PSCAD/EMTDC-Based Modeling and Flicker Estimation for Wind Turbines EWEC09 (Marseille)
PSCAD/EMTDC-Based Modeling and Flicker Estimation for Wind Turbines
C. Carrillo
[email protected] +34 986 813912 E. Daz-Dorado Electrical Engineering Department Universidade de Vigo ETSEI Campus Universitario 36210 Vigo (Spain)
[email protected] +34 986 813912 Fax: +34 986 8121 73 J. Cidrs
[email protected] +34 986 812221
Abstract- The estimation of flicker emission by a wind park is a complex issue because the network is shared with other loads or generators, even with other wind parks, which contribute to the flicker level. This estimation can be done by means of simulation as depicted in international standards, where the wind turbine generator (WTG) is simulated with a fictitious network, and the results of flicker emission can be extrapolated to a real network. In this paper, modeling and simulation of different WTG technologies are presented. Real measurements from a wind park have been used to validate these models. An approach based in the methodology that appears in international standards is applied for flicker estimation. In this approach, detailed WTG models are used in the estimation. Index terms - Wind energy, Wind Turbine Generator, Power Quality, Flicker I. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the presence of wind energy in the generation share has been continuously increasing. For example, in 2007, wind energy sharing reached 21% in Denmarks, 12% in Spain and 7% in Germany. Wind energy market is still growing within Europe, meanwhile a major surge of activity is occurring on a global level, especially in U.S., China and India. Therefore, the impact of WTGs on the power quality has become an important issue nowadays. Flicker is a relevant power quality
parameter related to wind energy. Fluctuation on network voltage is the cause of flicker and it is usually provoked by power flow variations in the network. Power generated by a WTG has a fluctuating behaviour due to the random nature of wind speed and certain oscillatory phenomena related to wind shear, shadow tower, etc. This provokes load flow changes in the network and they can be responsible of flicker emission, especially in weak grids [1,2,3]. In order to reduce its impact in power quality, some international grid code limits installed wind power in relationship with the short circuit capacity at connection point of wind park. For example, in Spain, wind park nominal power must be lower than a 5% of short circuit capacity, at the connection point in the transmission grid [4]. To avoid simplified rules as these shown above, the provided method by the standard IEC 61400-21 [5] can be used. Following this method, an estimation of the flicker emission of a wind park can be done using current measurements in real working conditions and simulation. In this article, an estimation of flicker based on the IEC methodology is presented. A PSCAD model of WTGs has been developed and contrasted with real measurements in a wind park [6]. These models are used to estimate the flicker emission, even in working conditions different than those in measurements.
This work was supported by the Ministerio de Educacin y Ciencia under Contract ENE 2007-67473 and by the Xunta de Galicia under Contract ING825G.
PSCAD/EMTDC-Based Modeling and Flicker Estimation for Wind Turbines EWEC09 (Marseille)
II. FLICKER ESTIMATION The standard IEC 61400-21 uses a method that combines real measurements with simulation results. Real measurements in a WTG are injected in a fictitious network and the resulting voltage is used in a flicker meter [7]. Fictitious network is represented by a Thevenin Equivalent (see Fig. 1) formed by an ideal voltage source u0(t) and an impedance Zfic. In this network, measured current is used as a current source, im(t). As a result, the voltage at the connection point ufict(t) is calculated. This voltage is used as input in a flickermeter to obtain de flicker severity level Pst [5].
