GENERAL

BOILER
1. A rating has been badly burnt by a blow back from the oil fired auxiliary boiler. As second engineer, make a full report to head office explaining the circumstances of the incident and the precautionary means now taken to reduce the possibility of a similar occurrence in the future. [8/07], [3/07], [6/05], [1/05], [8/08], [8/09], [2/10], [06/11Em], 2. Describe how the following conditions can be avoided in auxiliary boilers: a. Furnace distortion b. Uptake fire c. Difficulty in maintaining normal water level. [8/07], [1/05], [12/09], [1/10], [06/11Em], [3/08 MEP], d. High boiler water density. [3/08MEP], [Em07-08], 3. You have recently joined a vessel as second engineer officer. For the past several voyages it has been the practice on board to dispense with the use of the exhaust gas boiler and leave it to run dry. As part of an overall economy drive the company has requested you to re-commission the boiler. Write a letter to the superintendent engineer stating how the boiler was brought on line and the safety valves adjusted. [7/07](mep22), [9/05], [8/04], [6/08], [7/09], [11/09], 4. a. Discuss the possible reasons for the following changes in boiler water results, and state what actions should be taken each case: i. Reduction in total dissolved solids and chemical reserves. ii. Reduction in phosphate reserve, with increase in chlorides and total dissolved solids. iii. Reduction in alkalinity reserve only. iv. Increase in oxygen levels only. b. State why the complete results of boiler tests are logged or entered into a data retrieval system rather than a note being made of any particular result which may be out side set limits. [7/07], [2/06], [3/08], [6/09], [9/09], [Em10-11], [11/10], [06/11Em],

6.

a. Describe the procedure to be adopted for the inspection of a safety valve fitted to an exhaust gas fired auxiliary boiler stating , with reasons, which parts should receive particularly close attention. [3/09], [6/09], [Em10-11], [11/10] b. Describe the procedure for the setting of safety valves of exhaust gas fired auxiliary boilers. c. Explain the action (*a chief engineer should) taken after the setting of safety valves as in (b). [5/07], [6*/06], [2*/06], [2/05], [9/07], [9/08] 7. A fire in the exhaust gas boiler on a motor ship may develop in two or three stages. With reference to such situations, discuss: a. The factors which could be a cause for initiation and development of: [4/07], [4/06], [1/06], [4/08], i. Ignition of soot; ii. Small soot fires;

iii. High temperature fires. b. State the standing instructions you, as second engineer officer, would issue with respect to the action to be taken in the event of a boiler uptake fire. 9. a. Describe three different patterns of the tube used in exhaust gas boilers. (mep15) b. Give two reasons why a tube is condemned. (mep15) c. How would a leaking tube to be rectified? d. How can the operating efficiency of an exhaust gas boiler be maintained at an acceptable level? [3/07], [3/06], [6/04], [2/08],

10. Sketch and describe a boiler water level controller of the float operated type. State the reasons for having this mechanism on the boiler and using the controller and boiler for analogy explain the following terms. a. Detecting element; b. Servo motor; c. Desired value. [2/07], [10/08], [12/09], 14. An auxiliary boiler water level control system has a differential pressure transmitter as the detecting element for water level. [Em06/07], [1/08], a. Sketch and describe such an arrangement. [11/08], [12/08], [1/09], [Em10-11], b. If the transmitter was damaged describe how a replacement unit would be calibrated. [9/06](mep16), [8/06], [Em05/06], [7/05], [11/05], [9/04], 16. a. Draw a line diagram of a feed water system for an auxiliary boiler, labeling all the principal items and showing the direction of flow. b. Explain how feed supply to the boiler is regulated? Explain rising water level characteristics of level control. c. State what preventive and corrective measures may be taken if oil contamination of the feed water takes place? [7/06], [10/07], [Em08-09]

17. Describe how you as second engineer, would prepare an auxiliary boiler for survey by a classification society. [6/06], [2/06], [8/08] , [7/09], [11/09], [11/10], [3/11], 18. Sketch a high lift safety valve lid and seat detailing their special features. Describe how such a valve is overhauled and any clearances that should be measured and noted. [5/06], [4/05], [1/10], [3/10], [4/10], [2/11], 20. Give reasons why even moderately rated auxiliary boilers require regular attention to both feed and boiler water condition. Suggest with reasons the possible consequences if this attention is neglected. [3/06], [Em07-08], 21. With respect to auxiliary boiler water level maintenance and indication, describe, with the aid of sketches, the sensing devices for: i. A feed pump control; ii. Local water level; iii. Remote water level; iv. Low and high water level alarms. [Em05/06], [6/05], [1/08], [11/08] 25. You have been appointed as the second engineer of a fifteen years old bulk carrier, recently purchased by your shipping company. Exhaust and auxiliary boilers, are due for survey and requires extensive repairs. Write a report to the engineering superintendent with respect to the inspection carried out and the defects observed. Also give details of repairs to be carried out for the safe operation of the boilers. [7/05], [10/07], [3/09], 27. With reference to auxiliary boiler safety valves:

