ECE 592-08 Power System

Protection
Term Project
4/3/2013



Tongkai Lu
Dinesh Baradi

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Index
1. Abstract
2. Relay Location
3. Transmission line system model
4. Zone Settings & Coordination
5. Relay Model
5.1. Interface to Relay Mask
5.2. Function blocks inside the Relay
5.2.1. Fault type Identification
5.2.2. Fault impedance calculation
5.2.3. Zone Selection
5.2.4. Trip Signal Generation
5.2.4.1. Direct Under Reach Transfer Trip scheme(DUTT)
5.2.4.2. Coordination
5.2.4.3. Trip Signal Generation
6. Simulation Result
6.1. Fault in Zone 1 of R1
6.1.1. 3-Phase Fault
6.1.2. A-B Fault
6.1.3. B-C Fault
6.1.4. C-A Fault
6.2. Fault in Zone 2 of R1, and Zone 1 of R2
6.2.1. Three-Phase Fault
6.2.2. A-B Fault
6.2.3. B-C Fault
6.2.4. C-A Fault
6.3. Fault in Zone 2 of R1, and not in Zone 1 of R2
6.3.1. Three Phase Fault
6.3.2. A-B Fault
6.3.3. B-C Fault
6.3.4. C-A Fault
6.4. Fault in Zone 3 of R1
6.4.1. Three phase fault
6.4.2. A-B Fault
6.4.3. B-C Fault
6.4.4. C-A Fault





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1. Abstract
We designed a pilot protection scheme for directional impedance phase relay, which is used to
protect the parallel transmission lines with generators and loads on both sides. Since we choose to
use phase relays for our design, the protection scheme is able to detect and clear the total 4 types of
phase-phase fault (a-b fault, b-c fault, c-a fault, and 3-phase fault) on any location of the
transmission line. Should a fault happens, the relay will first locate the fault and identify the fault
type, then the relay will send a trip signal to the corresponding circuit breaker according to the fault
type, i.e., the relay will trip the CBs on phase A and phase B if an A-B fault happens. Also, the
coordination between relays is achieved by adding some time delay for different zones, i.e., 0.3s
delay for fault in zone 2 and 1s delay for zone 3. Whats more, since we are supposed to protect a
transmission line with generators on both ends, a pilot scheme is used in the design. The pilot
scheme will speed up the clearing of faults that occur on the transmission line by establish a
communication channel between the local relay on the near end and the remote relay on the other
end to determine if the fault is actually on the transmission line. For this design, we use the Direct
Under-reaching Transfer Trip scheme, which will have local relay send a signal to the remote relay if
the fault is located in the Zone 1 of local relay. At last, we implement the relay in Simulink and justify
the protection scheme by simulating faults at different locations. Both temporary and permanent
faults are considered.


2. Relay Location
Our goal is to protect the all the phase-phase faults that happen on the transmission lines by using
directional impedance relay and a DUTT pilot scheme. We choose to put four phase relays
(R1,R2,R3,R4) near the bus 2 and bus 3, which is as shown in the figure below. So the primary
protection zones for the relays are the lines between Bus 2 and 3, and the relays will provide back-
up protection for Line12 and Line34. Since the system is symmetric, we will use R1 and R2 as an
example to demonstrate our design, and the settings for R3 & R4 are identical to R1 & R2.




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3. Transmission Line System Model
According to the given system, we build a model in Simulink as below:


According to the spreadsheet, we model the system with following parameters:

Generator EMF
Generator S (kV, line-line RMS) Generator R (kV, line-line RMS)
565.81 490.61


Generator Impedance
Z1&Z2 (ohm) Z0 (ohm)
3.3+j13.43 0.81+j24.4


Line Impedance
Length(km) R1&R2(ohm/km) R0(ohm/km) L1&L2(H/km) L0(H/km)
Line 23 320 0.0161 0.4117 0.9357e-3 2.6751e-3
Line 12&34 40 0.0157 0.3667 1.0015e-3 3.0149e-3



Load Impedance
Resistance (ohm) Reactance (H)
Bus 1 334.7 1.3561
Bus 4 472.2 0.7763








