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Reasons for Windows Security Problems Popularity & Complexity Backward Compatibility Very important at businesses Enabled by default Causes many security problems Proliferation of features Windows is Improving Windows XP SP2 was a giant improvement in security Windows Firewall Data Execution Prevention Vista is even more secure User Account Control BitLocker Drive Encryption Unauthenticated Attacks Four Vectors Authentication Spoofing Network Services Client Vulnerabilities Device Drivers Authentication Spoofing Attacks Services to Attack Server Message Block (SMB) TCP ports 445 and 139 Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (MSRPC) TCP port 135 Terminal Services TCP port 3389 SQL TCP 1443 and UDP 1434 SharePoint and other Web services TCP 80 and 443 Password Guessing from the Command Line Accounts may lock out after too many guesses A Password Guessing Script Put password user name pairs in a file named credentials.txt Tools: enum, Brutus, TSGrinder, many more Link Ch 4a1

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Password-Guessing Countermeasures Use a network firewall to restrict access to SMB services on TCP 139 and 445 Use host-resident features of Windows to restrict access to SMB IPSec filters (Restricts by source IP link Ch4b) Windows Firewall Disable SMB services (on TCP 139 and 445) Enforce the use of strong passwords using policy Set an account-lockout threshold and ensure that it applies to the built-in Administrator account Enable audit account logon failures and regularly review Event Logs Security Policy SECPOL.MSC at a Command Prompt

Audit Policy Use a log analysis tool to check the logs For even better security, use Intrusion Detection/Intrusion Prevention software

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Eavesdropping on Network Password Exchange You can sniff password challenge-response hashes with Cain

Use NTLM, not LM The old LM Hashes are easily cracked The newer NTLM hashes are harder to crack, although they can be broken by dictionary attacks Elcomsoft has a new tool that cracks NTLM hashes by brute force, clustering many computers together See link Ch 4f Man In The Middle Attacks SMBRelay and SMBProxy pass authentication hashes along get authenticated access to the server, on Windows versions before XP MITM Attack on Terminal Server Cain can sniff Remote Desktop sessions unencrypted and get administrative credentials For Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 Because Microsoft made a private key public (link Ch 4f1) Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (MSRPC) vulnerabilities The MSRPC port mapper is advertised on TCP and UDP 135 by Windows systems It cannot be disabled without drastically affecting the core functionality of the operating system MSRPC interfaces are also available via other ports, including TCP/UDP 139, 445 or 593, and can also be configured to listen over a custom HTTP port via IIS or COM Internet Services MITM Countermeasures Attacker usually has to be on your LAN Use authenticated and encrypted protocols Enforce them with Group Policy and firewall rules CNIT 124 Bowne Page 3 of 16

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Remote Unauthenticated Exploits Metasploit Easily exploits network services Typically a couple of months behind Microsoft alerts CORE IMPACT and Canvas are expensive, but better (Link Ch 4f2) Network Service Exploit Countermeasures Apply patches quickly Use workarounds for unpatched vulnerabilities Log and monitor traffic Have an incident response plan End-user Application Exploits Often the weakest link, especially on Vista, because the OS itself is more secure Countermeasures Use a firewall to limit outbound connections Patches Antivirus Run with least privilege Use software security options, such as plaintext email and IE Security Zones Device Driver Exploits There are buffer overflows in wireless device drivers It is possible to 0wn every vulnerable machine in range just with a beacon frame--no connection required Link Ch 4z18 Driver Exploit Countermeasures Apply vendor patches Disable wireless networking in high-risk environments Using Microsoft Logo-tested drivers MIGHT make you safer But does Microsoft really thoroughly test drivers, with fuzzers? Fuzzing for 5 seconds was enough for Cache et al. to find a vulnerability

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Authenticated Attacks Privilege Escalation Once a user can log on to a Windows machine as a Guest or Limited User, the next goal is to escalate privileges to Administrator or SYSTEM Getadmin was an early exploit (link Ch 4r) There have been many others, including a buffer overrun MS03-013 (link Ch 4s) SYSTEM status The SYSTEM account is more powerful than the Administrator account The Administrator can schedule tasks to be performed as SYSTEM It's more complicated in Vista, but still possible