a. Describe with aid of sketch the safety valves for an auxiliary boiler. b. Identify with reasons the parts that require particularly close attention during overhaul; c. Describe how the safety valves are reset after an overhaul. [5/05], [3/08], [2/09], [12/09], [4/09 MEP], 33. Describe how you would test boiler water for : a) Alkalinity b) Chlorides [12/10], [12/10MEP], i. Dissolved salts; ii. Undissolved State the values obtained from the tests that would be considered suitable for a water tube boiler. If the test results were satisfactory what remedial action would you take? [3/04], 34. Describe the method of setting the safety valves of an exhaust gas boiler at sea. a. State the limit in terms of percentage above maximum design working pressure, for setting safety valves. b. State the formality necessary when the chief engineer sets the safety valves. [Em03/04](mep19), [9/10,6/11] 35. With reference to pneumatic differential transmitters; [1/08], [Em07-08], [11/08], [8/09/10] a. Sketch and describe such a transmitter; b. State the duties that they may perform. 36. With reference to feed regulation: [3/11] a. Describe, with the aid of sketches, the operation of a boiler feed water regulator controlled by at least two other parameters besides water level in the drum; b. Give reasons for inclusion of the other elements besides water level, in controlling feed flow; c. Deduce the possible effects on the system when the drain valve on the constant head leg in the level transmitter starts to leak.

PUMPS
1. a. Explain why centrifugal pumps cannot handle air or vapour to effect priming yet turbo blowers operating on the same principle can. b. If vessel is fully laden, how may it be ascertained that the fire pump priming arrangements would operate satisfactorily in the ballast condition. c. Explain a method of priming suitable for a centrifugal pump. [2/07], [8/06], [2/05], [2/04], [9/07], [9/08], [10/08], [9/09], [Em08-09] a. i. Sketch the pump characteristics of a typical centrifugal pump. ii. Explain how these characteristics are obtained. b. Some engine rooms circulating pumps of the centrifugal type are arranged for variable speed operation. Sketch the characteristics curves for such a pump indicating the effect of varying speed. c. State the reasons for using pumps of the type referred to in (b). [7/06], [10/07], [12/08], [1/09], a. Sketch a simple cross section through a single stage centrifugal pump with a fully shrouded single entry impeller, name the components of the pump and indicate the direction of fluid flow. b. i. The function of the impeller and how suction is created by it. ii. The function of the volute casing. iii. State the material of each component of the pump.

3.

4.

c. State the suction lift that may be expected. d. State why some centrifugal pumps have:i. A double volute casing. ii. A diffuser ring. [5/06], [1/10], 5. a. Sketch and describe a gear type pump indicating the flow of fluid. b. State the materials that gear type pump components may be manufactured from. c. Specify three applications that are suitable for the employment of gear type pumps. [11/05], [Em10-11],

7. Ships are provide with an independent diesel or an electric or an air operated emergency fire pump. [Em07-08], [7/09/10] a. State, with reasons, the areas in which emergency fire pumps are commonly installed b. Describe with the aid of a sketch an air pump or primer used to initiate suction when the fire pump is situated above seawater level. c. State the jet output capacity that the fire pump must be capable of d. State how it can be ensured that the fire pump is kept in good working order. e. State the precautions that must be taken in sub zero temperatures.

FRESH WATER GENERATOR

1. Reverse osmosis is the modern alternative for shipboard production of drinking water. a. Describe using simple diagrams if necessary, the principle of reverse osmosis. b. i. Sketch a line diagram showing a single pass system for producing fresh water from sea water. ii. Describe such a system. [2/07], [2/04], [10/08] , [9/09], [7/09/10] 2. a. Draw a line sketch of a system used as an alternative to low pressure evaporator for producing water on board ship? b. Explain its working principle. c. What are its inherent advantages and limitations? [7/06], [12/08] , [1/09], a. Sketch and describe a low pressure evaporator utilizing low grade heat to produce the distillate. [8/09/10] b. State with reasons the prohibitions placed on the use of the evaporator with regard to the location of the vessel.

3.

OILY WATER SEPERATOR AND SEWAGE SYSTEM

1. With reference to oil/water separators:- [10/07], [3/10], [4/10], [3/11] a. Describe with the aid of a sketch, the working of such a separator. b. Explain the consequence if the interface detector position is incorrect. [1/04], c. Enumerate the various possibilities by which oil/water interface can be described. [4/05], [8/04], d. Describe with the aid of a sketch, the circuit for an interface detector. [1/04], 3. a) i) describe with the aid of a sketch an aerobic sewage treatment plant [8/09/10] ii) State the effect, if any, of change of temperature and flow on the system b) explain the significance of biological oxygen demand

