A Seminar Report on

MOBILE GENERATIONS
Submitted for the partial fulfilment of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In Information Technology

Submitted by
Ajay Kumar
09EVJIT005

Supervised by:
Mr.Vijay Shankar Sharma
(Lecturer, CS Dept.)

Submitted to:
Prof. Baldev Singh
(HOD- CS Department)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur Rajasthan Technical University Kota (Rajasthan) 2012-13

CERTIFICATE

It is to certified that this seminar report entitled Mobile Generations, has been prepared by Ajay Kumar under my supervision and guidance in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota (Rajasthan). This report is approved for submission and execution.

Date:

Prof. Dr.Baldev Singh (HOD-CS Department) Department of Comp. Sc. &Engg.

Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to Prof. (Dr.) Baldev Singh, Head, Computer Science & Engineering Department for his helping attitude with a keen interest in completing this seminar in time.

I am deeply grateful to my mentor Mr Vijay Shankar Sharma, Lecturer, Computer Science & Engineering Department for his guidance, constant motivation, commanding supervision and valuable discussions throughout this work. Despite his busy academic schedule, he has always been kind enough to spare his valuable time to discuss the work which eventually given direction and shape to this work.

I extend my heartiest gratitude to all the teachers, who extended their cooperation to steer the topic towards its successful completion. I am also thankful to Non-teaching staff of the department to support in preparation of this seminar work.

I would like to thank my family for their constant support and encouragement.

Date: Place: Jaipur Ajay Kumar

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this seminar report "Mobile Generations" has not formed the basis of award of any previous degree or diploma etc. of this or any other university. Further it is also stated that it is a record of study and no portion of this seminar report has been copied from any sources in any form. The formulation and other reference material have been taken from the references as mentioned in the report.

Date: Place: Jaipur

Ajay Kumar 09EVJIT005 Vivekananda Institute ofTechnology

ABSTRACT
Wireless communication is the transfer of information overa distance withoutthe use ofenhanced electrical conductors or "wires. The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometres forradio communications). When the context is clear, the term is often shortened "wireless". It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios,cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. In this paper we will throw light on the evolution and development of various generations of mobile wireless technology along with their significance and advantages of one over the other. In the past few decades, mobile wireless technologies have experience 4 or

5generations of technology revolution and evolution, namely from 0G to 4G. Current research inmobile wireless technology concentrates on advance implementation of 4G technology and 5G technology. Currently 5G term is not officially used. In 5G researches are being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks(DAWN) and Real Wireless World.

Table of Contents
Chapter No

Title Introduction 1.1 Zero generation technology 1.2 First generation technology 1.3 Second generation technology 1.4 Third generation technology 1.5 Fourth generation technology 1.6 Fifth generation technology

Page No.

1.

9. 10. 11. 13. 15. 16.

2.

First Generation technology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Security issue with 1G 2.3 Paging Networks 18. 19. 19.

3.

Second Generation technology 3.1 Overview 3.2 GSM-The Popular 2G System 3. 3.2 G CDMA Cellular (IS-95) 3.4 Controversy: CDMA versus TDMA 3.5 GPRS 3.6 EDGE 22. 23. 25. 26. 27. 28.

4.

Third Generation technology 4.1 Introduction 4.2 What is 3G 4.3 Common Objective 4.4 Evolution to 3G 4.5 GSM Evolution 29. 30. 31. 31. 32.

4.6 3G Standards 4.7 3G Network Architecture 4.8 3G Protocols 4.9 3G Handset 4.10 3G Quality Service 4.11 3G Application 4.12. Vision Of The Future 5. Fourth Generation Technology 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Limitations Of 3g And Drivers For 4g 5.3 4g Visions Mapping To Research Topics 5.4 Research Challenges 5.5 Networks And Services 5.6 Software Systems 5.7 Wireless Access 6. Fifth Generation Technology
6.1 Introduction 6.2 What is 5G Technology 6.3 Symbols 6.4 5G Network Architecture

33. 38. 39. 39. 40. 42. 46.

47. 50. 54. 55. 55. 59. 62.

66.
76. 77.

6.5 Key concepts of 5g 6.6 Features of 5g networks technology 7. 8. Conclusions References

78. 81. 82. 83. 84.

LIST OF FIGURE:

Fig.4.4.1.............................................................................................................. Fig.4.4.2. .............................................................................................................. Fig. 4.6.3.1 ....................................................................................................... Fig.4.7.1. ........................................................................................................... Fig.4.12.1. Fig. 4.12.2........................................................................................................... Fig. 5.1.1............................................................................................................. Fig. 5.3.1.......................................................................................................... Fig. 5.5.1......................................................................................................... Fig 5.5.2.......................................................................................................... Fig. 5.5.3............................................................................................................. Fig. 5.5.4.............................................................................................................. Fig. 6.1.3.1. ....................................................................................................... Fig. 6.1.4.1. ....................................................................................................... Fig 6.1.5.1 ........................................................................................................ Fig. 6.1.6.1. ....................................................................................................... .

33. 33. 38. 39. 46. 46. 50. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 73. 75. 76. 78.

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1..INTRODUCTION
Mobile wireless industry has started its technology creation, revolution and evolution since early 1970s. In the past few decades, mobile wireless technologies have experience 4 or 5 generations of technology revolution and evolution, namely from 0G to 4G. The cellular concept was introduced in the 1G technology which made the large scale mobile wireless communication possible. Digital communication has replaced

the analogy technology in the 2G which significantly improved the wireless communication quality. Data communication, in addition to the voice communication, has been the main focus in the 3G technologies and a converged network for both voice and data communication is emerging. With continued R&D, there are many killer application opportunities for the 4G as well as tech.

1.1ZERO GENERATIONTECHNOLOGY (0G 0.5G)

Wireless telephone started with what you might call 0G if you can remember back that far. The great ancestor is the mobile telephone service that became available just after World War II. In those pre-cell days, you had a mobile operator to set up the calls and there were only a handful of channels available. 0G refers to pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology, such as radio telephones that some had in cars before the advent of cell phones. Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. Since they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are called 0G (zero generation) systems. Technologies

used in 0G systems included PTT (Push to Talk), MTS (Mobile Telephone System), IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service), AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone

System), OLT (Norwegian for Offentlig Land Mobil Telephony, Public Land Mobile Telephone(Swedish abbreviation for Mobile lefoni system D, or Mobile telephony system D). These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished from earlier closed

radiotelephone systems in that they were available as a commercial service that was part of the public switched telephone network, with their own telephone numbers, rather than part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system. These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter-receiver) was mounted in the vehicle trunk and attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset)mounted near the driver seat. They were sold through WCCs (Wire line Common Carriers, AKA telephone companies), RCCs (Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers. The primary users were loggers, construction foremen, realtors, and celebrities. They used them for basic voice

communication. Early examples for this technology are: 1. public commercial mobile phone network. 2. The B-Nets launched 1972 in Germany as the countries second public commercial TheAutoradiopuhelin (ARP) launched in 1971 in Finland as the country's first

mobile phone network (but the first one that did not require human operators anymore to connect calls).

1.2 FIRST GENERATIONTECHNOLOGY (1G)

1G stands for "first generation," refers to the first generation of wireless

telecommunication technology, more popularly known as cellphones. A set of wireless standards developed in the 1980's,1G technology replaced 0G technology, which featured mobile radio

telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT). Its successor, 2G, which made use of digital signals, 1G wireless networks used analog radio signals. Through 1G, a voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of about 150MHz and up as it is transmitted between radio towers. This is done using a
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technique

called

Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA). In terms of overall its successors. It has low capacity,

connection quality, 1G compares unfavorably to

unreliable handoff, poor voice links, and no security at all since voice calls were played back in radio towers, making these calls susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties. However, 1G did maintain a few advantages over2G. In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G'sdigital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be strong enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poorer quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2G handset would fail completely. Different 1G standards were used in various countries. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in countries, Eastern and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom, C-Netz in West Germany, Radio com 2000 in France, and RTMI in Italy.

1.3SECOND GENERATIONTECHNOLOGY (2G - 2.75G)

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. It cannot

normally transfer data, such as email or software, other than the digital voice call itself, and other basic ancillary data such as time and date. Nevertheless, SMS messaging is also available as a form of data transmission for some standards. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja(now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. GSM service is used by over 2 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. The ubiquity of the GSM standard makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. 2G technologies can be divided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) based and Code Division Multiple based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. Access(CDMA) a

2G makes use of

CODEC(Compression-Decompression Algorithm) to compress and multiplex digital voice data. Through this technology, a 2G network can pack more calls paramount of
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bandwidth as a 1G network. 2G cellphone units were generally smaller than 1G units, since they emitted less radio power. Some benefits of 2G were Digital signals require consume less battery power, so it helps mobile batteries to last long. Digital coding improves the voice clarity and reduces noise in the line. Digital signals are considered environment friendly. The use of digital data service assists mobile network operators to introduce short message service over the cellular phones. Digital encryption has provided secrecy and safety to the data and voice calls. The use of 2G technology requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there is no network coverage in any specific area, digital signals would be weak.

1.3.1 2.5G GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

2.5G, which stands for "second and a half generation," is a cellular wireless technology developed in between its predecessor, 2G, and its successor, 3G. The term "second and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. "2.5G" is an informal term, invented solely for marketing purposes, unlike "2G" or "3G" which are officially defined standards based on those defined by the International Telecommunication (ITU). GPRS could provide data rates from 56kbit/s up to 115 Kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per mega byte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. 2.5G networks may support services such as WAP, MMS, SMS mobile games, and search and directory 1.3.2 2.75 EDGE (Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution) EDGE (EGPRS) is an abbreviation for Enhanced and directory Data rates for GSM Evolution, is a digital mobile phone technology which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to 2G and 2.5G General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) networks. This technology work sin GSM networks. EDGE is a superset to GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrades. EDGE technology is an extended version ofGSM .It allows the clear and fast transmission of data

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and information. It is also termed as IMT-SC or single carrier. EDGE technology was invented and introduced by Cingular, which is now known as AT& T. EDGE is radio technology and is a part of third generation technologies. EDGE technology is preferred over GSM due to its flexibility to carry packet switch data and circuit switch data. The use of EDGE technology has augmented the use of black berry, N97 and N95 mobile phones .EDGE transfers data in fewer seconds if we compare it with GPRS Technology. For example a typical text file of 40KB is transferred in only 2 seconds as compared to the transfer from GPRS technology, which is 6 seconds. The biggest advantage of using EDGE technology is one does not need to install any additional hardware and software in order to make use of EDGE Technology. There are no additional charges for exploiting this technology. If a person is an ex GPRS Technology user he can utilize this technology without paying any additional charges. 1.4 THIRD GENERATIONTECHNOLOGY (3G 3.75G) 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology, superseding 2G, and preceding 4G. It is based on the InternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards under the International Mobile Telecommunications

programmed, IMT-2000. 3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Additional features also include HSPA data transmission capabilities able to deliver speeds up to 14.4Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8Mbit/s on the uplink. Spectral efficiency or spectrum efficiency refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific digital communication system. High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing UMTS protocols. Unlike IEEE 802.11 (common names Wi-Fi or WLAN) networks, 3G networks are wide area cellular telephone networks which evolved to incorporate high-speed internet access and video telephony. IEEE 802.11 networks are short range, highbandwidth networks primarily developed for data. Wi-Fi is the common name for a popular wireless technology used in home networks, mobile phones, video games and more. The notebook is connected to the wireless access point using a PC card wireless card. A videophone is a telephone which is capable of both audio and video duplex

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transmission. 3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global positioning system) and video conferencing. The basic feature of 3G Technology is fast data transfer rates. 3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread), IMT-MC (multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMT-TC (time code), IMT-SC (single carrier). FDMA has only one radio interface known as IMT-FC or frequency code. Third generation technology isreally affordable due to the agreement of industry. This agreement took pace in order to increase its adoption by the users. 3G system is compatible to work with the 2G technologies. The aim of the 3G is to allow for more coverage and growth with minimum investment. There are many 3G technologies as W-CDMA, GSM EDGE, UMTS, DECT, WiMax and CDMA 2000.Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution or EDGE is termed to as a backward digital technology, because it can operate with older devices. 3G has the following enhancements over 2.5G and previous networks: Enhanced audio and video streaming; Several Times higher data speed; Video-conferencing support; Web and WAP browsing at higher speeds; 1.4.1 3.5G HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA) is a mobile telephony protocol, also called 3.5G (or"3G"), which provides a smooth evolutionary path for UMTS-based 3G networks allowing for higher data transfer speeds. HSDPA is a packet-based data service in WCDMA downlink with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s(and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementations includes Adaptive Modulation and Coding (MIMO), Hybrid design. (AMC), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

