CHAPTER 10  DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Focus on Exam 10
1

1x2dx = e (y + 2)
x

1 dy

( y + 2) = xe
2

dy

dx

( y + 2)-2 dy = e x x - e x(1) dx
x

( y + 2)-1 = e x x - e x + c, where c is a constant. -1(1) 1 - = exx - ex + c y+2 -1 =y+2 e x - ex + c y= -1 -2 exx - ex + c

dy 2 (x3 sin y - 7 sin y) = 3x2 cos2 y dx dy sin y (x3 - 7) = 3x2 cos2 y dx

sin y 3x2 d y = dx x3 - 7 cos2 y

sec y tan y dy =

3x2 dx x -7 sec y = ln| x3 - 7| + c

When x = 2 and y = 0, sec 0 = ln| 23 - 7| + c 1=0+c c=1 sec y = ln| x3 - 7 | + 1 Hence, the particular solution is y = sec-1 [ ln| x3 - 7| + 1]
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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

dy - 2y = 4x dx

Integrating factor = e -2 dx = e-2x dy e-2x - 2ye-2x = 4xe-2x dx d (ye-2x) = 4xe-2x dx 4 ye-2x = 4xe-2x dx ye-2x = e 4dx 1-12 e 2(4x) - 1- 1 2 2
-2x -2x

ye-2x = -2e-2xx + 2 e-2x dx ye-2x = -2e-2xx + 2

1-122e

-2x

+c

ye-2x = -2e-2xx - e-2x + c y = -2x - 1 + ce 2x

dy + y tan x = sec x dx
tanx dx

Integrating factor = e

= e cos x

sin x dx

- -sin x dx = e cos x

= e-lncos x -1 = eln (cos x) 1 = cos x = sec x

dy sec x + y tan x sec x = sec2 x dx d ( y sec x) = sec2 x dx y sec x = sec2 x dx y sec x = tan x + c y 1 sin x = +c 1cos x cos x y = sin x + c cos x

dy 5 x + 2y = 3x + sin x dx dy 2 1 + y = 3 + sin x x dx x
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Fully Worked Solution

Integrating factor = e x 2 ln x =e ln x2 =e = x2 x2 dy + 2xy = 3x2 + x sin x dx d (yx2) = 3x2 + x sin x dx yx2 = (3x2 + x sin x) dx yx2 = x3+(-cos x) x- (-cos x)(1) dx yx2 = x3

2 dx

yx2 = x3 - x cos x + sin x + c

- x cos x + cos x dx

6 I = e xcos x dx

I = e cos x + e
x x x

I = e x cos x - e x (-sin x) dx
x

sin x dx

I = e xcos x + e x sin x - e x cos x dx I = e cos x + e sin x - I 2I = e x cos x + e x sin x 1 I = e x (cos x + sin x) + c [Shown] 2 dy + y = cos x dx Integrating factor = e = e x dy e x + e x y = e xcos x dx d (ye x) = excos x dx
1 dx

ye x = e xcos x dx 1 ye x = e x (cos x + sin x) + c 2 1 y = (cos x + sin x) + ce -x 2

1 dx Integrating factor = e x = eln x =x

dy y 1 + = dx x x + 1

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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

dy x x + y = x+1 dx d x (yx) = dx x+1 x yx = dx x+1

1 x + 1x x+1 -1

yx =

11 - x + 1 dx
1

yx = x - ln | x + 1| + c

y = 1 when x = 1 (1)(1) = 1 - ln 2 + c c = ln 2 yx = x - ln | x + 1| + ln 2 2 yx = x + ln x+1 1 2 y = 1 + ln x x+1 dy 8 + 2y tan x = sin x dx

Integrating factor = e

2tanx dx

= e cos x

2sin x dx

= e cos x = e-2 ln cos x -2 = eln (cos x) 1 = cos2 x = sec2 x dy + 2y tan x = sin x dx

-2 -sin x dx

dy sec2 x + 2y tan x sec2 x = sin x sec2 x dx d y sec2 x + y2 sec x(sec x tan x) = sin x sec2 x dx d (y sec2 x) = sin x sec2 x dx y sec2 x = sin x sec2 x dx y sec2 x = sin x