AIR COMPRESSOR AND RESERVOIR

1. Give a reason why each of the following features is considered desirable in air compressors: a. Smooth air passages with minimum obstruction at valves, b. Minimum clearance volume, c. Multitubular heat exchangers, d. Generous size of suction filter. [8/07], [6/05], [1/05], [8/09], [2/10], [06/11Em], 3. a. Explain why it is essential to ensure adequate cooling of air compressor cylinders, inter coolers and after coolers. [2/10], b. State with reasons the possible consequences of prolonged operation of the compressor if these areas are not adequately cooled. [4/07], [5/06],

4. Describe the term volumetric efficiency as related to air compressors. Describe the effects of following faults in multi stage reciprocating air compressors: a. Inter stage cooler starved of cooling water; b. Worn crankshaft bearings; c. Broken or worn scraper rings; Suggest a fail safe arrangement in the event of inter stage cooler water loss. [1/07], [6/06], [2/06], [8/08] , [7/09], [11/09], [11/10] 5. Sketch a reciprocating air compressor incorporating a first stage rotary compressor. Explain the motive behind such an arrangement. State with reasons whether the advantages claimed for this design justify the added complexity. [4/06], [3/08], [8/09], 8. a. Define the considerations governing main air receiver capacity. b. Give reasons why the internal surface of an air receivers are frequently coated with clear copal varnish. c. Explain why air receiver drain valves should be overhauled at every available opportunity. [Em05/06], [11/05], [1/08], [11/08]

9. With reference to main air compressor a. Describe the method of control used when a compressor is running continuously. b. Describe the principle of operation of automatic drains fitted to air compressor. c. Describe the effect of leaking suction and delivery valves in an air compressor. [7/05], [Em08-09] 10. With reference to reciprocating air compressors explain why: a. Clearance volume is critical to efficiency. b. Spring-loaded plate valves are invariably used. c. Compression is accomplished in apparently unequal stages. d. Inter-cooling is used between stages. [5/05], [4/08], [7/09], [11/09], 12. a. Discuss the possible problems associated with air compressors which operate automatically. b. State the standing orders you, as second engineer, would issue regarding the maintenance and safe and efficient operation of air compressors. c. Outline any problems common to air receivers and machinery space/ ship compressed air system

AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION

1. a. For Freon-22 vapor compression refrigeration machine, state how each of the following faults are indicated and how they are remedied; i. Air in the system; ii. Moisture in the system; iii. Undercharge; iv. Overcharge. [7/06], [6/07], [4/06], [9/04], [3/09], [8/09], b. Describe with a diagram detailing the devices incorporated into the refrigeration system to protect the machinery and equipment against malfunction. a. Sketch a ships indirect refrigeration system arranged for cooling containers stowed in stacks in the hold. [Em06/07], [2/10], b. Describe the refrigeration system sketched in (a) c. State the advantages of the system described in (a) compared with containers with their own refrigeration self contained units. [4/07], [5/06], a. Sketch and describe a high pressure cut out in a refrigeration system. [3/09], [Em10-11], b. The refrigeration compressor has stopped due to operation of the h. p. cut-out. Explain :i. The possible causes. [Em03/04], ii. How these causes would be found and possible remedies. What steps are taken if the compressor short-cycle on low pressure cut-out. [Em06/07], [8/06], [1/06], [2/05], [9/07], [9/08]

5.

9.

a. Draw a block diagram for a fully automated accommodation air conditioning unit, labeling the component parts and indicating the directions of air flow. [3/05], [3/09], b. Explain why the unit includes means of dehumidification and humidification. [7/05], c. A chart is used for ensuring the accommodation conditions are within the so called comfort zone what useful information does the chart give.

12. With reference to air conditioning units [11/08], [8/09/10] a. With the aid of a sketch, explain the operation of a unit which includes means of dehumidifying, humidifying and refrigerated cooling. b. i. Describe the conditions that could lead to legionella growth. ii. List the precautions necessary in the maintenance of air conditioning systems to reduce the risk of legionnaries disease being contacted. 13. a. Sketch and describe the purpose of an expansion valve as fitted in a refrigeration system; b. With reference to a high pressure cut out in a refrigeration system, state four operational circumstances that may cause a high pressure cut out to operate. [1/08], [11/08] , [8/09/10] i) Describe an air conditioning system for a passenger car ferry. [1/11], ii) Explain in detail how the humidity of the air is measured and controlled.

14.

STEERING GEAR
1. a. Sketch a four-ram steering gear arrangement capable of 100% redundancy. [2/08], [3/09], [3/10], [4/10], [06/11Em], b. Describe the operation of the arrangement sketched in (a). [8/07], [4/07], [Em 6/07], [7/06], [5/06], [1/05], [8/08] b. Describe the operation of the arrangement sketched in (a) when the working pump oil manifold develops a serious leak. [2/08], a. Describe with the aid of sketches where necessary a rotary vane type steering gear showing how the weight of the rudder and stock are carried and the arrangement that allow for wear down. [8/06], [2/05], [9/07], [10/07], [6/08], [9/08] , [3/09], [7/09], [11/09], [2/10], [Em10-11], [Em08-09] b. State how the vanes described in (a) are secured and the method of sealing the edges. c. State how, if necessary the steering gear is locked for rudder maintenance. [7/07], [8/04], d. State what considerations determine the number of vanes. [7/05], [4/05],

2.