Automatic Request (HARQ), fast cell search, and advanced receiver

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1.4.2 3.75G HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) The 3.75G refer to the technologies beyond the well defined 3G wireless/mobile

technologies. High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a UMTS /WCDMA uplink evolution technology. The HSUPA mobile telecommunications

technology is directly related to HSDPA and the two are complimentary to one another. HSUPA will enhance advanced person-to-person data applications with higher and symmetric data rates, like mobile e-mail and real-time person-to person gaming. Traditional business application along with many consumer applications will benefit from enhanced uplink speed. HSUPA will initially boost the UMTS 1.4Mbpsand in later releases up to 5.8Mbps. 1.5 FOURTH GENERATIONTECHNOLOGY 4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology and new frequency bands. The first was the move from 1981 analogue (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2002, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least200 Kbit/s, soon expected to be followed by 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission. Pre-4G technologies such as and first-release 3G Long Term Evolution (LTE) have been available on the market since 2006and 2009 respectively. It is basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services offers in the 3G. The expectation for the 4G technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming over end to end Internet Protocol. If the Internet Protocol (IP)multimedia sub-system movement achieves what it going to do, nothing of this possibly will matter. WI MAX or mobile structural design will become progressively more translucent, and therefore the acceptance of several architectures by a particular network operator ever more common Some of the companies trying 4G communication at100 Mbps for mobile users and up to 1 Gaps over fixed stations. They planned on publicly launching their first commercial wireless network around 2010. As far as other competitors mobile communication companies working on 4G technology even more quickly.
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WCDMA uplink up to

Sprint Nextel was planned to launch WiMAX over 4 G broadband mobile networks in United States. Some of the other developed countries like United Kingdom stated a plan to sale via auction of 4G wireless frequencies couple of years back. The word MAGIC also refers to 4G wireless technology which stands for Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility solutions over, integrated wireless and Customized services. 1.6 FIFTH GENERATIONTECHNOLOGY 5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a name used in some research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile

telecommunications standards beyond the upcoming 4G standards ,which are expected to be finalized between approximately 2011 and 2013. Currently 5G is not a term officially used for any particular specification or in any official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, Wi MAX Forum or ITU-R. New 3GPP standard releases beyond 4G and LTEAdvanced are in progress, but not considered as new mobile generations. 5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value technology. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of the cell phone (mobile) technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning. 5G technology which is on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband internet

access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory, dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For children rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become in market. 5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market. Through 5G technology now you can use worldwide cellular phones and this technology also strike the china mobile market and a user being proficient to get access to Germany phone as a local phone. With the coming out of cell phone alike to PDA now your whole office in your finger tips or in your phone. 5G technology has extra ordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie together unrestricted call volumes and infinite data broadcast within latest mobile operating system. 5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer priceless handset to

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their customers. May be in coming days 5G technology takes over the world market. 5G Technologies have an extraordinary capability to support Software and Consultancy. The Router and switch technology used in 5G network providing high connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes within building and can be deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections. The current trend of 5G technology has a glowing future. A new revolution of 5G technology is about to begin because 5G technology going to give tough completion to normal computer and laptops whose marketplace value will be effected. There are lots of improvements from 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G to 5G in the world of telecommunications. The new coming 5G technology is available in the market in affordable rates, high peak future and much reliability than its preceding technologies.

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CHAPTER-2
FIRST GENERATIONTECHNOLOGY (1G)

2. FIRST GENERATIONTECHNOLOGY (1G)

2.1 INTRODUCTION: Mobile radio telephones were used for military communications in the early 20th century. Car-based telephones were first introduced in the mid-1940s. In fact, the first car-based telephone system was tested in Saint Louis in 1946. This system used a single large transmitter on top of a tall building. A single channel was used for sending and receiving. To talk, the user pushed a button that enabled transmission and disabled reception. Due to this, these became known as push-to-talk systems in the 1950s. Although these systems are quite old, taxis and police cars use this technology. To allow users to talk and listen at the same time, IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System) was introduced in the 1960s. It used two channels (one for sending, one for receiving thus there was no need for push-to-talk). IMT Sued 23 channels from 150 MHz to 450 MHz First-generation cellular networks were introduced in the 1980s. This started with the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) that was invented at Bell Labs and first installed in1982. AMPS has also been used in England (called TACS) and Japan (called MCS-L1). Thekey idea of 1G cellular networks is that the geographical area is divided into cells (typically10-25km),each served by a base station. Cells are small so that frequency reuse can bee exploited in nearby (but not adjacent) cells. This allows many more users to be supported in a given area. For example, as compared to IMTS, AMPS can support 5 to 10 times more user sin the same 100-mile area by dividing the area into 20 smaller cells that reuse the same frequency ranges. In addition, smaller cells also require less powerful and cheaper, smaller devices to transmit and receive information.1G cellular networks are based primarily on analog communications. In North America, two 25 MHz bands are allocated to AMPS one for transmission from base to mobile unit andone for transmission from mobile unit to base. Each phone has a 32-bit serial number and 10-digit

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phone number in its PROM (programmable read-only memory). When a phone is turnedon, it scans for control signals from BSs:

It sends this information to the BS with strongest control signal and the BS passes this information to MTSO as a packet. The subscriber initiates a call by keying in a phone number and pressing the send key. The MTSO verifies the number and authorizes the user. MTSO issues a message to the users cell phone indicating send and receive traffic channels. MTSO sends a ringing signal to the called party. Party answers; MTSO establishes the circuit and initiates billing information. Either party hangs up; MTSO releases the circuit, frees the channels, and completes billing.

2.2 Security Issues with 1G. Analogcellular phones are insecure. Anyone with an all-band radio receiver can listen in to the conversation. Many scandals have been reported in this area .There are also thefts of airtime. Basically, a thief uses an all-band radio receiver that is connected to a computer. This computer can record the 32-bit serial numbers and phone numbers of subscribers when calling (recall that this information is sent as a packet). The thieves can collect a large database by driving around and can then go into business by reprogramming stolen phones and reselling them. 2.3 Paging Networks: What are Paging Networks? Paging networks are one of the oldest wireless technologies. They support one-way and two way alphanumeric messages between callers and pagers (beepers). The callers typically call a beeper company and leave a phone number and possibly a short message. Paging networks
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are being integrated with PDAs (personal digital assistants) likePalm Pilots. An example of paging networks is the BellSouth Clamshell Pager with keyboard. Paging networks require little bandwidth since each message requires only a single burst of perhaps 30-40 bytes. Thus a satellite with 1 Mbps can handle about 240,000 messages per minute. Older paging protocols operated at 1.2 Kbps (kilobits per second) per channel. Newer protocols such as FLEX (one-way) and Reflex (two-way) provide 6.4 Kbps per channel. Paging networks typically operate in the 930-932 MHZ frequency range and are not growing dramatically because paging is now being provided by other devices. Some forecasts at the time of this writing predict that US paging growth will plateau at 20% penetration

Characteristics of Paging Networks Paging networks have been around for a while and were among the first wireless networks used for sending numeric and alphanumeric messages to external devices carried by mobile workers. These are specialized wireless networks for broadcasting a message to a specific pager to call back a specific number. Figure 8-7 shows a conceptual view of paging networks. The paging network provider (paging operator), such as Skytel, runs a paging control center which receives paging requests from regular phones, cellular phones, or other pagers and routes them to their destination pagers. The paging BTSs (Base Transceiver Stations) are connected to the paging control center through leased lines or wireless links such as satellites or wireless local loops. The paging networks come in two flavors: one-way paging networks and two-way paging networks. The two-way paging networks allow pre-defined messages to be sent back by the receiver of the message. The commercial paging operators can establish a network that meets subscribers requirements and supports a wide range of paging devices. The paging devices can be equipped with sophisticated features such as priority paging, group paging, voice paging, voice prompts, and remote transmitter control. Here are a few characteristics of the paging networks: Common applications are personal numeric messaging for call-back, alphanumeric messaging (dispatching and service), and two-way messaging (call dispatching with confirmation).

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 Capacity and speed includes 1200 bps for older and 6400 bps for newer systems. The paging networks are slower but have different design criteria for delivering the message within specific time periods. Frequency bands used include 800 MHz for older paging networks and 901-941 MHz, with gaps, for newer networks. Components of a paging network are a personal paging device, a paging computer/server at the paging operators site, and a paging transmitter. These networks may also use satellites for national coverage. Coverage is 95% of the US, thanks to many local, regional and national paging network providers. Communications protocols supported include FLEX and Reflex developed by Motorola for two-way paging. Security is low and has not been considered a high priority.

The advantages of paging networks are: Very inexpensive Easy to operate for sender (from any telephone) and receiver Many options for users (numeric, alphanumeric, two-way, message storage) Wide coverage at local, regional , national, and international levels Good building penetration The limitations of paging networks are: Slow data transfer rate (1200 bps) No acknowledgment (two-way paging costs extra) Some of the available paging networks are overloaded, causing delays.

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CHAPTER-3 SECOND GENERATION (2G).

3.Second Generation (2G).5 Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks

3.1 Overview Second Generation (2G) cellular networks, introduced in the late 1980s, are based on digital transmission. Digital transmissions offer several benefits over analog (see the sidebar Advantages of Digital Communications for Wireless). Different approaches to 2G have been developed in the US and Europe. In the US, divergence happened because only one player (AMPS) existed in 1G. Because of this, several players emerged to compete in 2G. Although many players emerged, the following two have survived in the US: IS-54 and IS-135: backward-compatible with AMPS frequency allocation (dual mode analog and digital) IS-95: uses spread spectrum In Europe, exactly the reverse happened there was a convergence because there were many (more than 5) incompatible 1G systems with no clear winner. This caused a major problem for the users (you could not use your telephones while traveling from England to France). European PTT (Post, Telephone and Telegraphic) sponsored development of the now very popular GSM that uses new frequency ranges and complete digital communication. The primary differences between first and second generation cellular networks are: Digital traffic channels first-generation systems are almost purely analog; second generation systems are digital. Encryption all second generation systems provide encryption to prevent eavesdropping.
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 Error detection and correction second-generation digital traffic allows for detection and correction, giving clear voice reception. Channel access second-generation systems allow channels to be dynamically shared by a number of users. Advantages of Digital Communications for Wireless: Voice, data and fax can be integrated into a single system. Better compression can lead to better channel utilization. Error correction codes can be used for better quality.

3.2 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) The Popular 2G System:
GSM Highlights: Although there are many competing technologies in the 2G cellular network landscape, GSM by far dominates the world today, with over 200 million users in over a hundred countries. GSM is very popular in Europe and is now gaining popularity in the US also. These networks operate at 9.6 Kbps and are based on international standards defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Due to the popularity of GSM, let us look at GSM somewhat closely. GSM is completely designed from scratch (there is no backward compatibility with 1G systems such as AMPS). It can deliver data rate up to 9.6 Kbps by using 124 channels per cell; each channel can support 8 users through TDMA (maximum 992 users per cell, in practice about 500). Some GSM channels are used for control signals for mobile units to locate the nearest base stations. In addition to voice, GSM phones provide data services for wireless users; i.e., you connect your GSM phone to your PC and it acts as a modem for email, fax, Internet browsing, etc. GSM also permits roaming between North American countries and European countries. To make it work, because of the frequency differences, you have to remove the user-specific SIM card from inside the American networks phone and place it into a European networks phone, or vice-versa. However, multi-band cards are available that operate in the US as well as on European frequencies (see the discussion below). GSMs air interface is based on narrowband TDMA technology,
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where available frequency bands are divided into time slots, with each user having access to one time slot at regular intervals. Narrowband TDMA allows eight simultaneous communications on a single radio multiplexer and is designed to support 16 half-rate channels. Using GSM and GSM Roaming Support: GSM networks presently operate in the following three frequency ranges: GSM 900 (simply known as GSM) operates in the 900 MHz frequency range and is the most common in Europe and the world. GSM 1900 (also called PCS-1900, or DCS-1900) the only frequency used in North America for GSM. Note that the term PCS is commonly used to refer to any digital cellular network operating in the 1900 MHz frequency range, not just GSM. GSM 1800 (also called PCN or DCS-1800) operates in the 1800 MHz frequency range, and is found in a rapidly increasing number of countries including France, Germany, Switzerland, the UK, and Russia. Dual-band (900-1800 and 900-1900) phones and tri-band (900-1800-1900) are available to provide support everywhere. What does it mean to the end users? Let us assume that you have a single-band GSM 1900 phone. This phone will only work in North America. But after landing in Europe, you can transfer your SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card to a phone of the correct frequency. This is called SIM-roaming. It means that once you arrive in Europe, you must rent a GSM phone from a local network operator so that youll have a phone that uses the correct frequency. Then you simply take the SIM out of your home phone and insert it into the rented phone (please do remember to take your SIM card back!). SIM-Roaming offers the advantage of letting you use your home phone number and being billed to your home account. Make sure that your local network operator has a roaming agreement with the destination country. Many North American companies have roaming agreements with countries abroad; some do not. Once in Europe, you do not need to get new GSM phones as you roam around Europe. GSM 900 has been almost uniformly adopted as the cellular standard in Europe. A user with a single-band GSM 900 phone, commonly used in Europe, can successfully roam almost anywhere in that continent, as well as parts of Asia. Keep in mind the technical differences mentioned previously (i.e., the European version of GSM operates at the 900 MHz frequency while the North American version operates at 1900 MHz). But the SIMs are the same. Dual CHAPTER
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band (900-1800 and 900-1900) and tri-band (900-1800-1900) phones can work everywhere. GSM phones are now available to allow interoperability between Europe and North America.

