SMK ST TERESA KUCHING, SARAWAK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK YEAR 2013

THE USES OF STATISTICS IN THE STUDY OF THE IDEAL BODY FAT PERCENTAGE IN THE HUMAN BODY

NAME FORM

: Anne Marian Anak Joseph : 5 Science 2

I/C NUMBER : 960618-13-5256 TEACHER : Madam Jong Oi Wei

CONTENT
Chapters 1 2 3 4 Title Content Appreciation Objective Introduction Part 1 Introduction Part 11
5

Pages 2 3 4 56 6 (I) 7 10 11 15 16 16 19

Part 1

a) b)

Part 2

a) b)

7 8 9 10

Part 3 Further Exploration Reflection Conclusion

20 21 34 35 36

APPRECIATION
First and foremost, I would like to thank God for the strength and energy that I had in putting this project together.
Next, I would like to thank the school in giving us this opportunity in doing this project in addition providing all the assistance in making this project a success. Other than that, I would like to thank my family in all the support and guidance on completing this project not to mention the expenses on all the materials used in putting this project together. I would also like to express my gratitude to our beloved teacher Mdm. Jong Oi Wei in completing this project. During the process of the project I had some difficulties and misunderstandings here and there on the completion of the project but with her guidance I had manage to come in to conclusion to the project. Besides, that, I would also like to express my gratitude to my classmates in helping me to complete this project as one of the greats said it. A fine glass vase goes from treasure to trash, the moment it is
broken. Fortunately, something else happens to you and me. Pick up your pieces. Then, help me gather mine. Vera Nazarian

OBJECTIVES
All of the students in 5 Science 2 are required to carry out an Additional Mathematics Project Work during mid-term holiday. This project is done individually. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work, I gain valuable experiences and able to:

Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and non-routine problems. Improve my thinking skills. Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied in meaningful ways in solving real-life problems. Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking, reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected. Experience classroom environments that stimulate and enhance effective learning. Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing and to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely. Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem-solving in ways that increase interest and confidence. Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in workplace. Realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems and hence develop positive attitude towards mathematic. Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate, to cooperate, and to share the knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment. Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively. Realise the importance and beauty of mathematics.

INTRODUCTION
Statistical methods date back at least to the 5th century BC. The earliest known writing on statistics appears in a 9th-century book entitled Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages, written by Al-Kindi. In this book, Al-Kindi provides a detailed description of how to use statistics and frequency analysis to decipher encrypted messages. This was the birth of both statistics and cryptanalysis, according to the Saudi engineer Ibrahim Al-Kadi. The Nuova Cronica, a 14th-century history of Florence by the Florentine banker and official Giovanni Villani, includes much statistical information on population, ordinances, commerce, education, and religious facilities, and has been described as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history. Some scholars pinpoint the origin of statistics to 1663, with the publication of Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt. Early applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its stat- etymology. The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and natural and social sciences. Its mathematical foundations were laid in the 17th century with the development of the probability theory by Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat. Probability theory arose from the study of games of chance. The method of least squares was first described by Carl Friedrich Gauss around 1794. The use of modern computers has expedited largescale statistical computation, and has also made possible new methods that are impractical to perform manually.
Progress and prosperity have their drawbacks and unhealthy conspicuous consumption is one of them. The most common of this is over-indulgence in food. Wealth does make people fatter. In recent studies by the World Health Organization (WHO), Malaysia was ranked 1st. in South-East Asia (6th. in Asia) for obesity. 60% of Malaysians aged 18 and above have BMI or body mass index of over 23 - categorizing them as overweight. According to Malaysias Health Ministry, 1 in 6 Malaysians are either overweight or obese but the Selangor branch of the Malaysian Diabetes Association cited almost
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one in two Malaysians are either overweight or obese; and that a recent study showed that 22% of Malaysians above the age of 30 are diabetic. The New Straits Times in an article dated 15 Oct. 2012, stated that based on a BMI of over 25, there were only 5% obese Malaysians in 1996 rising to 14% in 2006 and 15% by 2012. They also reported that almost 50% of adult Malaysians are overweight or obese; with about 20% over the age of 30 afflicted by diabetes up from 14% in 2006; and that another 33% above the age of 30 have high blood pressure; with three in four Malaysians doing little or no exercise. Apart from over-eating, many other factors cause obesity. Besides having an overhealthy appetite, over-eating can be triggered by emotions and habits too. Cyber-era conveniences and creature comforts promote inactivity - which in turn promotes obesity. Its evident that sedentary lifestyle does affect a broad spectrum of Malaysians. Genetics and hormonal imbalance can also cause obesity. In addition, obesity can be caused by psychological pretexts. Low self-esteem caused by being overweight (in the first place), can and often do lead to more eating as a way of seeking comfort. Also, repeated failures with dieting do erode self-esteem further and this in turn aggravates upon over-eating. Stress, anxiety, depression and chronic pain can lead to over-eating too. Childhood physical and emotional abuse; loss of a parent during childhood; marital and family problems have also been known to contribute to comfort over-eating. Certain medical conditions and medicines such as Cushings syndrome or hypothyroidism; or taking certain antidepressants or corticosteroids can trigger weight gain. Alcoholic beverages such as beer and many cocktails contain high calories and where beer-belly is indeed a common syndrome. Unlike the US where fast food is cheap (hence preferred by the working poor), fast food eateries are the fair of choice for those with higher disposable incomes in Asia. Consuming American fast foods can be a hint of ones economic standings but undeservedly, are packed with calories and fats. Considering we should ideally consume 1,800 2,000cals a day, a typical fast food meal can pack a whopping 1,100cals. A common double cheeseburger is about 430cals; a serving of medium fries about 360cals; while a cola is about 280cals. Malaysians habitually snack. A portion of nasi lemak is about 700cals. Add a piece of chicken and that can be 300cals; and teh-tarik is some 90cals. This common snack works out to be some 1,100cals. In consolation, the key for many is to be diet-conscious and to exercise. Whether you jog, swim, cycle outdoors or as in the case of beings-of-today, frequent gyms and utilize home exercise equipment, exercise offers loads of benefits. Discover more than to simply burn calories. As commonly quipped even your skin glows and you feel as fresh as the morning flower. Essentially, exercise bestows a gamut of health benefits besides keeping obesity at bay.