fictitious network
the expression:
Pst, = 1 Sk
( c ( ,v ) S )
i =1 i k a n,i
(2)
ci, Sni are the flicker coefficient and nominal apparent power of WTG i Sk: is the short circuit capacity at the connection point N is the number of WTGs to be considered III. MEASUREMENTS IN A WIND PARK
For this study, a set of measurements have been done in the Sotavento Experimental Wind Park [8]. This wind park has installed 24 WTGs (see Table 1) with a total power of 17.56 MW and an estimated annual energy production of 38.5 GWh. Table 1. WTGs installed in the Sotavento Experimental Wind Park
WTG code FF1 FF2 FF3 FF4 FV1 VV1 VV2 Number of WTG 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 Power (kW) 660 750 640 600 900 1320 1300 800 660 Speed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Variable Variable Pitch Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Variable Variable Variable
Zfic
u0(t)
measurements flickermeter voltage
im(t)
ufict(t)
ufict(t)
simulated voltage
flickermeter
flicker
Pst
Fig. 1. Network to be simulated to obtain the flicker meter voltage The level of flicker due to the continuous operation of a WTG can be determined from a flicker coefficient c. This characteristic ratio of each turbine is calculated for a given angle of the power grid impedance and average annual wind speed by the expression: S (1) c ( k ,v a ) = Pst k,fic Sn where: c is the flicker coefficient va: is the mean wind speed k: is the angle of network Zfic Pst: is the flicker level emitted by one WTG Sk,fic: is the network short circuit power of fictitious network Sn: is the nominal apparent power of the WTG From flicker coefficients, the total flicker Pst, emitted for a wind park can be estimated using
A long-term recorder has been installed in those WTGs considered representatives (see Fig. 2). Measured variables were (see Fig. 3): Voltage (instantaneous and RMS) Current (instantaneous and RMS) Power (instantaneous, active and reactive) Wind Speed (instantaneous)
wind Meter
generator
meter
Fig. 2. Meter connection in a fixed speed WTG An example of measurement results in a fixed speed WTG is shown in Fig. 3 where RMS voltage, power and wind speed are represented.
PSCAD/EMTDC-Based Modeling and Flicker Estimation for Wind Turbines EWEC09 (Marseille)
403 402 401 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
power in kW
found. For this WTG with two speeds, the index "-l" is used for frequencies related with the low speed of turbine, and the index "-h" is related with the high one. Relationships between mean wind speed and the amplitude of the mentioned components is calculated. Table 2. Main data of a fixed speed WTG (FF1)
Nominal Power (kW) Rotor diameter (m) Tower Heigh (m) Rotor Speed (rpm) Gearbox ratio Pitch Control Tensin (V) Generator 660 46 45.25 17 - 25.5 59.5 Fixed 690 Asynch.; two speeds
RMS voltage in V in kW
wind speed in m/s
10 8 6
100
200
300 time in s
400
500
600
Fig. 3. RMS voltage, power and wind speed measured in a fixed speed WTG
fixed speed wind turbine
Table 3. Main oscillatory frequencies in a fixed speed WTG (FF1)
Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Mean Power (kW) Oscillation Frequency (Hz) 0,28 0,42 0,85 1,27 1,70 2,54 2,55 3,82 4,25 6,36 0,66 1p-l 1p-h 3p-l 3p-h 6p-l 6p-h 9p-l 9p-h 15p-l 15p-h Other 0,37 0,07 0,33 0,01 0,06 0,03 0,03 0,01 0,01 0,00 0,07 2,7 2,7 5,2 46,4 8,3 261,7 10,8 475,8 15,2 644,4
Oscillation Power in kW 0,21 0,40 0,70 0,57 0,09 0,06 0,06 0,03 0,03 0,01 0,13 0,42 0,75 0,65 1,93 0,09 0,23 0,23 0,14 0,09 0,05 0,67 0,91 1,12 1,02 3,41 0,19 0,35 0,35 0,25 0,11 0,06 1,17 1,65 1,82 1,80 7,23 0,51 0,81 0,81 0,61 0,21 0,10 3,38
variable speed wind turbine
10
-1
10 frequency in Hz
10
Fig. 4. Mean power spectrum in a fixed speed WTG and in variable speed WTG In order to detect the oscillating components in the power injected by WTGs, a spectrum analysis is done. In the resulting spectrum, the presence of power peaks reveals the presence of the oscillating power components (Fig. 4). The frequencies that dominate the spectrum are those related to turbine rotation (1p) and its multiples (2p, 3p, etc) [1,2,3,9]. Frequencies, except p-multiples, in the low part of the spectrum (very low hertz) are related to mechanical modes in WTGs. As an example, results from the power spectrum analysis in a fixed speed WTG, whose main data is shown in Table 2, are summarized in Table 3. As can be seen in the spectrum, oscillatory components 1p, 3p have been
In Table 4, results of analysis of the main WTG topologies in the Sotavento Wind Park are presented. These topologies are: FS/FP. A fixed speed and fixed pitch WTG with an asynchronous generator. FS/VP: A fixed speed and variable pitch WTG with an asynchronous generator. VS/VP (DFIG): Variable Speed and Variable Pitch WTG with a DIFG. VS/VP (Synch + AC/AC): Variable Speed and Variable Pitch WTG with a synchronous generator and full size back to back converter. The presence oscillating power components with 1p and 3p frequencies in the power spectrum is demonstrated through this study. As a first conclusion, it can be seen that the power delivered by variable speed WTG tends to show the lower levels of oscillating components.