3.3 2G CDMA Cellular (IS-95)

GSM uses TDMA, but who uses CDMA in 2G? While some systems have appeared, IS-95 is the best-known example of 2G with CDMA. Recall that in the case of CDMA, each user is assigned a unique code that differentiates one user from others. This is in contrast to TDMA where each user is assigned a time slot. Why use CDMA for cellular? Although the debate between CDMA versus TDMA has been raging for a while (see Section 8.5.5), there are several advantages of CDMA for cellular networks. The main advantage of CDMA is that many more users (up to 10 times more) can be supported as compared to TDMA. Although this leads to some complications), the advantage of supporting more users far outweighs the disadvantage of added complexity. The IS-95 cellular system has different structures for its forward (base station to mobile station) and backward links. The forward link consists of up to 64 logical CDMA channels, each occupying the same 1228 kHz bandwidth. The forward channel supports 4 different types of channels: Traffic channels (channels 8 to 31 and 33 to 63) these 55 channels are used to carry the user traffic (originally at 9.6 Kbps, revised at 14.4 Kbps). Pilot (Channel 0) used for signal strength comparison, among other things, to determine handoffs Synchronization (Channel 32) a 1200 bps channel used to identify the cellular system (system time, protocol revision, etc.). Paging (channels 1 to 7) messages for mobile stations All these channels use the same frequency band the chipping code (a 64-bit code) is used to distinguish between users. Thus 64 users can theoretically use the same band by using different codes. This is in contrast to TDMA where the band has to be divided into slots one slot per user. The voice and data traffic is encoded, assigned a chipping code, modulated and sent to its destination. The data in the reverse travels on the IS-95 reverse links. The reverse links consist of up to 94 logical CDMA channels, each occupying the 1228 kHz bandwidth.

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The reverse link supports up to 32 access channels and up to 62 traffic channels. The reverse links support many mobile unit-specific features to initiate calls, and to update location during handoffs. The overall architecture of 2G CDMA-based systems are similar to the TDMA-based GSM systems The main difference is that the radio communication between the Base Station Subsystem and Mobile System uses CDMA instead of TDMA. Of course, the MSC now has to worry about handling soft handoffs, but the overall structure stays the same.

3.4 Controversy: CDMA Versus TDMA

There are conflicting performance claims for CDMA and TDMA. The debate is raging because hardware vendors have chosen sides and consequently the standardizing bodies have been lobbied hard. The primary motivation for this level of debate is that vendors want their selection to become the industry standard. Since both TDMA and CDMA have become TIA (Telecom Industry Association) standards IS-54 and IS-95, respectively the debate goes on to determine which standard is better. Technically speaking, CDMA has the following advantages over TDMA. Network capacity: In CDMA, the same frequency can be reused in adjacent cells because the user signals differentiate from each other by a code. Thus frequency reuse can be very high and many more users (up to 10 times more) can be supported as compared to TDMA. Privacy: Privacy is inherent in CDMA since spread spectrum modulates data to signals randomly (you cannot understand the signal unless you know the randomizing code). Reliability and graceful degradation: CDMA-based networks only gradually degrade as more users access the system. This is in contrast to the sudden degradation of TDMAbased systems. For example, if the channel is divided between ten users, then the eleventh user can get a busy signal in a TDMA system. This is not the case with CDMA because there is no hard division of channel capacity CDMA can handle users as long as it can differentiate between them. In case of CDMA, the noise and interference increases gradually as more users are added because it becomes harder to differentiate between various codes.

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 Frequency diversity: CDMA uses spread spectrum, thus transmissions are spread over a larger frequency bandwidth. Consequently, frequency-dependent transmission impairments that occur in certain frequency ranges have less effect on the signal. Environmental: Since existing cells can be upgraded to handle more users, the need for new cell towers decreases. But, there are some drawbacks of CDMA cellular also: Relatively immature. As compared to TDMA, CDMA is a relatively new technology; but it is catching up fast. Self-jamming. CDMA works better if all mobile users are perfectly aligned on chip, (code) boundaries. If this is not the case, then some interference can happen. This situation is better with TDMA and FDMA because time and frequency guard bands can be used to avoid the overlap. Soft handoff. An advantage of CDMA is that it uses soft handoff (i.e., two cells can own a mobile user for a while before the handoff is complete). However, this requires that the mobile user acquires the new cell before it relinquishes the old a more complex process than hard handoff used in FDMA and TDMA schemes. The main advantage of CDMA is that the frequency reuse can be very high and many more users can be supported in a cell as compared to TDMA. Although this leads to a soft handoff that is more complicated than the hard handoff used in TDMA, the advantage of supporting more users far outweighs the disadvantage of added complexity.

3.5 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service )

GSM networks offer circuit-switched data services at 9.6 Kbps. Most GSM carriers are developing a service called General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a 2.5G technology. GPRS can theoretically provide IP-based packet data speeds up to a maximum of 160 Kbps. However, typical GPRS networks operate at lower data rates. One proposed configuration is 80 Kbps maximum (56 Kbps typical) for the downlink and 20 Kbps maximum (14.4 Kbps typical) for the uplink. GPRS supports both IP and X.25 networking. GPRS can be added to GSM infrastructures quite readily. It takes advantage of existing 200 kHz radio channels and does not require new radio spectrum. GPRS basically overlays a packet-switching network on the existing circuit switched GSM network. This gives the user an option to use a packetbased data service. The main component of a GPRS network is the GSN (GPRS Support

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Node) that receives the packet data and transfers it to the Internet or other GPRS networks. To provide GPRS services on top of GSM, the network operators need to add a few GSNs and make a software upgrade to BSCs and few other network elements. This quick upgrade capability has fueled the popularity of GPRS. GPRS capability has been added to cell phones, and is also available in data-only devices such as PC card modems. Pricing is either flat rate or based on the volume of information communicated. GPRS is appealing because it offers higher data rates and also allows, because of packet services, constant virtual connections without the need to constantly dial into the network. The always-on, higher capacity, GPRS networks are very suitable for Internet based content and packet-based data services. You can do Web browsing, email, and file transfer over a GPRS enabled phone. To use GPRS, users specifically need a mobile phone or terminal that supports GPRS (existing GSM phones do NOT support GPRS necessarily) and a subscription to a mobile telephone network that supports GPRS.

3.6 EDGE
The phase after GPRS is called Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). EDGE, generally considered a 3G technology, introduces new methods at the physical layer,including a new form of modulation (8 PSK) and different ways of encoding data to protectagainst errors. But the higher layer protocols stay the same. Thus EDGE can delivermaximum data rates up to 500 Kbps using the same GPRS infrastructure (practicalthroughputs may be only half the maximum rate).EDGE has been designed to address some of the limitations of GPRS. For example, GPRSimpacts a networks existing cell capacity because voice and GPRS calls both use the samenetwork resources. The extent of the impact depends upon the number of timeslots, if any,that are reserved for exclusive use of GPRS. In addition, GPRS actual data rates are muchlower than advertised. Specifically, achieving the theoretical maximum GPRS datatransmission speed of 172.2 Kbps would require a single user taking over all eight timeslotswithout any error protection. Finally, GPRS is based on a modulation technique known asGaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK). EDGE is based on the eight-phase-shift keying (8PSK) modulation that allows a much higher bit rate across the air interface. Since 8 PSK is also used in 3G, network operators need to incorporate it at some stage to make the transitionto third generation mobile phone systems.
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8.8 Third Generation (3G) Cellula

CHAPTER-4 THIRD GENERATION

4. THIRD GENERATION 4.1 Introduction

Marconis innovative perception of electromagnetic waves and the air interface in 1897 was the first milestone on the important road to shared use of the radio spectrum. But only after almost century later did mobile wireless communication start to take off. Despite a series of disappointing false starts,communication world in the late 1980s was rapidly becoming more mobile for amuch wider segment of communication users than ever before. With the advent of wireless technology, a transition from point-to-point communication toward person to person communication (i.e.; independent of position) has begun. Testimony to this is the rapidly increasing penetration of cellular phones all across the world. In anticipation of the growing consumer demands, the next generation of wireless systems endeavors to provide person-to-person communication of the circuit and packet multi media data.

The first generation cellular networks, which were based on analog technology with FM modulation, have been successfully deployed since the early and mid 1980s. A typical example of a first generation cellular telephone system (1G) is the Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS). Second generation (2G) wireless systems employ digital modulation and advanced call-processing capabilities. In view of the processing complexity required for these digital systems, two offered advantages are the possibility of using spectrally efficient radio transmission schemes such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), in comparison to the analogFrequency Division Multiple Access

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(FDMA) schemes previously employed and the provision for implementation of a wide variety of integrated speech and data services such as paging and low data rate network access. Examples of 2G wireless systems include the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), TDMA IS-54/IS-136 and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC). Third Generation (3G) wireless systems will evolve from mature 2G networks with the aim of providing universal access and global roaming. More important these systems are expected to support multi-dimensional (multi information media, multi-transmission media, and multilayered networks) high-speed wireless communication- an important milestone toward achieving the grand vision of ubiquitous personal communications. Introduction of wide band packet-data services for wireless Internet up to 2Mbps will be the main attribute of 3G system.

4.2 WHAT IS 3G ?
The third generation of mobile cellular systems are intended to unify the diverse systems we see today into a seamless radio infrastructure capable of offering a wide range of services in different radio environments, with the quality we have come to expect from wire line communication networks. Since the mid-80s, studies on 3G systems have been carried out within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), where it was called Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems (FPLMTS), lately renamed International Mobile Telecommunicatons-2000 (IMT-2000). In Europe research and development on 3G technology, is commonly referred to as the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and Mobile Broadband System (MBS), have been conducted under the European Community Research into Advanced Communications in Europe (RACE) and Advanced Communication Technologies and Services (ACTS) programs. With support from activities in Europe, the United States, Japan and developing countries, World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC) of ITU identified global bands 1885-2025Mhz and 2110-2200Mhz for IMT-2000 including 1980-2010Mhz and 2170-2200Mhz for the mobile satellite component. Key elements in the definition of 3G systems are the radio access system and Radio Transmission Technology (RTT). As a part of the standardization activities, a formal request by the ITU-Radio communication standardization sector (ITU-R) for submission of candidate RTTs for IMT-2000 has been distributed by the ITU. In response to this 10 proposals were submitted. Most of the proposals use CDMA or WCDMA as their multiple access technique.
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So in this seminar we are presenting the common features of WCDMA based 3G standards.

4.3 COMMON OBJECTIVES

Some major objectives envisioned for IMT-2000 and their key differences from the current 2G mobile systems can be briefly summarized as follows: ! Use of a common frequency band. ! Use of a small pocket terminal with worldwide roaming. ! Maximizing the commonality and optimization of radio interfaces for multiple operating environments, such as vehicular, pedestrian, office and Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) system. ! Significantly high transmission speed capability encompassing circuit and packet switched data with multimedia support. ! Support for both symmetric and asymmetric data transfer in all operating environments. ! Compatibility with wireless services, which currently exist.Spectrum efficiency, quality and overall cost improvement as a result of utilization of advanced technologies such as DSP.