Background Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat had accumulated to the extent that is may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life experiencing or increased health problems. The Science club in your school intends to carry out a study on the ideal body fat percentage in the human body. As the president of the Science club, you are required to collect the data randomly which consists of 80 students (below 20 years old) and 40 adults (over 20-55 years old). It is advisable to use equal number of males and females for each category.

Conjecture Between men and women, women have higher body fat percentage. Secondly, between adults, children and babies, babies have the most body fat percentage followed by children and adults. As our age increases, there would be physiological changes in our bodies that make our fat percentage increase especially in women.

PART 1 (a) DATA FOR 80 RESPONDENTS Respondents 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gender (F/M) F F F F F F Height (m) 1.62 1.60 1.43 1.60 1.50 1.50 Weight (kg) 54 42 52 45 38 40 Age (years) 16 16 17 17 17 17

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

F F F F F F F F F F F F F F M M M M M M M

1.50 1.49 1.62 1.69 1.60 1.63 1.51 1.57 1.52 1.53 1.49 0.93 1.25 1.49 1.62 1.65 1.73 1.80 1.20 1.10 1.64

54 45 60 42 65 50 50 55 50 50 31 16 30 38 65 65 55 63 60 20 68

17 16 16 17 17 14 15 14 15 15 10 5 5 12 12 14 15 19 6 7 15

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F F

1.63 1.65 1.79 1.51 1.50 1.72 1.78 1.30 1.08 1.68 1.49 1.67 1.70 1.66 1.55 1.53 1.54 1.64 1.72 1.45 1.66

47 62 70 50 41 49 60 36 20 70 50 60 70 56 50 56 50 97 61 56 65

12 13 19 13 12 15 15 9 6 19 10 19 19 53 50 35 37 42 52 48 45

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

F F F F F F F F F F F F M M M M M M M M M

1.69 1.63 1.68 1.65 1.64 1.65 1.68 1.70 1.68 1.57 1.70 1.72 1.81 1.84 1.70 1.80 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.75