3. With reference to electro hydraulic steering gears: [2/09], [9/09], [4/10], [7/09/10], [11/10] a. Explain in terms of control parlance the function of the hunting gear. b. Explain the consequences if the standby pumping unit is motored; c. State two methods employed to prevent the standby hydraulic pump being motored by the operating unit. [5/07], [9/06], [6/06], [2/06], [10/04], 5. a. Draw a diagram of a four ram electro-hydraulic steering gear showing: i. Pump isolating valves; ii. Relief/shock valves; iii. Bypass valves. b. Explain the operation of the system sketched in (a). c. Indicate in the diagram in (a) the valve positions for the operation of the system when one pump is isolated and the unit is operating on two rams only. [4/06], [4/08], [3/11]

7. With reference to a four ram hydraulic gear, having duplicate pumps: [Em05/06], [11/05], [1/08], [11/08] a. Sketch the arrangements of relief, make up, isolating and by-pass valves. b. Explain the use of isolating and by-pass valves, if one of the cylinders has fractured. c. Describe the arrangement provided to indicate the loss of hydraulic fluid due to leakage. 10. With reference to hydraulic steering gears: [10/05], [6/08], [6/09], a. Briefly define each of the following: i. Single failure concept; ii. 100% redundancy. b. Sketch a line diagram of the actuators and their associated hydraulic system for a hydraulic steering gear capable of 100% redundancy. 15. a. Sketch and describe a four ram hydraulic steering gear system; [Em07-08], [8/09/10] b. Explain the operations that are necessary to enable a four ram system to operate on two rams only. {see Qno 1}

PROPELLER SHAFTING AND DRY-DOCK

1. a. State why fixed pitch propellers have a poor efficiency when going astern. [8/07], [6/05], [5/05], [1/05], [6/08], [8/08], [6/09], [06/11Em], b. With reference to controllable pitch propellers, state: i. Why is it preferable that the main servomotor be housed in the propeller hub rather than in the shafting forward of the propeller shaft? ii. What regular maintenance and checks should be carried out to ensure maximum reliability of the gear at all times.

2. Describe the possible faults which may be found during a dry dock inspection of the following: a. Stern frame b. Sea chest c. Bilge keel d. Anodes e. Rudders [7/07], [4/05], [Em05/06], [8/04], [4/08], [2/09], [3/10], [4/10], 3. With reference to sleeved keyless propeller assemblies: [9/07], [9/08], [12/08], [1/09], [2/10], a. i. State with reasons the metals used in the manufacture of the sleeve and tail end shaft; ii. State the type and thickness of material used to bond the sleeve to the propeller boss. b. When removing the propeller from the tail end shaft, state why the following procedures are not recommended: [3*/07], [6/04], i. Application of push off force by means of wedges or jacks and draw off force by strong back; ii. Expansion of propeller boss by concentrated local heating with gas torches. [2/05], c. State the correct procedure for removal of the propeller from the tail end shaft. [4/07], [3*/07], [5/06], [6/04], 4. A rudder of a vessel requires extensive welding repairs and as second engineer you are requested to supervise a. Suggest a suitable type of welding process b. State with reasons 4 common welding defects. c. State what tests may be carried out before returning the rudder to service. [3/07], [2/07], [6/04], [2/04], [2/08], [10/08], [8/09],

5. With regard to main transmission shaft flange coupling arrangements: [11/08], [8/09], [3/10], a. sketch a hollow type coupling bolt and the hydraulic head/nut and loading rod which are used to fit it; b. describe how the bolt is fitted. c. State the advantage of the hollow coupling bolt as compared to the traditional type of coupling bolt. [2/07], [2/04], [1/08], [10/08] 8. The vessel on which you are serving as second engineer develops an oil leak from the stern tube aft oil seal whilst on voyage. Write a letter to the owners of the vessel regarding the incident, describing the temporary emergency measures taken to stop the oil leak in order to allow the vessel to ente Indian territorial waters for cargo discharge and dry docking without contravening MARPOL 1973/78. Also information about the cause of oil leak and the action to be taken in dry dock to rectify it may be mentioned. [7/06], [2/05],[1/09], [9/07] , [10/07], [9/08], [12/08], [1/09], [Em08-09] 9. a. Sketch a section through a keyless sleeved propeller. [6/06], [4/04], [8/08] , [7/09], [11/09], b. i. State the advantages of using a keyless sleeved propeller. ii. State with reasons which metal sleeve, should be made for contact with the forged mill steel tail shaft. State the material uses to bond the sleeve to propeller and the general thickness of the bonding material.

