Q) What is Java? Java is a programming language and a platform.

Platform Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, known as a platform. Since Java has its own Runtime Environment (JRE) and API, it is called platform.

Q) Where it is used? According to Sun, 3 billion devices run java. There are many devices where java is currently used. Some of them are as follows: 1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus etc. 2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com etc. 3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications. 4. Mobile 5. Embedded System 6. Smart Card 7. Robotics 8. Games etc.

TYPES OF JAVA APPLICATIONS There are mainly 4 type of applications that can be created using java: 1) Standalone Application It is also known as desktop application or window-based application. An application that we need to install on every machine such as media player, antivirus etc. AWT and Swing are used in java for creating standalone applications. 2) Web Application An application that runs on the server side and creates dynamic page, is called web application. Currently, servlet, jsp, struts, jsf etc. technologies are used for creating web applications in java. 3) Enterprise Application An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications etc. It has the advantage of high level security, load balancing and clustering. In java, EJB is used for creating enterprise applications.

4) Mobile Application An application that is created for mobile devices. Currently Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile applications.

HISTORY OF JAVA Let's see some points that describes the history of java.

James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-top boxes. initially called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java". Java is just a name not an acronym. originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems(which is now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995. JDK 1.0 released in(January 23, 1996).

Java Version History There are many java versions that has been released. 1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995) 2. JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996) 3. JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997) 4. J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998) 5. J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000) 6. J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002) 7. J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004) 8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006) 9. Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)

FEATURES OF JAVA
There is given many features of java. They are also called java buzzwords. 1.Simple 2.Object-oriented 3.Platform independent 4.Secured 5.Robust 6.Architecture neutral 7.Portable 8.Dynamic 9.Interpreted 10.High Performance 11.Multithreaded 12.Distributed

Simple
Java is simple in the sense that: syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after C++). removed many confusing and/or rarely-used features e.g., explicit pointers, operator overloading etc. No need to remove unreferenced objects because there is Automatic Garbage Collection in java.

Object-oriented
Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different types of objects that incorporates both data and behaviour. Object-oriented programming(OOPs) is a methodology that simplify software development and maintenace by providing some rulues. Basic concepts of OOPs are: 1. Object 2. Class 3. Inheritance 4. Polymorphism 5. Abstraction 6. Encapsulation

Platform Independent
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. There are two types of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides software-based platform. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the sense that it's a

software-based platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.It has two components: 1. Runtime Environment 2. API(Application Programming Interface) Java code can be run on multiple platforms e.g.Windows,Linux,Sun Solaris,Mac/OS etc. Java code is compiled by the compiler and converted into bytecode.This bytecode is a platform independent code because it can be run on multiple platforms i.e. Write Once and Run Anywhere(WORA).

Secured
Java is secured because: No explicit pointer Programs run inside virtual machine sandbox.

Classloader- adds security by separating the package for the classes of the local file system from those that are imported from network sources. Bytecode Verifier- checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate accesss right to objects. Security Manager- determines what resources a class can access such as reading and writing to the local disk.

These security are provided by java language. Some sucurity can also be provided by application developer through SSL,JAAS,cryptography etc.

Robust
Robust simply means strong. Java uses strong memory management. There are lack of pointers that avoids security problem. There is automatic garbage collection in java. There is exception handling and type checking mechanism in java. All these points makes java robust.

Architecture-neutral
There is no implementation dependent features e.g. size of primitive types is set.

Portable
We may carry the java bytecode to any platform.

High-performance
Java is faster than traditional interpretation since byte code is "close" to native code still somewhat slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++)

Distributed
We can create distributed applications in java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. We may access files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.

Multi-threaded
A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multithreading is that it shares the same memory. Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications etc.

static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known as static method. The core
advantage of static method is that there is no need to create object to invoke the static method. The main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require to create object to invoke the main method. So it saves memory.

Q) What happens at compile time?

At compile time, java file is compiled by Java Compiler (It does not interact with OS) and converts the java code into bytecode.

Q) What happens at runtime?

At runtime, following steps are performed: Class filejavaclassloaderbytecode verifierinterpreterruntimeh/w Classloader: is the subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files. Bytecode Verifier: checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access right to objects. Interpreter: read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

Q) Can you save a java source file by other name than the class name?
Yes, like the figure given below illustrates:

To compile:javac Hard.java To execute: java Simple

Q) Can you have multiple classes in a java source file?

Yes, like the figure given below illustrates:

Difference B/w JDK, JRE and JVM JVM

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed. JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e.JVM is platform dependent). The JVM performs four main tasks:

Loads code Verifies code Executes code Provides runtime environment

JRE
JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment. It is used to provide runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It contains set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime. Implementation of JVMs are also actively released by other companies besides Sun Micro Systems.

JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development tools.

JVM (JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE)

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine.It is a specification that provides runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed. JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e.JVM is plateform dependent). The JVM performs four main tasks:

Loads code Verifies code Executes code Provides runtime environment

JVM provides definitions for the:

Memory area Class file format Register set Garbage-collected heap Fatal error reporting etc.

Internal Architecture of JVM

Let's understand the internal architecture of JVM. It contains classloader, memory area, execution engine etc.

1) Classloader:
Classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

2) Class(Method) Area:
Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool, field and method data, the code for methods.

3) Heap:
It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated.

4) Stack:
Java Stack stores frames.It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in method invocation and return. Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread. A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its method invocation completes.

5) Program Counter Regiser:

PC (program counter) register. It contains the address of the Java virtual machine instruction currently being executed.

6) Native Method Stack:

It contains all the native methods used in the application.

7) Execution Engine:
It contains: 1) A virtual processor 2) Interpreter:Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions. 3) Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler:It is used to improve the performance.JIT compiles parts of the byte code that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of time needed for compilation.Here the term ?compiler? refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

Variable
Variable is name of reserved area allocated in memory.
int data=50;//Here data is variable

Types of Variable
There are three types of variables in java

local variable instance variable static variable

Local Variable A variable that is declared inside the method is called local variable. Instance Variable A variable that is declared inside the class but outside the method is called instance variable . It is not declared as static. Static variable A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be local.

Example to understand the types of variables

class A{ int data=50;//instance variable static int m=100;//static variable void method(){ int n=90;//local variable } }//end of class

Data Types in Java

In java, there are two types of data types

primitive data types non-primitive data types

Data Type boolean char byte short int

Default Value false '\u0000' 0 0 0

Default size 1 bit 2 byte 1 byte 2 byte 4 byte

long float double

0L 0.0f 0.0d

8 byte 4 byte 8 byte

Q) Why char uses 2 byte in java and what is \u0000 ?

Because java uses unicode system rather than ASCII code system. \u0000 is the lowest range of unicode system.To get detail about Unicode see below.