62 52 64 54 64 56 70 82 95 82 55 63 59 53 71 98 91 65 45 65 68

49 25 45 31 39 54 29 50 53 55 49 52 27 22 22 33 22 34 21 20 26

10

70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

M M M M M M M M M M M

1.78 1.81 1.78 1.78 1.87 1.93 1.81 1.72 1.75 1.75 1.71

60 83 85 72 90 106 65 119 105 81 110

55 21 52 29 25 36 22 42 48 41 27

From the survey, we see that there likely more obese children than adults. This may be due to the nearby convenience of the canteen in schools selling fast foods and junk foods. It is shown that younger children have more body weight than the young adults and adults. This may be due to the adequate fat intake for essential growth and development. Adults needs at least 20% to 35% of their daily calories from fat, teenagers and children older than 3 requires 25% to 35% and babies and toddlers need even more fat30% to 40% of daily calories. Thirdly, it is evident that as the age of females increases, their weight also increases. This may be due to the physiological changes in her body where fat is needed to protect her potential foetus.

(b) Method 1: By manual calculation

I found the value of the mean, mode, median, range, interquartile range, variance and standard deviation by using a calculator and making use of the mathematical formulae.

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Calculations:

16, 20, 20, 30, 31, 36, 38, 38, 38, 40, 40, 41, 42, 42, 45, 45, 45, 47, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 52, 53, 54, 54, 55, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 56, 59, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 61, 62, 62, 63, 63, 64, 64, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 68, 68, 70, 70, 70, 71, 74, 81, 82, 82, 82, 83, 85, 90, 90, 91, 95, 97, 98, 105, 106, 119

Mean:

=16 + 20 + 20 + 30 + 31 + 36 + 38 + 38 + 38 + 40 + 40 + 41 + 42 + 42 + 45 + 45 + 45 + 47 + 49 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 52 + 53 + 54 + 54 + 55 + 55 + 55 + 56 + 56 + 56 + 56 + 59 + 60 + 60 + 60 + 60 + 60 + 61 + 62 + 62 + 63 + 63 + 64 + 64 + 65 + 65 + 65 + 65 + 65 + 65 + 65 + 65 + 68 + 68 + 70 + 70 + 70 + 71 + 74 + 81 + 82 + 82 + 82 + 83 + 85 + 90 + 90 + 91 + 95 + 97 + 98 + 105 + 106 + 119 80

= 60.63 kg

Mode:
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16, 20, 20, 30, 31, 36, 38, 38, 38, 40, 40, 41, 42, 42, 45, 45, 45, 47, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 52, 53, 54, 54, 55, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 56, 59, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 61, 62, 62, 63, 63, 64, 64, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 68, 68, 70, 70, 70, 71, 74, 81, 82, 82, 82, 83, 85, 90, 90, 91, 95, 97, 98, 105, 106, 119

Median: 16, 20, 20, 30, 31, 36, 38, 38, 38, 40, 40, 41, 42, 42, 45, 45, 45, 47, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 52, 53, 54, 54, 55, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 56, 59, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 61, 62, 62, 63, 63, 64, 64, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 68, 68, 70, 70, 70, 71, 74, 81, 82, 82, 82, 83, 85, 90, 90, 91, 95, 97, 98, 105, 106, 119

= = 60 kg

Range:
Range = Highest value Lowest value

= 119 kg 16 kg = 103 kg
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Interquartile Range

16, 20, 20, 30, 31, 36, 38, 38, 38, 40, 40, 41, 42, 42, 45, 45, 45, 47, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 52, 53, 54, 54, 55, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 56, 59, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 61, 62, 62, 63, 63, 64, 64, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 68, 68, 70, 70, 70, 71, 74, 81, 82, 82, 82, 83, 85, 90, 90, 91, 95, 97, 98, 105, 106, 119

Q1 = (n+1) =

(81) = 20 =
th

= 50

Q3 =

(n+1) = (81) = 60th =

= 69

Interquartile range = Q3 - Q1 = 69- 50 = 19 kg

Variance, 2 =

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= 162 + 202 + 202 + 302 + 312 + 362 + 382 + 382 + 382 + 402 + 402 + 412 + 422 + 422 + 452 + 452 + 452 + 472 + 492 + 502 + 502 + 502 + 502 + 502 + 502 + 502 + 522 + 532 + 542 + 542 + 552 + 552 + 552 + 562 + 562 + 562 + 562 + 592 + 602 + 602 + 602 + 602 + 602 + 612 + 622 + 622 + 632 + 632 + 642 + 642 + 652 + 652 + 652 + 652 + 652 + 652 + 652 + 652 + 682 + 682 + 702 + 702 + 702 + 712 + 742 + 812 + 822 + 822 + 822 + 832 + 852 + 902 + 902 + 912 + 952 + 972 + 982 + 1052 + 1062 + 1192 80 - (60.63)2
=

- (60.63)2

= 388.7 kg

Standard deviation,

=
=
.