1 dx cos2 x

y sec2 x = sec x tan x dx y sec x = sec x + c

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Fully Worked Solution

p 3 p p (1) sec2 = sec + c 3 3 1 1 = +c 2 p cos cos p 3 3 1 1 = +c 2 1 1 2 2 4=2+c c=2 y sec2 x = sec x + 2 y = 1 when x =

1 1 = +2 cos 2 x cos x
2

y = cos x + 2 cos2 x

9 y = ux dy du = u(1) + x dx dx dy du = u + x dx dx dy (x3 + xy2) = x3 + y3 dx dy x3 + y3 = dx x3 + xy2 Using the substitution y = ux, du x3 + u3x3 u + x = 3 dx x + xu2x2 du 1 + u 3 u + x = dx 1 + u2 du 1 + u 3 x = -u dx 1 + u2 du 1 + u3 - u - u3 x = 1 + u2 dx du 1 - u x = dx 1 + u2 1 + u2 dx du = 1-u x 2 - u - 1 + du = ln | x | + c 1-u

u2 - u - 2 ln |1 - u | = ln | x | + c 2 y2 y y 2 - 2 - - ln 1 = ln | x | + c 2x x x -

-u - 1 -u + 1 u2 + 0u + 1 u2 - u u+1 u-1 2 2 1 + u2 = -u - 1 + (-u + 1) 1-u

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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

When y = 0 and x = 1, -0 - 0 - ln (1 - 0)2 = ln |1| + c c=0 y2 y Hence, the particular solution is - 2 - - ln 2x x 10 y = vx dy dv = v(1) + x dx dx dy dv =v+x dx dx dy (x - y) = 4x + y dx dy 4x + y = dx x - y By using the substitution y = vx, dv 4x + vx v + x = dx x - vx dv x(4 + v) v + x = dx x(1 - v) dv 4 + v v + x = dx 1 - v dv 4 + v x = -v dx 1 - v dv 4 + v - v(1-v) x = dx 1-v dv 4 + v2 x = dx 1 - v 1-v dx dv = 4 + v2 x 1 v dx dv dv = 4 + v2 4 + v2 x 1 1 2v dx dv dv = 4 + v2 2 4 + v2 x 1 v 1 tan-1 2 - ln (4 + v2) = ln | x | + c 2 2 2

y 1 - x

= ln | x |

4 + v

dv =

1 dv + v2

Let v = 2 tan q dv = 2 sec2 q dq = 2(1 + tan2 q ) dv = 2(1 + tan2 q ) dq = =

4 + (2 tan q)

2(1 + tan2 q) dq

y y 1 1 tan-1 - ln 4 + 2 = ln | x |+ c x 2 2 2x

2(1 + tan2 q) dq 4(1 + tan2 q) 1 = dq 2 1 = q + c 2 1 v = tan-1 +c 2 2

y y2 1 1 tan-1 - ln | x| 4 + 2 x 2 2 2x

= c

[Shown]

dy 4xy + 3x2 = 2x2 dx d(vx) 4x(vx) + 3x2 = 2x2 dx dv v + x = 4v + 3 2 dx 11

Fully Worked Solution

dv v + x = 2v + 3 2 dx dv x - v = 3 2 dx dv v 3 - = [Shown] dx x 2x 1 dx Integration factor = e x 12 1z 2 = eln x = eln x 1 1 = x 1 dv v 3 - = x dx x2 2x2 3 d v = 2 2x dx x v 3 = dx x 2x2 v 3 =- +c x 2x y 1 3 = - + c 2x x x y = -3x + cx2 2

z = 2x - y dz dy =2dx dx dy dz =2dx dx dy 2x y 2 = dx 1 2x + y dz z 2 = dx 1 z z2 dz =2 1 z dx dz 2(1 z) (z 2) = dx 1z dz 4 3z = dx 1 z

4 3z dz = dx
1 dz = dx 31 3 3(4 3z)4

1 3 4 - 3z 1 - z 4 -z 3 1 - 3 1-z 1 1 = 4 - 3z 3 3(4 - 3z)