Discrete,
Ts = 5e-05 s.
powergui
v
+
-
v
+
-
v +
-
v +
-
v
+
-
v
+
-
A
B
C
A
B
C
abc
ABC
abc
ABC
[Vc1]
[Vb1]
[Va1] [Va2]
[Ic2]
[Ib2]
[Ia2]
[Ic1]
[Vc2]
[Vb2]
[Ib1]
[Ia1]
a
b
c
A
B
C
Generator Impedance1
a
b
c
A
B
C
Generator Impedance
[Rc1]
[Rb1]
[Rc2]
[Rb2]
[Ra2] [Ra1]
i +
-
i
+ -
i
+ -
i +
-
i
+ -
i
+ -
c
1 2
c
1
2
c
1
2
c
1
2
c
1 2
c
1 2
a
b
c
A
B
C
25mile line1
a
b
c
A
B
C
25mile line
a
b
c
A
B
C
100mile line2
a
b
c
A
B
C
100mile line1
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4. Zone Settings and Coordination
We are using stepped protection scheme, and zone settings for R1,R2,R3 and R4 are identical since
the system is symmetric. Should a fault happens, the relay will take corresponding current and
voltage measurements to calculate the fault impedance Zf, and if Zf falls into a zone, the relay will
send a trip signal to circuit breakers to clear the fault. Also, the relay coordination is achieved by
adding time delay for different zones, i.e., 0.3s delay for fault in zone 2 and 1s delay for zone 3.


Zone 1
Set Z1 to 85% of the positive impedance of 200mile line:

Z1 = 8S% (S.16 + ]112.88) = 4.S9 + ]9S.9S om

Zone 2
The typical setting of Zone 2 would be 120% of the 200mile line. However, it will overreach the
entire 25mile in this case, which is not recommended. So we set Zone 2 to cover the entire 200mile
line plus Zone 1 of the 25mile line.
Z2 = S.16 + ]112.88 + u.8S (u.6S + ]1S.1u2S) = S.69 + ]12S.71 om

Zone 3
Set Zone3 to cover the entire 200mile line and 25mile line, and in order to provide protection for the
generator, we add 150% of the generator Thevenin impedance
ZS = S.16 +]112.88 +u.6S + ]1S.1u2S + 1Su%(S.S +]1S.4S) = 1u.47 + ]148.1S om

Based on the fault type, the relay will take corresponding current and voltage measurement to
calculate the fault impedance Zf, and if Zf falls into





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5. Relay Model

Since we choose to use phase relay for our design, the protection scheme is able to detect and
clear the 4 types of fault (a-b fault, b-c fault, c-a fault, and 3-phase fault) on any location of the
transmission line. Should a fault happens, the relay will first locate the fault and identify the
fault type, then it will send a trip signal to the corresponding circuit breaker, e.g., the relay will
trip the CBs on phase A and B if an A-B fault happens. Also, the coordination between relays is
achieved by adding some time delay for different zones, i.e., 0.3s delay for fault in zone 2 and
1s delay for zone 3. Whats more, since we are supposed to protect a transmission line with
generators on both ends, the DUTT pilot scheme is used in the design. If a faulthappens in the
Zone 1 of a R1, it will send a pilot signal to the R2 to make R2 trip simultaneously. Likewise, if
R1 receives a pilot signal from R2, R1 will trip simultaneously even if the fault is in Zone 2 of R1.


5.1. Interface for RelayMask


Inputs for Relay are:
Three-phase voltage and current measurements(Va,Vb,Vc,Ia,Ib,Ic)
Pilot signal received from the remote relay

Outputs for Relay are:
Trip signal for phase relays(Ra,Rb,Rc)
Pilot signal sent to the remote relay






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5.2. Function Blocks inside the Relay


Looking under the mask, the relay is composed of four function blocks, which are introduced
briefly as follow:
Fault Type Identification
It is used to identify the fault type by comparing the three-phase voltage
measurements for pre-fault and post fault

Fault Impedance Calculation
Once the fault type is identified, corresponding voltage and current measurements are
used to calculate the fault impedance.