= 19.72 kg

Method 2: By using Microsoft Excel

I found the value of mean, mode, median, range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation by putting in the ungrouped data into Excel which then automatically groups the data. Then, I calculated the values by using the auto functions provided.

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Mean Mode

: 60.63 kg : 65

Interquartile range : 19 kg Variance : 388.7 kg

Median :60 Range : = 119 16 = 103 kg

Standard deviation : 19.72 kg

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Part 2
CLASS INTERVAL 1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 TALLY /// //// / //// //// //// //// //// //// //// / //// //// //// //// // //// //// /// MIDPOINT, x 10.5 30.5 50.5 70.5 90.5 110.5 FREQUENCY, f 3 6 36 22 10 3

a) i. Estimated mode = 60 kg ii. The median is 60 kg whereas the interquartile range is 19 kg. b) i. The mean, mode and median of grouped data

Mean :

(1 .

3) (3 .

) (

3 ) (7 .

) (

1 ) (11 .

3)

= 60.25 kg
Mode : 60 kg
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Median :

Class Interval ( 1-20 ) ( 21-40 ) ( 41-60 ) ( 61-80 ) (81-100 ) (101-120)

Midpoint,x 10.5 30.5 50.5 70.5 90.5 110.5

Frequency, f 3 6 36 22 10 3

Cumulative frequency, CF 3 9 45 67 77 80

Where,

= 40.5 +

20

= 54.27 kg
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(i)

The range, interquartile range, and standard deviation of grouped data.

Range :

From (1 20) = 20

Interquartile range :

4
Q3 = Q1 =

Q3 - Q1

= 63.17 45.39 = 17.78 kg

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Standard deviation, :

33 .7

.3

3 .7

= 377.1475

= 377.15 kg The answers in Part 2 are more accurate than the answers in Part 1.

Class Interval ( 1-20 ) ( 21-40 ) ( 41-60 ) ( 6 -80 ) (81-100 ) (101-120)

Midpoint,x 10.5 30.5 50.5 70.5 90.5 110.5

Frequency, f 3 6 36 22 10 3

X2 110.25 930.50 2550.25 4970.25 8190.25 12210.25

Fx2
330.75 558.30 91809.00 109345.50 81902.50 36630.75

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Part 3 Based on the answers in Part 1 and Part 2, the measurements of central tendency for Part 1 are more suitable to represent the weights of the respondents. Measurements of central tendency are widely used to calculate the quantitative data in a study. Compared to grouped data, ungrouped data can represent the data more accurately as it is specific. In addition, we are able to collect the mean, mode, and median for the weight of every respondent. In the comparison of method 1 and method 2 used in Part 1, method 2 is more suitable to be used to collect the data. Using Excel, we are able to determine the central tendencies of the weight of the respondents more accurately and automatically compared to the manual way which may provoke hazardous miscalculations.

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FURTHER EXPLORATION

% of Body Fat for Children (19 years & below) = (1.51BMI) (0.70Age) (3.6Gender**) + 1.4

Eg.: (1.5119.2) (0.705) (3.60) +1.4 = 26.89%

% of Body Fat for Adult (20 years & above) = (1.20BMI) (0.23Age) (10.8Gender**) + 5.4

Eg.: (1.2022.49) (0.2320) (10.81) + 5.4 = 16.99%

Notes: () () ()

**Male

=1

**Female = 0

a) Body fat percentage of each respondents.

Responden ts 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gender (F/M) F F F F F F Height (m) 1.62 1.60 1.43 1.60 1.50 1.50 Weight (kg) 54 42 52 45 38 40 Age (years) 16 16 17 17 17 17 20.58 16.41 25.43 17.60 16.89 17.78 21.27 14.97 27.89 16.07 15.01 16.35
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BMI

BODY FAT %

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

F F F F F F F F F F F F F F M M M M M M M

1.50 1.49 1.62 1.69 1.60 1.63 1.51 1.57 1.52 1.53 1.49 0.93 1.25 1.49 1.62 1.65 1.73 1.80 1.20 1.10 1.64