4.4 EVOLUTION

TO 3G

The primary focus of third generation architectures will be to attempt to seamlessly evolve second generation systems to provide high speed data services to support multimedia applications such as web browsing. The key word is "evolve" - as the challenge to wireless equipment manufacturers is to provide existing customers, namely, service providers, with a migration path that simultaneously satisfies the requirements set forth by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for 3G wireless services while preserving customer investment in existing wireless infrastructure. The core of todays second generation networks provide the foundation on which third generation services 3G-are built. Next

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generation services will be delivered by a combination of existing and evolving digital equipments. The move to 3G is all about high-speed mobile data and IP traffic. That is why todays wireless networks will require grater band width and network capacity to support 3rd

Figure 4.4.1:Evolution path of Wireless Communication Systems

Figure 4.4.2 :Migration from 2G to 3G 4.5. GSM EVOLUTION

GSM networks will enhance packet data services primarily in three phases. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) refers to the first phase of GSM network architecture enhancements that allow mobiles to connect to IP or X.25 based networks. The GSM/GPRS network architecture will further evolve to support Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE),
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which provides significant improvements over GPRS. Finally, the ETSI/ARIB Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) proposal provides a new air interface for GSM networks - supporting higher data rates that will meet or exceed UMTS/IMT-2000 specifications.
4.5.1 EVOLUTION OF IS-136

IS-136, sometimes referred to as North American TDMA (NA-TDMA), has a two- phase migration path as defined by UWC-136. In the first phase, referred to as 136+, significant enhancement will be made to allow for improved voice and data over the existing 30 kHz carrier, which uses 6 time slots per 40 ms frame. The second phase, referred to as 136 High Speed (136HS) will embrace the EDGE standard (at least in outdoor environments) in order to meet the requirements of UMTS/IMT-2000. 4.5.2 IS-95 EVOLUTION IS-95, sometimes referred to as North American CDMA (NA-CDMA), has a two phase migration path: IS-95B and cdma2000. The key advantage of IS-95B and cdma2000 for existing CDMA operators is simple: preservation of capital investments. Both IS-95B and cdma2000 will provide a smooth migration path to IMT-2000 while maintaining backward compatibility with existing IS-95 infrastructure. In order to maintain backward compatibility, both IS-95B and cdma2000 will be based on synchronous base station operation and will therefore continue to rely on the GPS to maintain synchronicity. In addition, IS-95B and cdma2000 will continue to use 20 ms frames and perform closed loop power control on the reverse link at a rate of 800 times per second. Currently, IS-95 provides circuit switched and packet-switched data at rates of 9.6 kbps or 14.4 kbps (depending on the speech coder) using a 1.25 MHz channel bandwidth and a chip rate of 1.2288 Mbps.

4.6. 3G STANDARDS Third generation cellular telephony is on its way - not, unfortunately, as a single worldwide system, but as three incompatible ones. The main difference the three lies in their choice of radio interface technology. This fact is crucial for several reasons, since the f\radio interface determines not only the fundamental capacity of a mobile radio network, but also how it deals with such issues as interference, distortion, handing off calls from one base station to another as users move around etc. In one way or the other, all three approaches provide for adaptive

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bandwidth on demand. Two of the systems use wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) for the radio interface. The other uses a time division multiple access (TDMA) radio interface technique. 4.6.1. WCDMA One of the most promising approaches to the new third generation is to combine a wide band CDMA (W-CDMA) AIR INTERFACE with the fixed network of the GSM. With WCDMA a users information bits are spread over an artificially broadened bandwidth. The job is done by multiplying them with pseudorandom bit stream several times as fast. The bits in the pseudorandom bit stream are referred to as chips, so the stream is known as chipping or spreading code. It increases the bit rate of the signal (and the amount of band width it occupies) by a ratio known as spreading factor, namely, the ratio of the chip rate to the original information rate. The key device in any CDMA system is its correlation receivers, which stores exact copies of all the systems chipping codes. These codes are used by the receiver to multiply a received data stream, selecting the chipping code as was used in the transmitter. The devices also perform whatever mathematical functions required to restore the original user data. The result is that at the receiver output, the amplitude of the de-spread signal is increased by the spreading factor relative to the interfering signals. In the process, those interfering signals are diminished and add to the background noise level. This effect is called process gain. CDMA the conversations occupy the same frequency band at the same time. But each interaction is multiplied by a different chipping code, and when the signals are de-spread, the only one that comes through intelligibly is the one whose code was used by the de-spreader. The others simply add to the background noise level, which ultimately limit the number of users that can share a channel. For the system to work two factors are key. First only soft handovers may be employed, since with them mobile terminals can maintain simultaneous connections to different base stations as they move among them. Second transmitted power should be strictly controlled so that signals from all mobile terminals arrive at the base station with about the same strength, despite their differing distances from the base station. Strict power control is maintained with real time power control channels. The control channels operate at power command rate between 800Hz and 1.5kHz. That is base station equipment measures the power received from each mobile unit as much as 1500 times a second and issues command to the mobile at that rate to raise or lower their output power. Many users can be accommodated. The maximum WCDMA chip rate is 3.84Mcps (mega chips per second) and yields a modulated carrier of about 5Mhz wide. System
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operators can deploy multiple carriers, each of which occupies 5Mhz. More over in a WCDMA system, multiple end users can share each 5Mhz channel. In addition to the above mentioned features a WCDMA system can support both fixed and variable data rate users in an adaptive manner. The system does this by continually changing the way it distributes the channels band width among the users, adjusting the spreading factors of e ach of the users in every 10ms. The community abiding by the Global System for Mobile communications extends itself into 3G under the general rubric of Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services (UMTS). Their radio interface uses WCDMA radio techniques and is called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). WCDMA has two forms, distinguished by how they separate the two directions of communication. Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) employs separate uplink and downlink frequency bands with a constant frequency offset between them. The other form Time Division Duplexing (TDD) puts the uplink and downlink in the same band, and then time-shares transmissions in each direction. This mode is useful for operators with spectrum restrictions. 4.6.2. TRANSITION FROM GSM TO 3G The WCDMA physical layer includes variable bit rate transport channels required for bandwidth on demand user applications. These can multiplex several services onto a single connection between fixed infrastructure and a mobileterminal. Some of the physical channels do not carry transport signals, they do not carry user information of any kind. They serve the physical layer itself, and include such resources as some pilot channels (that assist in modulation recovery), a synchronization channel (that lets mobile terminals synchronize to the network, and an acquisition channel (that establishes the initial connections to the mobile terminals). WCDMA resembles all CDMA systems currently deployed in that it applies the spreading function in two phases. An initial channelization code spreading is followed by a scrambling code spreading. The initial channelization code spreading alone determines the occupied bandwidth of the radio signal. As for the scrambling code, it is used to distinguish different mobile terminals at the base stations receiver and to distinguish multiple cell sites in the mobile terminals receiver. The second-generation IS-95 CDMA systems uses a single pseudo noise code common to all base stations, but applied by each base station with different time offsets. WCDMA elaborates on this scheme to allow for multiple connections to a single mobile terminal as well as variable spreading factors at the channelization spreading stage. Low user data rates get lots of coding gain with high spreading ratios while high user data rates get less coding gain because of their lower spreading ratios. The
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spreading details differ in down link (base to mobile) and the up link (mobile to base) directions. In the downlink direction the channelization codes separate different users in a cell. In the uplink direction they separate different physical channels (parallel connections) in a single mobile. All the spreading occurs in 10 ms frames at a constant chip rate of 3.84 Mbps. WCDMA key features are: direct sequence CDMA, FDD and TDD support

convolutional

4.6.3 cdma 2000 Sub-committee of TIA submitted a radio transmission technology called cdma 2000. This RTT protects investments in IS-95 equipments and systems. This is a multi carrier mode cdma. This is very similar to the frequency division multiplexing form of WCDMA. The chief differences from WCDMA are: 20 ms framing structure, instead of 10 ms and a slightly different spreading rate 3.6864 Mcps which is exactly three times the IS-95 rate of 1.2288 Mcps. Multiple parallel connections can be established in up to three cdma carriers in what is called 3X operating mode. The features of cdma-2000 can be summarized as follows:

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Figure 4.6.3.1.: High Level GSM/GPRS Architecture In North America, the second-generation 2G services are already deployed in the part of the spectrum reserved for 3G. So such operators with limited spectrum cannot employ wide band CDMA as their RTT to provide 3G services. There fore, some TDMA based 3G standards have been adopted by such operators, which are collectively known as UWC-136. One of the modes is almost identical to GSM packet radio scheme called Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE). Packet radio techniques are coupled with adaptive modulation- Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) and 8- Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK)- to give EDGE all of the 3G features except for its 2Mbps data rate.

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4.7. 3G DATA RATES The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has laid down some indicative minimum requirements for the data speeds that the INT 2000 standards must support. These requirements are defined according to the degree of mobility involved when the 3G call is being made. As such the data rate that will be available over 3G will depend upon the environment the call is being made in: High Mobility: 144 kbps for rural outdoor mobile use. This data rate is available for environments in which the 3G user is travelling more than 120 kmph in outdoor environments. Full Mobility: 384 kbps for pedestrian users traveling less than 120 kmph in urban outdoor environments. Limited Mobility: At least 2mbps with low mobility (less than 10 kmph) in stationary indoor and short range outdoor environments. Satellite Environment: 3G is supposed to provide a minimum data rate of 9.6 kbps in this environment.

Figure 7.1: The range of different networks offering different data rates

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4.8. 3G NETWORK ARCHITECTURE The 3G network architecture is very complex and is difficult to understand & represent. So network reference model is used which makes its representation simpler. NETWORK REFERENCE MODEL (cdma2000/3gpp2) Reference models are graphical tools used to visualize, structure, and describe certain complex subjects. A few such models are widely used in the 3GPP2 wireless recommendations. The below figure presents the network entities and associated reference points that comprise a wireless network. The network entities are represented by squares, triangles and rounded corner rectangles; the reference points are represented by circles. The network reference model is a functional block diagram. A network entity represents a group of functions, not a physical device. Sometimes, for practical reasons, the functional network entity is a physical device. The Mobile Station (MS) is an excellent example. A reference point is a conceptual point that divides two groups of functions. It is not necessarily a physical interface. A reference point only becomes a physical interface when the network entities on either side of it are contained in different physical devices

4.9. 3G PROTOCOLS The protocol stack proposed for 3g wireless platform is shown below: WAP TCP IP IP over WmATM WmATM with WAAL MAC DBA Physical Layer

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WmATM cells are generated through the wireless ATM adaptation layer (WAAL). The DBA (Dynamic Bandwidth allocation) layer handles dynamic bandwidth allocation to increase the spectrum utilization. The wireless application protocol (WAP) is the de facto world standard for the presentation and delivery of wireless information. As per the International telecommunication union- radio communication standard sector (ITU-R) IOMT-2000 radio transmission technology adopts the CDMA and TDMA for the physical layer, which contain 16 time division duplex time slots and each slot can be composed of up to 64 CDMA codes for the 3g wireless systems. Different services have various quality of service requirements as well as system parameters, so the bandwidth allocation should be dynamic and adaptive. This kind of MAC (Media access controller) can be implemented using DSP. 3G also supports Internet access through the mobile terminal, therefore it has to support TCP/IP protocols. 4.10. 3G HANDSET The common trends in 3G terminals are: ! Bigger and better screen technology- screens will be color and must have considerably larger screen areas. ! Video and multimedia are central to the technology demonstration. So videoconference is an application that many of the concept terminals anticipate. ! Majority of 3G terminals include a miniature camera built into it. 4.10.1. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Third generation handsets will demand new levels of performance from their RF sections. To meet the wider bandwidth, increased linearity and lower power requirements lead to high speed, low noise, bipolar integration technologies such as GaAs. One of the main challenges will be in the mixed signal area such as analog to digital converters and digital to analog converters that will have to operate at 10 mega samples per second. 3G products will be able to reduce the number and size of external passive devices used for filtering and coupling. Another difficulty is accommodating variable carrier bandwidth. So we move digitization of signals much closer to antenna enabling designers to use programmable DSPs to perform demodulation and decoding. It takes around 60 MIPS worth of DSP to support a typical GSM phone whereas a 3G EWCDMA phone will require 300 MIPS.
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Real Time Operating System Smart Antenna Array Digital Broadband Transceiver Baseband Processing Unit WCDMA Module EDGE Module cdma2000 Module Users, operators & vendors want to improve the flexibility & capability of their wireless communication equipment by using software reconfigurable radio technology offers a potential of substantially improved operational capability at a lower cost. It also offers multi mode operations using the same hardware by simply changing the embedded software. This supports multi mode global roaming phones at an affordable price. The main functional blocks in a 3G handset are the following : 1. A Smart Antenna Array: This antenna array is capable of controlling transmitted power according to the control information from the BTS. Most 3G systems employ a closed loop power control 2. Front End High Speed ADC & DAC: The third generation terminals make use of high speed ADC and DAC in the RF stage. This helps to use programmable DSP circuitry for up and down conversions, modulation demodulation and coding-decoding functions.

