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Computer Modelling: 1.-Introduction

Computational modelling involves applying numerical methods and computers to solve engineering and science problems. It can be used to predict phenomena like fluid flow, heat transfer, solid mechanics, and electromagnetics. The key steps involve understanding the governing physics, formulating mathematical models, discretizing the models, solving the discrete equations numerically on a computer, and interpreting the results. Computational modelling has evolved from early analytical solutions and is now widely used to complement experiments and aid the design process.

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Diego Canales Aguilera
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51 views

Computer Modelling: 1.-Introduction

Computational modelling involves applying numerical methods and computers to solve engineering and science problems. It can be used to predict phenomena like fluid flow, heat transfer, solid mechanics, and electromagnetics. The key steps involve understanding the governing physics, formulating mathematical models, discretizing the models, solving the discrete equations numerically on a computer, and interpreting the results. Computational modelling has evolved from early analytical solutions and is now widely used to complement experiments and aid the design process.

Uploaded by

Diego Canales Aguilera
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER MODELLING

1.-Introduction

Computer Modelling
Computational Modelling - What is it?
Computational Modelling is :

The application of numerical approximation methods and computers to the solution of problems in Engineering and Applied Sciences - O. Zienkiewicz
Computational modelling can be used to predict a number of physical phenomena including:

Fluid Flow Heat Transfer Solid mechanics Electromagnetics etc.


PAM-CRASH 2D, Volkswagen AG

Computer Modelling
Objectives

Be able to,
Confront common and realistic engineering problems Extract relevant governing physics Create and solve models Analyse results Extract conclusions Propose improvements to the initial design, point out the cause of failure,

Computer Modelling
Contents

Introduction to Computer Modelling


Motivation, problem definitions, procedures,

Governing Physics:
Thermal, mechanical, fluids, diffusion,

Overview numerical approaches


Finite difference, finite elements, finite volumes Dynamics: time marching schemes,

Codes: Commercial and non-commercial


Solvers Pre- and Post-process

Solution of practical problems


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Computer Modelling
Motivation: Why use Computational Modelling?

Cost effective

PRINCIPIA, SA

Complements experiments Crucial technology at the design stage Identifies:


Suitable materials Product performance Process conditions
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Computer Modelling
Motivation: Why use Computational Modelling?

Cost of Quality
Warranty liabilities due to field failures, redesign, rework and scrap costs.
$1,000 Design $10,000 Prototype Production

$1,000,000

$100,000

Field

Lateness of product to market


First two manufactures to market lock up 80% of business

Modelling upfront saves $$$$ Modelling also helps generate new knowledge

Computer Modelling
Computational Mechanics

Mechanics:
Theoretical: fundamental laws and principles Applied: transfers that knowledge to engineering/ scientific applications Computational: solves specific problems through numerical methods implemented on digital computers.

Computer Modelling
Computational Mechanics

Branches:
Nanomechanics: atoms, molecules, cells, Micromechanics: MEMS, tissues modelling, Solids and Structures: civil engineering structures, Fluids: liquids, gases Coupled systems: thermo-mechanical, Multi-scale: solid with microcracks or cellular structure,
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Computer Modelling
Key Ingredients and Steps

Engineering Physics

Mathematics

Computing (Hardware) (Software)

REAL WORLD PROBLEMS


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Computer Modelling
Key Ingredients and Steps

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Computer Modelling
Key Ingredients and Steps

Idealization
Relevant characteristics of the problem Mathematical modeling: governing Physics.

Discretization
Reduction of the mathematical model to a discrete model (FVM, FEM, FDE, SPH, ).

Solution
of the discrete problem on a digital computer.

Result Interpretation
in terms of mathematical and physical significance. errors.
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Computer Modelling
Key Ingredients and Steps: example

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Computer Modelling
Problem classification: time-dependence

Dynamics: time dependence is explicit, and inertial forces cannot be neglected. Statics: no time dependence (steady solution), and inertial terms are negligible. Quasi-static: external forces or material properties may be time-dependent, but no inertial forces (no time-derivatives).

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Computer Modelling
Problem classification: linearity

Linear
Cause-effect proportionality If the applied forced are doubled, then, displacements and internal stresses are doubled. The solution of the discretised problem is found by solving a system of linear equations: Ku=f

Non-linear
All remaining cases The solution of the discretized problem is found by solving a non-linear equation: . g(u,u,)=f or K(u)u=f
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Computer Modelling
Problem classification: example non-linear dynamics

after impact

Idealization

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Computer Modelling
Problem classification: example non-linear dynamics

Curiel Sosa et al. (2010)


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Computer Modelling
History

Modeling started with the Greeks (1000BC) Major breakthrough Calculus


Newton, Leibnitz (17th Century)

Governing equations of Physics


Heat Transfer Fourier (18th Century) Fluid Flow Bernoulli, Navier-Stokes (19th Century) Stress Analysis Hooke, Navier (18th Century) Electromagnetics Maxwell (19th Century)

Only analytical solutions feasible.

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Computer Modelling
History

Finite difference used to analyze the Aswan dam, Egypt.


L.F Richardson; Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 210, 307-357 (1911). Used students to solve a system of equations !!

Numerical methods for solution of equations 19th-20th c. Computers arrived in 1950s Birth of computational Modelling 1950s 1960s Finite Element first used for the analysis of aircraft structures
M J Turner et al; J. Aeronautical Sciences, 23, 805-823 (1956) Method based on a variational approach - linear stress (bars, beams)

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Computer Modelling
History

Finite element applied to field problems Heat Transfer


O. Zienkiewicz; The Engineer, 24, 507-510, (1965)

Finite volume methods first used (computational fluid dynamics)


A Wilmslow; J Comp Physics, 1, 149-172, 1966 Navier-Stokes flow: Patankar, Spalding; Int J Heat Mass Trans, 15, 1787-1806 (1972).

2006 - Computational Modelling now used in all areas of science and engineering.

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Computer Modelling
Summary

Simulating real-world phenomena on a computer involves:


understanding the governing physics. formulating the problem in terms of mathematics. writing computer software that solves the mathematical equations. running the software viewing (analyzing) the results.

Generally most real-world problems require the solution to thousands of equations. Many commercial softwares are now available.
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Modelling Interaction

Complements experimentation Validation should always be undertaken when possible

Refining Process

Computational Modelling

Water Modelling

Computer Modelling
What is Materials Processing?

Raw Materials

Refining Casting Forging Joining etc, etc

Processing + Manufacture

Products

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