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Exercises: Preliminary Questions

1. The document discusses the gradient and directional derivatives of functions of multiple variables. The gradient is a vector that describes the maximum rate of increase of a function in all directions. 2. It provides examples of calculating gradients and directional derivatives using the chain rule. Exercises involve finding gradients, directional derivatives, and rates of change along paths for various functions. 3. Solutions to the exercises build understanding of how to use calculus tools like the chain rule to analyze functions of multiple variables and rates of change in different directions.

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Felipe López Garduza
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106 views1 page

Exercises: Preliminary Questions

1. The document discusses the gradient and directional derivatives of functions of multiple variables. The gradient is a vector that describes the maximum rate of increase of a function in all directions. 2. It provides examples of calculating gradients and directional derivatives using the chain rule. Exercises involve finding gradients, directional derivatives, and rates of change along paths for various functions. 3. Solutions to the exercises build understanding of how to use calculus tools like the chain rule to analyze functions of multiple variables and rates of change in different directions.

Uploaded by

Felipe López Garduza
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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S E C T I O N 15.

The Gradient and Directional Derivatives

829

15.5 EXERCISES
Preliminary Questions
1. Which of the following is a possible value of the gradient f of a function f (x, y) of two variables? (a) 5 (b) 3, 4 (c) 3, 4, 5 2. True or false? A differentiable function increases at the rate fP in the direction of fP . 4. You are standing at a point where the temperature gradient vector is pointing in the northeast (NE) direction. In which direction(s) should you walk to avoid a change in temperature? (a) NE (b) NW (c) SE (d) SW 5. What is the rate of change of f (x, y) at (0, 0) in the direction making an angle of 45 with the x -axis if f (0, 0) = 2, 4 ?

3. Describe the two main geometric properties of the gradient f .

Exercises

2 3 1. Let f (x, y) = xy 2 and c(t) = 1 2t ,t . (a) Calculate f and c (t).

In Exercises 920, use the Chain Rule to calculate d f (c(t)) at t = 1 and dt 9. f (x, y) = 3x 7y , 10. f (x, y) = 3x 7y , 11. f (x, y) = x 2 3xy , c(t) = (cos t, sin t), c(t) = (t 2 , t 3 ), c(t) = (cos t, sin t), c(t) = (cos t, sin t), c(t) = (e2t , e3t ),

d f (c(t)). dt

(b) Use the Chain Rule for Paths to evaluate t = 1. 2. Let f (x, y) = exy and c(t) = (t 3 , 1 + t). (a) Calculate f and c (t).

t =0 t =0 t= 2

t =2

d (b) Use the Chain Rule for Paths to calculate f (c(t)). dt (c) Write out the composite f (c(t)) as a function of t and differentiate. Check that the result agrees with part (b). 3. Figure 14 shows the level curves of a function f (x, y) and a path c(t), traversed in the direction indicated. State whether the derivative d f (c(t)) is positive, negative, or zero at points AD . dt
y 8

12. f (x, y) = x 2 3xy , 13. f (x, y) = sin(xy), 14. f (x, y) = cos(y x), 16. f (x, y) = xey ,

15. f (x, y) = x xy , c(t) = (t 2 , t 2 4t), c(t) = (t 2 , t 2 4t),

c(t) = (et , e2t ), t = ln 3 t =4 t= 4 t =1 t =0

t =0

17. f (x, y) = ln x + ln y , 18. g(x, y, z) = xyez ,

c(t) = (cos t, t 2 ),

19. g(x, y, z) = xyz1 , c(t) = (et , t, t 2 ),

c(t) = (t 2 , t 3 , t 1), t = 1 c(t) = (t 2 , t 3 , t, t 2),

C
10

20

20. g(x, y, z, w) = x + 2y + 3z + 5w , t =1

0 10 20 30

In Exercises 2130, calculate the directional derivative in the direction of v at the given point. Remember to normalize the direction vector or use Eq. (4). 21. f (x, y) = x 2 + y 3 , v = 4, 3 ,
4 8 x

4 4 0
FIGURE 14

23. f (x, y) = x 2 y 3 , v = i + j, P = 1 6,3 24. f (x, y) = sin(x y),


xy y 2

22. f (x, y) = x 2 y 3 ,

P = (1, 2)

v = i + j, P = (2, 1)
v = 1, 1 , P = 2, 6

4. Let f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2 and c(t) = (cos t, sin t). d (a) Find f (c(t)) without making any calculations. Explain. dt (b) Verify your answer to (a) using the Chain Rule. In Exercises 58, calculate the gradient. 5. f (x, y) = cos(x 2 + y) 7. h(x, y, z) = xyz3 x 6. g(x, y) = 2 x + y2 8. r(x, y, z, w) = xzeyw

25. f (x, y) = tan1 (xy), v = 1, 1 , 26. f (x, y) = e , 27. f (x, y) = ln(x 2 + y 2 ), 29. g(x, y, z) = xeyz , v = 12, 5 ,

P = (3, 4) P = (2, 2) P = (1, 0) P = (2, 1, 3)

28. g(x, y, z) = z2 xy 2 , v = 1, 2, 2 ,

v = 3i 2j,

v = 1, 1, 1 , P = (1, 2, 0)

30. g(x, y, z) = x ln(y + z), v = 2i j + k , P = (2, e, e)

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