Problems and solutions: INMO 2013

Problem 1. Let 1 and 2 be two circles touching each other externally at R. Let l1 be a line which is tangent to 2 at P and passing through the center O1 of 1 . Similarly, let l2 be a line which is tangent to 2 at Q and passing through the center O2 of 2 . Suppose l1 and l2 are not parallel and interesct at K . If KP = KQ, prove that the triangle P QR is equilateral. Solution. Suppose that P and Q lie on the opposite sides of line joining O1 and O2 . By symmetry we may assume that the conguration is as shown in the gure below. Then we have KP > KO1 > KQ since KO1 is the hypotenuse of triangle KQO1 . This is a contradiction to the given assumption, and therefore P and Q lie on the same side of the line joining O1 and O2 .

R O1 Q K

O2

Since KP = KQ it follows that K lies on the radical axis of the given circles, which is the common tangent at R. Therefore KP = KQ = KR and hence K is the cirumcenter of P QR.

Q K

O1

O2

On the other hand, KQO1 and KRO1 are both right-angled triangles with KQ = KR and QO1 = RO1 , and hence the two triangles are congruent. Therefore QKO1 = RKO1 , so KO1 , and hence P K is perpendicular to QR. Similarly, QK is perpendicular to P R, so it follows that K is the orthocenter of P QR. Hence we have that P QR is equilateral. Alternate solution. We again rule out the possibility that P and Q are on the opposite side of the line joining O1 O2 , and assume that they are on the same side. Observe that KP O2 is congruent to KQO1 (since KP = KQ). Therefore O1 P = O2 Q = r (say). In O1 O2 Q, we have O1 QO2 = /2 and R is the midpoint of the hypotenuse, so RQ = RO1 = r . Therefore O1 RQ is equilateral, so QRO1 = /3. Similarly, P R = r and P RO2 = /3, hence P RQ = /3. Since P R = QR it follows that P QR is equilateral. Problem 2. Find all positive integers m, n, and primes p 5 such that m(4m2 + m + 12) = 3(pn 1) . Solution. Rewriting the given equation we have 4m3 + m2 + 12m + 3 = 3pn . The left hand side equals (4m + 1)(m2 + 3). Suppose that (4m + 1, m2 + 3) = 1. Then (4m + 1, m2 + 3) = (3pn , 1), (3, pn ), (pn , 3) or (1, 3pn ), a contradiction since 4m + 1, m2 + 3 4. Therefore (4m + 1, m2 + 3) > 1. Since 4m + 1 is odd we have (4m + 1, m2 + 3) = (4m + 1, 16m2 + 48) = (4m + 1, 49) = 7 or 49. This proves that p = 7, and 4m +1 = 3 7k or 7k for some natural number k. If (4m +1, 49) = 7 then we have k = 1 and 4m + 1 = 21 which does not lead to a solution. Therefore (4m + 1, m2 + 3) = 49. If 73 divides 4m + 1 then it does not divide m2 + 3, so we get m2 + 3 3 72 < 73 4m + 1. This implies (m 2)2 < 2, so m 3, which does not lead to a solution. Therefore we have 4m + 1 = 49 which implies m = 12 and n = 4. Thus (m, n, p) = (12, 4, 7) is the only solution. 2