PSCAD/EMTDC-Based Modeling and Flicker Estimation for Wind Turbines EWEC09 (Marseille)
Table 4: Main oscillatory frequencies in the Sotavento Wind Park
WTG Code FF1 FF2 FF3 FF4 FV1 Wind Turbine Topology Peak Value of Power oscillations Low Wind Medium High Wind Speed Wind Speed Speed Main Power Oscillation Components
FS/FP 1,50% 0,74% 1,12% 3P FS/FP 4,23% 1,32% 1P and 3P FS/FP 2,96% 1,65% 1P FS/FP 28,36% 2,17% 1P and 3P FS/VP 5,11% 1,11% 3P VS/VP VV1 0,77% 0,07% 1P SYNC+AC/A VS/VP VV2 3,12% 0,21% 1P and 20Hz (DFIG) FS or VS: fixed or variable speed; FP or VP: Fixed or variable pitch
Results of simulation are compared with measurements data in order to validate the models. From Fig. 7 to Fig. 9 a comparison between simulation results and measurements is presented. As shown in figures, there is a reasonable agreement between them.
Wind Speed Pitch Rotor Speed Oscillating Torque Aerodynamic Mechanical Torque
Mechanical Torque
Wind Speed
IV. MODELING
In this work, the WTGs have been modeled to estimate flicker in different situations that can be different from those during measurements. Models for all mentioned above topologies (see Fig. 5) have been implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC [11]. In order to take into account oscillating power components, mechanical torque in the generator shaft is calculated adding these two components [1,2] (see Fig. 6): Rotor aerodynamic behaviour; torque is calculated from aerodynamic turbine behaviour. Oscillating power components calculated from measurements are added to the aerodynamic torque.
Power Oscillations Calculation
Fig. 6. Calculation method for mechanical torque.
power in W
P simulated P measured P oscillations
TIME SERIES
time in s
POWER SPECTRUM
power in W
P simulated P measured P oscillations
frequency in Hz
Fig. 7. Simulation results for FS/FP WTG (FF1).
AG
power in W
P simulated P measured P oscillations
TIME SERIES
AG
time in s
POWER SPECTRUM
SG
power in W
P simulated P measured P oscillations
Fig. 5. Topologies modeled in PSCAD: Fixed Speed, Variable Speed (DIFG) and Variable Speed (Synch+AC/AC).
frequency in Hz
Fig. 8. Simulation results for FS/VP WTG (FV1).
PSCAD/EMTDC-Based Modeling and Flicker Estimation for Wind Turbines EWEC09 (Marseille)
P simulated P measured P oscillations
TIME SERIES
time in s
POWER SPECTRUM
P simulated P measured P oscillations
frequency in Hz
Fig. 9. Simulation results for VS/VP WTG (VV1)
TIME SERIES
P simulated P measured P oscillations
time in s
POWER SPECTRUM
P simulated P measured P oscillations
frequency in Hz
In this case, flicker emission estimations for different short circuit capacity values in the point of common coupling (PCC) of WTG are presented. Two situations are considered to estimate flicker emission (Pst). The first one consists in a simulation of single WTG. In the second one, a wind park formed by equal turbines to those that have been simulated is supposed. In these cases different short circuit capacities are considered (see Table 5): Scc Min. The minimum value of short circuit power at the Sotavento PCC in the 132 kV level is considered. Scc Max. The maximun value of short circuit power at the Sotavento PCC in the 132 kV level is considered. Scc 20x. The short circuit power in PCC is supposed to be about 20 times higher than WTG nominal power. For each WTG, four Pst values are obtained: Pst WT, is the flicker level emission for a single WTG with a determined short circuit capacity. Using Pst WT the flicker levels in Scc Min, Scc Max and Scc 20x scenarios are calculated. In this case, a wind park, with a nominal power about 17,5 MW, formed by equal wind turbines is supposed. Table 5. Short circuit power capacity in the different scenarios
Shorcircuit Power at 132 kV (MVA) Scc Min 4.755 Scc Max 5.023 Scc 20x 20 x Pnom. WTG x n
power in W
power in W
power in W
power in W
Fig. 10. Simulation results for VS/VP WTG (VV2).
V. FLICKER ESTIMATION
Once models of wind turbines have been implemented and validated, estimation of flicker emission can be done. In this paper a variation of the method in IEC 61400-21 [5] (see paragraph II) is presented. In this case, the current source shown in Fig. 1 is substituted by the completed WTG model (see Fig. 11). In this way, simulations at different conditions than those during measurements can be done.