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3. A Microcontroller: This microcontroller controls the DSP operations and also helps in power management. In most of the 3G phone chipsets the microcontroller and the DSP are integrated into a single chip. 4. Colour LCD Display: As 3G system supports multimedia applications and mobile teleconferencing, a comparatively larger multi color LCD display is necessary. 5. Signal Processing Circuitry: This will be a DSP processor which will handle digital audio decoding, video streaming, voice compression, channel coding, modem, equalization, encryption, echo cancellation, speech recognition, noise suppression security encryption and decryption, for mobile commerce and more to add new functionality to digital wireless phones (The world's lowest power DSP, the new TMS320C55x announced February 22, 2000, is the processor of choice for the next-generation digital wireless phones and a whole new generation of wireless Internet appliances) 4.10.2. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS As the 3G phones use programmable hardware an embedded operating system is used in addition to this to handle user interface of the phone a Java Virtual Machine is used. 4.11. 3G-QUALITY OF SERVICE First and second-generation cellular systems provided their circuit switched resources to subscribers with a fixed quality of services (QoS). Networks in the latest generation, on the other hand, will assign default QoS profiles to users and their applications. A subscribers application negotiates a suitable QoS profile with the network which allots its resources according to the default profile or with some alternative profile, depending on the load on the network, the propagation conditions and QoS profiles authorized by users subscription. At the subscriber level, four kinds of traffic can be distinguished: conversational, streaming, interactive and background. Conversational traffic is the most familiar type of traffic. Fairly tolerant of errors, conversational and videoconferencing traffic have different throughput requirements, but they demand a constant and rather short end-to-end delay. Streaming traffic applies to applications that can start processing the traffic for presentation to the user before the whole file is transmitted to the subscriber. It can work within a small range of delays and throughput delays. Interactive traffic is used by online applications, in which a subscriber is allowed to interact with a server of some kind: Web browsing, e-commerce, games and location-based services. Interactive traffic can work acceptably over an intermediate range of
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delays and throughput rates. Finally, background traffic is very tolerant of delays, works within a wide range of throughput rates, but is relatively intolerant of errors. These include applications such as e-mail, short messaging services and file downloads. Background traffic is the most naturally compatible with packet data networks. 4.12. 3G APPLICATIONS There are several applications that will be enabled by the broadband wireless communication channels that will come with 3G. These applications include: AUDIO Audio or video over the Internet is downloaded (transferred, stored and played) or streamed (played as it is being send but not stored). The different compression algorithms such as MP3 can be used. With 3G, MP3 files will be downloadable over the air directly to the phone via a dedicated server. The large computational power available in the 3G phones helps the decoding of MP3 formats. VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL Another audio application for 3G is Voice over IP (VoIP) the ability to route telephone calls over the Internet to provide voice telephone service at local call rates to anywhere in the world. With the higher data rates supported by 3G, VoIP will be available on mobile phones. STILL IMAGES Still images such as photographs, pictures, letters, postcards, greeting cards, presentations and static web pages can be send and received over mobile networks just as they are across an IP based network. MOVING IMAGES Sending moving images in a mobile environment has several vertical market applications including monitoring parking lots or building sites for intruders or thieves, sending images of a patient from an ambulance to a hospital, mobile video conferencing applications etc. VIRTUAL HOME ENVIRONMENT (VHE) A Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services (UMTS) service that is often mentioned in the vendors brochures is so called Virtual Home Environment, a service that simply lets
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customers have seamless access with a common look and feel to their services from home, office or on the move in any city as if they were at home. VHE is there fore aimed at roamers, a small subset of mobile phone users. VHE could also allow some other useful services by placing their Universal Identity Module into any terminal and those terminals could be other than mobile devices (if smart cards are more widely supported than they are today). ELECTRONIC AGENTS Electronic agents are supposed to play an important role for mobile working in the future as agents are dispatched to carry out searches and tasks on the Internet and report back to their owners. This is an efficient way to get things done on the move. Electronic agents are defined as mobile programs that go to places in the network to carry out their owners instructions. Agents are self-contained programs that roam communication networks, delivering and receiving messages or looking for information or services. Certainly, 3G terminals will give their owners much more control over their lives than todays mobile phones. They will be e assistance, esecretaries, e-advisors, e-administrators etc. This kind of control is what home automation applications anticipate. DOWNLOADING SOFTWARE In the 21st century, software will increasingly be downloaded electronically from the Internet rather than purchased as boxed products in stores. This is like file transfer applications that involve downloading the software itself. We might, for example need WinZip or adobe acrobat to read a file and can download that over the 3G network to a 3G terminal. Additionally Application Service Provision (ASP) market in which software platforms and server software is being hosted by third parties and accessed by client software mimics this thin client world in which the bandwidth is high enough for applications and files to be retrieved from the Internet on the fly whenever they are needed.

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Figure 4.12.1: Different 3G applications and corresponding data rates

Figure 4.12.2: User Applications

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4.13. VISIONS OF THE FUTURE 3G is capable of providing very high data rate in different radio environments. It can provide dream multimedia services. At present there is no hope of a wireless communication technology, which can perform better than 3G. It is expected that the trends should last into a Fourth Generation (4G) of even better spectrum efficiencies, higher radio carrier frequencies, even higher user data rates, and a blizzard of new non voice applications plus the terminals to support them. A wireless terminal that is your gateway to the world of voice data, video and multimedia communications sounds possible sooner. The year is 2005, your traveling in the passenger seat of your work-colleagues car with a laptop computer in front of you, you sip a cup of coffee while you write a short report on the meeting you attended that day. Suddenly, you hear the tone that tells you theres an incoming videoconference call. You click on the screen icon, the computer screen changes and you see your assistants face. The two of you have a brief conversation. Then she tells you about a new intranet site that could b useful for your next customer meeting. So without interrupting the conversation, you take a look at the website, and your assistant guides you to the most interesting pages. A few minutes later, your sales department calls and sends you the technical specifications and pricing information that you need for your next meeting. At the same time you send your completed report to the eight people who need copies. Meanwhile, a memo from one of your codirectors arrives on your computer. Its about an important item on your own company, broadcast on that mornings TV news report. A clip of the TV item is attached to the e-mail, so you watch it. This is not science fiction, it a preview of everyday communication services that will be a commercial reality within the next few years. So called third generation wireless services (also referred to as 3G services) will significantly expand the range of options available to users and allow communications, information and entertainment services to be delivered via wireless terminals. The exciting thing is that the foundation for these services has already been laid down in a shape of todays digital mobile phone networks. All that is needed to support these advanced multimedia services is to expand the information capacit y, or bandwidth of the radio communications technology.

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CHAPTER-5 4G TECHNOLOGY
5. 4G TECHNOLOGY 5.1. INTRODUCTION
Pick up any newspaper today and it is a safe bet that you will find an article somewhere relating to mobile communications. If it is not in the technology section it will almost certainly be in the business section and relate to the increasing share prices of operators or equipment manufacturers, or acquisitions and take-overs thereof. Such is the pervasiveness of mobile communications that it is affecting virtually everyones life and has become a major political topic and a significant contributor to national gross domestic product (GDP).

The major driver to change in the mobile area in the last ten years has been the massive enabling implications of digital technology, both in digital signal processing and in service provision. The equivalent driver now, and in the next five years, will be the all pervasiveness of software in both networks and terminals. The digital revolution is well underway and we stand at the doorway to the software revolution. Accompanying these changes are societal developments involving the extensions in the use of mobiles. Starting out from speech-dominated services we are now experiencing massive growth in applications involving SMS (Short Message Service) together with the start of Internet applications using WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode. The mobile phone has not only followed the watch, the calculator and the organizer as an essential personal accessory but has subsumed all of them. With the new Internet extensions it will also lead to a convergence of the PC, hi-fl and television and provide mobility to facilities previously only available on one network. The development from first generation analogue systems (1985) to second generation (2G) digital GSM (1992) was the heart of the digital revolution. But much more than this it was a huge success for standardization emanating from Europe and gradually spreading globally. However, world-wide roaming still presents some problems with pockets of US standards IS95 (a code division multiple access [CDMA] rather than a time division multiple access
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[TDMA] digital system) and IS- 136 (a TDMA variant) still entrenched in some countries. Extensions to GSM (2G) via GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) (E-GPRS) as well as WAP and i-mode (so called 2.5G) will allow the transmission of higher data rates as well as speech prior to the introduction of 3G. Mobile systems comprise a radio access together with a supporting core network. In GSM the latter is characterized by MAP (Mobile Applications Protocol), which provides the mobility management features of the system. GSM was designed for digital speech services or for low bit rate data that could fit into a speech channel (e.g. 9.6kbit/s). It is a circuit rather than a packet oriented network and hence is inefficient for data communications. To address the rapid popularity increase of Internet services, GPRS is being added to GSM to allow packet (Internet Protocol [IP]) communications at up to about 100kbit/s. Third generation (3G) systems were standardized in 1999. These include IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000), which was standardized within ITU-R and includes the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) European standard from ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute), the US derived CDMA 2000 and the Japanese NTT DoCoMo W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) system. Such systems extend services to (multirate) high-quality multimedia and to convergent networks of fixed, cellular and satellite components. The radio air interface standards are based upon W-CDMA (UTRA FDD and UTRA TDD in UMTS, multicarrier CDMA 2000 and single carrier UWC-136 on derived US standards). The core network has not been standardized, but a group of threeevolved GSM (MAP), evolved ANSI-41 (from the American National Standards Institute) and IP-based are all candidates. 3G is also about a diversity of terminal types, including many non-voice terminals, such as those embedded in all sorts of consumer products. Bluetooth (another standard not within the 3G orbit, but likely to be associated with it) is a short-range system that addresses such applications. Thus services from a few bits per second up to 2Mbit/s can be envisioned. For broadband indoor wireless communications, standards such as HIPERLAN 2 (High Performance Local Area NetworkETSIs broadband radio access network [BRAN]) and IEEE 802.lla have emerged to support IP based services and provide some QoS (quality of service) support. Such systems are based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) rather than CDMA and are planned to operate in the 5GHz band.
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Whereas 2G operates in 900 and 1800/1900MHz frequency bands, 3G is intended to operate in wider bandwidth allocations at 2GHz. These new frequency bands will provide wider bandwidths for some multimedia services and the first allocations have been made in some countries via spectrum auctions (e.g. in the UK, Holland and Germany) or beauty contests (in France and Italy). The opportunity has also been taken to increase competition by allowing new operators into the bands as well as extending existing operator licenses. These new systems will comprise microcells as well as macro cells in order to deliver the higher capacity services efficiently. 3G and 2G will continue to coexist for some time with optimization of service provision between them. Various modes of delivery will be used to improve coverage in urban, suburban and rural areas, with satellite (and possibly HAPShigh altitude platform stations) playing a role.

The story of the evolution of mobile radio generations is summed up in Fig.

Already, as we move from 2G to 3G the convergence of communications and computing is central to the realization of the new generation of services and applications. Digital technology enables dynamic adaptation of systems, and intercommunicating software embedded in networks and terminals allows efficient control of the new networks. This is accentuated as we move from 3G to 4G, extending the range and bit rate of services and

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bringing about the convergence of fixed, mobile and broadcast networks, service provision and terminal types. This paper introduce the basic ideas and thinking behind the second phase research programme (1999-2003) of the UKs Virtual Centre of Excellence in Mobile and Personal Communications (Mobile VCE) in the form of visions for 4G. A Visions Group has been set up to produce and maintain an evolving picture of 4G and to communicate these ideas down to the work areas and researchers. The aim is to provide an umbrella vision to harmonise the research work in the various areas. The next section explain the limitations of 3G systems and derive the drivers for 4G. The subsequent sections present the 4G vision and some of the research challenges that this presents. The approach that is taken here is one of developing a technical vision. However it is based upon likely user scenarios that have been developed within the Mobile VCE

5.2. LIMITATIONS OF 3G AND DRIVERS FOR 4G

From its basic conception to the time of roll-out took around ten years for 2G; a similar period will apply to 3G, which will commence service in 2001/2 and reach full deployment by 2005. Thus by 2010 it will be time to deploy 4G networks and, working backwards with the ten year cycle, it is clear that the year 2000 is appropriate to start with visions for 4G and a research programme aimed at the key issues. The Mobile VCEs second phase research programme has been constructed to meet this aim. The starting point was to look at current trends. Here we see a phenomenal growth in mobiles with an estimated global user base that will exceed one billion by 2003. Already mobile communications exceed fixed communications in several countries and it is foreseen that mobile communications will subsume fixed by 2010 (fixedmobile convergence will be complete). Currently short messaging is booming, especially among the younger generation, with averages of upwards of 100 messages per month dominating monthly bills. Business take-up of SMS via information services is also increasing and providing a start for mobile ecommerce, but this is currently very much limited by the bit rates available. This will be improved with the introduction of GPRS. In Europe the WAP system (using Wireless Markup LanguageWML) has been slow to gain market ground; in contrast, in Japan NTT
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DoC0oMos i-mode system had over 10 million subscribers by summer 2000 and is picking up 50000 new customers per day. Customers are already browsing the Internet, exchanging email, conducting banking and stock transactions, making flight reservations and checking news and weather via HTML- based (Hyper Text Mark-up Language) text information on their phones. Java is expected to be available on imode phones soon, allowing the download of agents, games etc. and the introduction of location-based services. In Japan, the number of net phones has now passed the number of wired Internet customers and is setting the trend that others will surely follow when 3G opens up more bandwidth and improved quality. Thus 3G will provide a significant step in the evolution of mobile personal communications. Mobility appears to be one of the fundamental elements in the evolution of the information society. As service provision based on network centric architectures gradually gives way to the edge-centric architectures, access is needed from more and more places at all times. But can 3G deliver? It is true that 3G can support multimedia Internet-type services at improved speeds and quality compared to 2G. The W-CDMA based air-interface has been designed to provide improved high-capacity coverage for medium bit rates (384 kbit/s) and limited coverage at up to 2Mbit/s (in indoor environments). Statistical multiplexing on the air also improves the efficiency of packet mode transmission. However, there are limitations with 3G as follows:

Extension to higher data rates is difficult with CDMA due to excessive interference between services. It is difficult to provide a full range of multirate services, all with different QoS and performance requirements due to the constraints imposed on the core network by the air interface standard. For example, it is not a fully integrated system.

