EXPERIMENT-2 ENGLISH VOCABULARY

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTES

One word may often express the idea of a phrase. Here are some common one word substitutes. Egoist (also Egotist): a person who is selfish, self absorbed and self centered Epitaph: inscription on a tombstone Fatalist: one who believes in the philosophical doctrine of fatalism Aristocracy: people of noble families or the highest social class. Also, government of a country by a small group of people, especially hereditary nobility Atheist: a person who does not believe in God or deities Amphibian: a land animal that breeds in water Ambiguity: an expression or statement that has more than one meaning Cannibal: somebody who eats human flesh Mercenary: somebody who works or serves only for personal profit. Also, a professional soldier paid to fight for an army other than that of his or her country Misogynist: a person who hates women Misogamist: a person who does not believe in the institution of marriage Omniscient: a person who knows everything Omnivorous: an animal or a human being that eats any kind of food Omnipotent: a person who has power over all Panacea: a supposed cure for all diseases or problems Parasite: a person supported by another and giving him/her nothing in return Infallible: incapable of making a mistakeInfanticide: the killing of an infant

Idolatry: the worship of idols or false gods Inflammable: something that is quickly and easily set on fire and burned English Vocabulary

One word substitutes

One word may often express the idea of a phrase. Here are some common one word substitutes. Epicure: somebody who is dedicated to sensual pleasure and luxury Epidemic: an outbreak of a disease that spreads among a group of people quickly and extensively Fanatic: somebody who has extreme and sometimes irrational enthusiasms or beliefs, especially in religion or politics Feminist: a believer in women's rights Herbivorous: an animal that eats only grass or other plants Fratricide: the crime in which somebody kills his or her own brother Matricide: the act of murdering one's own mother Patricide: the act of murdering one's own father Convalescence: the gradual return to good health after a period or illness or medical treatment Endemic: a disease that occurs within a specified area, region or locale Anarchist: a person who rejects the need for a system of government in society and proposes its abolition Ambidextrous: a person who is able to use both hands with equal skill Amateur: a person who does something for pleasure rather than for pay Aborigines: original inhabitants of a place Arbitrator: somebody designated to hear both sides of a dispute and make a judgment

Autocracy: rule by one person who holds unlimited power Edible: fit for eating Potable: fit for drinking Belligerents: nations engaged in war Fastidious: a person who is concerned that even the smallest details should be just right Somnambulism: sleepwalking Stoic: a person who is unaffected by emotions Theist: a person who believes in the existence of God Verbatim: corresponding word for word translation Pugnacity: inclined to fight or be aggressive Valetudinarian: somebody who is excessively concerned with his or her own Widow: a woman whose husband has died Polygamy: the custom of having more than one spouse at the same time Polyandry: the custom of having more than one husband at the same time Triennial: taking place once every three years Usurper: a person who seize something without the right to do so Philanthropist: a person who helps others, especially those who are poor and in trouble Plutocracy: the rule of a society by its wealthiest people SYNONYMS SYNONYMS are words of the same grammatical class (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) that have similar meaning. No word means exactly the same as any other word and, therefore, there are no exact synonyms in English. Certain words may convey the same general notion, e.g. slay, kill, murder, execute and slaughter. Though they are used in different senses and in different contexts, they may be treated as synonyms. Read the examples given below.

He was slain on the battlefield.

He was killed in action. The robbers killed him and looted his property. He was murdered in cold blood. The criminal was executed. The sheep were all slaughtered.

A list of synonyms is given below. No such list, of course, can be comprehensive. Students may refer to Rogets Thesaurus for a further list of synonyms. abbreviate abridge, shorten abstain refrain absurd ridiculous accomplish achieve, perform adversity calamity, misfortune adversary opponent, enemy alteration change authentic genuine autocrat despot, tyrant avaricious greedy aversion dislike, antipathy bias prejudice blend mix, mingle bondage slavery brisk vigorous check restrain, stop, curb compel coerce, force competition rivalry comprehend understand, grasp confer grant confess admit confuse confound, perplex conscious aware contemplate meditate contrary opposite courteous polite, civil degeneration deterioration deplorable regrettable, lamentable despise scorn, disdain deny refuse dexterous clever, skilful dismal gloomy dizzy giddy, dazed, unsteady eccentric peculiar, odd efficient able, competent endure suffer, tolerate energy force, vigour

