Sets of Numbers

The Set of Natural Numbers The set of Natural Numbers, symbol N, is the set of counting numbers. N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ...}

The Set of Whole Numbers The set of Whole Numbers, symbol W, is the set of counting number and zero. W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ...} Observations: 1. Zero 0 is a whole number but it is not a Natural Number 2. Natural number are contained in Whole Numbers; N W. The symbol means is contained in.

The Set of Integers The set of Integers, symbol Z, is the set of negative and positive whole numbers including zero. Z=

The Set of Rational Numbers The set of Rational Numbers, symbol Q, is the set of numbers that can be written as fractions. Examples: Number , Expressed as a fraction Every whole number/Integer is a fraction with a denominator of 1.

Observations: 1. The set of Whole numbers is included in the set of Integers and the set of Integers is included in the set of Rational Numbers. Therefore: (a) (b) The symbol means contains

(b) means; The Set of Rational Number Contains the Set of Integers, which Contains the Set of Whole Number that Contains the Set of Natural Numbers.

The Set of Irrational Numbers The set of Irrational Numbers, symbol I, is the set of numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction. Examples: 1. 2.

When irrational numbers are written as decimals they do not terminate or recur

The Set of Real Numbers The set of Real Numbers, symbol R, is the set of rational and irrational numbers combined. Therefore: and .

Odd Numbers Odd Numbers are numbers that leave a remainder of 1 when divided by 2. Odd Numbers = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, } Both odd numbers and even numbers increment by 2 Even Number Even Numbers are all numbers that 2 can go into without leaving a remainder. Even Number = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, ..}

Example If is an odd number, which is of the following is an even number? (A) (B) (C) (D) 9 is an odd number. The numbers immediately before and after 9 are even numbers: 8, 9, 10. Therefore if 3n is an odd number the same is true of 3n: (3n-1), 3n, (3n+1) Answer: is an even #

Factors of a Number The set of the factors of a number is the set of all numbers that can divide exactly into that number, that is, all numbers that can go into the number without leaving a remainder. Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 List of Factors {1} {1, 2} {1, 3} {1, 2, 4} {1, 5} {1, 2, 3, 6}

One is a factor of all numbers and every number is a factor of itself.

Prime Numbers The set of Prime Numbers is the set of ALL numbers that has only Two Factors; one and the number itself. 1. Prime Numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29.} 2. Two is unique it is the first of all prime number and it is the only prime number that is an even number 3. 1 is not a prime number All Composite 4. If a number is not a prime number it is a Composite Number.
Numbers have more than 2 factors

Expressing a number as a product of it prime factors Example Write each of the following as a product of prime factors: (i) 28 Solutions (i)
2 28 2 14 7 7 1 2 2 3 3

(ii) 36

(iii) 420

(ii)
36 18 9 3 1 2 2 3 5 7

(iii)
420 210 105 35 7 1

36 = = Multiples of a Number

420 = =

A multiple of a number is k times the number, where k is a natural number. Therefore the set of Multiples of a number is the set of all number that the number can go into without leaving a remainder. Number 5 6 7 13 Multiples . . . .

5, 10, 15, 20 .. 6, 12, 18, 24 . 7, 14, 21, 28 . 13, 26, 39, 52 .

Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.)

H.C.F. is the greatest of the common factors of two or more positive integers. Example 1. Determine the H.C.F. of: a) 15, 18 and 21 b) 42, 70 and 126 2. A living room measures 450 cm by 330 cm. Find the dimensions of the largest square tile that can be used to tile the floor without cutting.

Solutions 1. a) Numbers 15 18 21 Factors 1, 3, 5, 15 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 1, 3, 7, 21

Steps
1. 2. 3. List the set of factors of each number Identify and list the factors that are common The H.C.F. is the largest of the common factors

The factors common to 15, 18 and 21 are: {1, 3}, therefore the H.C.F. = 3

b) Determine the HCF of 42, 70 and 126

2 3 3 5 7 42 21 7 7 7 1 70 35 35 35 7 1 126 63 21 7 7 1 The HCF is the product of the common prime factors (CPF). The CPF goes in the numbers in each row exactly

HCF =

2. Length of largest square tile is the HCF of the dimensions of the room
2 3 3 5 5 11 450 225 75 25 5 1 330 165 55 55 11 11 1

The Length of the square tile is the HCF of the dimensions of the room. The length of the tile must be a factor of dimensions of the room in order to avoid cutting tiles.

HCF = Dimensions of the square = 30 cm.

Steps (How to obtain the prime factors of a group of number simultaneously) 1. Divide the numbers simultaneously, in a grid, by consecutive prime numbers starting with the smallest prime number that is a factor of any of the numbers. If that prime number is not a factor of a number being divided, rewrite that number in the same column in the next row. When the divisor prime factor is not a factor of all the number is a particular row, divide that row with the next prime number that is a factor of any of the numbers being divided (dividend). 2. Continue 1 above until the quotient of each column is 1.

Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.)

The L.C.M. is the smallest of the common multiples of two or more positive integers. Example a) Find the LCM of the number of the numbers 6, 9 and 15. b) What is the smallest number of sweets that can be shared among 5, 10 and 15 students? Solutions
2 3 3 5 6 3 1 1 1 9 9 3 1 1 15 15 5 5 1 The L.C.M. is the product of all the prime factors of the numbers.

a) LCM = = 90 b)
2 3 5 5 5 5 1 10 5 5 1 15 15 5 1 Assuming that each student receives at least 1 sweet, the number of sweets, that can be shared, must be divisible by 5, 10 and 15 simultaneously, that is the LCM of 5, 10 and 15.