Problem 3. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers such that a b c d. Prove that the equation x4 ax3 bx2 cx d = 0 has no integer solution. Solution. Suppose that m is an integer root of x4 ax3 bx2 cx d = 0. As d = 0, we have m = 0. Suppose now that m > 0. Then m4 am3 = bm2 + cm + d > 0 and hence m > a d. On the other hand d = m(m3 am2 bm c) and hence m divides d, so m d, a contradiction. If m < 0, then writing n = m > 0 we have n4 + an3 bn2 + cn d = n4 + n2 (an b) + (cn d) > 0, a contradiction. This proves that the given polynomial has no integer roots. Problem 4. Let n be a positive integer. Call a nonempty subset S of {1, 2, . . . , n} good if the arithmetic mean of the elements of S is also an integer. Further let tn denote the number of good subsets of {1, 2, . . . , n}. Prove that tn and n are both odd or both even. Solution. We show that Tn n is even. Note that the subsets {1}, {2}, , {n} are good. Among the other good subsets, let A be the collection of subsets with an integer average which belongs to the subset, and let B be the collection of subsets with an integer average which is not a member of the subset. Then there is a bijection between A and B , because removing the average takes a member of A to a member of B ; and including the average in a member of B takes it to its inverse. So Tn n = |A| + |B | is even. Alternate solution. Let S = {1, 2, . . . , n}. For a subset A of S , let A = {n + 1 a|a A}. We call a subset A symmetric if A = A. Note that the arithmetic mean of a symmetric subset is (n + 1)/2. Therefore, if n is even, then there are no symmetric good subsets, while if n is odd then every symmetric subset is good. If A is a proper good subset of S , then so is A. Therefore, all the good subsets that are not symmetric can be paired. If n is even then this proves that tn is even. If n is odd, we have to show that there are odd number of symmetric subsets. For this, we note that a symmetric subset contains the element (n + 1)/2 if and only if it has odd number of elements. Therefore, for any natural number k, the number of symmetric subsets of size 2k equals the number of symmetric subsets of size 2k + 1. The result now follows since there is exactly one symmetric subset with only one element. Problem 5. In an acute triangle ABC , O is the circumcenter, H is the orthocenter and G is the centroid. Let OD be perpendicular to BC and HE be perpendicular to CA, with D on BC and E on CA. Let F be the midpoint of AB . Suppose the areas of triangles ODC , HEA and GF B are equal. Find all the possible values of C . Solution. Let R be the circumradius of ABC and its area. We have OD = R cos A and DC = a 2 , so 1 1 1 [ODC ] = OD DC = R cos A R sin A = R2 sin A cos A . (1) 2 2 2 Again HE = 2R cos C cos A and EA = c cos A. Hence [HEA] = Further [GF B ] = 1 1 HE EA = 2R cos C cos A c cos A = 2R2 sin C cos C cos2 A . 2 2 1 1 = 2R2 sin A sin B sin C = R2 sin A sin B sin C . 6 6 3 3 (2)

(3)

Equating (1) and (2) we get tan A = 4 sin C cos C . And equating (1) and (3), and using this relation we get 3 cos A = 2 sin B sin C = 2 sin(C + A) sin C = 2(sin C + cos C tan A) sin C cos A = 2 sin2 C (1 + 4 cos2 C ) cos A .
2 Since cos A = 0 we get 3 = 2t(4t + 5) where implies (4t 3)(2t 1) = 0 and t = sin C . This therefore, since sin C > 0, we get sin C = 3/2 or sin C = 1/ 2. Because ABC is acute, it follows that C = /3 or /4. We observe that the given conditions are satised in an equilateral triangle, so C = /3 is a possibility. Also, the conditions are satised in a triangle where C = /4, A = tan1 2 and B = tan1 3. Therefore C = /4 is also a possibility. Thus the two possible values of C are /3 and /4.

Problem 6. Let a, b, c, x, y, z be positive real numbers such that a + b + c = x + y + z and abc = xyz . Further, suppose that a x < y < z c and a < b < c. Prove that a = x, b = y and c = z . Solution. Let f (t) = (t x)(t y )(t z ) (t a)(t b)(t c) . Then f (t) = kt for some constant k. Note that ka = f (a) = (a x)(a y )(a z ) 0 and hence k 0. Similarly, kc = f (c) = (c x)(c y )(c z ) 0 and hence k 0. Combining the two, it follows that k = 0 and that f (a) = f (c) = 0. These equalities imply that a = x and c = z , and then it also follows that b = y .