In addition, the bandwidth available in the 2GHz bands allocated for 3G will soon become saturated and there are constraints on the combination of

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frequency and time division duplex modes imposed by regulators to serve different environments efficiently. By the year 2010, one of the key enabling technology developments will be embedded radiothe widespread availability and use of the $1 radio chip, which will evolve from short-range wireless developments such as Bluetooth. Embedded radio will eventually become as common as embedded microprocessors are today, with perhaps 50 such devices in the typical home, the user being mostly unaware of their presence. As they interact, in response to the user arriving home for example, they will form a home area network (HAN). Similarly, such devices will be present in large numbers in vehicles (the vehicular area network, or VAN), in personal belongings (the personal area network, or PAN), in the public environment, etc. Such chips will serve as a means of short-range communication between objects and devices, offering capabilities for monitoring and control, in most cases without the knowledge or intervention of the user. As a person moves between these environments such short-range links will allow their personal profiles and preferences to move with them, with the hotel room automatically configuring itself to their personal preferred temperatures, TV channels/interests, lighting etc. However, the integration of such links with wide-area mobile access will enable far more powerful service concepts, as mobile agents access this pervasive network of sensors and access information on the users behalf to perform and even pre-empt their needs and wishes. In the 1G to 2G transition, as well as a transition from analogue to digital we saw a monoservice to multi-service transition. From 2G to 3G, as well as a mono-media to multimedia transition we are also seeing a transition from person-to-person to person-to-machine interactions, with users accessing video, Internet/intranet and database feeds. The 3G to 4G transition, supported by such technologies, will see a transition towards a pre-dominance of automated and autonomously initiated machine-to-machine interactions. Such developments will of course be accompanied by ongoing evolution of already anticipated 3G services, such as: send/receive e-mail Internet browsing (information) on-line transactions (e-business) location-dependent information

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company database access large-file transfer.

These services in themselves represent an increase in requirements for accessing information, for business and commercial transactions, as well as for a raft of new location-dependent information services, all including significantly higher bit-rate requirements. There is a requirement for a mixture of unicast, multicast and broadcast service delivery with dynamic variation between application services both spatially and temporally. Above all, there is a demand for ease of user access and manipulation, with minimal user involvement complexity hidden from the userand intelligence to learn and adapt with use. From the above it will be seen that 4G will need to be highly dynamic in terms of support for:

the users traffic air interfaces and terminal types radio environments

quality-of-service types mobility patterns.

4G, then, must itself be dynamic and adaptable in all aspects, with built-in intelligence. Thus a software system rather than a hard-and-fixed physical system is indicated. Integration, needed to reflect the convergence issues already mentioned, is also a key to 4G, in particular integration of the radio access and the core network elements, which must be designed as a whole rather than segmented as in the past. Key drivers to 4G will be:

a multitude of diverse devices (distributed, embedded, wearable, pervasive) predominance of machine-to-machine communications location-dependent and e-business applications the extension of IF protocols to mobility and range of QoS privacy and security dynamic networking and air-interfaces improved coverage mechanisms
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improved and dynamic spectrum usage.

5.3. 4G VISIONS MAPPING TO RESEARCH TOPICS

The Mobile VCE vision for 2010 is embodied in the five key elements shown in Fig. and detailed as follows:

Fully converged services: Personal communications, information systems, broadcast and entertainment will have merged into a seamless pool of content available according to the users requirement. The user will have access to a wider range of services and applications, available conveniently, securely and in a manner reflecting the users personal preferences.

Ubiquitous mobile access: The dominant mode of access to this pool of content will be mobile, accounting for all voice communications, the majority of high-speed information services, and a significant proportion of broadcast and entertainment services. Mobile access to commercial and retail services will be the norm, replacing current practices in most cases.

Diverse user devices: The user will be served by a wide variety of low-cost mobile devices to access content conveniently and seamlessly. These devices will commonly be wearablein some cases disposable and will normally be powered independently of the mains. Devices will interact with users in a multi sensory manner, encompassing not only speech, hearing and sight but also the other human senses, and biological and environmental data pertinent to the application. Special devices tailored for people with disabilities will be common place

Autonomous networks: Underlying these systems will be highly autonomous adaptive networks capable of self-management of their structure to meet the changing and evolving demands of users for both services and capacity. Efficient and cost-effective use of the radio spectrum will be an essential element of their operation, and here, too, autonomy and self- management will be the norm.

Software dependency: Intelligent mobile agents will exist throughout the networks and in user devices, and will act continually to simplify tasks and ensure transparency to the user. These mobile agents will act at all levels, from managing

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an individual users content preferences to organizing and reconfiguring major elements of networks.

5.4. RESEARCH CHALLENGES

Analysis of the underlying technical challenges raised by the above vision and its five elements has produced three research areas: Networks and services, Software based systems, Wireless access. These form the basis of the Mobile VCE Phase 2 research programme.

5.5. NETWORKS AND SERVICES The aim of 3G is to provide multimedia multirate mobile communications anytime and anywhere, though this aim can only be partially met. It will be uneconomic to meet this requirement with cellular mobile radio only. 4G will extend the scenario to an all-IP network (access + core) that integrates broadcast, cellular, cordless, WLAN (wireless local area network), short-range systems and fixed wire. The vision is of integration across these networkair interfaces and of a variety of radio environments on a common, flexible and expandable platform a network of networks with distinctive radio access connected to a seamless IP-based core network a (Fig. 3).

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The functions contained in this vision will be: a connection layer between the radio access and the IP core including mobility management internetworking between access schemes inter and intra system, handover, QoS negotiations, security and mobility ability to interface with a range of new and existing radio interfaces

A vertical view of this 4G vision (Fig. 4) shows the layered structure of hierarchical cells that facilitates optimization for different applications and in different radio environments. In this depiction we need to provide global roaming across all layers.

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Both vertical and horizontal handover between different access schemes will be available to provide seamless service and quality of service. Network re configurability is a means of achieving the above scenario. This encompasses terminal re configurability, which enables the terminal to roam across the different air interfaces by exchanging configuration software (derived from the software radio concept). It also provides dynamic service flexibility and trading of access across the different networks by dynamically optimizing the network nodes in the end-to- end connection. This involves reconfiguration of protocol stacks, programmability of network nodes and re configurability of base stations and terminals. The requirement is for a distributed reconfiguration control. Fig. 5 demonstrates both internal node and external network re configurability.

For internal reconfiguration the functionality of the network nodes must be controlled before, during and after reconfiguration and compliance to transmission standards and regulations must be facilitated. External reconfiguration management is required to monitor traffic, to ensure that the means for transport between terminals and network gateways (or other end points) are synchronized
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(e.g. by conforming to standards) and to ensure that the databases/content servers needed for downloadable reconfiguration software are provided. The research challenges are to provide mechanisms to implement internal and external configuration, to define and identify application programming interfaces (APIs) and to design mechanisms to ensure that reconfigured network nodes comply with regulatory standards.

An example of evolved system architectures is a combination of ad hoc and cellular topologies. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile routers (and connected hosts) connected by wireless links. The routing and hosts are free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily; thus the network wireless topology can change rapidly. Such a network can exist in a stand-alone form or be connected to a larger internet

In the current cellular systems, which are based on a star-topology, if the base stations are also considered to be mobile nodes the result becomes a network of mobile nodes in

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which a base station acts as a gateway providing a bridge between two remote ad hoc networks or as a gateway to the fixed network. This architecture of hybrid star and ad hoc networks has many benefits; for example it allows self-reconfiguration and adaptability to highly variable mobile characteristics (e.g. channel conditions, traffic distribution variations, load-balancing) and it helps to minimise inaccuracies in estimating the location of mobiles. Together with the benefits there are also some new challenges, which mainly reside in the unpredictability of the network topology due to mobility of the nodes; this unpredictability, coupled with the local-broadcast capability, provides new challenges in designing a communication system on top of an ad hoc wireless network. The following will be required: distributed MAC (medium access control) and dynamic routing support wireless service location protocols wireless dynamic host configuration protocols distributed LAC and QoS-based routing schemes.

In mobile IP networks we cannot provide absolute quality-of-service guarantees, but various levels of quality can be guaranteed at a cost to other resources. As the complexity of the networks and the range of the services increase there is a trade-off between resource management costs and quality of service that needs to be optimised. The whole issue of resource management in a mobile IP network is a complex trade-off of signaling, scalability, delay and offered QoS. As already mentioned, in 4G we will encounter a whole range of new multirate services, whose traffic models in isolation and in mixed mode need to be further examined. It is likely that aggregate models will not be sufficient for the design and dynamic control of such networks. The effects of traffic scheduling, MAC and CAC (connection admission control) and mobility will be required to devise the dimensioning tools needed to design 4G networks. 5.6. SOFTWARE SYSTEMS We have already seen in the previous subsection that to effect terminal and network node re configurability we need a middleware layer. This consists of network intelligence in the form of object-oriented distributed processing and supporting environments that offer the openness necessary to break down traditional boundaries to interoperability and uniform service provision. The mobile software agent approach is an especially important building block as it
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offers the ability to cope with the complexities of distributed systems. Such building blocks may reside at one time in the terminal and then in the network; or they may be composed of other objects that themselves are mobile. Within the mobile system there exists a range of objects whose naming, addressing and location are key new issues. A further step in this development is the application of the Web-service-model rather than the client/server principle; recent industry tendencies show a shift towards this paradigm and XML (extensible Mark-up Language) is seen as the technology of the future for Web-based distributed services. However this technology has yet to prove its scalability and suitability for future application in mobile networks. In addition to the network utilities there will be a range of applications and services within 4G that also have associated with them objects, interfaces (APIs) and protocols. It is the entirety of different technologies that underlies the middleware for the new 4G software system. The killer application for 4G is likely to be the personal mobile assistant (PMA)in effect the software complement to the personal area networkthat will organise, share and enhance all of our daily routines and life situations. It will provide a range of functions including: Ability to learn from experiences and to build on personal experiences, i.e. to have intelligence Decision capability to organize routine functions with other PMAs and network data bases, e.g. diary, travel arrangements, holidays, prompts (shopping, haircut, theatre, birthdays, etc.) A range of communication modes: voice, image (with image superimposition via head-up displays such as glasses or retinal overlays), multiparty meetings (including live action video of us and our current environment), etc. Provision of navigation and positioning information and thus of locationdependent services: Detecting and reporting the location of children, pets and objects of any sort Vehicle positioning and route planning, auto pilot and pedestrian warnings Automatic reporting of accidents (to insurance companies, rescue services and car dealers) Knowledge provision via intelligent browsing of the Internet E-business facilities for purchasing and payment
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Health monitoring and provision of warnings Infotainment: music, video and, maybe, virtual reality

Of course the key to all this is mobilitywe need to have the PMA whenever and wherever we are, and this places additional complexity on network and service objects and the agents that process them. Specifically we need to consider what the metrics are that determine which objects follow the user. Some objects can move anywhere; others can move in some directions or within a constrained area. If they can move, how will the existing service determine if resources are available to support them in their new (temporary) home? Will they still be able to function? What kind of computing architecture and middleware platforms will be capable of supporting thousands, perhaps millions, of such objects? Aspects of security pervade the whole of this area. Rules of authentication, confidentiality, scalability and availability must now be applied to objects that are continuously mobile. A whole set of conditions that are valid at one time and place maybe invalid if transferred to another. Integrity and correctness issues must be considered when mechanisms that support applications are used in practice in the presence of other; distributed algorithms. For issues such as livens, safety and boundednessconsistency, isolation and durability execution semantics need to be evidenced for extension to the mobile environment. Distributed management tools, in a complementary way, will allow a certain level of monitoring (including collection of data for analysis), control and troubleshooting. The management tools currently available do not encompass mobility efficiently and hence this is another important area of research. The aim of the research in this area is to develop tools that can be used in 4G software systems. The following specific scenarios are being addressed in order to focus the issues: E-commerce, including micro transactions, share trading and internal business transactions Home services, ranging from terminal enhancements enhancing the display capabilities by using the TV screen as a display unit for the terminal) to security systems and housekeeping tasks

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Transportation systems: Itinerary support, ticketing and location services are to be targeted in this area. Infotainment on the move: This will demonstrate the need for software and terminal reconfiguration and media-adaptation. Telemedicine and assistance services: Emergency team support,

remote/virtual operations and surveillance of heart patients are possible stages for this scenario.