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

1 z 1 |4 + ln 3z| = x + c 3 9

1 1 (2x y) + ln |4 3(2x y)| = x + c 3 9 When x = 1 and y = 1, 1 1 (2 1) + ln |4 3(2 1)| = 1 + c 3 9 1 =1+c 3 2 c=3 1 1 2 Hence, the particular is (2x y) + ln |4 3(2x y)| = x . 9 3 3 13 z = x + y dy dz =1 dx dx dy dz =1 dx dx z Letting t = tan . 2 dt 1 2 z = sec 2 dz 2 z 2dt = 1 + tan2 2 dz 2dt = 1 + t2 dz dz = 2 dt 1 + t2

dy = cos(x y) dx dz 1 = cos z dx dz = 1 - cos z dx dz = dx 1 cos z

1+t2 z 1t2

2t

2 dt 1 + t2 = dx 1 - t2 11 + t2

t = dx 1 + t 2-d(1 -t)
2 2

2t 1 - t2 1 - t2 cos z = 1 + t2 tan z =

t = dx
2

dt

1 - =x+c t 1 z =x+c tan 2 1 =x+c x-y tan 2

Hence, the general solution is -

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Fully Worked Solution

14

dv = - (hv + k) dt

hv + k = - dt
v0 0

dv

hln |hv + k| = - [t]

t 0

1 (ln | hv + k | - ln |hV0 + k |) = - t h ln hv + k = -ht hV0 + k hv + k = e-ht hV0 + k hv + k = e-ht(hV0 + k) hv = e-ht(hV0+ k)-k

Letting t = T when v = 0, e-hT k 0 = (hV0 + k) h h k e-hT = (hV0 + k) h h k = e-hT(hV0 + k)

v=

e-ht k (hV0 + k) - [Shown] h h

hV0 + k k hV0 + k hT = ln k h 1 T = ln V0 + 1 [Shown] k h dx 15 = b - lx dt dx = dt b - x ehT =

t 1 x - 2b -d x = dt 0 5 b - x x 1 - [ln |b - x|] 2b = [t]t0 5

2b 1 - ln |b - x| - ln b - 5

= t

2 1 - ln |b - x| - ln b - b = t 5 3 1 - ln |b - x| - ln b = t 5
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10

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

3
ln

b - x 3 b 5

= - t

b - x = e-t 3 b 5 3 b - x = be-t 5

x = b - 3be- t 5 x = b 1 - 3e- t 5 b 3 x = 1 - e- t 5

b As t , e- t 0. Thus, x .
The graph of x against t is as shown. b The limit if the population is .
x b

2b 5 O t

16

dx = kx(N - x), where k is a constant dt

1 N

N 5 N 10

N 5 N 10

dx =k x(N - x)

dt
0

Let

A 1 B + x(N - x) x N - x 1 A(N - x) + Bx

1 1 + dx = k x N-x
N 10

dt
0

Letting x = N, 1 = BN B =

5 [ln x - ln N - x ] N = kN [t]T 0

3
ln

x N-x

N 5 N 10

1 N 1 Letting x = 0, 1 = AN A = N 1 1 1 + x(N - x) Nx N(N - x)

= kNT

1 N ln 5 - ln 4 N 5

1 N 10 = kNT 9 N 10

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Fully Worked Solution

11

ln

1 1 - ln = kNT 4 9 ln

12
1 4 1 9
x

= kNT

1 N
x N 10

ln 9 = kNT 4 k= 9 1 ln 4 NT
t 0

9 1 1 1 x + N - x dx = NT ln 4 dt 1 9 = ln [t] ln N x - x T 4
N 10
t 0

1 N x t 10 ln - ln = ln 9 N-x T 4 9 N 10

ln

3 t ln N9-x x = T 2

9x 3 ln = ln N-x 2 9x = 3 N-x 2 9x = 3 2
2t T

2t T 2t T 2t T

2t T

N- 3 2 N

2t T

x = 32 39 + 3 2 2 2 x= 19 N, 20 19 N 20

2N 9 + 32 2

3 2

2t T

2t T

When T = 2, x > N 3 22 9 + 32 2 3 2
t

2t T

2t T

>

2 19 > 20 9 + 32 2
t t 20 3 > 19(9) + 19 3 2 2

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12

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

> 171 3 22 t lg1.5 > lg171 t > 12.68 hours 19 N is 12.68 hours. 20

Hence, the minimum time needed for the number of bacteria to exceed 17 a = g - gv 2 dv = g (1 - v 2) dt v t dv 2 = g dt 0 1 - v 0