Making a SYSTEM Task in Vista Start, Task Scheduler Action, Create Task Change User or Group, select SYSTEM Fill in wizard, notepad.exe You can see it in Task Manager, but it's not interactive (see link Ch 4t) Preventing Privilege Escalation Keep machines patched Restrict interactive logon to trusted accounts Start, secpol.msc Deny log on locally Extracting and Cracking Passwords Once Administrator-equivalent status has been obtained on one machine Attackers often want to penetrate deeper into the network, so they want passwords Grabbing the Password Hashes Stored in in the Windows Security Accounts Manager (SAM) under NT4 and earlier, and In the Active Directory on Windows 2000 and greater domain controllers (DCs) The SAM contains the usernames and hashed passwords of all users The counterpart of the /etc/passwd file from the UNIX world CNIT 124 Bowne Page 5 of 16

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Obtaining the Hashes NT4 and earlier stores password hashes in %systemroot%\system32\config\SAM It's locked as long as the OS is running It's also in the Registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ SAM On Windows 2000 and greater domain controllers, password hashes are kept in the Active Directory %windir%\WindowsDS\ntds.dit How to Get the Hashes Easy way: Just use Cain Cracker tab, right-click, "Add to List"

How Cain Works Injects a DLL into a highly privileged process in a running system That's how pwdump, Cain, and Ophcrack do it Link Ch 4x Other Ways to Get the Hashes Boot the target system to an alternate OS and copy the files to removable media Copy the backup of the SAM file created by the Repair Disk Utility But this file is protected by SYSKEY encryption, which makes it harder to crack (perhaps impossible) Links Ch 4u, 4v, 4w Sniff Windows authentication exchanges pwdump2 Countermeasures There is no defense against pwdump2, 3, 4, Cain, Ophcrack, etc. But the attacker needs local Administrative rights to use them Cracking Passwords The hash is supposed to be really difficult to reverse NTLM hashes are really hard to break But Windows XP and earlier still use LM Hashes for backwards compatibility They are turned off by default in Vista

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No Salt! To make hashing stronger, add a random "Salt" to a password before hashing it Windows doesn't salt its hash! Two accounts with the same password hash to the same result, even in Windows 7 Beta! This makes it possible to speed up password cracking with precomputed Rainbow Tables Demonstration Here are two accounts on a Windows 7 Beta machine with the password 'password'

This hash is from a different Windows 7 Beta machine

Linux Salts its Hashes

Brute Force v. Dictionary There are two techniques for cracking passwords Brute Force Tries all possible combinations of characters Dictionary Tries all the words in a word list, such as able, baker, cow May try variations such as ABLE, Able, @bl3, etc. Password-Cracking Countermeasures Strong passwords not dictionary words, long, complex Add non-printable ASCII characters like (NUM LOCK) ALT255 or (NUM LOCK) ALT-129 Ways to Speed Cracks Rainbow tables trade time for memory with precomputed hashes Elcomsoft Distributed Password Recovery Uses many machines together, and their graphics cards, to make cracking 100x faster Link Ch 4f CNIT 124 Bowne Page 7 of 16

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Dumping Cached Passwords Local Security Authority (LSA) Secrets Contains unencrypted logon credentials for external systems Available under the Registry subkey of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SECURITY\Policy\Secrets Encrypted when the machine is off, but decrypted and retained in memory after login Contents of LSA Secrets Service account passwords in plaintext. Accounts in external domains Cached password hashes of the last ten users to log on to a machine FTP and web-user plaintext passwords Remote Access Services (RAS) dial-up account names and passwords Computer account passwords for domain access Scary Demo Boot Win XP, log in with your usual Admin acct Change your password Use Cain to dump the LSA Secrets your password is just right there in the DefaultPassword Log in as a different Administrator user The LSA Secrets show your other account's password! Link Ch 4z01 Win XP Password in LSA Secrets

LSA Secrets Countermeasures There's not much you can doMicrosoft offers a patch but it doesn't help much Microsoft KB Article ID Q184017 (link Ch 4z02) Vista seems far less vulnerable Local Admin rights can lead to compromise of other accounts that machine has logged in to Previous Logon Cache Dump If a domain member cannot reach the domain controller, it performs an offline logon with cached credentials The last ten domain logons are stored in the cache, in an encrypted and hashes form CNIT 124 Bowne Page 8 of 16

