LESSON 1 Understanding thermal equilibrium The difference between Temperature And Heat Temperature Is the degree of hotness of a body

y Is a base quantity Depends upon the kinetic energy of the molecules Heat Is a form of energy Is a derived quantity Depend upon temperature, mass and type of material ( specific heat capacity or specific latent heat) ( Q = mc or Q = ml) ) The S.I. unit is Joule(J) Measured by Joulemeter

How a liquid in glass thermometer works ?

The S.I. unit is K or 0 C Measured by thermometer Kelvin Scale (K)

When a thermometer is in thermal contact with a substance ( for example hot water) , heats flows from the hot water to the thermometer(mercury) When thermal equilibrium is reached the net rate of heat transfer between the two substances is zero. The temperature of the thermometer is same as the temperature of the hot water. Hence by showing its own temperature ,the thermometer also reads the temperature of the hot water. Basic principle to construct a thermometer. Two important principles to construct a thermometer are. 1 Specific thermometric property i.e. a physical quantity which varies with temperature. The table shows four different types of thermometers. Thermometer Mercury thermometer Resistance thermometer Thermocouple thermometer Gas thermometer 2 Thermometric property Volume of mercury varies with temperature Electrical resistance of a wire varies with temperature Electromotive force (e.m.f) varies with temperature Gas pressure varies with temperature

The temperature of a substance in Kelvin , also known as absolute temperature. o C = ( + 273 ) K Example 1 Convert 120o C to its equivalent temperature in Kelvin. Solution Thermal Contact

Calibration of thermometer is the process of marking-up a scale on a thermometer. To produce a scale for a thermometer, two fixed points of thermometer must first be selected. a) Lower fixed point (0oC) is the melting temperature of pure ice at standard atmospheric pressure. b) Upper fixed point (100 o C) is the temperature of steam a standard atmospheric pressure.

Two substances are said to be in thermal contact, when heat flows from one substance to another it is in contact with. Heat flows according to temperature differences i.e. from substance hot to cold substance. The principle of thermal equilibrium

Calibration of a Mercury-in-glass Thermometer on the Celsius Scale

Two bodies in thermal contact are said to be in thermal equilibrium when (i) its reach the same temperature and (ii) the net rate of heat transfer between the two bodies is zero.

Freeze some pure water. Crush the ice into small and fill a funnel with them. When the ice begins to melt inset the bulb of a thermometer so that it is covered with ice. When the mercury stops shrinking , mark the stem of the thermometer at the mercury level, as 0oC. Now arrange the thermometer inside a flask so that its bulb is just above the surface of boiling water. When the mercury stops expanding , mark its level on the thermometer stem ,as 100oC. Divide the distance between the marks 0oC and 100oC into 100 equal parts, marked as a scale along the stem. The formula is used to calibrate a thermometer

Solution

Mercury Thermometer

The specific thermometric property in used in this thermometer the changes of the volumes of mercury with the temperature i.e when the temperature increases ,the volume of the mercury increases. The sensitivity of the thermometer can be increased by 1 using a thinner-walled glass bulb 2 reducing the diameter of the capillary tube Mercury is used in the thermometer because 1 has a higher boiling point 2 does not stick to the glass 3 is opaque and therefore it is easier to read. 4 expands and contracts uniformly

= temperature of a substance o= ice point 100= steam point xo = the length of the mercury column at ice point x100 = the length of the mercury column at steam point x = the length of the mercury column when the thermometer is placed in a substance Example 2 The lengths of the mercury column in a thermometer at the ice point and the steam point are 12 cm and 20 cm respectively. When the thermometer is placed in a liquid , the length of the mercury column is 15 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid? Solution

Example 3 The lengths of the mercury thread in a thermometer are 4.0 cm and 24.0 cm respectively at 0oC and 100oC. What is the length of the thread when the thermometer is placed in a substance at 65oC.

TUTORIAL 1 7 1 Which of the following is true? A B C The unit of heat is o C Heat is a form of energy Heat flows from a cold substance to a hot substance. The diagram shows object A and object B are of temperatures T1 and T2. The heat flows from A to B until the thermal equilibrium is reached at a temperature T.

Heat and temperature are A forms of energy B scalar quantities C measured in the S.I. units D measured by the same instrument. 0 oC is equivalent to Which relationship between T1 , T2 and T is true? A C - 273 K 100 K B D -173 K 273 K 8 A C T1 > T 2 > T T1 > T > T 2 B D T2 > T 1 > T T2 > T > T 1

An earth-monitoring satellite falls into the earths atmosphere at a high velocity and reaches at the sea surface with a high temperature. After a while the temperature of the satellite is same as the temperature of the sea water. This is caused by A B C D The heat released by the satellite The heat absorbed by the sea water The satellite is cooled by the sea water The satellite and the sea water are in thermal equilibrium

Which principle is used in a Mercury thermometer? A B C D Principle of conservation of temperature Principle of conservation of energy Principle of thermal equilibrium Principle of the forces in equilibrium