11. Sketch an arrangement of propeller shaft and stern tube in which the tube is filled with oil and water: a. Describe the attention it requires at sea; b. Suggest a method of repair when the rubbing surfaces of the oil seal get badly worn out; c. State the defects that you would look for when the shaft is withdrawn in the dry-dock. [Em05/06], [11/05], [Em10-11], 17. You have been appointed as second engineer to a new vessel that experiences severe aft end vibration. The problem is thought to emanate from the propeller. The company which is experienced in the operation of ships, requests you to investigate the problem. Describe the causes of the vibration and suggest remedies including the selection of a new propeller with a different number of blades. [7/05], [12/08], [1/09], 18. A new vessel exhibits severe aft end vibration. a. As a Second engineer officer, outline a procedure to investigate and identify the source of vibration. b. Suggest possible remedies to obviate/ reduce aft end vibration. [5/05], [4/08], [7/09], [11/09], 21. Explain how the ingress of sea water is prevented in oil lubricated stern bearing system. Should the system fail, describe the corrective action possible whilst the vessel is afloat. State why two stern bearing oil header tanks are fitted in some instances? [3/04], [12/10], 25. With reference to key less propellers a. make a sketch showing how a propeller is mounted using the pilgrim method b. Explain the advantages of the pilgrim method. 26. i) Sketch and describe a pilgrim nut for securing a propeller to the screw shaft. Describe how this device is used to loosen the propeller on the shaft when removal or inspection becomes necessary. [1/11], ii) Give four reasons why this method is considered to be superior to all other methods.

27. Sketch a sealing arrangement for an oil lubricated stern tube; and [3/11], a. Identify the common forms of seal failure. b. State how oil loss due to seal failure can be restricted whilst on passage? c. What is the material used for sealing rings and propeller shaft liner?

PURIFIER
1. a. Describe an automatic self sludging centrifuge suitable for dealing with fuel of density up to 1010kg/m3 at 150C. b. Explain how the centrifuge described in (a) is able to remove water from a fuel which has a density that is higher than that of water and state any factors that may assist the operation. c. As second engineer, write out the start up procedure for the centrifuge described in (a) for the benefit of your staff. [8/05], d. State how the problem of catalytic fines in oil may be dealt with. [7/07], [4/06], [1/04], [3/08], [6/08], [6/09], [12/09],

EXTRA TOPIC
1. a. Describe a transverse bow thruster unit. Mention should be made of where it is fitted, how the propeller hub with shafts and internal bevel gear drive are usually supported and how the maneuvering oil is conveyed to the propeller main servo-motor. Also mention how strength of thrust and reverse thrust are achieved. [8/07], [1/05], [2/04], [8/08], [06/11Em], b. Give reasons why the standard constant speed non-reversing type electric motor is preferred as the prime mover rather than a diesel engine. a. Sketch a water tight door and frame showing the manner of attachment to the bulkhead and the additional reinforcement carried by the bulkhead to compensate for the aperture. b. Explain how water tightness of the door and frame mating surfaces is ensured with hydrostatic pressure tending to force the face apart. c. i. Describe the means of closing the door; ii. State the number of closing stations and the position of each. [8/07], [1/05], [5/04], [06/11Em],

2.

3. You have been appointed as the second engineer of an older vessel which is in dry dock and recently been purchased by your shipping company. Describe in detail the inspection that you would carry out in order to ensure that the equipment on board ship related to safety equipment (equipment related to fire fighting and life saving) survey are satisfactorily complied with. [8/07], [4/05], [8/04], [12/09], [1/10], [2/11], [06/11Em], [9/07 mep], 4. a. State the advantages of using steam turbine propulsion power for vessels carrying L.N.G. cargo [Em06/07], [4/08], [7/09], [11/09], [12/09], b. With regard to the use of LNG cargo boil off as boiler fuel explain: [1/10], [3/10], [4/10], i. The safety precautions relating to the gas pipeline supplying the boiler and burning the gas in the boiler; ii. The means of getting rid of excess gasses during loading or discharge. [8/07], [6/07], [1/07], [6/05], [5/05], [4/05], [1/05], [9/04],

5. With reference to fatigue of engineering components, explain the influence of stress level and cyclical frequency on expected operating life. a. Explain the influence of material defects on the safe operating life of an engineering component. b. State the factors which influence the possibility of fatigue cracking of a bed plate transverse girder and explain how the risk of such cracking can be minimized. [7/07], [Em 6/07], [5/06], [10/05], [4/05], [8/04], [6/08], [7/09], [11/09], [1/10], [2/10], [2/11], 6. a. Describe the principle of coil operated brake suitable for winches and other deck machinery b. Explain with suitable sketches how the windlass is relieved of strain when riding at anchor. [7/07], [8/04], [3/08], [6/09], [12/09],

7. With respect to tankers describe a. How a pump room is ventilated b. How cargo tanks are ventilated c. The main problem of carrying liquefied natural gas. d. How the boil off from liquefied natural gas is handled. [7/07], [4/05], [8/04], [4/08], [2/09], [2/10], 8. With reference to the adoption of unmanned machinery spaces describe suitable automatic control and alarm systems to deal with : [7/07], [4/08], a. High bilge level [2/09], [Em06-07 MEP], [1/11MEP], b. Fuel oil tank overflow c. Bearings overheating d. Fire detection Comment on the method and frequency of testing the equipment and the energy supply source to ensure unfailing continuous operation. 10. a. The UMS monitoring and control system of your ship has recently stated to give false alarms and incorrect data printouts. State, with reasons, possible causes if the false alarms and reading are: [6/07](mep48), [3/06], [9/04], [2/11], i. Localized to a particular area of engine operation; ii. General to the engine room. b. Sate, with reasons, the action you, as second engineer, would take to ensure continued safe operation of the vessel if the defects were general to the engine room. c. Explain the procedure you, as second engineer, would adopt in order to locate and rectify a general fault in the UMS system.