LCM =

Place Value
The word the number 983, 275.4601 is nine hundred and eighty three thousand, two hundred and seventy five point four, six, zero, one. This number (983, 275.4601) is called a decimal number because it has a whole number component (983, 275) and a decimal fraction component (0.4601). Table of the place value of each digit of in the number 983, 275 Place Name Place Value Digit Hundred Thousands 100 000 = 9 Ten Thousands 10 000 = 8 Thousands 1 000 = 3 Hundreds 100 = 2 Tens 10 = 7 Units (ones) 1= 5

Therefore

9 100 000 8 10 000 3 1000 2 100 7 10 5 1 900 000 80 000 3000 200 70 5

9 105 8 104 3 103 2 102 7 101 5 100

Observation Reading from left to right, each digit has a place value that is ten time the place value of the digit to its immediate right. Therefore the place value of the 9 ( = ) is ten time the place value (104) of the digits to it immediate right, 8.

Table of the place value of each digit of in the number 0.460 1 Place Name Place Value Tenths Hundredths Thousandths Ten Thousandths

Digit

= 4

= 6

= 0

= 1

Therefore

1 1 1 1 6 0 1 10 100 1000 10000

0.4 0.06 0 0.0001 4 101 6 102 0 103 1 104

Example What is the difference in value between the digits 6 and 9 in each of the following numbers: (a) (b) 46 943 0.469 3

Solution

46 943
6000 (a ) 900 5100
Solution = =

0.469 43
0.060 (b) 0.009 0.051
=

Practice Questions
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1 1. The sum of all the prime numbers between 10 and 20 is A. 2. 90 B. 75 C. 70 D. 60

What is the difference in value between the two 6s in the multiple 6060? A. 0 B. 540 C. 594 D. 5940

3.

What is the value of 25? A. 32 B. 16 C. 10 D. 8

4.

The smallest whole number which can be divided exactly by 3, 4, 6 and 9 is A. 36 B. 24 C. 18 D. 12

5.

The value of 26 390 13 is A. 23 B. 203 C. 230 D. 2030

6.

The next number in the sequence 1, 3, 6, 10, is A. 11 B. 15 C. 16 D. 20

7.

The difference between 34 and 43 is A. 0 B. 1 C. 7 D. 17

8.

5912 1897 equals A. 4005 B. 4015 C. 4185 D. 7809

9.

54 has the value A. 9 B. 20 C. 29 D. 30

10.

The missing number in the sequence 55, 45, 36, ?, 21, 15, 10 is A. 27 B. 28 C. 125 D. 625

11.

81 expressed as a power of 3 is A. 27 B. 34 C. 243 D. 327

12.

1020 20 equals A. 6 B. 41 C. 51 D. 510

13.

The number of prime numbers between 10 and 30 is A. 2 B. 5 C. 6 D. 8

14.

The number 400 when expressed as a product of prime factors is equal to A. C. 24 52 32 26 B. D. 23 53 23 5 10

15.

Consider the numbers 13, 24, 31, 63, 72 and 125. Three of the numbers have a common factor. This common factor is A. 3 B. 5 C. 13 D. 25

TEST 1 (Time allowed: 15 minutes) 1. Write down the next three terms of the following sequences: (a) (b) 2. 3. 21, 17, 13, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15,

Consider 43 and 34. Which is greater and by how much? Five resistors in an electrical system are connected in series. Their values are 898, 763, 1175, 72 and 196 ohms. Their total resistance is found by adding theses five values. What is the total resistance? A small tank holds 798 litres of oil when full. If 39 litres is run off, how much oil remains in the tank? Given the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, write down (a) the even numbers, (b) the multiples of 3, (c) the prime numbers. Write down two prime numbers whose sum is 16 and whose product is 55. Subtract one hundred thousand from one million. Multiply 5 by 4 and add on 8. Divide by 4 and subtract 3. What is the answer?

4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

9. 10.

53 + 29 = 37 + ?. What is the missing number? A car travels 9 kilometres on 1 litre of petrol. How many litres will be needed for a journey of 324 kilometres?

TEST 2 (Time allowed: 20 minutes) 1. Given the numbers 49, 55, 60, 63, 81 and 122, write down (a) the multiples of 5, (b) the multiples of 3, (c) the even numbers. Write down (a) all the positive whole numbers which are factors of 42, (b) the multiples of 5 between 11 and 29. Express 360 as a product of prime factors. A boy has to move 27 boxes from one room to another. The greatest number of boxes he can carry at once is 6. How many journeys will he have to make? A woman is on a diet and is allowed 850 calories per day. Below is given a list of foods, their weights and the number of calories they contain. Food Cabbage (boiled) Chicken, roast Coffee with milk Cucumber Egg, poached (one) Grapefruit (one) Ham, lean Lettuce Orange (one) Fish, steamed Tomatoes Toast with butter Weight (grams) 113 113 1 cup 57 113 57 113 113 1 slice Calories 8 167 25 6 86 25 136 7 44 105 16 136

2.

3. 4.

5.

For breakfast she has one grapefruit, 1 poached egg, a slice of toast with butter and 1 cup of coffee with milk. For lunch she has 113 grams of boiled cabbage, 113 grams of steamed fish and 1 cup of coffee with milk. (a) Calculate the number of calories she has for breakfast. (b) Work out the number of calories she has for lunch. (c) Find the number of calories she can consume for dinner without exceeding her allowance of 850 calories.

6.

A wall is 342 bricks long. If it has 23 courses of bricks, how many bricks have been used in building the wall. What is the sum of the numbers 18, 532 and 1789? How many 42-setaer buses are needed to carry 700 people at the same time? Which is bigger and by how much (5 + 2) (7 4) or 5 + 2 (7 4)?

7. 8. 9.