The physical quantity which varies with temperature is called as A B C D Latent heat of fusion Latent heat of vapourization Specific heat capacity Specific thermometric property

The diagram shows a metal sphere P at 80oC is immersed in a cooler liquid Q. 10 Thermal equilibrium is reached when A B C D temperature of P = temperature of Q mass of Q displaced = mass of P volume of Q = volume of P specific heat capacity of P = specific heat capacity of Q

Which of the following is true? Thermometer A B C D Mercury thermometer Thermocouple thermometer Gas thermometer Resistance thermometer Thermometric Property Volume mercury varies with temperature Potential difference varies with temperature Gas density varies with temperature Electromotive force varies with temperature

The diagram shows two copper blocks, L and M, touching each other. The initial temperatures of L and M are 50 oC and 30 oC respectively.

Which statement is correct when L and M are at thermal equilibrium? A B C D Temperature of L is higher than M The quantity of heat in L is the same as in M Rate of change in temperature of L is bigger than that of M Net rate of heat flow between L and M is zero

11

Regarding to the fixed points in the Celsius scale of a mercury thermometer , which of the following is true?

Lower fixed point A B C D 12

Upper fixed point

the freezing point the boiling point of mercury of mercury the boiling point the freezing point of mercury of mercury the freezing point the boiling point of water of water the boiling point the freezing point of water of water

Which modification will increase the sensitivity of the thermometer?

The lengths of the mercury column in a thermometer at the ice point and the steam point are 5 cm and 25 cm respectively. When the thermometer is placed in a liquid , the length of the mercury column is 12 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid? A C 30 o C 55 o C B D 35 o C 70 o C

A B C D 18

Using a longer capillary tube Using a bulb with a thicker wall Using a glass stem with a thicker wall Using a narrower bore of capillary tube

Mercury is used in the thermometer because it A B C D sticks to the glass has a lower boiling point expands and contracts uniformly is transparent and therefore it is easier to read.

13

The lengths of the mercury thread in a thermometer are 8 cm and 20 cm respectively at 0oC and 100oC. What is the length of the thread when the thermometer is placed in a substance at -25oC. A C 4 cm 10 cm B 5 cm D 12 cm

19

The figure shows a mercury thermometer.

14

A thermometer which is not calibrated is marked 200 small divisions between ice point and steam point. When the thermometer is inserted into a liquid , the level of the mercury at mark 120. What is the temperature of the liquid. A C 253 K 333 K B D 313 K 353 K

(a)

Name component P.................................................................. Q..................................................................

(b)

15

A resistance thermometer has a resistance of 100 at the ice limit and 75 at the steam limit. When the thermometer is inserted in a substance , the resistance is 40 . What is the temperature of the substance? A C -240 o C 80 0 C B D -80 o C 240 o C

What principle is used in a Mercury thermometer? .................................................................... (c) State the thermometric property used when making of the thermometer? ...................................................................... (d) The lengths of the mercury thread in the thermometer are 12 cm and 20 cm respectively at 0oC and 100oC. What is (i) the length of the thread when the thermometer is placed in a substance at 20oC.

16

Which liquid A , B, C or D , can be used to make a liquid in-glass thermometer to measure temperatures from -50o C to 50o C? Liquid A B C D Freezing point / oC -115 -39 0 17 Boiling point / oC 78 357 100 118

(ii)

the temperature when the thermometer is placed in the substance caused the length of the mercury thread is 7 cm.

20

17

The diagram shows a thermometer.

You are representing the country in carrying out a research project on the weather at the North Pole. The surrounding temperature is between - 40o C to - 8o C. One item of the equipment to be taken for your research is a thermometer. (a) State the principle used in a liquid glass thermometer.

(b)

State how a liquid-glass thermometer can be used to measure the body temperature of a sick person. Explain heat transfer that takes place at each stage of measurement.

temperature is 0o C and 20.0 cm when the temperature is 100oC. The mercury column is 5.0 cm when put in liquid X. (i) (ii) Determine the temperature of liquid X in Kelvin. State a thermometric property used when making of a thermometer.

(c) The table shows the characteristics of six types of thermometers P,Q,R,S,T and U. Based on the table above;
Thermo meter Liquid used Glass walled bulb Diameter of capillary tube Glassbore stem and crosssection

mercury

thin

big

thick and curved

mercury

thick

small

thin and plane

mercury

thin

small

thin and curved

alcohol

thick

big

thick and plane

alcohol

thin

small

thick and curved

alcohol

thick

small

thin and plane

Additional information: Freezing point of mercury = -39oC Boiling point of mercury = 360oC Freezing point of alcohol = - 112oC Boiling point of alcohol = 78oC (i) Explain the suitable characteristics of the thermometer so that can be used to measure temperatures at the North Pole. Decide which thermometer is most suitable to be taken for your research and give reasons.

(ii)

(d)

A thermometer which is not calibrated has a mercury column of length 8.0 cm when the