54 45 60 42 65 50 50 55 50 50 31 16 30 38 65 65 55 63 60 20 68

17 16 16 17 17 14 15 14 15 15 10 5 5 12 12 14 15 19 6 7 15

24.00 20.27 22.86 14.70 25.39 18.81 21.93 22.31 21.64 21.36 13.96 18.49 19.20 17.11 24.76 23.87 18.37 19.44 41.67 16.53 25.28

25.74 20.80 24.71 11.70 27.83 20.01 24.01 25.28 23.57 23.15 15.48 25.82 26.89 18.83 26.78 24.04 15.03 13.85 56.52 17.86 25.47

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28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F F

1.63 1.65 1.79 1.51 1.50 1.72 1.78 1.30 1.08 1.68 1.49 1.67 1.70 1.66 1.55 1.53 1.54 1.64 1.72 1.45 1.66

47 62 70 50 41 49 60 36 20 70 50 60 70 56 50 56 50 97 61 56 65

12 13 19 13 12 15 15 9 6 19 10 19 19 53 50 35 37 42 52 48 45

17.69 22.77 21.84 21.93 18.22 16.56 18.93 21.30 17.14 24.80 22.52 21.51 24.22 20.32 20.81 23.92 21.08 36.06 20.62 26.63 23.58

16.11 23.08 17.47 21.81 16.91 12.30 15.88 23.66 19.48 21.94 24.80 16.98 21.07 17.59 18.87 26.05 22.18 39.01 18.18 26.31 23.35

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49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

F F F F F F F F F F F F M M M M M M M M M

1.69 1.63 1.68 1.65 1.64 1.65 1.68 1.70 1.68 1.57 1.70 1.72 1.81 1.84 1.70 1.80 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.75

62 52 64 54 64 56 70 82 95 82 55 63 59 53 71 98 91 65 45 65 68

49 25 45 31 39 54 29 50 53 55 49 52 27 22 22 33 22 34 21 20 26

21.70 19.57 22.67 19.83 23.79 20.57 24.80 28.37 33.66 33.26 19.03 21.29 18.01 15.65 24.56 30.24 28.72 21.22 15.21 22.49 22.20

20.17 23.13 22.25 22.06 24.97 17.66 28.49 27.94 33.60 32.66 16.96 18.988 10.00 8.32 19.01 23.20 24.00 12.24 8.02 16.98 15.26

25

70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

M M M M M M M M M M M

1.78 1.81 1.78 1.78 1.87 1.93 1.81 1.72 1.75 1.75 1.71

60 83 85 72 90 106 65 119 105 81 110

55 21 52 29 25 36 22 42 48 41 27

18.93 25.33 26.82 22.72 25.73 28.45 19.84 40.22 34.28 26.44 37.61

4.66 20.16 14.82 15.20 19.72 20.46 13.35 33.20 24.70 16.90 33.52

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b) Data Collected through graph Bar Chart

50

45

40

No. of respondents in each category

35

30 Essential Fats 25 Athletes Normal 20 Overweight Obese 15

10

0 Ages below 20 Respondents Ages 20-55

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Pie Chart

Male

Essential Fats 2.5% Athletes 7.5% Normal 40% Overweight 30% Obese 20%

Female

Essential Fats 2.5% Athletes 25% Normal 40% Overweight 25% Obese7.5%

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Female Children

Essential Fats 5% Athletes 20% Normal 50% Overweight 25% Obese 0%

Female Adults

Essential Fats 0% Athletes 30% Normal 30% Overweight 25% Obese 15%

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Male Children

Essential Fat 0% Atletes 0% Normal 45% Overweight 30% Obese 25%

Male Adults

Essential Fat 5% Athletes 15% Normal 35% Overweight 30% Obese 15%

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Ogive
GRAPH OF WEIGHT, KG AGAINST CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY OF THE RESPONDENTS.

90 80 70 Cumulative Frequency 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Weight, kg Cumulative frequency

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Histogram

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c) i) When compared to adults, children have a higher body fat percentage. Adequate fat intake is essential to growth and development. Young kids, especially, need a certain amount of fat in their diets to help the brain and nervous system develop correctly. Nowadays, children in schools are exposed to junk foods in their school canteen. Instant foods are mainly used because of the less preparation time. Being able to access these unlimited fatty foods, children are taking more than their minimal fat intake needed.

ii) When compared to males, females have a higher body fat percentage. Women have more body fat than menabout five percent more. By nature, a woman's body is developed to protect her and a potential fetus. As a result, women have more enzymes for storing fat and fewer enzymes for burning fat. Additionally, the estrogen women have activates fat storing enzymes and causes them to multiply. Women experience more changes in hydration levels than men because of their menstrual cycle, and this can affect body fat measuring, particularly using the BIA method. Retaining fluid may also cause weight to fluctuate day-to-day during this period causing additional variation in the body fat percentage.