14. During the loading of a petroleum tanker, the incoming cargo forces out from the tank its previous atmospheric contents (air-vapour-inert gas). a. Explain: i. The dangers of venting during the loading via open tank hatches: ii. Why the pressure/vacuum valves is not used for venting. b. Sketch and describe a patent high velocity vent and state why such a device is used. [6/07], [9/04], [2/08], 15. a. For Freon-22 vapor compression refrigeration machine, state how each of the following faults are indicated and how they are remedied; [6/07], i. Air in the system; ii. Moisture in the system; iii. Undercharge; iv. Overcharge. [10/07], [3/08], b. Describe with a diagram detailing the devices incorporated into the refrigeration system to protect the machinery and equipment against malfunction.

21. With reference to liquefied natural gas carriers (LNG), explain the inspection you will carry out on the following equipments; [3/08], [8/09], [1/10], a. LNG vaporizer; b. Regassification plant; c. Cargo pumps; d. Emergency discharge pumps. [4/07], [3/07], [Em 6/07], [7/06], [5/06], [4/06], [10/07], [Em08-09], 24. Discuss the causes of corrosion and the means by which corrosion of the following may be limited by design and shipboard maintenance: a. Internal surfaces of auxiliary steam lines. b. Foundations of machineries. c. Water boxes of seawater coolers and condensers. d. Main sea water inlet pipes. [2/07] (mep 40), [2/04], [10/08], [12/09], 25. a. Explain the action of each of the following metallurgical mechanisms: [1/08], [6/08], [10/08], [11/08], [6/09], [12/09], i. Creep; ii. Brinelling; iii. Fretting; iv. Fretting corrosion. b. State with reasons where each of the mechanisms in (a) may occur in a ship propulsion system. [2/07], [Em05/06], [5/05], [11/05], [5/04],

26. Describe with a sketch a pneumatic relay and show how feed back can be achieved when such a relay is used in conjunction with a flapper mechanism. [2/07], [2/04], [10/08], [8/09], 27. a. Describe a transverse bow thrust unit using a controllable pitch propeller. Mention should be made of how it is supported and how the strength of thrust are achieved. [10/08] , [9/09], [7/09/10] b. State with reasons, a suitable prime mover for the controllable pitch propeller. c. State whether the thrust unit delivers a relatively low pressure head with high volume output or high pressure head with low volume output. [2/07], a. Sketch and describe 2 methods that employ manometric means for measuring tank contents. [4/05], [8/05], [4/04], [10/07], [4/08], [1/10], b. State what corrections are made to the readings obtained by the methods described in (a) in order to gauge the mass contents? [1/07], [5/06], c. Explain how bunkering requirements may be estimated when no records of main engine fuel consumption are available on board. [5/06], a. Briefly explain the term metal fatigue and further explain how fatigue failure occurs. [1/07](mep29), [6/06], [2/06], [2/09], [9/09], [3/10], [4/10], b. State the difference between high stress/low cycle and low stress/high cycle fatigue giving an example of each. [7/09/10], [11/10] c. State how defects in the metal can influence the expected safe life of a component. d. State how fuel injection timing and cylinder power balance can influence the possibility of fatigue cracks developing in the bedplate.

28.

30.

33. Compare the following methods of crack detection, defining their advantages and limitations: a. Radiographic; b. Ultrasonic; c. Magnetic; d. Dye penetrant. [8/06], [12/08], [1/09], 34. Cast iron is most widely used metal after steel in marine engineering. Discuss the variation of properties that can arise by reference to pearlitic grey cast

iron and spherical grey cast iron. Describe briefly the treatment necessary to produce these two types of iron. [8/06], [2/05], [9/07], [9/08], [Em08-09] 35. State the properties required of lubricating oil for use in; [8/06], [2/05], [9/07], [9/08], [Em08-09] a. Refrigerating compressors; b. High speed diesel engines; c. Hydraulic steering gear; d. Oil lubricating stern tube; e. Gear case. 36. Electrical power is provided from an alternator driven by a main engine, which is coupled to a controllable pitch propeller. a. Using a sketch to illustrate your answer, describe a suitable governor for the main engine. b. Give an account of the governor action to increase the power delivered by the engine in response to large electrical load increase while also restoring and maintaining the correct frequency. c. The electrical load is transferred to auxiliary diesel driven alternators when necessary, by paralleling. Explain the necessity for droop being incorporated in governors and how this is effected. [7/06], [3/09], 37. a. i. Sketch a combustion gas system, suitable for inerting the cargo spaces of a vessel. [1/09], [2/11], ii. Describe the operation of this system. b. State the percentage analysis by volume of the inert gas generated by the system in (a). [7/06], [3/06], [1/06], [3/05], [Em07-08], [12/08]