Results for all different types of WTGs in Sotavento Wind Park are shown from Table 6 to Table 12. The severity of flicker is calculated from PSCAD simulations with a determined short circuit capacity (Scc WT in tables). The flicker in the different scenarios is calculated by means of Flicker coefficient using equations (1) and (2).
u0(t)
Zfic
WTG Model
ufict(t)
Fig. 11. Fictitious network with complete WTG model
PSCAD/EMTDC-Based Modeling and Flicker Estimation for Wind Turbines EWEC09 (Marseille)
Table 6. Results for a FS/FP WTG (FF1)
Scc WT (MVA) (MVA) Scc WT () Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Pst WT Sim. Flicker Coefficient Pst Scc Max Pst Scc Min 10x Pst Scc 20x 13 71,56 8,38 0,012706 0,25027 0,00018 0,00017 0,00248
Table 11: Results for a VS/VP WTG (VV1)
Scc WT (MVA) (MVA) Scc WT () Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Pst WT Sim. Flicker Coefficient Pst Scc Max Pst Scc Min 10x Pst Scc 20x 13 71,56 10,3616 0,044174 0,71783 0,00055 0,00052 0,00774
Table 7. Results for a FS/FP WTG (FF2)
Scc WT (MVA ) ( MVA ) Scc WT () Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Pst WT Sim . Flicker Coefficient Pst Scc Max Pst Scc Min Pst Scc 20x 10x 13 71,56 10,76 0,022567 0,39116 0,00030 0,00028 0,00414
Table 12: Results for a VS/VP WTG (VV2)
Scc WT (MVA) (MVA) Scc WT () Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Pst WT Sim. Flicker Coefficient Pst Scc Max Pst Scc Min Pst Scc 20x 10x 13 71,56 10,3526 0,09 1,77273 0,00125 0,00119 0,01755
Table 8. Results for a FS/FP WTG (FF3)
Scc WT (MVA ) Scc WT () 6 71,56
Mean Wind Speed (m/s) 9,2344 Pst WT Sim . 0,027209 Flicker Coefficient 0,25508 Pst Scc Max 0,00018 Pst Scc Min 0,00017 Pst Scc Pst 10x Scc 20x 0,00249
Table 9. Results for a FS/FP WTG (FF4)
Scc WT (MVA) Scc WT () Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Pst WT Sim. Flicker Coefficient Pst Scc Max Pst Scc Min Pst Scc 20x 10x 6 71,56 8,1795 0,026456 0,26456 0,00018 0,00017 0,00247
The effect of including the power oscillation components in the model can be observed in the examples shown in Table 13 and 15. The Pst values calculated with and without the oscillating components are shown in those tables. The main consequence of neglecting oscillating components in the model is that the flicker could be significantly underestimated. Table 13. Pst in a FS/FP WTG (FF4), with and without oscillating power components.
WTG nominal power (MW) Scc WT (MVA) (MVA) Scc WT () Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Pst WT Pst WT without oscill. Pst error 0,60 6,00 71,56 8,1795 0,0265 0,0119 55,1%
Table 10. Results for a FS/VP WTG (FV1)
Scc WT (MVA) (MVA) Scc WT () Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Pst WT Sim. Flicker Coefficient Pst Scc Max Pst Scc Min Pst Scc 20x 10x 13 71,56 7 0,022304 0,22304 0,00022 0,00021 0,00307
Table 14. Pst in a FS/VP WTG (FV1), with and without oscillating power components.
WTG nominal power (MW) Scc WT (MVA) (MVA) Scc WT () Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Pst WT Pst WT without oscill. Pst error 1,30 13,00 71,56 7,0000 0,0223 0,0119 46,8%
PSCAD/EMTDC-Based Modeling and Flicker Estimation for Wind Turbines EWEC09 (Marseille)
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a method to evaluate flicker based in IEC 61400-21 is presented. Current measurement data used in this standard have been replaced for a complete wind turbine model. In this model, oscillating power components (shadow tower, wind shear, etc) have been included with the intention of getting more realistic results. WTG models have been validated by comparing the simulation results with the measured data. The proposed method allows calculating flicker emission of single WTG or wind parks at different working conditions.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the personnel of Sotavento Experimental Wind Park for their contribution and help with field experience and for their accessibility to the measurement data.
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