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The tool CacheDump can reverse the encryption and get the hashed passwords Download it at link Ch 4z03 More info at links Ch 4z04, 4z05 CacheDump Results John the Ripper can crack these hashes with brute-force and dictionary attacks Another cracking tool is cachebf (link Ch z06) Previous Logon Cache Dump Countermeasures You need Administrator or SYSTEM privileges to get the hashes You can also adjust the Registry to eliminate the cached credentials But then users won't be able to log in when a when a domain controller is not accessible Remote Control and Back Doors Command-line Remote Control Tools Netcat for Windows Download it at link Ch 3d Use this syntax to listen on port 8080, and execute cmd Add d for stealth mode (no interactive console) Obviously this is very dangerousremote control with no logon Connecting to the nc Listener On another machine connect with TELNET IP 8080

You get a shell on the other machine

Works on Vista PsExec From SysInternals (now part of Microsoft) Allows remote code execution (with a username and password) Link Ch 4z07 CNIT 124 Bowne Page 9 of 16

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Graphical Remote Control The Windows Built-in Terminal Services (aka Remote Desktop) listens on port 3389 It's not on by default VNC is free and very commonly used for graphic remote control Can easily be installed remotely Link Ch 4z08 VNC as used in MetaSploit Remote Access Tools TeamViewer (link Ch 4z19) My favorite, easy to use, free & safe Poison Ivy (link Ch 4z09) GoToMyPC (link Ch 4z10) LogMeIn Hamachi (link Ch 4z11)

Port Redirection Fpipe is a port redirection tool from Foundstone Link Ch 4z12

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Covering Tracks Once intruders have Administrator or SYSTEM-equivalent privileges, they will: Hide evidence of intrusion Install backdoors Stash a toolkit to use for regaining control in the future and to use against other systems Disabling Auditing The auditpol /disable command will stop auditing Auditpol /enable will turn it back on again Auditpol is included in Vista Part of the Resource Kit for earlier versions (XP, NT, 2000 Server) Clearing the Event Log ELsave command-line log clearing tool Written for Windows NT Link Ch 4z15 Hiding Files Attrib +h filename Sets the Hidden bit, which hides files somewhat Alternate Data Streams Hide a file within a file A NT feature designed for compatibility with Macintosh Demonstration of ADS

ADS With Binary Files You need the cp command (supposedly in the Resource Kit, although I can't find it available free online) To detect alternate data streams, use LADS (link Ch 4z16) Rootkits Rootkits are the best way to hide files, accounts, backdoors, network connections, etc. on a machine More on rootkits in a later chapter General Countermeasures to Authenticated Compromise Once a system has been compromised with administrator privileges, you should just reinstall it completely You can never be sure you really found and removed all the backdoors But if you want to clean it, here are techniques: Suspicious Files Known dangerous filenames like nc.exe Run antivirus software CNIT 124 Bowne Page 12 of 16

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Use Tripwire or other tools that identify changes to system files Link Ch 4z13

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Suspicious Registry Entries Look for registry keys that start known backdoors like" HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT\Software\ ORL\WINVNC3 HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ Net Solutions\NetBus Server A Back-Door Favorite: Autostart Extensibility Points (ASEPs)

Ways to Make a Program Run at Startup in Vista Registry keys Run or RunOnce or Policies\Explorer\Run Load value RunServices or RunServicesOnce Winlogon or BootExecute Scheduled Tasks Win.ini Group Policy Shell service objects Logon scripts Suspicious Processes Process Explorer Link Ch 4z14

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Suspicious Ports Use netstat -aon to view network connections

Software Explorer Part of Windows Defender in Vista

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Windows Security Features Windows Firewall Automated Updates Security Center (Action Center in Windows 7 Beta)

Group Policy Allows customized security settings in domains Encryption: BitLocker and EFS EFS encrypts folders BitLocker encrypts the whole hard drive In Windows 7 Beta, BitLocker can encrypt removable USB devices Video: Hacking BitLocker Least Privilege Most Windows users use an Administrative accout all the time Very poor for security, but convenient For XP, 2003, and earlier: log on as a limited user, use runas to elevate privileges as needed For Vista and later versions, this process is automated by User Account Control Last modified 2-5-09 CNIT 124 Bowne Page 16 of 16