38. The pipe work of the sea water circulation system for a passenger ship has to be completely renewed. The company contracted for the work has no previous experience of marine installation. You as the 2nd eng., have been requested to write the specification for manufacture and installation of the steel pipe. a. Outline your proposal for manufacture of the pipe. b. State the necessary requirements for approval. [6/06], [2/06], [6/09], [11/10], [2/11], 39. An auxiliary engine exhibits a tendency to hunt to such an extent that the engine speed variation prohibits the connection of the machine to the switchboard. a. Discuss the possible causes of hunting. b. Explain how the problem of hunting can be rectified. [6/06], [6/09], [2/11], 40. With reference to the carriage and pumping of liquefied gas cargo: [6/06], [4/06], [2/06], [6/08], [2/09], [9/09], [3/10], [4/10], [7/09/10], [11/10], [2/11], a. Sketch a suitable pumping system labeling the component parts; [3/11] b. i. Why submerged hydraulically driven pumps are not used; ii. How overheating of pump drive shaft bearings is avoided; c. State how the risk of fire and explosion in cargo tanks is obviated both in the loaded and discharged condition. 41. a. Explain how analysis of used lubricating oil can be used as a health-monitoring tool for diesel machinery. b. Describe how vibration measurement can be used with a main engine turbo-charger: i. For fault analysis. ii. For condition monitoring for maintenance. iii. As a substitute to opening up machinery for survey. [4/06](mep m/e16), [Em03/04], [6/08], a. Identify the safety systems and equipments installed on board LNG carrier for safe carriage of LNG cargo. b. What are the required tests for safety systems and equipments.

43.

c. Identify atleast two non standard operating conditions. State remedial actions you will take in a timely and safe manner. [3/06], [Em07-08], 43. a. List the materials, which are used for the insulation of refrigerated cargo spaces. b. Describe a typical insulation structure for a bulkhead. [3/06], [Em07-08]

44. Sketch suitable welded joints, indicating approximate plate thickness and dimensions of preparation for the following purposes:a. End plate connection to shell of an unfired pressure vessel. b. Longitudinal seam of a unfired pressure vessel. c. Prefabricated combustion chamber for an auxiliary boiler. [3/06], [Em07-08] , [2/11], 45. Discuss the advantage and disadvantages of adopting the following policies for maintenance of main and auxiliary diesel engines. a. Planned maintenance; b. Condition monitoring. c. Periodic replacement of components. [2/06](mep a/e1), [11/10] 49. You have been appointed as the second engineer of an eight years old vessel, recently purchased by your shipping company. Give details of inspection of auxiliary machineries, which shall be carried out by you to ensure their trouble free operation. [Em05/06], [11/05], [2/09], [9/09], [Em10-11], [7/09/10] 56. a. Sketch a line diagram showing a typical inert gas system used for inerting the cargo tanks of oil tankers, labeling the component parts. [9/04], [2/08], b. Describe the system. c. State what oxygen content you would expect in the flue gases if good combustion is achieved. [7/05], [9/04], [2/08], [3/09], d.What are the other constituents of inert gas? [9/04], [2/08],

57. Define the metallurgical composition, mechanical properties and the reason for selection in a specified marine engineering application of the following metals: a. Nodular cast iron; b. High tensile steel; c. Titanium. [Em08-09] 58. Sketch and describe a valve suitable for reducing air pressure and maintaining the reduced pressure within close limits. Describe the process through which air from the starting air receivers should be treated before it is used in a pneumatic control system. [6/05], [8/09], [2/10], 59. Sketch and describe any two of the following instruments: a. Continuous liquid level indicator b. Direction indicator and wrong-way alarm c. Fluid flow meter. d. High temperature pyrometer Comment on the features that make them suitable for their selected duties. [6/05], [8/08] 61. a. Explain the causes of the formation of mill scale on steel plate. b. Describe the preparation necessary before the application of conventional paints to the underwater surface of the hull. c. Describe a coating scheme for the underwater hull using conventional paints. [5/05], [3/05], [3/08], [2/09], [9/09], [Em10-11], [7/09/10]