This list of scenarios can be expanded arbitrarily and also into non-consumer areas (i.e. military and emergency services), however the preconditions for service delivery and demands on the network infrastructure remain the same: they will have to be adaptable to meet the user- requirements current in 2010. Support for these scenarios may be given by intelligent agents, which may represent the terminal within the network to manage the adaptations or customizations of the communication path. On an application or service layer they may additionally be used to complete business transactions for the user (e.g. booking a theatre ticket or a flight) or to support other services. Furthermore, distributed software entities (including the variety of models from objects, via agents, to the Web-service model) will encompass management and support for applications and services as well as for user and terminal mobility. 5.7. WIRELESS ACCESS In the previous two sections we have looked at the type of network and the software platforms needed to reconfigure, adapt, manage and control a diversity of multimedia, Multitier services and network connections. We have seen that therewill be a range of radio access air interfaces optimized to the environments and the service sets that they support. The re configurability and the middleware flow through to the wireless access network. The radio part of the 4G system will be driven by the different radio environments, the spectrum constraints and the requirement to operate at varying and much higher bit rates and in a packet mode. Thus the drivers are:

Adaptive re configurabilityalgorithms Spectral efficiencyair interface design and allocation of bandwidth

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Environment coverageall pervasive Softwarefor the radio and the network access Technologyembedded/wearable/low-power/high time/displays. communication

It has been decided within Mobile VCE not to become involved in technology issues or in the design of terminals. This is a large area, which is much closer to products and better suited to industry. The remaining drivers are all considered within the research programmer. It is possible, in principle, to increase significantly the effective bit rate capacity of a given bandwidth by using adaptive signal processing at both the base station and the mobile. In 3G systems adaptive signal processing has been restricted to the base station and so the challenge is to migrate this to the terminal and, most importantly, to make the two ends co-operative. Such techniques require close co-operation between the base and mobile stations in signaling information on channel quality, whilst making decisions and allocating resources dynamically. In addition, the capabilities of both ends of the link must be known reciprocally as the channel varies in both time and space. In order to optimize a link continuously, the wireless network must acquire and process accurate knowledge of metrics that indicate the current system performance, e.g. noise, inter- and intra-system interference, location, movement variations, and channel quality prediction. Such information and its accuracy must be passed to the higher layers of the system protocol that make decisions and effect resource allocation. The emphasis on the base station in 3G systems is obvious as this has the resources, real estate and capacity to implement the spatialtemporal digital signal processing needed for antenna arrays together with advanced receiver architectures. The challenge will be to migrate this to the much smaller terminal via efficient electronics and algorithms that will still allow a range of services and good call time. The availability of individual link metrics can also be used at a network level to optimize dynamically the network radio resources and to produce a self-planning network. Arguably the most significant driver in the wireless access is the bandwidth availability and usage and whereabouts in the spectrum it will fall. Currently 3G technology is based around bands at 2GHz, but limited spectrum is available, even with the addition of the expansion bands. The higher bit rates envisaged for 4G networks will require more bandwidth. Where is this to be found? The scope for a world-wide bandwidth allocation is severely constrained
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and, even if this were feasible, the bandwidth would be very limited. The requirements are thus for much more efficient utilization of the spectrum and, perhaps, new ideas for system co-existence. If the bandwidth is fixed we need to seek a spectrally more efficient air interface and this involves a consideration of various multiple access, modulation, coding, equalisation/interference cancellation, power control, etc. schemes. In view of our previous comments it is clear that all components of this air interface must be dynamically adaptive. As the whole network is to be IP based this will mean extremely rapid adaptation on a burst basis. In 4G systems we need to accomplish this at much higher and variable bit rates as well as in different environments (indoor, outdoor, broadcast, etc.) and in the presence of other adaptive parameters in the air interface. In time-domain systems equalizers would need to be adaptive and this raises questions of complexity. For CDMA, systems could use multicodes and adaptive interference cancellation, which again raise complexity issues. Alternatively one could move to OFDM-like systems (as in WLANs), which offer some reduction in complexity by operating in the frequency domain but raise other issues, such as synchronization. The choice of the air interfaces multiple access scheme and adaptive components will need to be based upon the ease of adaptation and re configurability and on the complexity. There are also significant research challenges in this area of flexible advanced terminal architectures that are not rooted solely in physical layer problems. A further aspect of spectrum efficiency relates to the way in which regulators allocate bandwidth. The current practice of exclusive licensing of a block of spectrum is arguably not the most efficient. It would be much more efficient to allow different operators and radio standards to co-exist in the same spectrum by dynamically allocating spectrum as loading demands. Indeed, the higher bit-rate services may need to spread their requirements across several segments of spectrum. There would then be a need for a set of rules to govern the dynamic allocation of the spectruma self organizing set of systems to maximize the use of spectrum and balance the load. Given the degree of co-operation and the processing already envisioned this should be a realistic aim. A great deal of work on the characterization of radio environments has already been performed in the 2GHz and 5GHz bands within the first phase of Mobile VCEs research, and spatialtemporal channel models have been produced. However, 4G systems will incorporate smart antennas at both ends of the radio link with the aim of using antenna diversity in the tasks of cancelling out interference and assisting in signal extraction. This implies that direction-of-arrival information, including all multipath components, will be an
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important parameter in determining the performance of array processing techniques. There is a need to augment models with such data for both the base station and the terminal station. A more open question is where to position the next frequency bands for mobile communications. An early study is needed here in advance of more detailed radio environment characterisations. Coverage is likely to remain a problem throughout the lifetime of 3G systems. The network-of-networks structure of 4G systems, together with the addition of multimedia, multi rate services, mean that coverage will continue to present challenges. We have already seen that the likely structure will be based upon a hierarchical arrangement of macro-, micro- and Pico cells. Superimposed on this will be the mega cell, which will provide the integration of broadcast services in a wider sense. Until now, it has been assumed that satellites would provide such an overlay, and indeed they will in some areas of the world. However, another attractive alternative could be high-altitude platform stations (HAPS), which have many benefits, particularly in aiding integration. HAPS are not an alternative to satellite communications, rather they are a complementary element to terrestrial network architectures, mainly providing overlaid macro-/microcells for under laid Pico cells supported through ground-based terrestrial mobile systems. These platforms can be made quasi- stationary at an altitude around 2125 km in the stratospheric layer and project hundreds of cells over metropolitan areas . Due to the large coverage provided by each platform, they are highly suitable for providing local broadcasting services. A communication payload supporting 3G/4G and terrestrial DAB/DVD air interfaces and spectrum could also support broadband and very asymmetric services more efficiently than 3G/4G or DAB/DVD air- interfaces could individually. ITU-R has already recognized the use of HAPS as high base stations as an option for part of the terrestrial delivery of IMT-2000 in the bands 18851980 MHz, 20102025 MHz and 21102170 MHz in Regions 1 and 3, and 18851980 MHz and 21102160 MHz in Region 2 (Recommendation ITU-R M (IMT-HAPS)). HAPS have many other advantages in reducing terrestrial real-estate problems, achieving rapid roll-out, providing improved interface management to hundreds of cells, spectrally efficient delivery of multicast/broadcast, provision of location-based services and, of course, integration. The research challenge is to integrate terrestrial and HAPS radio access so as to enhance spectral efficiency and preserve QoS for the range of services offered.

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CHAPTER-6 5G TECHNOLOGY
6. 5G TECHNOLOGY: 6.1. INTRODUCTION
The present cell phones have it all. Today phones have everything ranging from the smallest size, largest phone memory, speed dialing, video player, audio player, and camera and so on. Recently with the development of Pico nets and Blue tooth technology data sharing has become a child's play. Earlier with the infrared feature you can share data within a line of sight that means the two devices has to be aligned properly to transfer data, but in case of blue tooth you can transfer data even when you have the cell phone in your pocket up to a range of 50 meters. The creation and entry of 5G technology into the mobile marketplace will launch a new revolution in the way international cellular plans are offered. The global mobile phone is upon the cell phone market. Just around the corner, the newest 5G technologies will hit the mobile market with phones used in China being able to access and call locally phones in Germany. Truly innovative technology changing the way mobile phones will be used. With the emergence of cell phones, which are similar to a PDA, you can now have yourwhole office within the phone. Cell phones will give tough competitions to laptop manufacturers and normal computer designers. Even today there are phones with gigabytes of memory storage and the latest operating systems .Thus one can say that with the current trends, the industry has a real bright future if it can handle the best technologies and can produce affordable handsets for its customers. Thus you will get all your desires unleashed in the near future when these smart phones take over the market. 5G Network's router and switch technology delivers Last Yard Connectivity between the Internet access provider and building occupants. 5G's technology intelligently distributes Internet access to individual nodes within the building.

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6.1.1. EVOLUTION FROM 0G-5G NETWORKS Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. How many of us know the technology behind cell phones that is used for our communication? I have also intrigued about the type of technology used in my phone. What are 0G,1G, 2G, 3G and4Gtechnologies? 0G , 1G, 2G, 3G & 4G ("G" stands for "Generation") are the generations of wireless telecom connectivity. In 1945, the zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced. Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not support the automatic change of channel frequency during calls.1G (Time Division Multiple Access and Frequency Division Multiple Access ) was the initial wireless telecom network system. It's out-dated now. The analog brick phones and bag phones are under 1G technology. Cell phones era began with 1G. The next era, 2G has taken its place of 1G. Cell phones received their first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap effectively took cell phones from analog to digital. 2G and 2.5G were versions of the GSM and CDMA connections. And GSM is still the most popular technology, but with no internet. Fortunately, GPRS, an additional service, is provided over GSM for the purpose of internet access. GPRS has been developed and thus, EGPRS was created. It's more secure and faster than GPRS. Then 3G came, the new Wireless CDMA technology. It is the first wireless telecom technology that provides broadband-speed internet connection on mobile phones. It has been specially made for the demand of internet on smart phones. Further development led to the creation of 3.5G, which provides blazing fast

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internet connection on phones, up to the speed of 7.2 MBPS. A smart phone can be connected to a PC to share its internet connection and 3G and 3.5G are ideal for this. But, as this WCDMA technology is not available in all regions, its not as popular as GSM yet. Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless networks, the lesser-known 2.5G was an interim standard that bridged the gap. Following 2.5G, 3G ushered in faster data-transmission speeds so you could use your cell phone in more data-demanding ways. This has meant streaming video (i.e. movie trailers and television), audio and much more. Cell phone companies today are spending a lot of money to brand to you the importance of their 3G network. The above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile Wi MAX standards formally also fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely different technologies. 4G, which is also known as beyond 3G or fourth-generation cell phone technology, refers to the entirely new evolution. Developers are now going for 4G (OFDMA), which will provide internet up to the speed of 1 GBPS! It is said to be able to overcome the problems of weak network strength and should provide a much wider network, making sure that the users get high-speed connectivity anytime anywhere. No doubt, 4G will open new doors of revolutionary internet technologies, but for now, 3G and 3.5G are the best. 4G will allow for speeds of up to 100Mbps. 4G promises voice, data and high-quality multimedia in real-time form all the time and anywhere.

In 1945, the zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced.0G mobile telephones, such as Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not support the automatic change of channel frequency during calls, which allows the user to move from one cell (the base station coverage area) to another cell, a feature called "handover". Technologies used in 0G systems included PTT (Push to Talk), MTS (Mobile Telephone System) , IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service),AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System), OLT (Norwegian for OffentligLandmobilTelefoni ,Public Land Mobile Telephony) and MTD (Swedish abbreviation for Mobile Telephony system D). These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter receiver)
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Typically, the transceiver (transmitter receiver) was mounted in the vehicle trunk and attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the driver seat. They were sold through WCCs (Wireline Common Carriers, AKA telephone companies), RCCs (Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers. The primary users were loggers, construction foremen, realtors, and celebrities. They used them for basic voice communication.