Zone Selection
It is used to compare the calculated fault impedance and pre-determined zone settings
to decide which Zone the fault falls into. Note: directional function is required here
because the relay is not supposed to see the fault behind it.

Signal Generation
Trip signals are generated according to the fault type, zone number, and pilot signal
from the remote relay. For example, if an A-B fault happens in the Zone 2 of R1 and
Zone 1 of R2, then a pilot signal will be sent from R2 to R1, and both R1 and R2 will trip
their CBs on Phase A and Phase B simultaneously.

Each function block is introduced in detail in the following chapters.




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5.2.1. Fault Type Identification

Inputs for Fault Type Identification are:
Three-phase voltage and current measurements at relay location (Va,Vb,Vc,Ia,Ib,Ic)
Outputs are:
Fault Type
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
3-Phase Fault A-B Fault B-C Fault C-A Fault

Fault impedance
3-Phase Fault A-B Fault B-C Fault C-A Fault
Zobc =
Io
Io
Zob =
Io Ib
Io Ib
Zbc =
Ib Ic
Ib Ic
Zco =
Ic Io
Ic Io





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And the fault type identification is completed by Matlab script as follow:
function FT = fcn(Va,Vb,Vc)
%#codegen
FT=0;

% 3-phase
if Va<0.5 && Vb<0.5 && Vc<0.5
FT=1;
end

% a-b
if Va<0.8 && Vb<0.8 && Vc>0.9
FT=2;
end

% b-c
if Vb<0.8 && Vc<0.8 && Va>0.9
FT=3;
end

% c-a
if Vc<0.8 && Va<0.8 && Vb>0.9
FT=4;
end

First of all, for the simplicity of comparison, voltage and current measurements are converted to the unit
value. Then fault types are identified by looking into the characteristics of different faults.
Characteristics of different types of fault are summarized as below:
Single Line to Ground Fault




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Three Phase Fault



Phase to Phase Fault



Two Phase to Ground Fault

For our design, only Three Phase Fault and Phase to Phase Fault will be considered.
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5.2.2. Fault Impedance Calculation

This function block is implemented by Matlab script as follow:
function Zf = fcn(FT,Zab,Zbc,Zca,Zabc)
Zf=0+0i;

if FT==1
Zf=Zabc;
end

if FT==2
Zf=Zab;
end

if FT==3
Zf=Zbc;
end

if FT==4
Zf=Zca;
End

So, once the fault type is identified, corresponding voltage and current measurements are
used to calculate the fault impedance, which will be compared with our zone settings to decide
which zone the fault falls into.

5.2.3. Zone Selection

This function is also implemented by Matlab script:
function [Z1,Z2,Z3] = fcn(Zf)
Z1=0;Z2=0;Z3=0;
Rz1=0.85*(5.16+112.88j);
Rz2=5.16+112.88j+0.85*(0.63+15.1025j);
Rz3=10.47+148.13j;

% Directional function is achieved by comparing the real part of Zf
if abs(Zf)<abs(Rz1) && real(Zf)<0
Z1=1;
end

if abs(Zf)>=abs(Rz1) && abs(Zf)<abs(Rz2) && real(Zf)<0
Z2=1;
end

if abs(Zf)>=abs(Rz2) && abs(Zf)<abs(Rz3) && real(Zf)<0
Z3=1;
end
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5.2.4. Trip Signal Generation


Inputs:
Zone information (Whether the fault is within Zone 1, Zone 2, or Zone 3)
Pilot signal received from remote relay
Output
Pilot signal sent to remote relay
Trip signal for circuit breakers


5.2.4.1. Direct Under Transfer Trip Scheme (DUTT)

The DUTT scheme is described as follow:
Fault in Zone 1 of R1:
R1 will trip instantaneously regardless of R2