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(d)Leading a Healthy Life: Five Steps to Living Long and Staying Healthy

Step 1: Give your body the energy it needs.

Your body needs some foods to stay strong and healthy. Other foods, if eaten too often, contribute too many illnesses. Here are some guidelines:

Eat 6-11 servings a day of breads or grains, like rice, pasta, tortillas, or cereal. Eat 3-5 servings a day of vegetables, like carrots, cabbage, tomatoes, broccoli, or peas. Eat 2-4 servings a day of fruits, like apples, peaches, mangos, bananas, or fruit juice. Eat 2-3 servings a day of meat, fish, beans, eggs or nuts, for protein. Eat 2-3 servings a day of dairy products like yogurt, cheese, or milk. Cut down on alcohol, fatty foods such as butter, grease, or oil, and junk food like chips or candy.

Step 2: Stay physically active.

Regular physical activity helps people:

live longer and feel better throughout their lives be stronger and more flexible build strong bones and fight osteoporosis prevent depression strengthens your ability to fight off illness maintain a healthy body weight

It is best to get at least one half hour of exercise three times a week, but any amount of exercise is better than none at all! If you do not want to go jogging or swimming, try going for a brisk walk with a friend, working vigorously in the yard, or riding your bike to work.

Step 3: A healthy mind is part of a healthy body.

When you are in a good state of mind, you make good decisions for yourself about your job, your lifestyle, and your health. Here are some things you can do to keep your mind healthy:

Reduce stress in your life.

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Make time in your life for things that are fun. Make a list of activities you like and sure you have at least a little time each day for doing something you enjoy. Get enough sleep. Get help if you feel depressed or anxious for more than several days at a time. Talk with a friend or your health care provider for some help.

Step 4: Keep your mind and body free of harmful drugs and alcohol.

Tobacco causes more health problems than any other drug and is the most addictive, most widely used. Cutting down or stopping the use of cigarettes, cigars, or chewing tobacco can save your health and save your money. Too much alcohol is definitely dangerous, causing liver damage, fetal alcohol syndrome, and accidents. The tricky question is how much is too much?

Step 5: Get regular health care.

Many people think they only need to see a doctor when they are sick or injured. The truth is, health care providers are also experts at preventing illnesses and finding and treating problems before you ever feel sick. Find a health care provider who works WITH you. Know what diseases you are at risk for and attend regular screenings for them. Get yourself and the children in your family immunized against lifethreatening illnesses.

http://depts.washington.edu/uwcoe/healthtopics/healthylife.html

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Reflection
After by spending countless hours, days and night to finish this project and also sacrificing our time for chatting and movies in this few weeks, there are several things that we want to say

I've designed a great experiment And collected all my data. I've no idea what it all means I'll get to that stuff later. I've forgotten all the stats I learned, And I never learned that much. I needed it to pass my comps But since then I've lost touch. I'll do another lit review And find another theory, But when it's time to analyse, Everything goes bleary. So I hired a consultant To tell me what I'd got He looked at three years of my life And answered "Not a lot". "There is no dissertation here, There aren't any theses Basically what you have got Is a great big pile of faeces!" "You should have called me years ago Now get this through your head: You've hired a physician But the patient is quite dead".

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CONCLUSION
After doing research, answering the questions, drawing graph, plan a table and some problem solving, I realise that statistics is important in our daily working life in collecting, organizing, analysing and interpreting numerical information from data. It is also widely used in the business segment. About this Additional Mathematics Project Work, is fun and interesting because I need to plan the project carefully and systematic because it has something to do with my future. In fact, further exploration was a fun session because it had opened my mind about statistics and I have known much more about statistics. In a nutshell, I can apply all the concept and skills that I had in compiling the data and in solving the problems in Additional Mathematics. I think that this project work is very beneficial to all of the students. I would also like to thank the one who contribute the idea of statistics to help me a lot in our business and daily activities together in our daily life.

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