64. With reference to fixed installations for dealing with a machinery space fire:

a. Describe with aid of a sketch a typical installation; b. Explain the testing procedure for the equipment; c. Outline the testing procedure for i. remote shut down; ii. Other equipment to be used in the event of an engine room fire. [2/05], [9/07], [9/08], [11/08], [1/09], 83. Sketch and describe any modern anchor (stockless), illustrating the method or device used to attach it to the chain cable. When the anchor and cable are ranged during the ships under water survey, what parts require special attention and what defects are likely to be discovered? [3/04], [12/10], 97. With reference to sea water cooled multi tubular heat exchangers state [2/08], a. the materials used for the construction of the tubes, tube plate and water boxes. b. The various types of corrosion that the parts in (a) are subjected to. c. measures employed to reduce or prevent above corrosion. 98. Legislation framed at preventing the emission of black smoke sets limits on the length of time of such emission. [2/08], a. Discuss the reasons for setting time limits rather than imposing a complete ban on emission. b. State why different times are quoted, giving examples. c. State the likely constituents of black smoke from the combustion of residual fuel in a boiler. d. List the contaminants likely to be found in the clear exhaust from a diesel driven alternator burning gas. 99. Explain how preheating contaminated oil prior to centrifuging contributes to the satisfactory performance of an oil centrifuges? [7/09] a. Explain why the properties of mild steel make it suitable for many engineering purposes; b. State the effects of increasing the carbon content of plain carbon steel c. Give two instances where the physical properties of steel are modified by alloying, giving reasons for this modification 100. a. Describe the type of pump that would be installed in a hydraulic system for deck machinery. b. i) Explain the possible causes of contamination in a hydraulic system. ii) Describe the likely results of contamination iii) Explain how contamination is monitored. [8/09/10]

101. State with reasons, how cracking in each of the following locations is caused rectified and avoided: a) A frames; b) Bed plate longitudinal girders; c) Bed plate transverse girders. 102. Explain how green house gas emission from ships are to be reduced by the IMO? [8/09/10] 103. What preventive measures should be taken against the out-break of fire in an oil burning vessel? How would you proceed to subdue such an oil fire? Describe with the aid of a sketch, a foam type portable fire extinguisher. [12/10], 104. i) Explain the necessity of intercoolers on a multi stage compressor. What attention is required to keep them safe and in good working order? Sketch and

describe an intercooler suitable for a 2400kPa compressor and state materials used. ii) What attention is needed before opening up for inspection? What faults are likely to develop in an air compressor and how are they remedied. 105. What are the conditions required in the cylinders of a marine diesel engine for good combustion. Under normal working conditions the following may occur: a) black smoke b) white smoke c) blue smoke What may be the suspected cause for each case to occur? What would be the remedy for it? [12/10], 106. With reference to multitubular heat exchangers explain: [12/10], a. how and where impingement attack is likely to occur in the tubes b. Why is it desirable that coolant flow rate should not exceed that required to maintain correct fluid temperature. c. ample well-shaped water boxes and smooth tube inlets are desirable d. partial obstruction of tube bore is a common cause of tube failure. 107. What gas would be found in the following compartments and how could their effects be minimized? [12/10], a. battery room; b. refrigeration chamber c. empty ballast tank d. paint store room e. fuel tank 108. With reference to ram type electro-hydraulic steering gears explain: [12/10], a. Why four rams are provided in many instances b. with sketches the arrangement of the crosshead rapson slide and its principle of operation c. why the telemotor receiver is spring loaded and the effect on steering performance of spring failure. 109. A ship is engaged in filling the double bottom and deep tanks with fuel. Explain and describe: [1/11] i) the dangers implicit in the operation. ii) the precautions that must be observed. iii) the legal requirements that must be adhered to. 110. Various tests are carried out on material used for boiler construction. With reference to these tests, explain the following terms 1. elongation 2. Yield point 3. Area reduction 4. Ultimate stress. [1/11] 111. Describe how you would remove air from a telemotor system. What are the dangers of air in a telemotor system? [1/11] 112. i) What gases are present in oil tanks after pumping out? How would you remove these gases and what are the dangers of these gases. [1/11] ii) What is the chemical composition of coal? Give the average calorific value of coal. Describe the chemical process when coal is burned in air.

113. Describe a bilge system suitable for a ship with cellular double bottoms. By means of a simple sketch, show the positions, manifolds, suctions etc. [1/11] 114. Sketch and describe a fluid coupling as used with a prime mover. Why are these couplings fitted? [1/11]

115. Damage has occurred to the main engine exhaust valves and the fuel supplied at a particular port is suspected. The owners case, however, in the ensuing

dispute may be weak because the fuel was ordered specifying only type and viscosity. a) Apart from fuel specification, describe how you, as second engineer, should have assisted the owners case when receiving the suspect fuel. b) Describe a recognized fuel standard that may be used when ordering bunker fuel. c) Explain how the correct fuel standard is selected. d) Suggest, with reasons, why particular mention should be made of certain elements that might not be included in the fuel standard. 116. a) State the laboratory tests that may be carried out on specimens of steel to be used as ships plate giving reasons for the tests. b)The basic compositions of two ships plates are given in table below one is an example of modern practice whilst the other is a specification of a 1940s tanker that split into two due to brittle fracture. [3/11] Steel A Steel B Total 127 C 0.18% 0.19% M 0.70% 0.57% Si 0.30% 0.03% S 0.04% 0.029% P 0.04% 0.042% Al 0.015% 0.005% N 0.005% 0.008%