(SAL+NVL(COMM,0))),15) "COMPENSATION" FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING SUM( 12*(SAL+NVL(COMM,0))) = (SELECT MAX(SUM(12*(SAL+NVL(COMM,0)))) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO); 11. SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE, LPAD('*',8) "RECENTLY HIRED" FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE = (SELECT MAX(HIREDATE) FROM EMP) UNION SELECT ENAME NAME, HIREDATE, LPAD(' ',15) "RECENTLY HIRED" FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE != (SELECT MAX(HIREDATE) FROM EMP); 12. SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP E WHERE SAL > (SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP F WHERE E.DEPTNO = F.DEPTNO); 13. SELECT ENAME, SAL FROM EMP A WHERE &N = (SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT(SAL)) FROM EMP B WHERE A.SAL<=B.SAL); 14. SELECT * FROM EMP A WHERE A.EMPNO IN (SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP GROUP BY EMPNO HAVING COUNT(EMPNO)>1) AND A.ROWID!=MIN (ROWID)); 15. SELECT ENAME "EMPLOYEE",TO_CHAR(TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)/12))||' YEARS '|| TO_CHAR(TRUNC(MOD(MONTHS_BETWEEN (SYSDATE, HIREDATE),12)))||' MONTHS ' "LENGTH OF SERVICE" FROM EMP;
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ADO.NET
1. Write a Generic Data Access Component which selects a data provider at run time? 2. Transfer data from a SQL Server database to an Excel database? 3. Create a Custom Data Provider? 4. Bind IList to a DataGrid? 5. Use DiffGrams in a DataSet? 6. Data Binding in DataGrid Control? 7. How to I get the modified rows (deleted, added, updated) of a DataSet? 8. Send only affected rows of a DataSet to the database when saving results? 9. Make DataSet save operation faseter? 10. Get rid of '+' sign from a DataGrid? 11. Get all tables of a database programmatically? 12. Get all columns of a table without using DataSet? 13. Get a list of all available tables of an Access database? 14. Update a database using DataSet? 15. Add ComboBox to a DataGrid? 16. Add CheckBox to a DataGrid? 17. Use Date or DateTime values in a SQL statement? 18. Create a SQL Server database programmatically? 19. Read data from a database using ADO.NET? 20. Write data to an access database using SQL Query and ADO? 21. Use DataGrid to display data from a table? 22. Get a database table's column properties such as name, type etc? 23. I'm having problem connecting MySQL Server using ODBC .Net Data Provider. 24. Get a list of available ODBC DSNs using ADO.NET? 25. Is there any sample available to connect to MySQL Server? 26. Navigate through database records in an unbound DataGrid control? 27. Transfer data from SQL Server to Excel? 28. Create my own Data Adapter? 29. View an Oracle database tables and their contents? 30. Connect to an Oracle database?
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31. Access an Oracle database? 32. Select, add, update and delete data from a database? 33. Display data in a ListBox Web Control? 34. Access data from Text files using ADO.NET? 35. Read data from a relational database and write to XML Files? 36. View data in a DataGrid control in a simple way? 37. Get a database table properties programmatically? 38. Write data to an access database using SQL statement? 39. Open and Read Excel Spreadsheet into a ListView 40. Read and save Images in a SQL Server database using ADO.NET? 41. Call Oracle Stored Procedure with Parameters in ASP.NET and ADO.NET? 42. Add records to an Access database with a Stored Procedure? 43. Execute Stored Procedures? 44. Execute Views? 45. Retrieve data from multiple database tables in a DataSet? 46. View data from multiple database tables in a DataGrid control? 47. Check if a database table has no records? 48. Bind two fields of a table to a ListBox control?
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ASP.NET
1. How to Hide and Show Rows in a DataList? 2. How to Display BoundColumn Based on a Condition? 3. How to Change the Column Value Dynamically to display in a DataGrid? 4. How to Hide a DataGrid Column Dynamically? 5. How to Sort a DataGrid Column Data Dynamically? 6. How to use DataFormatString in a DataGrid? 7. How to use HyperLink Column of DataGrid? 8. How to use ItemTemplate in a DataGrid Dynamically? 9. Hide the data if a database field value is null? 10. Hide a DataGrid column? 11. Reshuffle or Change the order of DataGrid columns? 12. Change Color of a DataGrid Column Based on Column Values 13. How to Add a Counter Column to the DataGrid? 14. How to Display Data Vertically? 15. How to add a DataGrid Column for Calculations? 16. Determine Windows users logged on a machine? 17. Start an outside application programmatically? 18. Write my "Hello, World!" program in C#? 19. Read or write data streams? 20. Get IP Address of a Host? 21. Call a Windows API? 22. Open a wav file to play a sound? 23. Send a mail using SMTP? 24. Convert from one data type to another? 25. Create a Windows Service? 26. Open a browser from my application? 27. Get Current date/time? 28. Get all the running process on your machine? 29. Add events to a Windows Control at design time? 30. Copy a text file to HTTP output stream? 31. Developing a multi-threaded application? 32. Read windows registry? 33. Provide Cut and Paste functionality by using System Clipboard? 34. Write my first multithreading application? 35. Deploy my .NET Applications on other machines? 36. Find an Operating System version?
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Technical Aptitude Questions 37. What is .NET Framework? 38. What language can I use to write ASP.NET applications? 39. What kind of applications can we build using the .NET Framework? 40. How is ASP.NET different than ASP 3.0? 41. What do I need to run ASP.NET? 42. Do I need Visual Studio .NET to develop ASP.NET applications? 43. Is ASP.NET cross-browser compatible? 44. What platform ASP.NET will run on? 45. What is "<%=...%> in ASP.NET?How do I call an aspx page from a WebForm button Click? 46. How do I create a table Programmatically? 47. How do I add check boxes to a table? 48. How do I add combo boxes to a table? 49. How do I provide paging support in a DataGrid control?
50. Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data? 51. Can you edit data in the Repeater control? 52. Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control? 53. How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control? 54. What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind the data from some data source to the Repeater control? 55. What base class do all Web Forms inherit from? 56. What method do you use to explicitly kill a user s session? 57. How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site? 58. Which two properties are on every validation control? 59. What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually? 60. How do you create a permanent cookie? 61. What tag do you use to add a hyperlink column to the DataGrid? 62. What is the standard you use to wrap up a call to a Web service 63. Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without performing a round trip to the client? 64. What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service SOAP 65. True or False: A Web service can only be written in .NET 66. What does WSDL stand for? 67. What property do you have to set to tell the grid which page to go to when using the Pager object? 68. Where on the Internet would you look for Web services? 69. What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually. 70. Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to setting the DataSource, to display data in the combo box? 71. How is a property designated as read-only? 72. Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different controls matched? 73. True or False: To test a Web service you must create a windows application or Web application to consume this service? 74. How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain? a. One and only one b. Not more than 2 c. Many
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75. 76. 77. 78.
3 main differences between flexgrid control and dbgrid control ActiveX and Types of ActiveX Components in VB Advantage of ActiveX Dll over Active Exe Advantages of disconnected recordsets a. Benefit of wrapping database calls into MTS transactions 79. Benefits of using MTS 80. Can database schema be changed with DAO, RDO or ADO? 81. Can you create a tabletype of recordset in Jet - connected ODBC database engine? 82. Constructors and distructors 83. Controls which do not have events 84. Default property of datacontrol 85. Define the scope of Public, Private, Friend procedures? 86. Describe Database Connection pooling relative to MTS 87. Describe: In of Process vs. Out of Process component. Which is faster? 88. Difference between a function and a subroutine, Dynaset and 89. Snapshot,early and late binding, image and picture controls,Linked Object and 90. Embedded Object,listbox and combo box,Listindex and Tab index,modal and moduless window, Object and Class,Query unload and unload in form, 91. Declaration and Instantiation an object? 92. Draw and explain Sequence Modal of DAO 93. How can objects on different threads communicate with one another? 94. How can you force new objects to be created on new threads? 95. How does a DCOM component know where to instantiate itself? 96. How to register a component? 97. How to set a shortcut key for label? 98. Kind of components can be used as DCOM servers 99. Name of the control used to call a windows application 100. Name the four different cursor and locking types in ADO and describe them briefly 101. Need of zorder method, no of controls in form, Property used to add a menus at runtime, Property used to count number of items in a combobox,resize a label control according to your caption. 102. Return value of callback function, The need of tabindex property 103. Thread pool and management of threads within a thread pool 104. To set the command button for ESC, Which property needs to be changed? 105. Type Library and what is it's purpose? 106. Types of system controls, container objects, combo box 107. Under the ADO Command Object, what collection is responsible for input 108. to stored procedures? 109. VB and Object Oriented Programming 110. What are the ADO objects? Explain them. 111. What are the different compatibility types when we create a COM component? 112. What do ByVal and ByRef mean and which is the default? 113. What does Option Explicit refer to? 114. What does the Implements statement do? 115. What is OLE and DDE? Explain. 116. What is the difference between Msgbox Statement and MsgboxQ function? 117. What keyword is associated with raising system level events in VB?
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118. What methods are called from the ObjectContext object to inform MTS that the transaction was successful or unsuccessful? 119. What types of data access have you used. 120. What was introduced to Visual Basic to allow the use of Callback Functions? 121. Which controls can not be placed in MDI? 122. Which controls have refresh method, clear method 123. Which Property is used to compress a image in image control? 124. Which property of menu cannot be set at run time? 125. Which property of textbox cannot be changed at runtime and What's the 126. maximum size of a textbox? 127. 127.Which tool is used to configure the port range and protocols for DCOM communications?
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C#
1. What is C#? 2. Why Do I need a new language like C#? 3. Will C# replace C++? 4. Will C# replace Java? 5. How do I install C#? 6. Where is C# compiler? 7. How do I write and run my first C# application? 8. Does C# need Windows 2000? 9. What are delegates? 10. What is Reflection and how to use it? 11. What is boxing and unboxing? And how to use it? 12. What are new and override Modifiers in C#? 13. What is boxing and unboxing - #2? 14. Read Optional Parameters in ,NET? 15. Find out number of days between two dates? 16. Get an input from the console? 17. Create a class and call it from the Main function? 18. Use an array? 19. Use an ArrayList?
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In the next pass we get the sorted form of the array. 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

The given graph:

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the equivalent minimal spanning tree is:

3 612 310 4 200 5

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48. What are Digrams and Trigrams?

49. Expand IDEA.

50. What is wide-mouth frog?

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