ln 1 + v 1-v

v 0

= g[t]0

a - x dv = 2a lna - x + c
1 1
2 2

a+x

ln 1 + v - ln 1 = g(t - 0) 1-v ln 1 + v = gt 1-v 1 + v = egt 1-v

1 + v = egt - vegt v(1 + e gt) = e gt - 1 egt - 1 v = gt  e + 1 Dividing each term of the RHS by e gt, v = a = g - gv 2 dv v = g (1 - v 2) dx

1 - e-gt [Shown] 1 + e-gt

v dv 2 = 0 1 - v
v

0 x

g dx g dx

1 v -2v dv = -2 0 1 - v2

v 1 x - 3ln 1 - v240 = g[x]0 2

ln 1 - v 2 - ln 1 = -2gx ln 1 - v 2 = -2gx 1 - v2 = e-2gx v 2 = 1 - e-2gx [Shown]

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Fully Worked Solution

13

(a)
v

(b)
v

Thermal velocity = 1 m s-1.

18 Given that the rate of increase of the substance B molecules (x) at any time varies directly as the number of the substance A molecules left unchanged (2N - x) at that time, then dx = k(2N - x), where k is a constant dt dx = k dt 2N - x x t [-ln |2N - x|]0 = k[t]0

-ln |2N - x| + ln 2N = kt ln 2N = kt 2N - x 2N = ekt 2N - x 2N = 2Nekt - ektx ektx = 2Nekt - 2N x= 2Nekt - 2N ekt ekt - 1 x = 2N e kt

x = 2N(1 - e-kt ) [Shown]

As t , e-kt 0. Thus, x 2N. When t = 0, x = 2N[1 - e-k(0)] = 2N(1 - 1) = 0.

14

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

2N

After a period of 1 hour, the number of the substance B molecules formed is one third of the number of the substance A molecules left unchanged. Therefore, 1 when t = 1, x = (2N - x). 3 1 x = (2N - x) 3 1 2N(1 - e-k) = [2N - 2N(1 - e-k)] 3 1 1 - e-k = [1 - (1 - e-k)] 3 1 1 - e-k = e-k 3 -k 3 - 3e = e-k 3 = 4e-k 3 = e-k 4 3 -k = ln 4 3 k = - ln 4 4 k = ln 3 3 When e-k = , 4 x = 2N(1 - e-kt) 3t x = 2N 1 4

3 1 24

When both substances to have same number of molecules, x = 2N - x 2x = 2N x=N 3 t 2N 1 =N 4 3 t 2 1 =1 4

3 1 24 3 1 24

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Fully Worked Solution

15

1-

1 = 13 42 2 1 3 = 2 4 1 3 ln = t ln 2 4 ln 1 t= 2 3 ln 4 t = 2.41 hours

12

19

y = v2 x x2y = v dy dv x2 + y(2x) = dx dx d y dv x2 = - 2xy dx dx dy 1 dv 2y = dx x2 dx x 2y dy + y2 = - x dx 2y 1 dv 2y 2 + v2 = - x dx x x 1 dv + v2 = 0 x2 dx 1 dv = -y2 x2 dx dv = -x2y2 dx 2 dv = x2 v4 dx x 2 v dv =- 2 x dx dx dv =- 2 x v2 1 1 - =- - +c v x 1 1 - 2 = +c x y x

1 2

1 2

-1 = xy + cx2 y -1 = y(x + cx2) 1 y=x + cx2

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16

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

sec2 x 20 d (ln tan x) = tan x dx = = = = 2 1 cos2 x sin x cos x

1 sin x cos x 2 2 sin x cos x 2 sin 2x

sin 2x dx = ln tan x + c
dy (sin 2x) = 2y(1 - y) dx dy 2 dx = y(1 - y) sin 2x Let A 1 B + y(1 - y) y 1 - y 1 A(1 - y) + By