enormous huge, immense eternal timeless, perpetual famous celebrated, renowned feeble weak, infirm felicity happiness, bliss ferocious fierce, savage flashy showy, gaudy frailty weakness, failing, foible frank candid, open general universal gentle tender, mild, kind gigantic huge, stupendous giggle laugh, titter grave sober, serious grief sorrow, pain, agony guard- defend, protect hasty rash hazardous risky hideous repulsive, ugly hinder obstruct, prevent holy sacred humble meek idle lazy, indolent illegal unlawful, lawless impudent impertinent, insolent incite instigate, provoke irritation vexation, annoyance jealous envious jeer mock, sneer juvenile youthful keeper custodian kind benevolent laconic brief, concise latent dormant, hidden lax loose, negligent, careless lenient tolerant, gentle, mild liberal generous liberty freedom, independence loyal faithful, true mad insane magnificent splendid, stately magnify exaggerate, glorify malady illness, disease marvel miracle, wonder miserly stingy, closefisted, niggardly

misery suffering, tribulation modest bashful, unassuming mourn lament nave artless, simple nasty filthy, dirty noble lofty, illustrious norm standard novice beginner obscene filthy, indecent obstacle hindrance obstinate stubborn obvious clear, evident odd strange, peculiar opportunity occasion option choice pardon forgive, excuse permit allow pious devout, godly, religious precise exact premature hasty proficient adept, expert profuse lavish, extravagant progeny offspring, descendants prudent discreet, wise, sagacious queer strange, eccentric quest search quit leave, depart quiver tremble, shiver rare scarce, infrequent remember recollect, recall reserved reticent respect esteem, regard restraint restriction, curb revenge vengeance, retribution reverence veneration rude impolite, discourteous savage barbarous, cruel scold rebuke, reprove, reprimand, censure severe stern, strict shy bashful, coy slander defamation sly crafty, cunning solitary lonely superfluous unnecessary, needless sympathy compassion, fellow-feeling

tacit silent, unspoken tedious tiresome tender soft, delicate thin slender, lean thrifty frugal, economical thrive prosper, flourish timid shy, diffident tradition custom, convention transparent clear, lucid ubiquitous omnipotent ultimate final, last usual common, ordinary vanquish conquer, defeat venom poison vulgar coarse, indecent winsome charming, attractive wizard magician zeal enthusiasm

ANTONYMS
Antonyms are words of the same grammatical class that have opposite meanings.

English Vocabulary
Antonyms
Antonyms are words of the same grammatical class that have opposite meanings. A list of antonyms is given below. For a comprehensive list, consult a good thesaurus. above below, beneath abstract concrete accept reject acquit condemn advance retreat affirm deny affluence poverty aggravate alleviate, lessen agree differ allow forbid analysis synthesis ancestor descendant ancient modern aristocrat commoner arrive depart

ascent descent assent dissent asset liability attract repel awake asleep barren fertile base noble belief doubt benediction malediction benevolent malevolent bold timid boom slump bravery cowardice bright dim, dull carnal spiritual centrifugal centripetal cheap dear, costly cheerful gloomy clever stupid common rare compulsory optional concord discord confident diffident create destroy dawn dusk debtor creditor deep shallow defensive offensive deliberate unintentional, accidental diligent crazy dilute concentrated dwarf giant elevation depression exclude include exit entrance exotic indigenous expand contract explicit implicit external internal extravagant frugal, thrifty famous obscure fat lean, thin fictitious real forget remember frequent rare

fresh stale friendly hostile gather scatter general particular, special generous mean gradual abrupt, sudden guilty innocent harsh gentle hasty leisurely haughty meek heavy light hit miss hollow solid honour shame hope despair host- guest hurt heal ideal actual idle busy imagination reality increase decrease industrious indolent, lazy inferior superior inhale exhale input output joy sorrow junior senior kind cruel kindle extinguish knowledge ignorance lament rejoice later earlier latter former lead follow lend borrow let hire liberate enslave literal figurative loose tight lose find major minor masculine feminine material spiritual memory oblivion mild severe, stern miser spendthrift

monogamy polygamy monotony variety, diversity nave sophisticated narrow broad native foreign natural artificial neutral partial observe reverse odd even offer refuse often seldom omission commission optimistic pessimistic oral written oriental occidental original duplicate, copy ostensible actual partly wholly permanent temporary permit prohibit pleasure pain practice theory pragmatic idealistic praise blame precede succeed pride humility profit loss progress regress progressive retrograde promote demote public private quiet noisy queer normal rash cautious, careful rapid slow, leisurely recede advance relative absolute reluctant ready, willing reserved sociable resist submit retail wholesale reward punish rigid flexible ripe raw

rise fall, set rude polite sacred secular, profane safe risky, dangerous saint sinner servant master sharp blunt simple complex, complicated sink - swim, float smile frown sober drunk, rash solid liquid straight crooked, curved strait broad strange familiar subjective objective succeed fail sure doubtful sweet bitter, sour sympathy antipathy tense relaxed terrestrial celestial tight loose, slack tranquil disturbed, agitated transparent opaque triumph defeat trivial important unite separate upright dishonest urbane rude, uncultured vacant occupied vague clear, definite vertical horizontal victory defeat virtue vice voluntary compulsory wax wane zenith nadir