6.1.3. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard, developed in the 1980s. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Although both systems use digital signalling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan, C-Netz in West Germany, Radiocom 2000 in France, and RTMI in Italy. Analog cellular service is being phased out in most places worldwide. 1G technology replaced 0G technology, which featured mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT). Keys: 1. Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990s 2. 1G was old analog system and supported the 1st generation of analog cell phones speed up to 2.4kbps 3. Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system 4. Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country

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Fig.6.1.3.1. 1G Mobile Phone

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6.1.4 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM 2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. 2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multi media messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it. Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into time slots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM has its origin from the Group special Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system for mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies. Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used in more than 212 countries in the world. GSM technology was the first one to help establish international roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many different countries of the worlds is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to transfer analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both the network operators and the ultimate users at the same time. In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen, the

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quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2G handset would fail completely. Keys:

1. Fielded in the late 1980s and finished in the late 1990s

2. Planned for voice transmission with digital signal and the speeds up to 64kbps

3. 2G was the digital handsets that we are used today

4.2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity

Fig.6.1.3.12G Mobile Phone

6.1.5. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications services fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G technology is also able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at better and increased bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced services to mobile users. The spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies. Spectral efficiency is the

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measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication system. 3G is also known as IMT-2000. 1.Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps

2. In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking (WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS)

3. Data are sent through technology called packet switching

4. Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching

5. Access to Global Roaming

6. Clarity in voice calls

7. Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing, Video Calls, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc. are also available with 3G phones

Fig.6.1.5.1. 3G Mobile Phone

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6.1.6. 4G Technology: 4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards.

It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology, and new frequency bands.3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global positioning system) and video conferencing. The basic feature of 3G Technology (Third Generation Technology) is fast data transfer rates. However this feature is not currently working properly because, ITU 200 is still making decision to fix the data rates. It is expected that 2mbit/sec for stationary users, while 348kbits when moving or travelling. ITU sell various frequency rates in order to make use of broadband technologies. Network authentication has won the trust of users, because the user can rely on its network as a reliable source of transferring data.3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread), IMTMC (multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMT-TC (time code), IMT-SC (single carrier). FDMA has only one radio interface known as IMT-FC or frequency code. Third generation technology is really affordable due to the agreement of industry. This agreement took place in order to increase its adoption by the users. 3G (Third Generation Technology) system is compatible to work with the 2G technologies. 3G (Third Generation Technology) technologies holds the vision that they should be expandable on demand. The aim of the 3G (Third Generation Technology) is to allow for more coverage and growth with minimum investment. The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are: 1. Mobile TV a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it can be watched. 2. Video on demand a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone. 3. Video conferencing subscribers can see as well as talk to each other. 4. Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated subscriber. 5. Location-based services a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends

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6. mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission. 7. Mobile WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

Keys:

1. 4G is a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address future needs of a high speed wireless network 2. It offer both cellular and broadband multimedia services everywhere 3. Expected to emerged around 2010 2015 4. 4G should be able to provided very smooth global roaming ubiquitously with lower cost

Fig.6.1.6.1.4G Mobile Phone

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6.1.7. THE 5G TECHNOLOGY

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning. 5G technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory, dialling speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For children rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become in market.

6.2. WHAT 5G TECHNOLOGY OFFERS?

5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market . Through 5G technology now you can use worldwide cellular phones and this technology also strike the china mobile market and a user being proficient to get access to Germany phone as a local phone. With the coming out of cell phone alike to PDA now your whole office in your finger tips or in your phone. 5G technology has extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie together unrestricted call volumes and infinite data broadcast within latest mobile operating system. 5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer priceless handset to their customers. May be in coming days 5G technology takes over the world market. 5G Technologies have an extraordinary capability to support Software and Consultancy. The Router and switch technology used in 5G network providing high connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes within the building and can be deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections. The current trend of 5G technology has a glowing future.

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6.3. Symbols:WWWW: A World Wide Wireless Web is capable of supporting a comprehensive wirelessbased Web application that includes full graphics and multimedia capability at beyond 4G speeds. WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing allows many independent signals to be transmitted simultaneously on one fiber with each signal located at a different wavelength. Routing and detection of these signals require devices that are wavelength selective, allowing for the transmission, recovery, or routing of specific wavelengths in photonic networks. WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband digital radio communications of multimedia and other capacity demanding applications. It is adopted by ITU under the name IMT-2000 direct spread. PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice telephone network. Spread Spectrum: It is a form of wireless communication in which the frequency of the transmitted signal is deliberately varied over a wide range. This results in a higher bandwidth of the signal than the one without varied frequency. TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for sharing a medium by several users by dividing into different time slots transmitting at the same frequency. UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third generation mobile telephone standard in Europe that was proposed by ETSI. WAP: Wireless Application Protocol defines the use of TCP/IP and Web browsing for mobile systems. FHSS: In Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, a broad slice of bandwidth spectrum is divided into many possible broadcast frequencies to be used by the transmitted signal. CDMA-2000: Sometimes also known as IS-136 and IMT-CDMA multicarrier (1X/3X) is an evolution of narrowband radio transmission technology known as CDMA-ONE (also called CDMA or IS-95) to third generation. 1X refers to the use of 1.25 Mhz channel while 3X refers to 5 Mhz channel. DAWN: Advanced technologies including smart antenna and flexible modulation are keys to optimize this wireless version of reconfigurable ad hoc networks. DSSS: In Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, the data stream to be transmitted is divided into small pieces, each of which is allocated a frequency channel. Then the data signal is combined with a higher data rate bit sequence known as chipping code that divides the data

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according to a spreading ratio, thus allowing a resistance from interference during transmission

6.4. 5G Mobile Network Architecture:Below figure shows the system model that proposes design of network architecture for 5G mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks interoperability. The system consists of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new architecture) and a number of independent, autonomous radio access technologies. Within each of the terminals, each of the radio access technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world. However, there should be different radio interface for each Radio Access Technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal. For an example, if we want to have access to four different RATs, we need to have four different access - specific interfaces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them active at the same time, with aim to have this architecture to be functional. applications and servers somewhere on the Internet. Routing of packets should be carried out in accordance with established policies of the user.

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Fig,.6.4.1 Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks

Application connections are realized between clients and servers in the Internet via sockets. Internet sockets are endpoints for data communication flows. Each socket of the web is a unified and unique combination of local IP address and appropriate local transport communications port, target IP address and target appropriate communication port, and type of transport protocol. Considering that, the establishment of communication from end to end between the client and server using the Internet protocol is necessary to raise the appropriate Internet socket uniquely determined by the application of the client and the server. This means that in case of interoperability between heterogeneous networks and for the vertical handover between the respective radio technologies, the local IP address and destination IP address should be fixed and unchanged. Fixing of these two parameters should ensure handover transparency to the Internet connection end-to-end, when there is a mobile user at least on one end of such connection. In order to preserve the proper layout of the packets and to reduce or prevent packets losses, routing to the target destination and vice versa should be uniquely and using the same path. Each radio access technology that is available to the user in achieving connectivity with the relevant radio access is presented with appropriate IP

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interface. Each IP interface in the terminal is characterized by its IP address and netmask and parameters associated with the routing of IP packets across the network. In regular inter-system handover the change of access technology (i.e., vertical handover) would mean changing the local IP address. Then, change of any of the parameters of the socket means and change of the socket, that is, closing the socket and opening a new one. This means, ending the connection and starting e new one. This approach is not-flexible, and it is based on todays Internet communication. In order to solve this deficiency we propose a new level that will take care of the abstraction levels of network access technologies to higher layers of the protocol stack. This layer is crucial in the new architecture. To enable the functions of the applied transparency and control or direct routing of packets through the most appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed architecture we introduce a control system in the functional architecture of the networks, which works in complete coordination with the user terminal and provides a network abstraction functions and routing of packets based on defined policies. At the same time this control system is an essential element through which it can determine the quality of service for each transmission technology. He is on the Internet side of the proposed architecture, and as such represents an ideal system to test the qualitative characteristics of the access technologies, as well as to obtain a realistic picture regarding the quality that can be expected from applications of the user towards a given server in Internet (or peer). Protocol setup of the new levels within the existing protocol stack, which form the proposed architecture, is presented in Figure (Protocol Layout for the Elements of the Proposed Architecture). The network abstraction level would be provided by creating IP tunnels over IP interfaces obtained by connection to the terminal via the access technologies available to the terminal (i.e., mobile user). In fact, the tunnels would be established between the user terminal and control system named here as Policy Router, which performs routing based on given policies. In this way the client side will create an appropriate number of tunnels connected to the number of radio access technologies, and the client will only set a local IP address which will be formed with sockets Internet communication of client applications with Internet servers. The way IP packets are routed through tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel, would be served by policies whose rules will be exchanged via the virtual network layer protocol. This way we achieve the required abstraction of the network to the client applications at the mobile terminal. The process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing based on the policies, are carried out immediately after the establishment of IP connectivity across the radio access technology, and it is initiated from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-level Protocol. Establishing tunnel connections as well as maintaining them represents basic functionality of the virtual network level (or network level of abstraction).

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6.5. KEY CONCEPTS OF 5G :-

world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.

-of mobile IP address is assigned according to location and connected network.

lobal standard.

connected to several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them (See Media independent handover or vertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by future 4G releases). These access technologies can be a 2.5G, 3G, 4G or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN or any other future access technology. In 5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.

-radio: allowing Different radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently by Adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum . This dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a distributed fashion, and relies on software defined radio.

communication systems is suggested in a Korean research and development program to be based on beam division multiple access (BDMA) and group cooperative relay techniques.

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6.6. Features of 5G Technology:-directional large bandwidth shaping.

65,000 connections.

solution.

of business prospect

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7. Conclusion:A tremendous growth of mobile subscribers is expected, with nearly 1.8 billion in the year 2010 with a dominant base in Asia. GSM is the mobile radio standard with the highest penetration world wide. Mobile multimedia will increase after the year 2000 to about 60% of the traffic in the year 2010. Therefore third generation systems have to support a wide range of services from voice to low data rate up to high data rate circuit switched and packet oriented services. In addition a high grade of asymmetry for data application is expected. With this wireless break through, unified IP network including wireless and wire line provides a generic information transmission platform for value added personal Internet services and multidimensional wireless communication services. In this seminar we briefly surveyed the evolution 3G wireless systems from 2G and 2.5G technologies. Similarities and key differences between the various 3G proposals submitted to ITU-R are reviewed. IN order to have a common standard for RTT, it is imperative to carry out harmonization in an international level. With the recent technological breakthroughs in digital signal processing, RF and battery technologies as well as developments in modern VLSI chip designs, the dream of ubiquitous communication between any one, any where, at any time is becoming a reality. It is always dangerous to predict too far ahead in a fast- moving field such as mobile communications. Almost by definition the eventual 2010 scene will not match exactly that depicted in the 4G vision described herein. However, the key elements fully converged services, ubiquitous mobile access, diverse user devices, autonomous networks and software dependencywill persist. The 4G Vision is a living document which intends to update and amend as time and knowledge progress. It will act as the umbrella vision to a large research programme and place in context the detailed research work that will take place in the various areas. In this respect it will help to continuously steer the research as it progresses and, therefore, to make it more relevant and beneficial .A new revolution of 5G technology is going to give tough completion to normal computer and laptops whose marketplace value will be effected. The new coming 5G technology is available in the market in affordable rates, high peak future and much reliability than its preceding technologies This technology helps to promotes stronger links between people working in different fields creating future concepts of mobile communication , internet services , cloud computing , all pie network , and nanotechnology .

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8.References:1.ToniJanevski , 5G Mobile Phone Concept , Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, 2009 6th IEEE. 2. AleksandarTudzarov and Toni Janevski Functional Architecture for 5g Mobile Network International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 32, July, 2011 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5g 4. TUTFLEBEE, W. H. W.: Mobile VCE: the convergence of industry and academia, Electron. Common. Eng. J., December 2000, 5. IRVINE, J., et al.: Mobile VCE scenarios. A document produced as part of the Software Based Systems work area within the Mobile VCE Core 2 research programme, September 2000. See http://www.mobilevce.com 6. Wireless Strategic Initiative. An EU project. See http://www.ist-wsi.org 7. Foresight ITEC Group: Visions. See http://www.foresight. gov.uk

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