1 1 2 dx + dy = y 1-y sin 2x

ln |y| - ln |1 - y| = ln |tan x| + ln A y ln = ln |A tan x| 1-y y = A tan x 1-y

Letting y = 0, A = 1 Letting y = 1, B = 1 1 1 1 = + y(1 - y) y 1 - y

A is a constant

When x = and y = 1, 4 3 1 3 = A tan p 1 4 13 1 = A(1) 2 1 A= 2 y 1 = tan x 1-y 2 2y = tan x - y tan x y(2 + tan x) = tan x tan x y= 2 + tan x dy 21 x = y2 - y - 2 dx dy x = (y + 1)(y - 2) dx
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Fully Worked Solution

17

(y + 1)(y - 2)2 = x
dy

dx

1 1 dx + dy = 3(y + 1) 3(y - 2) x

1 1 - ln |y + 1| + ln |y - 2| = ln x + ln k 3 3

y-2 1 ln = ln |kx| 3 y+1

1 1 1 + - 3(y + 1) 3(y - 2) (y + 1)(y - 2) y-2 ln = 3 ln |kx| y+1 y-2 ln = ln |(kx) | y+1 y-2 ln = ln |k x | y+1 y-2 ln = ln |Ax |, where A = k y+1
3

A 1 B + (y + 1)(y - 2) y + 1 y - 2 1 A(y - 2) + B(y + 1) 1 Letting y = 2, 1 = 3B B = . 3 1 Letting y = -1, 1 = -3A A = - . 3 Let

k is a constant.

3 3

22 dv = sin p t dt

y-2 = Ax3 y+1 y - 2 = Ax3y + Ax3 y(1 - Ax3) = 2 + Ax3 y= 3 cos p t 3 cos p t) dt 2 + Ax3 1 - Ax3

dv = (sin p t -

1 v = - cos p t - 3 sin p t + c p p Since the particle moves from rest, v = 0 when t = 0. 1 0 = - cos 0 - 3 sin 0 + c p p 1 0 = - - 0 + c p 1 c = p 1 1 v = - cos p t - 3 sin p t + p p p 1 1 dx 3 = - cos p t sin p t + p p p dt 1 1 3 dx = - cos p t sin p t + dt p p p 1 1 3 x = - 2 sin pt + 2 cos p t + t + c p p p

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18

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

When t = 0, x = 0, 1 3 sin 0 + 2 cos 0 + 0 + c p2 p 3 0= 2 +c p 3 c=- 2 p 1 1 3 3 \ x = - 2 sin p t + 2 cos p t + t - 2 p p p p dv When = 0, sin p t - 3 cos p t = 0 dt sin pt = 3 cos p t sin pt = 3 cos pt tan p t = 3 1 4 pt = p, p 3 3 1 4 t= , 3 3 1 When t = , 3 1 p p 1 3 v = - cos sin + p p 3 3 p 1 1 1 3 3 =- + p 2 p 2 p -1 - 3 + 2 = 2p 1 = - m s-1 p 4 When t = , 3 1 4p 4p 1 3 v = - cos sin + p p 3 3 p 1 1 1 3 3 =- - + p 2 p 2 p 1+3+2 = 2p 3 = m s-1 p 0=-

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

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Fully Worked Solution

19

When t =

1 , 3 1 p p 1 3 3 x = - 2sin + 2 cos + - 2 p 3 p 3 3p p 1 3 1 3 1 3 = - 2 + 2 + p 2 p 2 3p p 2

1 2

1 2

-3 3 + 3 3 + 2p - 6 3 6p 2 p-3 3 = m 3p2 4 When t = , 3 1 4p 4p 4 3 3 x = - 2sin + 2 cos + - 2 p p 3 3 3p p = == 1 4 1 - 3 + 3 - + - 3 p2 3p p 2 2 p2 2