WORD ROOTS A root, as its name suggests, is a word or word part from which other words grow, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes. The root of the word vocabulary, for example, is voc, a Latin root meaning "word" or "name." This root also appears in the words advocacy, convocation, evocative, vocal, and vociferous. Understanding the meanings of the common word roots can help us deduce the meanings of new words that we encounter. But be careful: root words can have more than one meaning and various shades of meaning. In addition, words that look similar may derive from different roots. So when you meet up with a new word, be sure to rely on a dictionary to check its definition. The table below defines and illustrates 30 of the most common Greek and Latin roots. The letter in parentheses indicates whether the root word is Greek (G) or Latin (L). Word Roots
ROOT -auto- (G) -bene- (L) -bio- (G) -chrono- (G) -dict- (L) -duc- (L) -gen- (L) -geo- (G) -graph- (G) -jur-, -jus- (L) -log-, -logue- (L) -luc- (L) -man(u)- (L) MEANING self good life time say lead, make give birth earth write law thought light hand EXAMPLES automatic, autopsy benefit, benign biography, biology chronic, synchronize dictate, diction deduce, produce gene, generate geography, geology autograph, graph jury, justice logic, obloquy lucid, translucent manual, manure

-mand-, -mend- (L) -mis-, -mit- (L) -omni- (L) -path- (G) -phil- (G) -phon- (G) -photo- (G) -port- (L) -qui(t)- (L) -scrib-, -script- (L) -sens-, -sent- (L) -tele- (G) -terr- (L) -vac- (L) -vid-, -vis- (L)

order send all feel love sound light carry quiet, rest write feel far off earth empty see

demand, recommend missile, transmission omnivorous empathy, pathetic philosophy, bibliophile phonics, telephone photograph, photon export, portable acquit, tranquil ascribe, script resent, sensitive telecast, telephone terrain, territory evacuate, vacate visible, video

COMMON ROOT WORDS AND WORD ORIGINS ROOTS MEANING WORD alter other Alternate (one after the other), alter ego(second self, trusted friend) ami, love Amiable (friendly), amicable (lovable) amicaqua, water Aquatic(watery), aquarium(fish tank), aque aqueduct(conveyance of water)

bell

war

Belligerent(to wage war), bellicose(of war)

brev cap

short take, seize

Brief(short), abbreviate(to shorten) Capture(take into ones possession or control by force), captivate(person or animal imprisoned or confined),

captivity(the condition of being imprisoned or confined), captor(a person that catches or confines another)

corp

body

Corpus(a collection or body of written texts of a particular author or of a subject) , corpse(a dead body of a human being), corporal(relating to the human body)

dermduo dynamego equ fac fil frater gamgeograd, gress hemo, hema, hem holo iso ject jud leg, lect

skin two power self equal make, do threadlike brother marriage earth step blood whole, entire equal, identical throw judge read,

Dermatology(study of skin diseases), epidermis(outer layer of skin), hypodermic(of medical tools used to inject drugs under a persons skin) duo dynamo, hydrodynamics egotist, egomania equal, equity, equanimity, equate, equidistant manufacture, factory, benefactor filament fraternal, fraternize monogamy, polygamy, bigamy geopolitical, geology, geography, geothermal gradual, progression, transgression hemophilia, hematology, hemoglobin holograph isolate inject, reject, subject, projection judicial, judge, adjudicate legible, lectern, lecturer, election

liter loc mar mater meta, met neuro nov nym, onym odonto orthopac pater path

choose letter place sea mother behind, between nerve new word, name tooth straight, correct peace father feeling, suffering

literature, illiterate, literal local, location marine, mariner maternal, maternity, matriarchy, matricide metacognitionbehind the thinking neurology, neurosis, neurobiology novel, renovate, innovation, novella synonym, acronym, anonymous, pseudonym orthodontistone who straightens teeth orthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic pacify, Pacific Ocean, pacifist paternal, paternity, patricide, patrilineal, patriotic sympathy, apathy, empathy, telepathy, pathology