Fault in Zone 2 of R1 and Zone 1 of R2:
R1 and R2 will trip instantaneously

Fault in Zone 2 of R1 and not in Zone 1 of R2:
R1 will trip at a delay of 0.3s

Fault in Zone 3 of R1:
R1 will trip at a delay of 1s

And it is implemented by a Matlab script:
function [trip1,trip2,trip3] = fcn(Z1,Z2,Z3,S)
%#codegen

trip1=0;trip2=0;trip3=0;

if Z1==1
trip1=1;
end

if Z2==1&&S==1
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trip1=1;
end

if Z2==1&&S~=1
trip2=1;
end

if Z3==1
trip3=1;
end





5.2.4.2. Coordination
Coordination of relays is achieved by adding different time delay to different zones,
i.e., 0.3s delay for Zone 2 and 1s delay for Zone 3


5.2.4.3. Trip Signal Generation

Trip signal is generated according to the fault type:
function [Ra,Rb,Rc] = fcn(FT,trip)
%#codegen

Ra=0;Rb=0;Rc=0;
if trip==1 && FT==1
Ra=1;Rb=1;Rc=1;
end

if trip==1 && FT==2
Ra=1;Rb=1;Rc=0;
end

if trip==1 && FT==3
Ra=0;Rb=1;Rc=1;
end

if trip==1 && FT==4
Ra=1;Rb=0;Rc=1;
end


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In the end, we combine the system model with the relay model as below:




6. Simulation Result
We justify the design by showing that the protection scheme will work for different types of fault at
different locations. Since the system is symmetric, we will take R1 and R2 as an example.


We simulate 4 types of fault (3-phase, A-B, B-C, and C-A) for following cases:
Fault in Zone 1 of R1

Fault in Zone 2 of R1 and Zone 1 of R2

Fault on line3-4 and within Zone 2 of R1

Fault on line3-4 and within Zone 3 of R1

14 | P a g e

6.1. Fault in Zone 1 of R1
6.1.1. 3-Phase Fault


So a pilot signal is sent to R2, and trip signals are sent by Ra, Rb and Rc instantaneously
As it can be seen from the plot above, there is an instantaneous trip signal sent by Ra, Rb
and Rc, the time it takes to process the logic is evident.















0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Send Signal
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Ra
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Rb
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Rc
15 | P a g e

6.1.2. A-B Fault


So a pilot signal is sent to R2, and trip signals are sent to Ra and Rb instantaneously.
In a-b fault the post-fault voltages at a & b phases are zero hence it is evident from the plot
above that phase relays a & b will send a trip signal to the respective breakers.

Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc





0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
16 | P a g e

6.1.3. B-C Fault

So a pilot signal is sent to R2, and trip signals are sent to Rb and Rc instantaneously.



Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc










0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
17 | P a g e

6.1.4. C-A Fault

So a pilot signal is sent to R2, and trip signals are sent to Ra and Rc instantaneously.

Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc






0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
18 | P a g e

6.2. Fault in Zone 2 of R1, and Zone 1 of R2
6.2.1. Three-Phase Fault


So no pilot signal is sent, and trip signals are sent to Ra, Rb and Rc instantaneously.

Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc





0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Send Signal
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Ra
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Rb
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Rc
19 | P a g e

6.2.2. A-B Fault






Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc



0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
20 | P a g e

6.2.3. B-C Fault




Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc





0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
21 | P a g e

6.2.4. B-C Fault






Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc



0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
22 | P a g e

6.2.5. C-A Fault

Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc








0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
23 | P a g e

6.3. Fault in Zone 2 of R1, and not in Zone 1 of R2
6.3.1. Three Phase Fault

So no pilot signal is sent, and the trip signal are sent to Ra, Rb and Rc at a delay of 0.3s


Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc





0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Send Signal
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Ra
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Rb
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Rc
24 | P a g e

6.3.2. a-b Fault



Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc






0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
25 | P a g e

6.3.3. b-c Fault




Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc





0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
26 | P a g e

6.3.4. C-A Fault


Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc







0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
27 | P a g e


6.4. Fault in Zone 3 of R1
6.4.1. Three phase fault


Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc






0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Send Signal
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Ra
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Rb
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Rc
28 | P a g e


6.4.2. A-B Fault





Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc



0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
29 | P a g e

6.4.3. B-C Fault




Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc





0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
30 | P a g e

6.4.4. C-A Fault

Plot1: Send Signal
Plot2: Ra
Plot3: Rb
Plot4: Rc







End
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2