1 2

1 2

3 3 - 3 3 + 8p - 6 3 6p 2 4p - 3 3 = m 3p2  Hence, the distance travelled by the particle between the first and second times its acceleration is zero 4p - 3 3 p - 3 3 3p 1 = 2= m 3p p 3p 2 3p 2 y = ux dy du = u(1) + x dx dx dy du =u+x dx dx dy x 2 = y 2 - xy dx dy y2 - x y = dx x2 23 Using the substitution y = ux, du u2x2 - x(ux) u + x = x2 dx du u + x = u2 - u dx du x = u2 - 2u dx du dx = u(u - 2) x 1 dx 1 - + du = 2u 2(u - 2) x
Let

A B 1 + u(u - 2) u u - 2 1 A(u - 2) + Bu

1 Letting u = 0, -2A = 1 A = - . 2 1 Letting u = 2, 2B = 1 B = . 2 1 1 1 = - + u(u - 2) 2u 2(u - 2)

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20

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

1 1 - ln|u| + ln|u - 2| = ln|x| + ln|k|, where k is a constant 2 2 1 u-2 ln = ln|kx| 2 u

ln

2 = ln |kx| u u

u-2 = k 2x2 u y -2 x 2 2 y = cx , where c = k x y - 2x = cx2 y y - 2x = cx2y y (1 - cx2) = 2x 2x 1 - cx2 2x y= , where A = -c. 1 + Ax2 y=

dy 24 e x - y2(x + 1) = 0 dx dy e x = y2(x + 1) dx dy (x + 1) = dx y2 ex (x + 1) 1 dy = dx y2 ex

-2

1 dy = e

-x

(x + 1) dx

y -1 = -e-x(x + 1) - -e-x(1) dx -1 1 x+1 - = - x + e -x dx e y 1 x+1 - = - x + (- e -x) + c e y 1 x+1 1 - =- x - x+c y e e

When x = 0, y = 1 1 0+1 1 - =- 0 - 0+c e e 1 - 1 = -1 - 1 + c c=1

Fully Worked Solution

21

Therefore, 1 x+1 1 - =- x - x+1 e y e 1 -(x + 1) - 1 + e x - = ex y 1 - x - 2 + ex - = ex y 1 x + 2 - ex = ex y ex Hence, y = x + 2 - ex 25 (a) dx dx = kx(1000 - x) dt

x(1000 - x) = k dt
Letting A 1 B + , x(1000 - x) x 1000 - x 1 A(1000 - x) + Bx

Letting x = 0, 1 = 1000A 1 A= 1000 Letting x = 1000, 1 = 1000B 1 B= 1000 Therefore, 1 1 1 1 + x(1000 - x) 1000x 1000(1000 - x) 1

31000x + 1000(1000 - x)4 dx = kdt 1 x + 1000 - x2 dx = 1000kdt

1 x - 1000 - x2 dx = 1000kdt
ln (x) - ln (1000 - 1) = 1000kt + c When t = 0, x = 1 ln 1 - ln (1000 - 1) = 1000k(0) + c -ln 999 = c Therefore, ln (x) - ln (1000 - x) = 1000kt - ln 999 ln 999 + ln (x) - ln (1000 - x) = 1000kt 999x ln = 1000kt 1000 - x 999x = e1000kt 1000 - x
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-1

22

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

999x = 1000e1000kt - xe1000kt x(999 + e1000kt) = 1000e1000kt 1000e1000kt x= [Shown] 999 + e1000kt

(b) When t = 1, x = 5 1000e1000k(1) 5= 999 + e1000k(1) 4995 + 5e1000k = 1000e1000k e1000k(1000 - 5) = 4995 4995 e1000k = 995 999 = 199 1000k = ln 999 199 1 999 k= ln 1000 199

(c) x = 10% of 1000 = 100 occupants 1000e1000kt x = 999 + e1000kt = 1000e

999 + e

When x 100, 1000e

999 199 999 199 999 199 999 199 999 199

999 + e 1000e (1000 - 100)e

t ln

100 99 900 + 100e 99 900 99 900 900

t ln

t ln t ln

e t ln

999 99 900 ln 199 900 99 900 ln 900 t 999 ln 199 t 2.92

Hence, the number of days before the camp activities will be suspended is 3.

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