psychpugna quer, quis sci spec, spic spir spont stat

soul, spirit, mind fight ask know look, see coil by one's own force stay,

psychology, psychic, psychobiography pugnacious, pugilist query, inquisition, scientific spectacles, spectator, inauspicious, prospect spiral spontaneous station

tang, tact temp thermtrophy uro ver vert zoo

position touch time heat nutrition, food urine truth turn animal

tactile, tangible temporary, temporize thermal, thermos, thermometer atrophywithout nutrition urologist veracity, verify, verity introvert, irreversible, vertigo zoo, zoology, zoolatry PREFIXES

PREFIX a-, anabadambianaantiapoautobenecata-, catcentro, centricircumcomconcontradedia-, didisdyseectoen-, emendoepiesoeuexheterohomo-

MEANING not, without away from to, toward both up, back, again against from, away from self good down, against around, center around with, together with, together against down, away through, across apart, not ill, difficult, bad out of, from on the outside in within, inside upon inward, within well, good out of, from other, different same

EXAMPLES amoral, anesthetic, apolitical, asocial abduction, abstain, abnormal adjoin, adjacent (lying near to) ambidextrous, ambivalent analogy, anatomy, anagram antipathy, antiwar, antisocial apology, apologize autobiography, automobile, autocracy, automaton benediction benevolent benefactor catastrophe--a turning down concentric, centrifugal circumlocution circumference, circumvent communal, community connect, confide conspire contradict, contravene descend, deject (cast down) diameter, division disengage, discord, discomfort dysfunctional, dysentery elect (choose out of), eject (throw out) ectoderm--outer skin empathy--feeling in endoscope--instrument for observing inside epitaph epidermis, epicenter esoteric--more inward, esophagus euthanasia--good death exhume, exhale, exodus heterosexual, heterodoxy, heterodox heterogeneous homosexual, homogeneous, homogenized

hyperhypoilimiminininterintrairmacromal, malemetamicromononeoobpalin-, palipanparaperperiphil-, philopolypostpreproprosprotopseudo reretrosesubsur-, supersyn-, sym-, syl-, systeletrans-

over under not not into not into between within not large bad, evil beyond small one, single new, recent against back, again all, every false through around like, lover of many, several after before for, forward toward, in front first false again, back back away from under over, above with, together distant, far off across

hypertension, hypersensitive, hyperactivity hypotension, hypodermic illegitimate, illicit, illegal, illegible imperfect, impolite, impossible imbibe (drink in, take in) indiscreet, invisible incorporate (take into the body) intervene (come between), interstate intrastate, intramural irregular, irrational, irredeemable macrocosm, macroeconomics malediction malevolent, malnutrition metaphysical microscope, microcosm, microeconomics monologue, monotheism, monarchy, monogamy neologism, neo-liberal, neonatology. neolithic object, obstruct (build against) palindrome pantheism, Pan-Hellenic, panorama, pandemic paramilitary, paralegal, parachute percolate (flow through) perforate (punch through) perimeter, periscope philosophy, Francophile, bibliophile, philanthropy polygon, polygamy, polytechnic, polytheism postgraduate, posthumous postpone precede, predict (tell before) promote, project prospectview in front, something coming up prototype, protoplasm, protobiology pseudonym, pseudoscience repeat, recede, regress (step back) retrogression, retroactive seduce (lead away), secede submarine, subject, subhuman subterranean superhuman, superego, superintend, surpass symphony, synonym, system, syllable telephone, telepathy, television, telegram transient, Transatlantic, transport (carry across)

SUFFIXES SUFFIX -agog, agogue -cide -ectomy -ia, -y -ic, -tic, -ical, -ac -ics -isk, -iscus -ism -ist -ite -logy -oid -or, -er -phobia -sis DEFINITION leader kill(ing) cutting act, state having to do with things having to do with small the belief in one who believes in one connected with study field of resembling, likeshaped one who takes part in exaggerated fear act, state, condition of EXAMPLE demagogue, pedagogue patricide, infanticide, herbicide. suicide appendectomy, splenectomy amnesia, mania, democracy, anarchy anthropomorphic, dramatic, biblical, cardiac optics, physics asterisk--a little star pacifism, terrorism, socialism, communism pacifist, terrorist, socialist, communist meteorite, polite, cosmopolite biology, geology, etymology, cardiology asteroid, spheroid doctor, actor, teacher, driver photophobia, claustrophobia, agoraphobia analysis